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Luiseño - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ca"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Canal de sindicació Atom Viquipèdia" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Canvis_recents&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Luiseño rootpage-Luiseño skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vés al contingut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d&#039;actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l&#039;Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=Luise%C3%B1o" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Luise%C3%B1o" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d&#039;usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=Luise%C3%B1o" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Luise%C3%B1o" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l&#039;edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d&#039;aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Descripció_lingüística" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descripció_lingüística"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Descripció lingüística</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descripció_lingüística-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Morfologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fonologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fonologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Fonologia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fonologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vocals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gramàtica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gramàtica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gramàtica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gramàtica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ortografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ortografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ortografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ortografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Ortografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ortografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sistemes_de_pronunciació" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistemes_de_pronunciació"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sistemes de pronunciació</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistemes_de_pronunciació-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentació_lingüística" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentació_lingüística"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Documentació lingüística</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentació_lingüística-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Luiseño</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 11 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisenheg" title="Louisenheg - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Louisenheg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Luiseño language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_luise%C3%B1o" title="Idioma luiseño - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma luiseño" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luiseño" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_(langue)" title="Luiseño (langue) - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Luiseño (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_luise%C3%B1a" title="Lingua luiseña - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua luiseña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_jezik" title="Luiseño jezik - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Luiseño jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A7%E8%AA%9E" title="ルイセーニョ語 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイセーニョ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_luise%C3%B1o" title="Lenga luiseño - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga luiseño" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_luise%C3%B1a" title="Língua luiseña - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua luiseña" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Луисеньо (язык) - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луисеньо (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56236#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Luise%C3%B1o" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d&#039;aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d&#039;aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=history" title="Versions antigues d&#039;aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d&#039;aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Luise%C3%B1o" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d&#039;aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;oldid=34063637" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&amp;page=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;id=34063637&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLuise%25C3%25B1o"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLuise%25C3%25B1o"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Luise%C3%B1o"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d&#039;aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56236" title="Enllaç a l&#039;element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l&#039;enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;background-color:Moccasin;"><span style="float:left; margin-left: 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Infotaula de llengua"><img alt="Infotaula de llengua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Octicons-comment.svg/20px-Octicons-comment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Octicons-comment.svg/30px-Octicons-comment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Octicons-comment.svg/40px-Octicons-comment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></span></span></span>Luiseño</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:Moccasin;font-size:110%;">Cham'teela</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Tipus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Idioma" title="Idioma">llengua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llengua_morta" title="Llengua morta">llengua morta</a> i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38058796" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q38058796">llengua extinta</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56236?uselang=ca#P31" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:Moccasin;">Ús</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Parlants</th><td class="infobox-data">5 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 24 (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Autòcton de</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sud_de_Calif%C3%B2rnia" title="Sud de Califòrnia">Sud de Califòrnia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Estat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calif%C3%B2rnia" title="Califòrnia">Califòrnia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Luise%C3%B1o_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Luise%C3%B1o_language.png/300px-Luise%C3%B1o_language.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Luise%C3%B1o_language.png 1.5x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><div style="font-size:90%;"></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:Moccasin;">Classificació lingüística</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20162172" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q20162172">llengua humana</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q645304" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q645304">llengua indígena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_amer%C3%ADndies" title="Llengües ameríndies">llengües ameríndies</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4200688" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4200688">llengües indígenes d'Amèrica del Nord</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uto-asteca" title="Uto-asteca">llengües uto-asteques</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3217543" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3217543">llengües uto-asteques septentrionals</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19866871" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q19866871">llengües cupan</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56236?uselang=ca#P279" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:Moccasin;">Característiques</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/Escriptura" title="Escriptura">Sistema d'escriptura</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_llat%C3%AD" title="Alfabet llatí">alfabet llatí</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56236?uselang=ca#P282" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Nivell de vulnerabilitat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20672090" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q20672090">5 en perill crític</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56236?uselang=ca#P1999" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:Moccasin;">Codis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">ISO 639-2</th><td class="infobox-data">lui</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">ISO 639-3</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=lui">lui</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56236?uselang=ca#P220" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Glottolog</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/luis1253">luis1253</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56236?uselang=ca#P1394" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Ethnologue</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lui">lui</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56236?uselang=ca#P1627" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">UNESCO</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-869.html">869</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56236?uselang=ca#P2355" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">IETF</th><td class="infobox-data">lui <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56236?uselang=ca#P305" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Endangered languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1932">1932</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56236?uselang=ca#P2192" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>El <b>Luiseño</b> (autoanomenat Cham'teela) és una de les <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_takic" title="Llengües takic">llengües takic</a> de la família lingüística <a href="/wiki/Uto-asteca" title="Uto-asteca">uto-asteca</a> parlada pels <a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1os" title="Luiseños">Luiseños</a>, un poble d'<a href="/wiki/Amerindis_dels_Estats_Units" title="Amerindis dels Estats Units">amerindis dels Estats Units</a> que en el moment dels primers contactes amb els espanyols al segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xvi</span> habitaven la zona costanera del sud de Califòrnia, que van a 50 milles de la costa de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comtat_de_Los_Angeles_(Calif%C3%B2rnia)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Comtat de Los Angeles (Califòrnia) (encara no existeix)">comtat de Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calif%C3%B2rnia" title="Califòrnia">Califòrnia</a>, a la zona nord del <a href="/wiki/Comtat_de_San_Diego_(Calif%C3%B2rnia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comtat de San Diego (Califòrnia)">comtat de San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calif%C3%B2rnia" title="Califòrnia">Califòrnia</a>, i 30 milles a l'interior. Els <a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1os" title="Luiseños">luiseños</a> reben aquest nom per la seva proximitat a la <a href="/wiki/Missi%C3%B3_de_San_Luis_Rey_de_Francia" title="Missió de San Luis Rey de Francia">Missió de San Luis Rey de Francia</a>. </p><p>La llengua es troba <a href="/wiki/Llengua_amena%C3%A7ada" title="Llengua amenaçada">força amenaçada</a>, però està en marxa un actiu projecte de <a href="/wiki/Revitalitzaci%C3%B3_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Revitalització lingüística">revitalització lingüística</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> amb ajuda de lingüistes de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitat_de_Calif%C3%B2rnia,_Riverside&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitat de Califòrnia, Riverside (encara no existeix)">Universitat de Califòrnia, Riverside</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-preserving_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preserving-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La <a href="/wiki/Reserva_%C3%ADndia_Pechanga" title="Reserva índia Pechanga">reserva índia Pechanga</a> ofereix classes per a nens, i en 2013, "la tribu .. .. va començar a finançar classes de luiseño a nivell de postgrau a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitat_Estatal_de_Calif%C3%B2rnia_a_San_Bernardino&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitat Estatal de Califòrnia a San Bernardino (encara no existeix)">Cal State San Bernardino</a>, un dels pocs cursos de llengua indígena al país amb crèdits universitaris."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partir de 2012, un video-joc en luiseño per a <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> és usat per a ensenyar la llengua als joves.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>El dialecte parlat pels <a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" title="Juaneño">juaneño</a> està <a href="/wiki/Llengua_extinta" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengua extinta">extingida</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descripció_lingüística"><span id="Descripci.C3.B3_ling.C3.BC.C3.ADstica"></span>Descripció lingüística</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Descripció lingüística"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La primera obra que descriu amb cert detall el luiseño és <i>La lingua della indi Luiseños</i> de <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Tac" title="Pablo Tac">Pablo Tac</a>, parlant natiu de luiseño que va col·laborar amb <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Tagliavini" title="Carlo Tagliavini">Carlo Tagliavini</a>. Encara que Tac tenia un domini perfecte de la llengua tot l'estudi està escrit des del punt de vista d'un neòfit que descriu la seva llengua materna usant com a model la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gram%C3%A0tica_tradicional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gramàtica tradicional (encara no existeix)">gramàtica tradicional</a> de l'italià. Com Tac no tenia una especial formació lingüística, la seva obra reflecteix algunes inconsistències menors, les transcripcions eren simples traslitaracions fonètiques, per la qual cosa l'anàlisi fonològica és deficient. Tagliavini va publicar dues altres obres que tracten amb el luiseño, <i>Observazioni sul dialectto Soshone de S. Luis Rey</i> (on considera que erròniament que el luiseño pertany al grup <a href="/wiki/Xoixon" title="Xoixon">"Soshoni"</a> o <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_numic" title="Llengües numic">númic</a>) i <i>Frammento d'un dizzionaretto Luiseño-Spagnolo crittto di un indigeno</i>. Una altra obra llargament considerada com a referència va ser l'esbós gramatical de Philip S. Sparkman, un colon britànic que regentava uns magatzems de consumibles a Rincón a principis de segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span>. Aquesta obra és altament consistent i concisa encara que usa una terminologia informal de vegades difícil de seguir. El mateix autor va compilar un diccionari i una gramàtica, no publicades, que van ser adquirides per <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kroeber" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Kroeber">A. Kroeber</a>. També <a href="/wiki/John_Peabody_Harrington" title="John Peabody Harrington">John Peabody Harrington</a> (1933) va publicar un estudi de la fonologia de la llengua. Més recent i també més valuós des del punt de vista lingüístic són la sèrie d'articles que A. Malécot va publicar entre 1963 i 1964. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morfologia">Morfologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Morfologia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El luiseño és una <a href="/wiki/Llengua_aglutinant" title="Llengua aglutinant">llengua aglutinant</a>, on les paraules utilitzen sufixos complexos per a una varietat de propòsits amb diversos <a href="/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema">morfemes</a> enfilats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonologia">Fonologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Fonologia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocals">Vocals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Vocals"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El luiseño té cinc <a href="/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema">fonemes</a> <a href="/wiki/Vocal" title="Vocal">vocals</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vocal_anterior" title="Vocal anterior">Anterior</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vocal_central" title="Vocal central">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vocal_posterior" title="Vocal posterior">Posterior</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vocal_tancada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal tancada">Tancada</a> </th> <td align="center"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">i</span> </td> <td align="center">&#160; </td> <td align="center"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">u</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vocal_mitjana" title="Vocal mitjana">Mitjana</a> </th> <td align="center"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">e</span> </td> <td align="center">&#160; </td> <td align="center"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">o</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vocal_oberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal oberta">Oberta</a> </th> <td align="center">&#160; </td> <td align="center"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">a</span> </td> <td align="center">&#160; </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Consonants"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'inventari consonàntic ve donat per:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.1em;"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glotal" class="mw-redirect" title="Glotal">Glotal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Obstruent" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruent">Obstruent</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continuant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Continuant (encara no existeix)">no-continua</a></span> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">p</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">t</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">ʧ</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">k</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">q</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">ʔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continuant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Continuant (encara no existeix)">continua</a></span> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">v</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">s, ð</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">ʃ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">x</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">h</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal">Nasal</a></span> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">m</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">n</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">ŋ</span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADquida" class="mw-redirect" title="Líquida">Líquida</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">l, ɾ</span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Semivocal" title="Semivocal">Semivocal</a></span> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">w</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">j</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Les consonants "palatals" <span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/ʧ, ʃ/</span> tècnicament són <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar">postalveolars</a>, alguns autors empren per a aquests fonemes la transcripció alternativa de l'<a href="/wiki/Alfabet_fon%C3%A8tic_americanista" title="Alfabet fonètic americanista">alfabet fonètic americanista</a> <span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/č, š/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gramàtica"><span id="Gram.C3.A0tica"></span>Gramàtica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Gramàtica"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els noms es flexionen segons <a href="/wiki/Nombre_gramatical" class="mw-redirect" title="Nombre gramatical">nombre gramatical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cas_gramatical" title="Cas gramatical">cas gramatical</a> i <a href="/wiki/Persona_gramatical" class="mw-redirect" title="Persona gramatical">persona</a> (quan són posseïts) segons l'esquema següent: </p> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">PREF.POSSESIU - ARREL - SUF.NÚMERO - SUF.CAS</span></dd></dl> <p>Els prefixos possessius són: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Prefixos possessius </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">persona</th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1ª </th> <td>nʊ-</td> <td>čʊmʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2ª </th> <td>ʊ-</td> <td>ʊmʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3ª </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">definit</span> </th> <td>pʊ-</td> <td>pʊmʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">indefinit</span> </th> <td colspan="2">a- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>L'arrel inclou l'arrel pròpiament dita i sovint algun sufix derivatiu que a grans trets defineix la classe semàntica, encara que el significat d'aquests sufixos amalgamats amb l'arrel no sempre és totalment transparent, alguns exemples són: /-ɪ/ que és un deverbatiu, en noms d'animals, insectes, menjar i topònims; /-mal/ que indica un exemplar jove o diminutiu, /-wʊt/ aumentatiu o agentiu, /-at/ apareix amb objectes, substàncies, plantes, etc. La marca de cas plural usual és /-ʊm/ (encara que també existeixen uns altres <a href="/wiki/Al%C2%B7lomorf" title="Al·lomorf">al·lomorfs</a>: /-m, -wʊm, -jʊm, -'ɔm/) </p> <dl><dd><b>hʊnwʊtmɪ &lt; hʊn-wʊt-ʊm-ɪ</b> (arrel-sufix-plural-acusatiuo) 'ossos (acusatiu)'</dd> <dd><b>atáxʊm &lt; atáx-ʊm-Ø</b> (arrel-plural-nominatiu) 'homes'</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ortografia">Ortografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Ortografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistemes_de_pronunciació"><span id="Sistemes_de_pronunciaci.C3.B3"></span>Sistemes de pronunciació</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Sistemes de pronunciació"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juntament amb una àmplia <a href="/wiki/Tradici%C3%B3_oral" class="mw-disambig" title="Tradició oral">tradició oral</a> el luiseño té una tradició escrita que es remunta a la <a href="/wiki/Conquesta_espanyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquesta espanyola">conquesta espanyola</a> de San Diego. <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Tac" title="Pablo Tac">Pablo Tac</a> (1822-1841), parlant nadiu luiseño i convers al <a href="/wiki/Catolicisme" title="Catolicisme">catolicisme</a>, va ser el primer a desenvolupar una ortografia de la seva llengua materna. La seva ortografia es va recolzar en gran manera en l'<a href="/wiki/Castell%C3%A0" title="Castellà">Espanyol</a>, que va aprendre en la seva joventut. </p><p>Encara que el luiseño no té ortografia estandarditzada, s'està implementant una ortografia comunament acceptada en les classes de la reserva i als campus universitaris de San Diego, on s'ensenya l'idioma. Les diverses ortografies que s'han utilitzat per escriure l'idioma mostren influències de l'espanyol, anglès i l'<a href="/wiki/Alfabet_fon%C3%A8tic_internacional" title="Alfabet fonètic internacional">IPA</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><b>Notable Luiseño spelling correspondences</b></caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_fon%C3%A8tic_internacional" title="Alfabet fonètic internacional">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="1">Pablo Tac (1830s) </th> <th rowspan="1">Sparkman (1900) </th> <th rowspan="1">Modern </th></tr> <tr> <td>(vocal llarga, ex. <span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/iː/</span>)</td> <td>ii</td> <td>i·</td> <td>ii </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/tʃ/</span></td> <td>c´</td> <td><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">č</span></td> <td>ch </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/ʃ/</span></td> <td>s'</td> <td><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">š</span></td> <td>sh </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/q/</span></td> <td>q´</td> <td>q</td> <td>q </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/ʔ/</span></td> <td>'</td> <td><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ʔ</span></td> <td>' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/x/</span></td> <td>j</td> <td>x</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/ð/</span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">δ</span></td> <td>th / ð </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span></td> <td>n'</td> <td><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ŋ</span></td> <td>ng / ñ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/j/</span></td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td>y </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts">Texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Texts"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Parenostre" title="Parenostre">parenostre</a> en luiseño, enregistrat a <i>The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño</i>: </p> <dl><dd>Cham-na’ tuupaña aaukat cham-cha oi ohó’vanma.</dd> <dd>Toshño om chaami.</dd> <dd>Loví’i om hish mimchapun ivá’ ooxñ tuupaña axáninuk.</dd> <dd>Ovi om chaamik cham-naachaxoni choun teméti.</dd> <dd>Maaxaxan-up om chaamik hish aláxwichi chaam-lo’xai ivianáninuk chaam-cha maaxaxma pomóomi chaami hish pom-lo’xai aláxwichi.</dd> <dd>Tuusho kamíí’i chaami chaam-lo’xai hish hichakati.</dd> <dd>Kwavcho om chaami.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Nostre pare / al cel / està / nosaltres / tu / creu / sempre.</dd> <dd>Comands / vos / nos.</dd> <dd>Fes / tu / alguna cosa / qualsevol / aquí / a la terra / al cel / com.</dd> <dd>Dona / tu / nos-ho / nostre menjar / cada / dia.</dd> <dd>Perdona / tu / nos-ho / tota cosa / dolent / nostres actes / així com /nosaltres / perdonem / a ells / nos / res / llurs actes / dolent.</dd> <dd>No / deixis / no / nostres actes / res / malvat.</dd> <dd>cura / tu / nosaltres.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentació_lingüística"><span id="Documentaci.C3.B3_ling.C3.BC.C3.ADstica"></span><a href="/wiki/Documentaci%C3%B3_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Documentació lingüística">Documentació lingüística</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Documentació lingüística"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El lingüista <a href="/wiki/John_Peabody_Harrington" title="John Peabody Harrington">John Peabody Harrington</a> va fer unes sèries d'enregistraments de paraules luiseño en la dècada del 1930. Aquells enregistraments, fets en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disc_d%27alumini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Disc d&#39;alumini (encara no existeix)">disc d'alumini</a>, foren dipositats als <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arxius_Nacionals_dels_Estats_Units&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arxius Nacionals dels Estats Units (encara no existeix)">Arxius Nacionals dels Estats Units</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grant1991sound_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant1991sound-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aquells registres han estat digitalitzats i són diposables online per la <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-recordings_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recordings-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>André Malécot (1963a): "Luiseño, a structural Analysis I: Phonology", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, Vol. <b>29</b> nº 2, Apr. 1963, p. 89-95.</li> <li>André Malécot (1963b): "Luiseño, a structural Analysis II: Morpho-syntax", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, Vol. <b>29</b> nº 3, Jul. 1963, p. 196-210.</li> <li>André Malécot (1964a): "Luiseño, a structural Analysis III: Texts and Lexicon", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, Vol. <b>30</b> nº 1, Ene. 1964, p. 14-31.</li> <li>André Malécot (1964b): "Luiseño, a structural Analysis IV: Appendices", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, Vol. <b>30</b> nº 3, Jun. 1964, p. 243-250.</li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFChung1974"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chung</span>, Sandra. <i>Remarks on Pablo Tac's La lingua degli Indi Luiseños</i>. 40,&#32;1974,&#32;p.&#160;292–307. <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/465326">10.1086/465326</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Remarks+on+Pablo+Tac%27s+La+lingua+degli+Indi+Luise%C3%B1os&amp;rft.aulast=Chung&amp;rft.aufirst=Sandra&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.pages=292%E2%80%93307&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F465326"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHydeElliot1994"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hyde</span>, Villiana Calac;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Elliot</span>, Eric. <i>Yumáyk Yumáyk: Long Ago</i>.&#32; University of California Press,&#32;1994.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Yum%C3%A1yk+Yum%C3%A1yk%3A+Long+Ago&amp;rft.aulast=Hyde&amp;rft.aufirst=Villiana+Calac&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKroeberGrace1960"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kroeber</span>, A. L.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Grace</span>, George William. <i>The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño</i>.&#32; UC Berkeley Press,&#32;1960.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sparkman+Grammar+of+Luise%C3%B1o&amp;rft.aulast=Kroeber&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+L.&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft.pub=UC+Berkeley+Press"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTagliavini1926"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Tagliavini</span>, Carlo. <i>La lingua degli Indi Luisenos</i>.&#32; Cooperativa Tipografica Azzoguidi,&#32;1926.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+lingua+degli+Indi+Luisenos&amp;rft.aulast=Tagliavini&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlo&amp;rft.date=1926&amp;rft.pub=Cooperativa+Tipografica+Azzoguidi"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-count references-column-count-&#123;&#123;&#123;col&#125;&#125;&#125;" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lui">Fitxa Ethnologue</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&amp;mode=lang_tops&amp;SRVY_YEAR=2000&amp;lang_id=951">Cens dels EUA de 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">*<span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMarisa_Agha2012"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Marisa Agha</span>&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacbee.com/2012/03/18/4346500/language-preservation-helps-american.html">Language preservation helps American Indian students stick with college</a>».&#32;<i>The Sacramento Bee</i>,&#32;18-03-2012&#32;[Consulta: 8 agost 2012].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preserving-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-preserving_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R305161630/d">Preserving the Luiseno Indian Language: The California Report</a>».&#32;<i>The California Report, californiareport.org</i>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Olson, David&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pe.com/local-news/topics/topics-tribes-headlines/20130215-tribes-campaign-to-save-native-american-languages.ece">TRIBES: Campaign to save Native American languages</a>».&#32;<i>Press-Enterprise, PE.com</i>,&#32;15-02-2013&#32;[Consulta: 23 febrer 2013].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218165430/http://www.pe.com/local-news/topics/topics-tribes-headlines/20130215-tribes-campaign-to-save-native-american-languages.ece">Arxivat</a> 2013-02-18 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218165430/http://www.pe.com/local-news/topics/topics-tribes-headlines/20130215-tribes-campaign-to-save-native-american-languages.ece">Còpia arxivada</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pe.com/local-news/topics/topics-tribes-headlines/20130215-tribes-campaign-to-save-native-american-languages.ece">original</a> el 2013-02-18.&#32;[Consulta: 18 novembre 2013].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Deborah Sullivan Brennan&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/sdcounty/education-video-games-teach-traditional-tongue/article_426eefc0-6476-5781-804d-cb1d5a5516a6.html">Video games teach traditional tongue</a>».&#32;<i>North County Times</i>&#32;[Escondido, California],&#32;01-09-2012&#32;[Consulta: 21 octubre 2012].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://falmouthinstitute.com/language/2012/03/video-games-make-learning-fun/">Video Games Make Learning Fun</a>».&#32;<i>SpokenFirst, Falmouth Institute</i>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Malécot, Abril, 1963, pp. 91-92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grant1991sound-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-grant1991sound_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGlenn1991"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Glenn</span>, James R.&#32;«The Sound Recordings of John P. Harrington: A Report on Their Disposition and State of Preservation».&#32;<i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>.&#32;Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 4,&#32;33,&#32;4,&#32;1991,&#32;p.&#160;357–366. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/00035483">00035483</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recordings-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-recordings_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716094220/http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=Harrington,&amp;dsort=&amp;view=&amp;date.slider=&amp;fq=online_media_type:%22Sound+recordings%22&amp;fq=online_visual_material:true&amp;fq=language:%22Luisen~o%22">Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution</a>».&#32;<i>collections.si.edu</i>. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=Harrington%2C&amp;dsort=&amp;view=&amp;date.slider=&amp;fq=online_media_type%3A%22Sound+recordings%22&amp;fq=online_visual_material%3Atrue&amp;fq=language:%22Luisen~o%22">original</a> el 16 de juliol 2011.&#32;[Consulta: 8 maig 2010].</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/luiseno.php">Luiseño language</a> al <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_California_and_Other_Indian_Languages" title="Survey of California and Other Indian Languages">Survey of California and Other Indian Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/lui">Recursos OLAC sobre la llengua luiseño</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Família_uto-asteca" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plantilla:Uto-asteca" title="Plantilla:Uto-asteca"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/18px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/27px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/36px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></li></ul></div><div id="Família_uto-asteca" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Família <a href="/wiki/Uto-asteca" title="Uto-asteca">uto-asteca</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Aïllades</i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llengua_hopi" title="Llengua hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_(llengua)" title="Tübatulabal (llengua)">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubar" title="Tubar">Tubar</a> (†)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Lenguas_uto-aztecas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lenguas_uto-aztecas.svg/220px-Lenguas_uto-aztecas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lenguas_uto-aztecas.svg/330px-Lenguas_uto-aztecas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lenguas_uto-aztecas.svg/440px-Lenguas_uto-aztecas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="986" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_numic" title="Llengües numic">Llengües numic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Numic central</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comanxe" title="Comanxe">Comanxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoixon" title="Xoixon">Xoixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha" title="Timbisha">Timbisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Numic meridional</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu" title="Kawaiisu">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(dialecte)" title="Ute (dialecte)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute_del_sud" title="Paiute del sud">Paiute del sud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Numic occidental</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(llengua)" title="Mono (llengua)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute_del_nord" title="Paiute del nord">Paiute del nord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_takic" title="Llengües takic">Llengües takic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_(llengua)" title="Tongva (llengua)">Tongva</a> (†)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a> (†)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_(llengua)" title="Cahuilla (llengua)">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a> (†)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a> (†)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a> (†)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_(llengua)" title="Serrano (llengua)">Serrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_n%C3%A0hua" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengües nàhua">Asteca</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pochutec" title="Pochutec">Pochutec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A0huatl" title="Nàhuatl">Nàhuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil" title="Pipil">Pipil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_corachol" title="Llengües corachol">Corachol</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Huichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_(llengua)" title="Cora (llengua)">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cora_de_Santa_Teresa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cora de Santa Teresa (encara no existeix)">Cora de Santa Teresa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_taracahites" title="Llengües taracahites">Taracahita</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guarij%C3%ADo" title="Guarijío">Guarijío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93pata" title="Ópata">Ópata</a> (†)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudeve" title="Eudeve">Eudeve</a> (†)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_(llengua)" title="Mayo (llengua)">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_tepimanes" title="Llengües tepimanes">Tepiman</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27odham" title="O&#39;odham">O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9vome" title="Névome">Névome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuan_del_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepehuan del Nord">Tepehuan del Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuan_del_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepehuan del Sud">Tepehuan del Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepecano" title="Tepecano">Tepecano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>(†) indica <a href="/wiki/Llengua_morta" title="Llengua morta">llengües extingides</a></small><br /><a href="/wiki/Llista_de_Swadesh_en_lleng%C3%BCes_utoasteques" title="Llista de Swadesh en llengües utoasteques">Llista de Swadesh en llengües utoasteques</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Llengües_de_Califòrnia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plantilla:Lleng%C3%BCes_de_Calif%C3%B2rnia" title="Plantilla:Llengües de Califòrnia"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/18px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/27px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/36px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></li></ul></div><div id="20px_Llengües_de_Califòrnia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_California.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/20px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/30px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/40px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Llengües de <a href="/wiki/Calif%C3%B2rnia" title="Califòrnia">Califòrnia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Itàliques_indica_Llengua_extingida"><i>Itàliques</i> indica <a href="/wiki/Llengua_extingida" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengua extingida">Llengua extingida</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_%C3%A0lgiques" title="Llengües àlgiques">Algiques</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot" title="Wiyot">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_atapascanes_de_la_costa_del_Pac%C3%ADfic" title="Llengües atapascanes de la costa del Pacífic">Atapascanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa" title="Tolowa">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa" title="Hupa">Hupa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole" title="Mattole">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kato" title="Kato">Kato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki" title="Wailaki">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_chumash" title="Llengües chumash">Chumash</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Obispe%C3%B1o" title="Obispeño">Obispeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruze%C3%B1o" title="Cruzeño">Cruzeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purisime%C3%B1o" title="Purisimeño">Purisimeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inese%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Ineseño">Ineseño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o" title="Barbareño">Barbareño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o" title="Ventureño">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_ohlone" title="Llengües ohlone">Ohlone</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karkin" title="Karkin">Karkin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo" title="Chochenyo">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush" title="Ramaytush">Ramaytush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamyen" title="Tamyen">Tamyen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutsun" title="Mutsun">Mutsun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumsen" title="Rumsen">Rumsen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chalon_(llengua)" title="Chalon (llengua)">Chalon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoka" title="Hoka">Hoka</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko" title="Chimariko">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk" title="Karuk">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_palaihnihanes" title="Llengües palaihnihanes">Palaihnihanes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achumawi" title="Achumawi">Achumawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi" title="Atsugewi">Atsugewi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_pomo" title="Llengües pomo">Pomo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_del_nord-est" title="Pomo del nord-est">Pomo del nord-est</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pomo_de_l%27est" title="Pomo de l&#39;est">Pomo de l'est</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_del_sud-est" title="Pomo del sud-est">Pomo del sud-est</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pomo_del_nord" title="Pomo del nord">Pomo del nord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_central" title="Pomo central">Pomo central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_del_sud" title="Pomo del sud">Pomo del sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya" title="Kashaya">Kashaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llengua_washo" title="Llengua washo">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llengua_mohave" title="Llengua mohave">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiipai" title="Tiipai">Tiipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipai" title="Ipai">Ipai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llengua_yana" title="Llengua yana">Yana</a></i></li> <li><i>Yahi</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penuti%C3%A0" title="Penutià">Penutianes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llengua_klamath" title="Llengua klamath">Klamath-modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokut" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokut">Yokut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu" title="Wintu">Wintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_miwok" title="Llengües miwok">Miwok</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Miwok_de_la_badia" title="Miwok de la badia">Bay Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miwok_de_la_costa" title="Miwok de la costa">Coast Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_del_llac" title="Miwok del llac">Lake Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_de_la_planura" title="Miwok de la planura">Plains Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_de_la_sierra_central" title="Miwok de la sierra central">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_de_la_sierra_del_sud" title="Miwok de la sierra del sud">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_de_la_sierra_del_nord" title="Miwok de la sierra del nord">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_maidu" title="Llengües maidu">Maidu</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chico_(llengua)" title="Chico (llengua)">Chico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu" title="Maidu">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkow" title="Konkow">Konkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisenan" title="Nisenan">Nisenan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_shasta" title="Llengües shasta">Shasta</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Konomihu" title="Konomihu">Konomihu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shasta_New_River" title="Shasta New River">Shasta New River</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okwanuchu" title="Okwanuchu">Okwanuchu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(llengua)" title="Shasta (llengua)">Shasta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-asteca" title="Uto-asteca">Uto-asteca</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_(llengua)" title="Cahuilla (llengua)">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu" title="Kawaiisu">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luiseño-Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(llengua)" title="Mono (llengua)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute_del_nord" title="Paiute del nord">Paiute del nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha" title="Timbisha">Timbisha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serrano_(llengua)" title="Serrano (llengua)">Serrano</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoixon" title="Xoixon">Xoixon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_(llengua)" title="Tongva (llengua)">Tongva</a></li> <li>Ute/<a href="/wiki/Paiute_del_sud" title="Paiute del sud">paiute del sud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_wintun" title="Llengües wintun">Wintuan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki" title="Nomlaki">Nomlaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></i></li> <li><i>Patwin del sud</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintu" title="Wintu">Wintu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_yokuts" title="Llengües yokuts">Yokuts</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_Buena_Vista" title="Yokuts Buena Vista">Yokuts Buena Vista</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Chukchansi" title="Chukchansi">Chukchansi</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gashowu" title="Gashowu">Gashowu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_Kings_River" title="Yokuts Kings River">Yokuts Kings River</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Palewyami" title="Palewyami">Palewyami</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tule-Kaweah" title="Tule-Kaweah">Tule-Kaweah</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yokuts_de_la_vall" title="Yokuts de la vall">Yokuts de la vall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_yuki-wappo" title="Llengües yuki-wappo">Yuki-wappo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki" title="Yuki">Yuki</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_a%C3%AFllades" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengües aïllades">Llengües aïllades</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen" title="Esselen">Esselen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko" title="Chimariko">Chimariko</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Karuk" title="Karuk">Karuk</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salinan" title="Salinan">Salinan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Takelma" title="Takelma">Takelma</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoam%C3%A8rica" title="Mesoamèrica">Mesoamericanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgo" title="Amuzgo">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino" title="Chatino">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_de_Tabasco" title="Chontal de Tabasco">Chontal de Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinanteca" title="Chinanteca">Chinanteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ol" title="Ch&#39;ol">Ch'ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Huichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitx%C3%A9" title="Quitxé">Quitxé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam" title="Mam">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazateca" title="Mazateca">Mazateca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%27phaa" title="Me&#39;phaa">me'phaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe" title="Mixe">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixteca" title="Mixteca">Mixteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A0huatl" title="Nàhuatl">Nàhuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%AD" title="Otomí">Otomí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9petxa" title="Purépetxa">Purépetxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal" title="Tojolabal">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" 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