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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "USMC" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USMC_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="USMC (disambiguation)">USMC (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marines">maritime land force</a> service branch of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> responsible for conducting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amphibious_operations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious operations">amphibious operations</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OMFTS-12">[11]</a> through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combined_arms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a>, implementing its own <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infantry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artillery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aerial_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aerial warfare">aerial</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_operations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special operations">special operations</a> forces. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniformed services of the United States">uniformed services of the United States</a>. <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">United States Marine Corps</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/220px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/330px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/440px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720"></a> <div class="infobox-caption"> Emblem of the United States Marine Corps </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th> <td class="infobox-data">11 July 1798 (226 years, 4 months) (in current form) <hr>10 November 1775 (249 years) (as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continental_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Continental Marines">Continental Marines</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> United States</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marines">Maritime land force</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amphibious_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious warfare</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary warfare</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>180,958 active personnel (as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DUnited_States_Marine_Corps%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li>32,400 reserve personnel (as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DUnited_States_Marine_Corps%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DoD_Budget_and_Manpower_Details-3">[3]</a></li> <li>1,304 manned aircraft<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WAF2018-4">[4]</a> (total includes 11 VH-3D and 8 VH-60N of HMX-1<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> not listed by WAF 2018)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Headquarters</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Pentagon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th> <td class="infobox-data">"Jarheads", "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devil_Dog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devil Dog">Devil Dogs</a>", "Teufel Hunden", "Leathernecks"</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semper_fidelis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Semper fidelis">Semper fidelis</a> ("Always faithful")</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colors</th> <td class="infobox-data">Scarlet and gold<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-colors-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>   <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">March</th> <td class="infobox-data">"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semper_Fidelis_(march)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semper Fidelis (march)">Semper Fidelis</a>" <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b7\/Semper_Fidelis.ogg\/Semper_Fidelis.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Semper Fidelis.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Semper_Fidelis.ogg/Semper_Fidelis.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Play</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Semper_Fidelis.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Semper Fidelis.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Mascot(s)</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulldog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulldog">English bulldog</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Anniversaries</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_birthday_ball?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marine Corps birthday ball">10 November</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Equipment</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment">List of U.S. Marine Corps equipment</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"> <div> See list </div> </div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quasi-War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Barbary_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_of_1812?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Barbary_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Indies_Anti-Piracy_Operations_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indies Anti-Piracy Operations of the United States">West Indies Anti-Piracy Operations</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seminole_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/African_Anti-Slavery_Operations_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="African Anti-Slavery Operations of the United States">African Anti-Slavery Operations</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aegean_Sea_Anti-Piracy_Operations_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Sea Anti-Piracy Operations of the United States">Aegean Sea Anti-Piracy Operations</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Sumatran expedition">First Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Sumatran_expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Sumatran expedition">Second Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capture_of_Monterey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capture of Monterey">Capture of Monterey</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bombardment_of_San_Juan_del_Norte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of San Juan del Norte">Bombardment of Greytown</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Fiji_Expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Fiji Expedition">First Fiji Expedition</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Opium_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Fiji_Expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Fiji Expedition">Second Fiji Expedition</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paraguay_expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paraguay expedition">Paraguay expedition</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reform_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reform War">Reform War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bombardment_of_Qui_Nhon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Qui Nhon">Bombardment of Qui Nhon</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">Shimonoseki Campaign</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formosa_Expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States expedition to Korea">United States expedition to Korea</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_Expedition_(1882)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian Expedition (1882)">Egyptian Expedition (1882)</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bering_Sea_Anti-Poaching_Operations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations">Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii">Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Samoan Civil War">Second Samoan Civil War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banana_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> <div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">Second Occupation of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Border War (1910–1919)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negro_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro Rebellion">Negro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">Occupation of Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Occupation of Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">Occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sugar_Intervention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnam_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1958_Lebanon_Crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Lebanon Crisis">1958 Lebanon Crisis</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%9366)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66)">Occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965)</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Iranian hostage rescue</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Multinational Force in Lebanon</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Urgent_Fury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Urgent Fury">Operation Urgent Fury</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1986 United States bombing of Libya">1986 bombing of Libya</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tanker_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanker War">Tanker War</a> <div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Prime Chance">Operation Prime Chance</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Eager Glacier">Operation Eager Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Nimble Archer">Operation Nimble Archer</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Praying Mantis">Operation Praying Mantis</a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Invasion_of_Panama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Invasion of Panama">Operation Just Cause</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulf_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Somali_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1995_NATO_bombing_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 NATO bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Kosovo War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1999 East Timorese crisis">1999 East Timorese crisis</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a> <div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Pankisi Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Trans_Sahara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara">Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Caribbean_and_Central_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Caribbean and Central America">Caribbean and Central America</a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pakistan-United_States_skirmishes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan-United States skirmishes">Pakistan-United States skirmishes</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Odyssey Dawn">Operation Odyssey Dawn</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">2014 intervention against ISIL</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resolute Support Mission">Resolute Support Mission</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Decorations</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_streamer.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/U.S._Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_streamer.png/200px-U.S._Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_streamer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/U.S._Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_streamer.png/300px-U.S._Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_streamer.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/U.S._Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_streamer.png/400px-U.S._Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_streamer.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="35"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Streamer_PUC_Army.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Streamer_PUC_Army.PNG/200px-Streamer_PUC_Army.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Streamer_PUC_Army.PNG/300px-Streamer_PUC_Army.PNG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Streamer_PUC_Army.PNG/400px-Streamer_PUC_Army.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="35"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidential Unit Citation (United States)">Presidential Unit Citation</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Streamer_JMUA.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Streamer_JMUA.PNG/200px-Streamer_JMUA.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Streamer_JMUA.PNG/300px-Streamer_JMUA.PNG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Streamer_JMUA.PNG/400px-Streamer_JMUA.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="35"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joint_Meritorious_Unit_Award?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joint Meritorious Unit Award">Joint Meritorious Unit Award</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Navy_Unit_Commendation_streamer_(USMC).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Navy_Unit_Commendation_streamer_%28USMC%29.svg/200px-Navy_Unit_Commendation_streamer_%28USMC%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Navy_Unit_Commendation_streamer_%2528USMC%2529.svg/300px-Navy_Unit_Commendation_streamer_%2528USMC%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Navy_Unit_Commendation_streamer_%2528USMC%2529.svg/400px-Navy_Unit_Commendation_streamer_%2528USMC%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4609" data-file-height="264"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Navy Unit Commendation">Navy Unit Commendation</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Streamer_VUA_Army.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Streamer_VUA_Army.PNG/200px-Streamer_VUA_Army.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Streamer_VUA_Army.PNG/300px-Streamer_VUA_Army.PNG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Streamer_VUA_Army.PNG/400px-Streamer_VUA_Army.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="35"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valorous_Unit_Award?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valorous Unit Award">Valorous Unit Award</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_(Navy-Marine)_Streamer.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_%28Navy-Marine%29_Streamer.jpg/200px-Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_%28Navy-Marine%29_Streamer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_%2528Navy-Marine%2529_Streamer.jpg/300px-Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_%2528Navy-Marine%2529_Streamer.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_%2528Navy-Marine%2529_Streamer.jpg/400px-Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_%2528Navy-Marine%2529_Streamer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="36"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Streamer_MUC_Army.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Streamer_MUC_Army.PNG/200px-Streamer_MUC_Army.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Streamer_MUC_Army.PNG/300px-Streamer_MUC_Army.PNG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Streamer_MUC_Army.PNG/400px-Streamer_MUC_Army.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="35"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meritorious Unit Commendation">Meritorious Unit Commendation</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Streamer_FCDG.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Streamer_FCDG.PNG/200px-Streamer_FCDG.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Streamer_FCDG.PNG/300px-Streamer_FCDG.PNG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Streamer_FCDG.PNG/400px-Streamer_FCDG.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="35"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)">French Croix de guerre 1914–1918</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Presidential_Unit_Citation_(Philippines)_Streamer.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Philippines%29_Streamer.png/200px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Philippines%29_Streamer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%2528Philippines%2529_Streamer.png/300px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%2528Philippines%2529_Streamer.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%2528Philippines%2529_Streamer.png/400px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%2528Philippines%2529_Streamer.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="35"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_Republic_Presidential_Unit_Citation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation">Philippine Presidential Unit Citation</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Streamer_KPUC.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Streamer_KPUC.PNG/200px-Streamer_KPUC.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Streamer_KPUC.PNG/300px-Streamer_KPUC.PNG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Streamer_KPUC.PNG/400px-Streamer_KPUC.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="35"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Presidential_Unit_Citation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation">Korean Presidential Unit Citation</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:VGCP_Streamer.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/VGCP_Streamer.jpg/200px-VGCP_Streamer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/VGCP_Streamer.jpg/300px-VGCP_Streamer.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/VGCP_Streamer.jpg/400px-VGCP_Streamer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="36"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Gallantry Cross">Vietnam Gallantry Cross</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Streamer_RVMUCCA.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Streamer_RVMUCCA.PNG/200px-Streamer_RVMUCCA.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Streamer_RVMUCCA.PNG/300px-Streamer_RVMUCCA.PNG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Streamer_RVMUCCA.PNG/400px-Streamer_RVMUCCA.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="35"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnam_Civil_Actions_Medal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Civil Actions Medal">Vietnam Civil Actions Medal</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Website</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marines.mil">marines.mil</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marines.com">marines.com</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Commander-in-chief" title="Powers of the president of the United States">Commander-in-Chief</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="651"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joe_Biden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="648"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lloyd_Austin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="430"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlos_Del_Toro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlos Del Toro">Carlos Del Toro</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commandant of the United States Marine Corps">Commandant</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1548"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General (United States)">Gen</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eric_Smith_(general)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eric Smith (general)">Eric M. Smith</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assistant_Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps">Assistant Commandant</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_a_United_States_Marine_Corps_general.svg/25px-Flag_of_a_United_States_Marine_Corps_general.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_a_United_States_Marine_Corps_general.svg/38px-Flag_of_a_United_States_Marine_Corps_general.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_a_United_States_Marine_Corps_general.svg/50px-Flag_of_a_United_States_Marine_Corps_general.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="300"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General (United States)">Gen</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_J._Mahoney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher J. Mahoney">Christopher J. Mahoney</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergeant_Major_of_the_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps">Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E9-SGMMC.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/USMC-E9-SGMMC.svg/25px-USMC-E9-SGMMC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/USMC-E9-SGMMC.svg/38px-USMC-E9-SGMMC.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/USMC-E9-SGMMC.svg/50px-USMC-E9-SGMMC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="638"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergeant_Major_of_the_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps">SMMC</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlos_A._Ruiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlos A. Ruiz">Carlos A. Ruiz</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of the United States Marine Corps">Flag</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5940" data-file-height="4680"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Seal</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="437"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Emblem ("<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eagle,_Globe,_and_Anchor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eagle, Globe, and Anchor">Eagle, Globe, and Anchor</a>" or "EGA")<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[note 1]</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Eagle,_Globe,_and_Anchor.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eagle%2C_Globe%2C_and_Anchor.svg/100px-Eagle%2C_Globe%2C_and_Anchor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eagle%252C_Globe%252C_and_Anchor.svg/150px-Eagle%252C_Globe%252C_and_Anchor.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eagle%252C_Globe%252C_and_Anchor.svg/200px-Eagle%252C_Globe%252C_and_Anchor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1024"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Wordmark</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Marines_banner.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Marines_banner.png/100px-Marines_banner.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Marines_banner.png/150px-Marines_banner.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Marines_banner.png/200px-Marines_banner.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="87"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Song</th> <td class="infobox-data">"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marines%27_Hymn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marines' Hymn">The Marine's Hymn</a>" <span 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> The Marine Corps has been part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of the Navy">United States Department of the Navy</a> since 30 June 1834 with its sister service, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The USMC operates <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_installations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Marine Corps installations">installations</a> on land and aboard sea-going <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amphibious_warfare_ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amphibious warfare ship">amphibious warfare ships</a> around the world. Additionally, several of the Marines' tactical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_aviation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval aviation">aviation</a> squadrons, primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons, are also embedded in Navy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carrier_air_wing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carrier air wing">carrier air wings</a> and operate from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aircraft_carrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The history of the Marine Corps began when two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battalion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battalion">battalions</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continental_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Continental Marines">Continental Marines</a> were formed on 10 November 1775 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philadelphia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[14]</a> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacific_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacific War">Pacific theater</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">advancing from island to island</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USMC-WW2-I-I-2-16">[15]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USMC-WW2-IV-II-1-17">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USMC-WW2-V-VI-1-18">[17]</a> As of 2022, the USMC has around 177,200 active duty members and some 32,400 personnel in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">reserve</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DoD_Budget_and_Manpower_Details-3">[3]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mission">1 Mission</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historical_mission">1.1 Historical mission</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Capabilities">1.2 Capabilities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Doctrine">1.3 Doctrine</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Foundation_and_American_Revolutionary_War">2.1 Foundation and American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#War_of_1812_and_afterward">2.2 War of 1812 and afterward</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#American_Civil_War_to_World_War_I">2.3 American Civil War to World War I</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#World_War_I">2.4 World War I</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#World_War_II">2.5 World War II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Korean_War">2.6 Korean War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vietnam_War">2.7 Vietnam War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Interim:_Vietnam_War_to_the_War_on_Terror">2.8 Interim: Vietnam War to the War on Terror</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Global_War_on_Terrorism">2.9 Global War on Terrorism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Afghanistan_Campaign">2.9.1 Afghanistan Campaign</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Iraq_Campaign">2.9.2 Iraq Campaign</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Operations_in_Africa">2.9.3 Operations in Africa</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Reshaped_for_China_threat">2.10 Reshaped for China threat</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organization">3 Organization</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Department_of_the_Navy">3.1 Department of the Navy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Headquarters_Marine_Corps">3.2 Headquarters Marine Corps</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Operating_Forces">3.3 Operating Forces</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Marine_Air-Ground_Task_Force">3.3.1 Marine Air-Ground Task Force</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Supporting_Establishment">3.4 Supporting Establishment</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Marine_Corps_bases_and_stations">3.4.1 Marine Corps bases and stations</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Marine_Forces_Reserve">3.5 Marine Forces Reserve</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Special_operations">4 Special operations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Personnel">5 Personnel</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Leadership">5.1 Leadership</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Women">5.2 Women</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Racial_Integration">5.3 Racial Integration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rank_structure">5.4 Rank structure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Commissioned_officers">5.4.1 Commissioned officers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Warrant_officers">5.4.2 Warrant officers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Enlisted">5.4.3 Enlisted</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Military_Occupational_Specialty">5.5 Military Occupational Specialty</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Initial_training">5.6 Initial training</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Uniforms">6 Uniforms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Official_traditions_and_customs">7.1 Official traditions and customs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unofficial_traditions_and_customs">7.2 Unofficial traditions and customs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Negative_associations">7.3 Negative associations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Veteran_marines">7.4 Veteran marines</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Martial_arts_program">7.5 Martial arts program</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Equipment">8 Equipment</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Infantry_weapons">8.1 Infantry weapons</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ground_vehicles">8.2 Ground vehicles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aircraft">8.3 Aircraft</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Relationship_with_other_services">9 Relationship with other services</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States_Navy">9.1 United States Navy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States_Army">9.2 United States Army</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States_Air_Force">9.3 United States Air Force</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States_Coast_Guard">9.4 United States Coast Guard</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Budget">10 Budget</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">13 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Citations">13.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">13.2 Sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mission" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> As outlined in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/5063">§ 5063</a> and as originally introduced under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a>, three primary areas of responsibility for the U.S. Marine Corps are: <ul> <li>Seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and other land operations to support <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval warfare">naval campaigns</a>;</li> <li>Development of tactics, technique, and equipment used by amphibious landing forces in coordination with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army">Army</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Air_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a>; and</li> <li>Such other duties as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the United States">President</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> may direct.</li> </ul> This last clause derives from similar language in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Congress">Congressional</a> acts "For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps" of 1834 and "Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps" of 1798. In 1951, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives'</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services Committee</a> called the clause "one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps". It noted that the Corps has more often than not performed actions of a non-naval nature, including its famous actions in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Barbary_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Barbary War">Tripoli</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_of_1812?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Chapultepec</a>, and numerous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Counterinsurgency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> and occupational duties (such as those in Central America, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>). While these actions are not accurately described as support of naval campaigns nor as amphibious warfare, their common thread is that they are of an expeditionary nature, using the mobility of the Navy to provide timely intervention in foreign affairs on behalf of American interests.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Estes-19">[18]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Band?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Band">Marine Band</a>, dubbed the "President's Own" by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Adams?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, provides music for state functions at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White House">White House</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Barracks,_Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.">Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.</a>, guard presidential retreats, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camp_David?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>, and the Marines of the Executive Flight Detachment of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMX-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMX-1">HMX-1</a> provide helicopter transport to the President and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a>, with the radio call signs "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_One?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine One">Marine One</a>" and "Marine Two", respectively.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The Executive Flight Detachment also provides helicopter transport to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Cabinet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">Cabinet members</a> and other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Very_important_person?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Very important person">VIPs</a>. By authority of the 1946 Foreign Service Act, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Security_Guard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Security Guard">Marine Security Guards</a> of the Marine Embassy Security Command provide security for American <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diplomatic_mission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diplomatic mission">embassies</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legation">legations</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consul_(representative)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consul (representative)">consulates</a> at more than 140 posts worldwide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The relationship between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> and the U.S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the Corps itself. For over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretaries of State</a>. After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, and legations throughout the world. In 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of Defense furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> on 15 December 1948, and 83 Marines were deployed to overseas missions. During the first year of the program, 36 detachments were deployed worldwide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Historical_mission">Historical mission</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Historical mission" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Marine Corps was founded to serve as an infantry unit aboard naval vessels and was responsible for the security of the ship and its crew by conducting offensive and defensive combat during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_boarding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval boarding">boarding actions</a> and defending the ship's officers from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mutiny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a>; to the latter end, their quarters on the ship were often strategically positioned between the officers' quarters and the rest of the vessel. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore. America's first amphibious assault landing occurred early in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, on 3 March 1776, as the Marines gained control of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fort_Montagu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fort Montagu">Fort Montagu</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Fort_of_Nassau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Fort of Nassau">Fort Nassau</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Empire">British</a> ammunition depot and naval port in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Providence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Providence">New Providence</a>, the Bahamas. The role of the Marine Corps has expanded significantly since then; as the importance of its original naval mission declined with changing naval warfare doctrine and the professionalization of the naval service, the Corps adapted by focusing on formerly secondary missions ashore. The Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. In 1987, the USMC Sea School was closed; in 1998, all Marine Detachments on board ships were disbanded. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, and aircraft carriers. Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ship's landing force, manning the ship's weapons and providing shipboard security. Marine detachments were augmented by members of the ship's company for landing parties, such as in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Sumatran expedition">First Sumatran expedition</a> of 1832 and continuing in the Caribbean and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Mexican campaigns</a> of the early 20th centuries. Marines developed tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lawliss-24">[23]</a> During World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships, and some were assigned to man anti-aircraft batteries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[24]</a> In 1950,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[25]</a> President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_S._Truman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry Truman</a> responded to a message from U.S. Representative <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gordon_L._McDonough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gordon L. McDonough">Gordon L. McDonough</a>. McDonough had urged President Truman to add Marine representation on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. President Truman, writing in a letter addressed to McDonough, stated, "The Marine Corps is the Navy's police force and as long as I am President that is what it will remain. They have a propaganda machine that is almost equal to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Stalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin's</a>." McDonough then inserted <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Letter,_Harry_Truman_to_Gordon_McDonough,_29_August_1950_(15310975758).jpg">President Truman's letter</a>, dated 29 August 1950, into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congressional_Record?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>. Congressmen and Marine organizations reacted, calling President Truman's remarks an insult, and demanded an apology. Truman apologized to the Marine commandant at the time, writing, "I sincerely regret the unfortunate choice of language which I used in my letter of August 29 to Congressman McDonough concerning the Marine Corps." While Truman had apologized for his metaphor, he did not alter his position that the Marine Corps should continue to report to the Navy secretary. He made amends only by making a surprise visit to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps League">Marine Corps League</a> a few days later, when he reiterated, "When I make a mistake, I try to correct it. I try to make as few as possible." He received a standing ovation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[26]</a> When gun cruisers were retired by the end of the 1970s, the remaining Marine detachments were only seen on battleships and carriers. Its original mission of providing shipboard security ended in the 1990s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Capabilities">Capabilities</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Capabilities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Marine Corps fulfills a critical military role as an amphibious warfare force. It is capable of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conventional_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conventional warfare">conventional</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irregular_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irregular warfare">irregular</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hybrid_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hybrid warfare">hybrid forces</a>. While the Marine Corps does not employ any unique capabilities, as a force, it can rapidly deploy a combined-arms task force to almost anywhere in the world within days. The basic structure for all deployed units is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Air-Ground_Task_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Air-Ground Task Force">Marine Air-Ground Task Force</a> (MAGTF) that integrates a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ground_combat_element?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ground combat element">ground combat element</a>, an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aviation_combat_element?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aviation combat element">aviation combat element</a>, and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logistics_combat_element?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logistics combat element">logistics combat element</a> under a common <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Command_element_(United_States_Marine_Corps)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Command element (United States Marine Corps)">command element</a>. While the creation of joint commands under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goldwater–Nichols Act">Goldwater–Nichols Act</a> has improved interservice coordination between each branch, the Corps's ability to permanently maintain integrated multielement task forces under a single command provides a smoother implementation of combined-arms warfare principles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Warren-29">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Marine-31st.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Marine-31st.jpg/220px-Marine-31st.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5414" data-file-height="3609"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Marine-31st.jpg/220px-Marine-31st.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Marine-31st.jpg/330px-Marine-31st.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Marine-31st.jpg/440px-Marine-31st.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> U.S. Marines from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31st_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31st Marine Expeditionary Unit">31st Marine Expeditionary Unit</a> training </figcaption> </figure> The close integration of disparate Marine units stems from an organizational culture centered on the infantry. Every other Marine capability exists to support the infantry. Unlike some Western militaries, the Corps remained conservative against theories proclaiming the ability of new weapons to win wars independently. For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Aviation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Aviation">Marine aviation</a> has always been focused on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_air_support?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close air support">close air support</a> and has remained largely uninfluenced by air power theories proclaiming that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strategic_bombing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> can single-handedly win wars.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lawliss-24">[23]</a> This focus on the infantry is matched with the doctrine of "Every Marine [is] a rifleman", a precept of Commandant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_M._Gray,_Jr.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred M. Gray, Jr.">Alfred M. Gray, Jr.</a>, emphasizing the infantry combat abilities of every Marine. All Marines, regardless of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_MOS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Marine Corps MOS">military specialization</a>, receive training as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rifleman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rifleman">rifleman</a>, and all officers receive additional training as infantry platoon commanders.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[29]</a> During World War II at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a>, when all the Marine aircraft were destroyed, pilots continued the fight as ground officers, leading supply clerks and cooks in a final defensive effort.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Heinl-31">[30]</a> Flexibility of execution is implemented via an emphasis on "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intent_(military)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intent (military)">commander's intent</a>" as a guiding principle for carrying out orders, specifying the end state but leaving open the method of execution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lind-32">[31]</a> The amphibious assault techniques developed for World War II evolved, with the addition of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_assault?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air assault">air assault</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maneuver_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maneuver warfare">maneuver warfare</a> doctrine, into the current "Operational Maneuver from the Sea" doctrine of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Power_projection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Power projection">power projection</a> from the seas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OMFTS-12">[11]</a> The Marines are credited with developing helicopter insertion doctrine and were the earliest in the American military to widely adopt maneuver-warfare principles, which emphasize low-level initiative and flexible execution. In light of recent warfare that has strayed from the Corps's traditional missions,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2ndarmy-33">[32]</a> the Marines have renewed an emphasis on amphibious capabilities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USS_Tarawa_operations.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/USS_Tarawa_operations.jpg/220px-USS_Tarawa_operations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/USS_Tarawa_operations.jpg/220px-USS_Tarawa_operations.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/USS_Tarawa_operations.jpg/330px-USS_Tarawa_operations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/USS_Tarawa_operations.jpg/440px-USS_Tarawa_operations.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit depart <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USS_Tarawa_(LHA-1)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="USS Tarawa (LHA-1)">USS Tarawa (LHA-1)</a>, using both a Landing Craft Utility and CH-53E "Super Stallion" helicopters, during amphibious operations in Kuwait, 2003. </figcaption> </figure> The Marine Corps relies on the Navy for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sealift?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sealift">sealift</a> to provide its rapid deployment capabilities. In addition to basing a third of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Marine Force">Fleet Marine Force</a> in Japan, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_expeditionary_unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine expeditionary unit">Marine expeditionary units</a> (MEU) are typically stationed at sea so they can function as first responders to international incidents.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ChenowethNihart-35">[34]</a> To aid rapid deployment, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military Sealift Command">Maritime Pre-Positioning System</a> was developed: Fleets of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Container_ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Container ship">container ships</a> are positioned throughout the world with enough equipment and supplies for a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_expeditionary_force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine expeditionary force">marine expeditionary force</a> to deploy for 30 days.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Doctrine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Two small manuals published during the 1930s established USMC doctrine in two areas. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Small_Wars_Manual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Small Wars Manual">Small Wars Manual</a> laid the framework for Marine <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Counterinsurgency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> operations from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnam_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan</a> while the Tentative Landing Operations Manual established the doctrine for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_amphibious_operations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States amphibious operations">amphibious operations of World War II</a>. "Operational Maneuver from the Sea" was the doctrine of power projection in 2006.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OMFTS-12">[11]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">History of the United States Marine Corps</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Foundation_and_American_Revolutionary_War">Foundation and American Revolutionary War</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Foundation and American Revolutionary War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Portrait_of_First_Leader_of_Marines,_Maj._Samuel_Nicholas.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Portrait_of_First_Leader_of_Marines%2C_Maj._Samuel_Nicholas.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_First_Leader_of_Marines%2C_Maj._Samuel_Nicholas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="1037"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 239px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Portrait_of_First_Leader_of_Marines%2C_Maj._Samuel_Nicholas.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_First_Leader_of_Marines%2C_Maj._Samuel_Nicholas.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="239" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Portrait_of_First_Leader_of_Marines%2C_Maj._Samuel_Nicholas.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_First_Leader_of_Marines%2C_Maj._Samuel_Nicholas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Portrait_of_First_Leader_of_Marines%2C_Maj._Samuel_Nicholas.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_First_Leader_of_Marines%2C_Maj._Samuel_Nicholas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Maj. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Nicholas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel Nicholas">Samuel Nicholas</a>, first Commandant of the Marine Corps, was nominated to lead the Continental Marines by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Adams?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> in November 1775. </figcaption> </figure> The United States Marine Corps traces its roots to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continental_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Continental Marines">Continental Marines</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, formed by Captain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Nicholas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel Nicholas">Samuel Nicholas</a> by a resolution of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> on 10 November 1775, to raise two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battalion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battalion">battalions</a> of marines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-36">[35]</a> This date is celebrated as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_birthday?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps birthday">birthday of the Marine Corps</a>. Nicholas was nominated to lead the Marines by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Adams?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[36]</a> By December 1775, Nicholas raised one battalion of 300 men by recruitment in his home city of Philadelphia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-36">[35]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[37]</a> In January 1776, the Marines went to sea under the command of Commodore <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esek_Hopkins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esek Hopkins">Esek Hopkins</a> and in March undertook their first amphibious landing, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raid_of_Nassau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raid of Nassau">Battle of Nassau</a> in the Bahamas, occupying the British port of Nassau for two weeks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-39">[38]</a> On 3 January 1777, the Marines arrived at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a> attached to General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Cadwalader_(general)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Cadwalader (general)">John Cadwalader</a>'s brigade, where they had been assigned by General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Washington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>; by December 1776, Washington was retreating through New Jersey and, needing veteran soldiers, ordered Nicholas and the Marines to attach themselves to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continental_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a>, where the Marines along with Cadwalader's brigade were personally rallied by Washington, was the first land combat engagement of the Marines; an estimated 130 marines were present at the battle.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-39">[38]</a> At the end of the American Revolution, both the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continental_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a> and Continental Marines were disbanded in April 1783. The institution was resurrected on 11 July 1798; in preparation for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quasi-War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_First_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French First Republic">France</a>, Congress created the United States Marine Corps.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Marines had been enlisted by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> as early as August 1797<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[40]</a> for service in the newly-built <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frigate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frigate">frigates</a> authorized by the Congressional "Act to provide a Naval Armament" of 18 March 1794,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[41]</a> which specified the numbers of marines to recruit for each frigate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The Marines' most famous action of this period occurred during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Barbary_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a> (1801–1805) against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbary_pirates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[43]</a> when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Eaton_(soldier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Eaton (soldier)">William Eaton</a> and First Lieutenant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presley_O%27Bannon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presley O'Bannon">Presley O'Bannon</a> led 8 marines and 500 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercenary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> in an effort to capture <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>. Though they only reached <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Derna_(1805)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Derna (1805)">Derna</a>, the action at Tripoli has been immortalized in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marines%27_Hymn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marines' Hymn">Marines' Hymn</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mameluke_sword?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mameluke sword">Mameluke sword</a> carried by Marine officers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Simmons-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="War_of_1812_and_afterward">War of 1812 and afterward</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: War of 1812 and afterward" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wiki_Capture_Penguin.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wiki_Capture_Penguin.jpg/220px-Wiki_Capture_Penguin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="585"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wiki_Capture_Penguin.jpg/220px-Wiki_Capture_Penguin.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wiki_Capture_Penguin.jpg/330px-Wiki_Capture_Penguin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wiki_Capture_Penguin.jpg/440px-Wiki_Capture_Penguin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> British and U.S. troops garrisoned aboard Hornet and Penguin exchanging <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Small_arms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a> musket fire with Tristan da Cuna in the background during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">final engagement</a> between British and U.S. forces in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_of_1812?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> </figcaption> </figure> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_of_1812?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, Marine detachments on Navy ships took part in some of the great frigate duels that characterized the war, which were the first and last engagements of the conflict. Their most significant contribution was holding the center of General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Jackson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s defensive line at the 1815 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>, the final major battle and one of the most one-sided engagements of the war. With widespread news of the battle and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane_and_HMS_Levant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant">capture of HMS Cyane, HMS Levant</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">HMS Penguin</a>, the final engagements between British and U.S. forces, the Marines had gained a reputation as expert <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marksman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marksman">marksmen</a>, especially in defensive and ship-to-ship actions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Simmons-45">[44]</a> They played a large role in the 1813 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">defense of Sacket's Harbor</a>, New York and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Craney Island">Norfolk and Portsmouth</a>, Virginia,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[45]</a> also taking part in the 1814 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">defense of Plattsburgh</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Champlain_Valley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a> during one of the final British offensives along the Canadian-U.S. border. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Battle of Bladensburg</a>, fought 24 August 1814, was one of the worst days for American arms, though a few units and individuals performed heroic service. Notable among them were Commodore Joshua Barney's 500 sailors and the 120 marines under Captain Samuel Miller USMC, who inflicted the bulk of British casualties and were the only effective American resistance during the battle. A final desperate Marine counter attack, with the fighting at close quarters, however was not enough; Barney and Miller's forces were overrun. In all of 114 marines, 11 were killed and 16 wounded. During the battle Captain Miller's arm was badly wounded, for his gallant service in action, Miller was brevetted to the rank of Major USMC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Chapultepec.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chapultepec.jpg/220px-Chapultepec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3019" data-file-height="1971"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chapultepec.jpg/220px-Chapultepec.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chapultepec.jpg/330px-Chapultepec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chapultepec.jpg/440px-Chapultepec.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marines <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Chapultepec">storming Chapultepec Castle</a> with a large American flag during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexican-American_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican-American War">Mexican-American War</a> </figcaption> </figure> After the war, the Marine Corps fell into a malaise that ended with the appointment of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archibald_Henderson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archibald Henderson">Archibald Henderson</a> as its fifth commandant in 1820. Under his tenure, the Corps took on expeditionary duties in the Caribbean, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Key_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Key West">Key West</a>, West Africa, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falkland_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumatra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. Commandant Henderson is credited with thwarting President Jackson's attempts to combine and integrate the Marine Corps with the Army.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Simmons-45">[44]</a> Instead, Congress passed the Act for the Better Organization of the Marine Corps in 1834, stipulating that the Corps was part of the Department of the Navy as a sister service to the Navy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Commandant Henderson volunteered the Marines for service in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seminole_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a> of 1835, personally leading nearly half of the entire Corps (two battalions) to war. A decade later, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–1848), the Marines made their famed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Chapultepec">assault on Chapultepec Palace</a> in Mexico City, which would be later celebrated as the "Halls of Montezuma" in the Marines' Hymn. In fairness to the U.S. Army, most of the troops who made the final assault at the Halls of Montezuma were soldiers and not Marines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The Americans forces were led by Army General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winfield_Scott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>. Scott organized two storming parties of about 250 men each for 500 men total including 40 marines.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1850s, the Marines engaged in service in Panama and Asia and were attached to Commodore <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew Perry's</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_India_Squadron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East India Squadron">East India Squadron</a> on its historic trip to the Far East.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Moskin-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="American_Civil_War_to_World_War_I">American Civil War to World War I</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: American Civil War to World War I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Marines01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="black & white photograph of six U.S. marines standing in line, five with Civil War-era rifles and one with an NCO sword." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Marines01.jpg/220px-Marines01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5900" data-file-height="4550"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Marines01.jpg/220px-Marines01.jpg" data-alt="black & white photograph of six U.S. marines standing in line, five with Civil War-era rifles and one with an NCO sword." data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Marines01.jpg/330px-Marines01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Marines01.jpg/440px-Marines01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Five USMC privates with fixed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bayonet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a>, and their NCO with his sword at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington Navy Yard">Washington Navy Yard</a>, 1864 </figcaption> </figure> The Marine Corps played a small role in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> (1861–1865); their most prominent task was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blockade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blockade">blockade</a> duty. As more and more states <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ordinance of Secession">seceded</a> from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>, about a third of the Corps's officers left the United States to join the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> and form the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Confederate States Marine Corps</a>, which ultimately played little part in the war. The battalion of recruits formed for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> performed poorly, retreating with the rest of the Union forces.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ChenowethNihart-35">[34]</a> Blockade duty included sea-based amphibious operations to secure forward bases. In early November 1861, a group of sailors and Marines landed in the towns of Port Royal and Beaufort, South Carolina. A few days later that task force captured nearby Hilton Head Island. A couple of weeks later a reconnaissance in force group captured Tybee Island. This is where the Union set up the artillery barrage to bombard Fort Pulaski.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In April and May 1862, Marines participated in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capture_of_New_Orleans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capture of New Orleans">the capture and occupation of New Orleans</a> and the occupation of Baton Rouge, Louisiana,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[51]</a> key events in the war that helped secure Union control of the lower <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mississippi_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> basin and denied the Confederacy a major port and naval base on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The remainder of the 19th century was marked by declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marine Corps. The Navy's transition from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sailing_ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sailing ship">sail</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steamboat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steamboat">steam</a> put into question the need for Marines on naval ships. Meanwhile, Marines served as a convenient resource for interventions and landings to protect American interests overseas. The Corps was involved in over 28 separate interventions in the 30 years from the end of the American Civil War to the end of the 19th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[52]</a> They were called upon to stem political and labor unrest within the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ellsworth-54">[53]</a> Under Commandant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob_Zeilin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob Zeilin">Jacob Zeilin</a>'s tenure, Marine customs and traditions took shape: the Corps adopted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eagle,_Globe,_and_Anchor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eagle, Globe, and Anchor">Marine Corps emblem</a> on 19 November 1868. It was during this time that "The Marines' Hymn" was first heard. Around 1883, the Marines adopted their current motto "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semper_fidelis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semper fidelis">Semper fidelis</a>" (Always Faithful).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Simmons-45">[44]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a>, the musician and composer, enlisted as a Marine apprentice at age 13, serving from 1867 until 1872, and again from 1880 to 1892 as the leader of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Band?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Band">Marine Band</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[54]</a> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> (1898), Marines led American forces ashore in the Philippines, Cuba, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puerto_Rico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, demonstrating their readiness for deployment. At <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guantánamo Bay">Guantánamo Bay</a>, Cuba, the Marines seized an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">advanced naval base</a> that remains in use today. Between 1899 and 1916, the Corps continued its record of participation in foreign expeditions, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> in China, Panama, the Cuban Pacifications, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perdicaris_affair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perdicaris affair">Perdicaris incident</a> in Morocco, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">Santo Domingo</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banana_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Haiti</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>;[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the experiences gained in counterinsurgency and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla operations</a> during this period were consolidated into the Small Wars Manual.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[55]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: World War I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Scott_Belleau_Wood.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="monochromatic artwork of marines fighting Germans in a forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Scott_Belleau_Wood.jpg/220px-Scott_Belleau_Wood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="674"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Scott_Belleau_Wood.jpg/220px-Scott_Belleau_Wood.jpg" data-alt="monochromatic artwork of marines fighting Germans in a forest" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Scott_Belleau_Wood.jpg/330px-Scott_Belleau_Wood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Scott_Belleau_Wood.jpg/440px-Scott_Belleau_Wood.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Georges Scott, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Belleau Wood">American Marines in Belleau Wood</a>, 1918 </figcaption> </figure> During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Marines served as a part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Force</a> under General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_J._Pershing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American entry into World War I">America entered into the war</a> on 6 April 1917. The Marine Corps had a deep pool of officers and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> with battle experience and thus experienced a large expansion. The U.S. Marine Corps entered the war with 511 officers and 13,214 enlisted personnel and by 11 November 1918 had reached a strength of 2,400 officers and 70,000 enlisted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[56]</a> African-Americans were entirely excluded from the Marine Corps during this conflict.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opha_May_Johnson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opha May Johnson">Opha May Johnson</a> was the first woman to enlist in the Marines; she joined the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Forces_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Forces Reserve">Marine Corps Reserve</a> in 1918 during World War I, officially becoming the first female Marine.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-History-59">[58]</a> From then until the end of World War I, 305 women enlisted in the Corps.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[59]</a> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Belleau Wood">Battle of Belleau Wood</a> in 1918, the Marines and U.S. media reported that Germans had nicknamed them Teufel Hunden, meaning "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devil_Dog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devil Dog">Devil Dogs</a>" for their reputation as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shock_troops?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shock troops">shock troops</a> and marksmen at ranges up to 900 meters; there is no evidence of this in German records (as Teufelshunde would be the proper German phrase). Nevertheless, the name stuck in U.S. Marine lore.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interwar_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interwar period">Between the World Wars</a>, the Marine Corps was headed by Commandant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_A._Lejeune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John A. Lejeune">John A. Lejeune</a>, and under his leadership, the Corps studied and developed amphibious techniques that would be of great use in World War II. Many officers, including Lieutenant Colonel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Hancock_Ellis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earl Hancock Ellis">Earl Hancock "Pete" Ellis</a>, foresaw a war in the Pacific with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_of_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> and undertook preparations for such a conflict. Through 1941, as the prospect of war grew, the Corps pushed urgently for joint amphibious exercises with the Army and acquired amphibious equipment that would prove of great use in the upcoming conflict.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ballendorf-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Peter_Ortiz.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Peter_Ortiz.jpg/170px-Peter_Ortiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 273px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Peter_Ortiz.jpg/170px-Peter_Ortiz.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Peter_Ortiz.jpg/255px-Peter_Ortiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Peter_Ortiz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_French_Paratrooper_Units?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French Paratrooper Units">French Foreign Legion</a> Lieutenant, and U.S. Marine Corps officer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_J._Ortiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter J. Ortiz">Peter J. Ortiz</a>, who served in the European theater, often behind enemy lines </figcaption> </figure> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Marines performed a central role in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacific_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, along with the U.S. Army. The battles of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bougainville_campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bougainville campaign">Bougainville</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Tinian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Tinian">Tinian</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Britain_campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Britain campaign">Cape Gloucester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Saipan">Saipan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Peleliu">Peleliu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</a> saw fierce fighting between marines and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>. Some 600,000 Americans served in the U.S. Marine Corps in World War II.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The Battle of Iwo Jima, which began on 19 February 1945, was arguably the most famous Marine engagement of the war. The Japanese had learned from their defeats in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Marianas Campaign</a> and prepared many fortified positions on the island including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pillbox_(military)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pillbox (military)">pillboxes</a> and network of tunnels. The Japanese put up fierce resistance, but American forces <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">reached the summit</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mount_Suribachi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mount Suribachi">Mount Suribachi</a> on 23 February. The mission was accomplished with high losses of 26,000 American casualties and 22,000 Japanese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The Marines played a comparatively minor role in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European theatre of World War II">European theater</a>. Nonetheless, they did continue to provide security detachments to U.S. embassies and ships, contributed personnel to small <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_operations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special operations">special ops</a> teams dropped into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German-occupied_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German-occupied Europe">Nazi-occupied Europe</a> as part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS, the precursor to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CIA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>) missions, and acted as staff planners and trainers for U.S. Army amphibious operations, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Normandy_landings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[65]</a> By the end of the war, the Corps had expanded from two brigades to six <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Division_(military)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>, five <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wing_(military_unit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wing (military unit)">air wings</a>, and supporting troops, totaling about 485,000 marines. In addition, 20 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_defense_battalions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine defense battalions">defense battalions</a> and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paramarines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paramarines">parachute battalion</a> were raised.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Nearly 87,000 marines were casualties during World War II (including nearly 20,000 killed), and 82 were awarded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medal_of_Honor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:2018-10-31_15_25_21_The_west_side_of_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_in_Arlington_County,_Virginia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Color photo of the Marine Corps War Memorial, a bronze statue of six marines raising a U.S. flag attached unto a Japanese pipe atop Mount Suribachi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2018-10-31_15_25_21_The_west_side_of_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_in_Arlington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2018-10-31_15_25_21_The_west_side_of_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_in_Arlington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2018-10-31_15_25_21_The_west_side_of_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_in_Arlington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2018-10-31_15_25_21_The_west_side_of_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_in_Arlington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg" data-alt="Color photo of the Marine Corps War Memorial, a bronze statue of six marines raising a U.S. flag attached unto a Japanese pipe atop Mount Suribachi." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2018-10-31_15_25_21_The_west_side_of_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_in_Arlington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/330px-2018-10-31_15_25_21_The_west_side_of_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_in_Arlington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2018-10-31_15_25_21_The_west_side_of_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_in_Arlington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/440px-2018-10-31_15_25_21_The_west_side_of_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_in_Arlington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Photograph of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_War_Memorial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps War Memorial">Marine Corps War Memorial</a>, which depicts the second U.S. flag-raising atop <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mount_Suribachi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mount Suribachi">Mount Suribachi</a>, on Iwo Jima. The memorial is modeled on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joe_Rosenthal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joe Rosenthal">Joe Rosenthal</a>'s famous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima</a>. </figcaption> </figure> In 1942, the Navy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seabee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seabee">Seabees</a> were created with the Marine Corps providing their organization and military training. Many Seabee units were issued the USMC standard issue and were re-designated "Marine". Despite the Corps giving them their military organization and military training, issuing them uniforms, and redesignating their units, the Seabees remained Navy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[note 2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-history.navy.mil-71">[69]</a> USMC historian Gordon L. Rottmann writes that one of the "Navy's biggest contributions to the Marine Corps during WWII was the creation of the Seabees."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Despite <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Forrestal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a>'s prediction that the Marine flag raising at Iwo Jima meant "a Marine Corps for the next five hundred years",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Warren2007-73">[71]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clancy1996-74">[72]</a> the Corps faced an immediate institutional crisis following the war because of a suddenly shrunken budget. Army generals pushing for a strengthened and reorganized defense establishment attempted to fold the Marine mission and assets into the Navy and Army. Drawing on hastily assembled Congressional support, and with the assistance of the so-called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a>", the Marine Corps rebuffed such efforts to dismantle the Corps, resulting in statutory protection of the Marine Corps in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Krulak-75">[73]</a> Shortly afterward, in 1952 the Douglas–Mansfield Act afforded the commandant an equal voice with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> on matters relating to the Marines and established the structure of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_divisions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Marine Corps divisions">three active divisions</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_aircraft_wings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Marine Corps aircraft wings">air wings</a> that remain today.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Korean War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Koreacloseairsupport1950.JPEG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Koreacloseairsupport1950.JPEG/220px-Koreacloseairsupport1950.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2332"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Koreacloseairsupport1950.JPEG/220px-Koreacloseairsupport1950.JPEG" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Koreacloseairsupport1950.JPEG/330px-Koreacloseairsupport1950.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Koreacloseairsupport1950.JPEG/440px-Koreacloseairsupport1950.JPEG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vought F4U Corsair">F4U Corsairs</a> providing close air support to marines of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Division (United States)">1st Marine Division</a> fighting Chinese forces in North Korea, December 1950 </figcaption> </figure> The beginning of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953) saw the hastily formed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Provisional_Marine_Brigade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1st Provisional Marine Brigade">Provisional Marine Brigade</a> holding the defensive line at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter">Pusan Perimeter</a>. To execute a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flanking_maneuver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flanking maneuver">flanking maneuver</a>, General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> called on United Nations forces, including U.S. Marines, to make an amphibious landing at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Inchon">Inchon</a>. The successful landing resulted in the collapse of North Korean lines and the pursuit of North Korean forces north near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yalu_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a> until the entrance of the People's Republic of China into the war. Chinese troops surrounded, surprised, and overwhelmed the overextended and outnumbered American forces. The U.S. Army's X Corps, which included the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Division (United States)">1st Marine Division</a> and the Army's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7th Infantry Division (United States)">7th Infantry Division</a> regrouped and inflicted heavy casualties during their fighting withdrawal to the coast, known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Chosin Reservoir">Battle of Chosin Reservoir</a>. The fighting calmed after the Battle of the Chosin Reservoir, but late in March 1953, the relative quiet of the war was broken when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> launched a massive offensive on three outposts manned by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5th_Marine_Regiment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5th Marine Regiment">5th Marine Regiment</a>. These outposts were codenamed "Reno", "Vegas", and "Carson". The campaign was collectively known as the Nevada Cities Campaign. There was brutal fighting on Reno Hill, which was eventually captured by the Chinese. Although Reno was lost, the 5th Marines held both Vegas and Carson through the rest of the campaign. In this one campaign, the Marines suffered approximately 1,000 casualties and might have suffered much more without the U.S. Army's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Task_Force_Faith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Task Force Faith">Task Force Faith</a>. Marines would continue a battle of attrition around the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/38th_parallel_north?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="38th parallel north">38th Parallel</a> until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">1953 armistice</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fehrenbach-76">[74]</a> During the war, the Corps expanded from 75,000 regulars to a force of 261,000 marines, mostly reservists; 30,544 marines were killed or wounded during the war, and 42 were awarded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medal_of_Honor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Vietnam War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U.S._Marines_in_Operation_Allen_Brook_(Vietnam_War)_001.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/U.S._Marines_in_Operation_Allen_Brook_%28Vietnam_War%29_001.jpg/220px-U.S._Marines_in_Operation_Allen_Brook_%28Vietnam_War%29_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="518"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/U.S._Marines_in_Operation_Allen_Brook_%28Vietnam_War%29_001.jpg/220px-U.S._Marines_in_Operation_Allen_Brook_%28Vietnam_War%29_001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/U.S._Marines_in_Operation_Allen_Brook_%28Vietnam_War%29_001.jpg/330px-U.S._Marines_in_Operation_Allen_Brook_%28Vietnam_War%29_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/U.S._Marines_in_Operation_Allen_Brook_%28Vietnam_War%29_001.jpg/440px-U.S._Marines_in_Operation_Allen_Brook_%28Vietnam_War%29_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> U.S. marines of "G" Company, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2nd_Battalion,_7th_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2nd Battalion, 7th Marines">2nd Battalion, 7th Marines</a> in action during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Allen_Brook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Allen Brook">Operation Allen Brook</a> in South Vietnam, 1968 </figcaption> </figure> The Marine Corps served in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnam_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, taking part in such battles as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Huế">Battle of Hue</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Khe Sanh">Battle of Khe Sanh</a> in 1968. Individuals from the USMC generally operated in the Northern I Corps Regions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Vietnam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. While there, they were constantly engaged in a guerrilla war against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viet_Cong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>, along with an intermittent conventional war against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Army of Vietnam">North Vietnamese Army</a>, this made the Marine Corps known throughout Vietnam and gained a frightening reputation from the Viet Cong. Portions of the Corps were responsible for the less-known <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combined_Action_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combined Action Program">Combined Action Program</a> that implemented unconventional techniques for counterinsurgency and worked as military advisors to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Marine_Division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Vietnam Marine Division">Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps</a>. Marines were withdrawn in 1971 and returned briefly in 1975 to evacuate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon</a> and attempt a rescue of the crew of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mayaguez_incident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mayaguez incident">SS Mayaguez</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Millet-78">[76]</a> Vietnam was the longest war up to that time for the Marines; by its end, 13,091 had been killed in action,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CasualtiesTheWall-80">[78]</a> 51,392 had been wounded, and 57 Medals of Honor had been awarded.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CasualtiesUSN-81">[79]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USMC-MOH-82">[80]</a> Because of policies concerning rotation, more marines were deployed for service during Vietnam than World War II.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[81]</a> While recovering from Vietnam, the Corps hit a detrimental low point in its service history caused by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Court-martial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Court-martial">courts-martial</a> and non-judicial punishments related partially to increased <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desertion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desertion">unauthorized absences and desertions</a> during the war. Overhaul of the Corps began in the late 1970s, discharging the most delinquent, and once the quality of new recruits improved, the Corps focused on reforming the non-commissioned officer Corps, a vital functioning part of its forces.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Warren-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Interim:_Vietnam_War_to_the_War_on_Terror">Interim: Vietnam War to the War on Terror</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Interim: Vietnam War to the War on Terror" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Beirut_Memorial_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Beirut_Memorial_1.jpg/220px-Beirut_Memorial_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Beirut_Memorial_1.jpg/220px-Beirut_Memorial_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Beirut_Memorial_1.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Beirut Memorial at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Lejeune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune">Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune</a> </figcaption> </figure> After the Vietnam War, the U.S. Marines resumed their expeditionary role, participating in the failed 1980 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage</a> rescue attempt <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Operation Urgent Fury</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States invasion of Panama">Operation Just Cause</a>. On 23 October 1983, the Marine barracks <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">in Beirut was bombed</a>, causing the highest peacetime losses to the Corps in its history (220 marines and 21 other service members were killed) and leading to the American withdrawal from Lebanon. In 1990, Marines of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Sharp_Edge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Sharp Edge">Joint Task Force Sharp Edge</a> saved thousands of lives by evacuating British, French and American nationals from the violence of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Liberian Civil War">Liberian Civil War</a>. During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulf_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a> of 1990 to 1991, Marine task forces formed for Operation Desert Shield and later liberated Kuwait, along with Coalition forces, in Operation Desert Storm.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Simmons-45">[44]</a> Marines participated in combat operations in Somalia (1992–1995) during Operations <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_Task_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unified Task Force">Restore Hope, Restore Hope II</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_United_Shield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation United Shield">United Shield</a> to provide humanitarian relief.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[82]</a> In 1997, Marines took part in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Silver_Wake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Silver Wake">Operation Silver Wake</a>, the evacuation of American citizens from the U.S. Embassy in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tirana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Global_War_on_Terrorism">Global War on Terrorism</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Global War on Terrorism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Color photograph of three U.S. marines entering a partially destroyed palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg/220px-Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1160"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg/220px-Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg" data-alt="Color photograph of three U.S. marines entering a partially destroyed palace" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg/330px-Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg/440px-Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> U.S. marines from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Battalion,_7th_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1st Battalion, 7th Marines">1st Battalion, 7th Marines</a> entering <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/As-Salam_Palace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="As-Salam Palace">Saddam's Palace</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baghdad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, 2003 </figcaption> </figure> Following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/September_11_attacks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="September 11 attacks">attacks on 11 September 2001</a>, President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_W._Bush?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> announced the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_on_terror?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War on terror">Global War on Terrorism</a>. The stated objective of the Global War on Terror is "the defeat of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Qaeda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, other terrorist groups and any nation that supports or harbors terrorists".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WhiteHouse-85">[83]</a> Since then, the Marine Corps, alongside the other military services, has engaged in global operations around the world in support of that mission.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In spring 2009, President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barack_Obama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s goal of reducing spending in the Defense Department was led by Secretary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Gates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> in a series of budget cuts that did not significantly change the Corps's budget and programs, cutting only the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_VH-71_Kestrel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lockheed Martin VH-71 Kestrel">VH-71 Kestrel</a> and resetting the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VXX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VXX">VXX</a> program.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cut-87">[85]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NYTimes_Spending-88">[86]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WP_Spending-89">[87]</a> However, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Commission_on_Fiscal_Responsibility_and_Reform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform">National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform</a> singled the Corps out for the brunt of a series of recommended cuts in late 2010.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[88]</a> In light of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_budget_sequestration_in_2013?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States budget sequestration in 2013">budget sequestration in 2013</a>, General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_F._Amos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James F. Amos">James Amos</a> set a goal of a force of 174,000 Marines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[89]</a> He testified that this was the minimum number that would allow for an effective response to even a single contingency operation, but it would reduce the peacetime ratio of time at home bases to time deployed down to a historical low level.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Afghanistan_Campaign">Afghanistan Campaign</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Afghanistan Campaign" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1st_platoon,_Alpha_Company,_1st_Battalion,_9th_Marine_Regiment,_24th_MEU,_Djibouti,_2010.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1st_platoon%2C_Alpha_Company%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_9th_Marine_Regiment%2C_24th_MEU%2C_Djibouti%2C_2010.jpg/220px-1st_platoon%2C_Alpha_Company%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_9th_Marine_Regiment%2C_24th_MEU%2C_Djibouti%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1st_platoon%2C_Alpha_Company%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_9th_Marine_Regiment%2C_24th_MEU%2C_Djibouti%2C_2010.jpg/220px-1st_platoon%2C_Alpha_Company%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_9th_Marine_Regiment%2C_24th_MEU%2C_Djibouti%2C_2010.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1st_platoon%2C_Alpha_Company%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_9th_Marine_Regiment%2C_24th_MEU%2C_Djibouti%2C_2010.jpg/330px-1st_platoon%2C_Alpha_Company%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_9th_Marine_Regiment%2C_24th_MEU%2C_Djibouti%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1st_platoon%2C_Alpha_Company%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_9th_Marine_Regiment%2C_24th_MEU%2C_Djibouti%2C_2010.jpg/440px-1st_platoon%2C_Alpha_Company%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_9th_Marine_Regiment%2C_24th_MEU%2C_Djibouti%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> U.S. marines dismounting from an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assault_Amphibious_Vehicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assault Amphibious Vehicle">Assault Amphibious Vehicle</a> in Djibouti </figcaption> </figure> Marines and other American forces began staging in Pakistan and Uzbekistan on the border of Afghanistan as early as October 2001 in preparation for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Operation Enduring Freedom</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15th Marine Expeditionary Unit">15th</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26th Marine Expeditionary Unit">26th Marine Expeditionary Units</a> were some of the first conventional forces into Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in November 2001.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IHT-94">[92]</a> After that, Marine battalions and squadrons rotated through, engaging the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taliban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and Al-Qaeda forces. Marines of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/24th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="24th Marine Expeditionary Unit">24th Marine Expeditionary Unit</a> flooded into the Taliban-held town of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Garmsir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Garmsir">Garmsir</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helmand_province_campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helmand province campaign">Helmand Province</a> on 29 April 2008, in the first major American operation in the region in years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[93]</a> In June 2009, 7,000 marines with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Brigade_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade (United States)">2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade</a> (2nd MEB) deployed to Afghanistan in an effort to improve security<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CBS_MEB-A-96">[94]</a> and began <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Strike_of_the_Sword?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Strike of the Sword">Operation Strike of the Sword</a> the next month. In February 2010, the 2nd MEB launched the largest offensive of the Afghan Campaign since 2001, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Moshtarak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Moshtarak">Battle of Marjah</a>, to clear the Taliban from their key stronghold in Helmand Province.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[95]</a> After Marjah, marines progressed north up the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helmand_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helmand River">Helmand River</a> and cleared the towns of Kajahki and Sangin. Marines remained in Helmand Province until 2014.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Iraq_Campaign">Iraq Campaign</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Iraq Campaign" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah%2C_mosque_firefight_and_house_searches.ogv/220px--Second_Battle_of_Fallujah%2C_mosque_firefight_and_house_searches.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="168" data-durationhint="599" data-mwtitle="Second_Battle_of_Fallujah,_mosque_firefight_and_house_searches.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Second_Battle_of_Fallujah,_mosque_firefight_and_house_searches.ogv"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah%2C_mosque_firefight_and_house_searches.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="622" data-height="476"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah%2C_mosque_firefight_and_house_searches.ogv/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah%2C_mosque_firefight_and_house_searches.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="314" data-height="240"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah%2C_mosque_firefight_and_house_searches.ogv/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah%2C_mosque_firefight_and_house_searches.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="470" data-height="360"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah%2C_mosque_firefight_and_house_searches.ogv/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah%2C_mosque_firefight_and_house_searches.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="470" data-height="360"> </video> <figcaption> U.S. marines during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Second Battle of Fallujah</a> in 2004 </figcaption> </figure> U.S. Marines served in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, along with its sister services. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/I_Marine_Expeditionary_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="I Marine Expeditionary Force">I Marine Expeditionary Force</a>, along with the U.S. Army's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3rd Infantry Division (United States)">3rd Infantry Division</a>, spearheaded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[97]</a> The Marines left Iraq in the summer of 2003 but returned in the beginning of 2004. They were given <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multi-National_Force_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multi-National Force West">responsibility</a> for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2003%E2%80%932011)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anbar campaign (2003–2011)">Al Anbar Province</a>, the large desert region to the west of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baghdad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. During this occupation, the Marines lead assaults on the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fallujah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a> in April (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Battle of Fallujah">Operation Vigilant Resolve</a>) and November 2004 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Operation Phantom Fury</a>) and saw intense fighting in such places as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramadi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(town)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Qa'im (town)">Al-Qa'im</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hit,_Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hit, Iraq">Hīt</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The service's time in Iraq courted controversy with events such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haditha_massacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haditha massacre">Haditha killings</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamdania_incident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamdania incident">Hamdania incident</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Post-102">[100]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sons_of_Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sons of Iraq">Anbar Awakening</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">2007 surge</a> reduced levels of violence. The Marine Corps officially ended its role in Iraq on 23 January 2010 when it handed over responsibility for Al Anbar Province to the U.S. Army.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-outofiraq?-103">[101]</a> Marines <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">returned to Iraq in the summer of 2014</a> in response to growing violence there.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Operations_in_Africa">Operations in Africa</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Operations in Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Throughout the Global War on Terrorism, the U.S. Marines have supported operations in Africa to counter Islamic extremism and piracy in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. In late 2002, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa">Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa</a> was stood up at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camp_Lemonnier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camp Lemonnier">Camp Lemonnier</a>, Djibouti to provide regional security.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CJTF-HOA2-105">[103]</a> Despite transferring overall command to the Navy in 2006, the Marines continued to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">operate in the Horn of Africa</a> into 2007.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USMC2-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Reshaped_for_China_threat">Reshaped for China threat</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Reshaped for China threat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Force_Design_2030?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Force Design 2030">Force Design 2030</a> </div> In the 2020s, as the U.S. national strategy shifted from the war on terrorism to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China">competition with China</a>, the Marine Corps abandoned its previous plan to focus on land operations and strengthened its firepower configuration in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-Pacific?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> region to defeat the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Liberation_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese People's Liberation Army">Chinese People's Liberation Army</a> in possible island operations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[105]</a> As part of this shift the USMC has established a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Rotational_Force_%E2%80%93_Darwin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Rotational Force – Darwin">joint deployment</a> with the Australian military in Darwin starting with 200 Marines in 2011.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[106]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Organization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organization of the United States Marine Corps">Organization of the United States Marine Corps</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Organization_of_U.S._Space_Force.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Organization_of_U.S._Space_Force.svg/220px-Organization_of_U.S._Space_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="801"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Organization_of_U.S._Space_Force.svg/220px-Organization_of_U.S._Space_Force.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Organization_of_U.S._Space_Force.svg/330px-Organization_of_U.S._Space_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Organization_of_U.S._Space_Force.svg/440px-Organization_of_U.S._Space_Force.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Organization of the United States Marine Corps within the Department of Defense </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Department_of_the_Navy">Department of the Navy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Department of the Navy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a>, led by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a>, is a military department of the cabinet-level U.S. Department of Defense that oversees the Marine Corps and the Navy. The most senior Marine officer is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commandant of the United States Marine Corps">Commandant</a> (unless a Marine officer is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs</a>), responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Marine Corps so that its forces are ready for deployment under the operational command of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_combatant_command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unified combatant command">combatant commanders</a>. The Marine Corps is organized into four principal subdivisions: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Headquarters Marine Corps">Headquarters Marine Corps</a> (HQMC), the Operating Forces, the Supporting Establishment, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">Marine Forces Reserve</a> (MARFORRES or USMCR).[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Headquarters_Marine_Corps">Headquarters Marine Corps</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Headquarters Marine Corps" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Headquarters Marine Corps">Headquarters Marine Corps</a> </div> The Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC) consists of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commandant of the United States Marine Corps">Commandant of the Marine Corps</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assistant_Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps">Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps</a>, the Director Marine Corps Staff, the several Deputy Commandants, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergeant_Major_of_the_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps">Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps</a>, and various special staff officers and Marine Corps agency heads that report directly to either the Commandant or Assistant Commandant. HQMC is supported by the Headquarters and Service Battalion, USMC providing administrative, supply, logistics, training, and services support to the Commandant and his staff.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Additionally, Marine Corps' aircraft arm and intelligence arm are both organized under HQMC; those being the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Aviation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Aviation">Marine Corps Aviation</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Intelligence">Marine Corps Intelligence</a> respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Operating_Forces">Operating Forces</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Operating Forces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Operating Forces are divided into three categories: Marine Corps Forces (MARFOR) assigned to unified combatant commands, namely, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Marine Force">Fleet Marine Forces</a> (FMF); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Security_Force_Regiment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Security Force Regiment">Security Forces</a> guarding high-risk naval installations; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Security_Guard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Corps Security Guard">Security Guard</a> detachments at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_American_embassies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American embassies">American embassies</a>. Under the "Forces for Unified Commands" memo, in accordance with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_Command_Plan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Command Plan">Unified Command Plan</a>, Marine Corps Forces are assigned to each of the combatant commands at the discretion of the secretary of defense. Since 1991, the Marine Corps has maintained component headquarters at each of the regional unified combatant commands.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Marine Corps Forces are divided into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Forces_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Forces Command">Forces Command</a> (MARFORCOM) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Forces,_Pacific?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Forces, Pacific">Pacific Command</a> (MARFORPAC), each headed by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a> dual-posted as the commanding general of either <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force,_Atlantic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic">FMF Atlantic (FMFLANT)</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force,_Pacific?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Marine Force, Pacific">FMF Pacific (FMFPAC)</a>, respectively. MARFORCOM/FMFLANT has operational control of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/II_Marine_Expeditionary_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="II Marine Expeditionary Force">II Marine Expeditionary Force</a>; MARFORPAC/FMFPAC has operational control of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/I_Marine_Expeditionary_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="I Marine Expeditionary Force">I Marine Expeditionary Force</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/III_Marine_Expeditionary_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="III Marine Expeditionary Force">III Marine Expeditionary Force</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ChenowethNihart-35">[34]</a> Additional service components under the Marine Corps Forces includes: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Forces_Europe_and_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Forces Europe and Africa">Marine Corps Forces Europe and Africa</a> (MARFOREUR/AF) under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_European_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States European Command">U.S. European Command</a> (EURCOM) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Africa Command">U.S. Africa Command</a> (AFRICOM); the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Forces_Central_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Forces Central Command">Marine Corps Forces Central Command</a> (MARFORCENT) under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Central_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Central Command">U.S. Central Command</a> (CENTCOM); the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Forces,_South?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Forces, South">Marine Corps Forces South</a> (MARFORSOUTH) under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Southern Command">U.S. Southern Command</a> (SOUTHCOM); the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Forces_Cyberspace_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Forces Cyberspace Command">Marine Corps Forces Cyberspace Command</a> (MARFORCYBER) under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Cyber_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Cyber Command">U.S. Cyber Command</a> (CYBERCOM); the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Forces_Space_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Forces Space Command">Marine Corps Forces Space Command</a> (MARFORSPACE) under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Space_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Space Command">U.S. Space Command</a> (SPACECOM); and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Forces_Strategic_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Forces Strategic Command">Marine Corps Forces Strategic Command</a> (MARFORSTRAT) under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Strategic Command">U.S. Strategic Command</a> (STRATCOM). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Marine_Air-Ground_Task_Force">Marine Air-Ground Task Force</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Marine Air-Ground Task Force" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Air-Ground_Task_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Air-Ground Task Force">Marine Air-Ground Task Force</a> </div> The basic framework for deployable Marine units is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Air-Ground_Task_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Air-Ground Task Force">Marine Air-Ground Task Force</a> (MAGTF), a flexible structure of varying size. A MAGTF integrates a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ground_combat_element?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ground combat element">ground combat element</a> (GCE), an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aviation_combat_element?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aviation combat element">aviation combat element</a> (ACE), and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logistics_combat_element?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logistics combat element">logistics combat element</a> (LCE) under a common <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Command_element_(United_States_Marine_Corps)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Command element (United States Marine Corps)">command element</a> (CE), capable of operating independently or as part of a larger coalition. The MAGTF structure reflects a strong preference in the Corps toward self-sufficiency and a commitment to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combined_arms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a>, both essential assets to an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary force</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Warren-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Supporting_Establishment">Supporting Establishment</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Supporting Establishment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Supporting Establishment includes the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Development_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Combat Development Command">Combat Development Command</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Logistics_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Logistics Command">Logistics Command</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Systems_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Systems Command">Systems Command</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Training_and_Education_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Training and Education Command">Training and Education Command</a> (including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruiting_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Recruiting Command">Recruiting Command</a>), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Installations_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Installations Command">Installations Command</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Band?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Band">Marine Band</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps">Marine Drum and Bugle Corps</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Marine_Corps_bases_and_stations">Marine Corps bases and stations</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Marine Corps bases and stations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_installations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Marine Corps installations">List of United States Marine Corps installations</a> </div> The Marine Corps operates many major bases, 14 of which host operating forces, seven support and training installations, as well as satellite facilities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BGenWilliams-110">[108]</a> Marine Corps bases are concentrated around the locations of the Marine Expeditionary Forces, though reserve units are scattered throughout the US. The principal bases are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton">Camp Pendleton</a> on the West Coast, home to I Marine Expeditionary Force,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Lejeune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune">Camp Lejeune</a> on the East Coast, home to II Marine Expeditionary Force,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[110]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Smedley_D._Butler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler">Camp Butler</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa, Japan</a>, home to III Marine Expeditionary Force.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Other important bases include air stations, recruit depots, logistics bases, and training commands. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Ground_Combat_Center_Twentynine_Palms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms">Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms</a> in California is the Marine Corps's largest base and home to the Corps's most complex combined-arms live-fire training.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico">Marine Corps Base Quantico</a> in Virginia is home to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Development_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Combat Development Command">Marine Corps Combat Development Command</a> and nicknamed the "Crossroads of the Marine Corps".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[113]</a> The Marine Corps maintains a significant presence in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National Capital Region (United States)">National Capital Region</a>, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Headquarters Marine Corps">Headquarters Marine Corps</a> scattered amongst <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Pentagon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henderson_Hall_(Arlington,_Virginia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henderson Hall (Arlington, Virginia)">Henderson Hall</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington Navy Yard">Washington Navy Yard</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Barracks,_Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.">Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.</a> Additionally, Marines operate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Detachment_(military)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Detachment (military)">detachments</a> at many installations owned by other branches to better share resources, such as specialty schools. Marines are also present at and operate many forward bases during expeditionary operations.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Marine_Forces_Reserve">Marine Forces Reserve</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Marine Forces Reserve" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Forces_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Forces Reserve">Marine Forces Reserve</a> </div> The Marine Forces Reserve (MARFORRES/USMCR) consists of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Force_Headquarters_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Force Headquarters Group">Force Headquarters Group</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4th_Marine_Division_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4th Marine Division (United States)">4th Marine Division</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4th_Marine_Aircraft_Wing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4th Marine Aircraft Wing">4th Marine Aircraft Wing</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4th_Marine_Logistics_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4th Marine Logistics Group">4th Marine Logistics Group</a>. The MARFORRES/USMCR is capable of forming a 4th Marine Expeditionary Force or reinforcing/augmenting active-duty forces.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Special_operations">Special operations</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Special operations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Forces_Special_Operations_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Forces Special Operations Command">United States Marine Forces Special Operations Command</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Special_Operations_Capable_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Special Operations Capable Forces">United States Marine Corps Special Operations Capable Forces</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MARSOC_are_shooting_with_M4_at_Washoe_Coutny_Reginal_Shooting_Facility.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/MARSOC_are_shooting_with_M4_at_Washoe_Coutny_Reginal_Shooting_Facility.jpg/220px-MARSOC_are_shooting_with_M4_at_Washoe_Coutny_Reginal_Shooting_Facility.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="497"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/MARSOC_are_shooting_with_M4_at_Washoe_Coutny_Reginal_Shooting_Facility.jpg/220px-MARSOC_are_shooting_with_M4_at_Washoe_Coutny_Reginal_Shooting_Facility.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/MARSOC_are_shooting_with_M4_at_Washoe_Coutny_Reginal_Shooting_Facility.jpg/330px-MARSOC_are_shooting_with_M4_at_Washoe_Coutny_Reginal_Shooting_Facility.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/MARSOC_are_shooting_with_M4_at_Washoe_Coutny_Reginal_Shooting_Facility.jpg/440px-MARSOC_are_shooting_with_M4_at_Washoe_Coutny_Reginal_Shooting_Facility.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marine Raiders conducting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close-quarters_combat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-quarters combat">CQB</a> training </figcaption> </figure> Marine Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC) includes the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a>, the Marine Raider Support Group, and the Marine Raider Training Center (MRTC). Both the Raider Regiment and the Raider Support Group consist of a headquarters company and three operations battalions. MRTC conducts screening, assessment, selection, training and development functions for MARSOC units. Marine Corps Special Operations Capable forces include: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_Naval_Gunfire_Liaison_Company_(ANGLICO)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company (ANGLICO)">Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Companies</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_Biological_Incident_Response_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemical Biological Incident Response Force">Chemical Biological Incident Response Force</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">Marine Division Reconnaissance Battalions</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">Force Reconnaissance Companies</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maritime_Special_Purpose_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maritime Special Purpose Force">Maritime Special Purpose Force</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Special_Operations_Capable_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Special_Reaction_Teams" title="United States Marine Corps Special Operations Capable Forces">Special Reaction Teams</a>. Additionally, all deployed MEUs are certified as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_expeditionary_unit_(special_operations_capable)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine expeditionary unit (special operations capable)">special operations capable</a>", namely, "MEU(SOC)". Although the notion of a Marine special operations forces contribution to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Special Operations Command">United States Special Operations Command</a> (USSOCOM) was considered as early as the founding of USSOCOM in the 1980s, it was resisted by the Marine Corps. Commandant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_X._Kelley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul X. Kelley">Paul X. Kelley</a> expressed the belief that marines should only support marines and that the Corps should not fund a special operations capability that would not directly support Marine Corps operations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WThomasSmith-116">[114]</a> However, much of the resistance from within the Corps dissipated when Marine leaders watched the Corps' 15th and 26th MEU(SOC)s "sit on the sidelines" during the very early stages of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a> while other conventional units and special operations units from the Army, Navy, and Air Force actively engaged in operations in Afghanistan.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Priddy-117">[115]</a> After a three-year development period, the Corps agreed in 2006 to supply a 2,500-strong unit, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, which would answer directly to USSOCOM.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bradley_Graham-118">[116]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Personnel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Marines">List of United States Marines</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_historically_notable_United_States_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historically notable United States Marines">List of historically notable United States Marines</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Leadership" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:387px;max-width:387px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gen_Smith_Official_Photo_V1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="color photograph of Eric M. Smith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gen_Smith_Official_Photo_V1.jpg/125px-Gen_Smith_Official_Photo_V1.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 125px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gen_Smith_Official_Photo_V1.jpg/125px-Gen_Smith_Official_Photo_V1.jpg" data-alt="color photograph of Eric M. Smith" data-width="125" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gen_Smith_Official_Photo_V1.jpg/188px-Gen_Smith_Official_Photo_V1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gen_Smith_Official_Photo_V1.jpg/250px-Gen_Smith_Official_Photo_V1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eric_Smith_(general)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eric Smith (general)">Eric M. Smith</a>, Commandant of the Marine Corps </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gen_Christopher_J._Mahoney_(2).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="color photograph of Christopher J. Mahoney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gen_Christopher_J._Mahoney_%282%29.jpg/125px-Gen_Christopher_J._Mahoney_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 125px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gen_Christopher_J._Mahoney_%282%29.jpg/125px-Gen_Christopher_J._Mahoney_%282%29.jpg" data-alt="color photograph of Christopher J. Mahoney" data-width="125" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gen_Christopher_J._Mahoney_%282%29.jpg/188px-Gen_Christopher_J._Mahoney_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gen_Christopher_J._Mahoney_%282%29.jpg/250px-Gen_Christopher_J._Mahoney_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_J._Mahoney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher J. Mahoney">Christopher J. Mahoney</a>, Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:SMMC_Carlos_A._Ruiz.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="color photograph of Carlos A. Ruiz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SMMC_Carlos_A._Ruiz.jpg/125px-SMMC_Carlos_A._Ruiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2708"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 125px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SMMC_Carlos_A._Ruiz.jpg/125px-SMMC_Carlos_A._Ruiz.jpg" data-alt="color photograph of Carlos A. Ruiz" data-width="125" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SMMC_Carlos_A._Ruiz.jpg/188px-SMMC_Carlos_A._Ruiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SMMC_Carlos_A._Ruiz.jpg/250px-SMMC_Carlos_A._Ruiz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlos_A._Ruiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlos A. Ruiz">Carlos A. Ruiz</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergeant_Major_of_the_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps">Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commandant of the United States Marine Corps">Commandant of the Marine Corps</a> is the highest-ranking officer of the Marine Corps, unless a Marine is either the chairman or vice chairman of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. The commandant has the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">U.S. Code Title 10</a> responsibility to staff, train, and equip the Marine Corps and has no command authority. The commandant is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and reports to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[117]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assistant_Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps">Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps</a> acts as the chief deputy to the commandant. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergeant_Major_of_the_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps">Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps</a> is the senior enlisted Marine and acts as an adviser to the commandant. Headquarters Marine Corps comprises the rest of the commandant's counsel and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Staff_(military)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Staff (military)">staff</a>, with deputy commandants that oversee various aspects of the Corps assets and capabilities. The 39th and current Commandant is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eric_Smith_(general)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eric Smith (general)">Eric M. Smith</a>, while the 20th and current Sergeant Major is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlos_A._Ruiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlos A. Ruiz">Carlos A. Ruiz</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Women">Women</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Women" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the United States Marines">Women in the United States Marines</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Opha_Johnson_and_Katherine_Towle_in_1946.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Opha_Johnson_and_Katherine_Towle_in_1946.png/170px-Opha_Johnson_and_Katherine_Towle_in_1946.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="757"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Opha_Johnson_and_Katherine_Towle_in_1946.png/170px-Opha_Johnson_and_Katherine_Towle_in_1946.png" data-width="170" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Opha_Johnson_and_Katherine_Towle_in_1946.png/255px-Opha_Johnson_and_Katherine_Towle_in_1946.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Opha_Johnson_and_Katherine_Towle_in_1946.png/340px-Opha_Johnson_and_Katherine_Towle_in_1946.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Sargeant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opha_May_Johnson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opha May Johnson">Opha Johnson</a> (far right) in 1946, with Colonel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katherine_Towle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine Towle">Katherine Towle</a> (far left). They are looking at Opha Johnson's uniform being worn by PFC Muriel Albert. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:First_three_female_Marines_graduate_Infantry_training_course_131121-M-JR212-076.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/First_three_female_Marines_graduate_Infantry_training_course_131121-M-JR212-076.jpg/220px-First_three_female_Marines_graduate_Infantry_training_course_131121-M-JR212-076.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/First_three_female_Marines_graduate_Infantry_training_course_131121-M-JR212-076.jpg/220px-First_three_female_Marines_graduate_Infantry_training_course_131121-M-JR212-076.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/First_three_female_Marines_graduate_Infantry_training_course_131121-M-JR212-076.jpg/330px-First_three_female_Marines_graduate_Infantry_training_course_131121-M-JR212-076.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/First_three_female_Marines_graduate_Infantry_training_course_131121-M-JR212-076.jpg/440px-First_three_female_Marines_graduate_Infantry_training_course_131121-M-JR212-076.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Two of the first female graduates of the School of Infantry-East's Infantry Training Battalion course, 2013 </figcaption> </figure> Women have served in the United States Marine Corps since 1918.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[119]</a> The first woman to have enlisted was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opha_May_Johnson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opha May Johnson">Opha May Johnson</a> (1878–1955).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[121]</a> In January 2017, three women joined an infantry battalion at Camp Lejeune. Women had not served as infantry marines prior to this.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[122]</a> In 2017, the Marines released a recruitment advertisement that focused on women for the first time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[123]</a> As of October 2019<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DUnited_States_Marine_Corps%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, female Marines make up 7.8% of the personnel.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In December 2020, the Marine Corps began a trial program to have females integrated into the training companies at their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_San_Diego?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego">recruit depot in San Diego</a> as Congress has mandated an end to the male-only program there. For the 60 female recruits, scheduled to begin training in San Diego in February 2021, the Corps will transfer female drill instructors from their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_Parris_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island">recruit depot in Parris Island</a>, which already has a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mixed-sex_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mixed-sex education">coed</a> program.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-femalenow-126">[124]</a> Fifty-three of these recruits successfully graduated from boot camp in April 2021 and became marines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Racial_Integration">Racial Integration</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Racial Integration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desegregation in the United States Marine Corps">Desegregation in the United States Marine Corps</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Howard_P._Perry,_the_first_African-American_US_Marine_Corps_recruit.tiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Howard_P._Perry%2C_the_first_African-American_US_Marine_Corps_recruit.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Howard_P._Perry%2C_the_first_African-American_US_Marine_Corps_recruit.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Howard_P._Perry%2C_the_first_African-American_US_Marine_Corps_recruit.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Howard_P._Perry%2C_the_first_African-American_US_Marine_Corps_recruit.tiff.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Howard_P._Perry%2C_the_first_African-American_US_Marine_Corps_recruit.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Howard_P._Perry%2C_the_first_African-American_US_Marine_Corps_recruit.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Howard_P._Perry%2C_the_first_African-American_US_Marine_Corps_recruit.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Howard_P._Perry%2C_the_first_African-American_US_Marine_Corps_recruit.tiff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Howard P. Perry, the first black recruit in the U.S. Marine Corps, 1942. </figcaption> </figure> In 1776 and 1777, a dozen <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/African_American?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> marines served in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, but from 1798 to 1942, the Marine Corps followed a racially discriminatory policy of denying African Americans the opportunity to serve.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ShawDonnelly-129">[127]</a> The Marine Corps was the last of the services to recruit African Americans, and its own history page acknowledges that it was a presidential order that "forced the Corps, despite objections from its leadership, to begin recruiting African American Marines in 1942.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[128]</a> It accepted them as recruits into segregated all-black units.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ShawDonnelly-129">[127]</a> For the next few decades, the incorporation of black troops was not widely accepted within the Corps, nor was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a> smoothly or quickly achieved. The integration of African American Marines proceeded in stages from segregated battalions in 1942, to unified training in 1949, and finally full integration in 1960.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[129]</a> The Marine Corps today is a fully integrated force, with Marines of all racial and ethnic backgrounds serving together. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Rank_structure">Rank structure</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Rank structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">United States Marine Corps rank insignia</a> </div> As in the rest of the United States Armed Forces (excluding the Air Force and Space Force, which do not currently appoint warrant officers), Marine Corps <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_rank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military rank">ranks</a> fall into one of three categories: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Officer (armed forces)">commissioned officer</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrant officer (United States)">warrant officer</a>, and enlisted, in decreasing order of authority. To standardize compensation, each rank is assigned a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pay_grade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pay grade">pay grade</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Commissioned_officers">Commissioned officers</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Commissioned officers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Commissioned officers are distinguished from other officers by their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commission_(document)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commission (document)">commission</a>, which is the formal written authority, issued in the name of the President of the United States, that confers the rank and authority of a Marine officer. Commissioned officers carry the "special trust and confidence" of the President of the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Estes-19">[18]</a> Marine Corps commissioned officers are promoted based on an "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Up_or_out?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Up or out">up or out</a>" system in accordance with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defense_Officer_Personnel_Management_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defense Officer Personnel Management Act">Defense Officer Personnel Management Act</a> of 1980.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <div style="width:100%; overflow:auto"> <table style="background-color:#F7F8FF; border:1px solid #8888AA; padding:5px; margin-bottom:15px; font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr style="background-color:#CCC;"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniformed_services_pay_grades_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniformed services pay grades of the United States">US DoD pay grade</a></th> <th>O-10</th> <th>O-9</th> <th>O-8</th> <th>O-7</th> <th>O-6</th> <th>O-5</th> <th>O-4</th> <th>O-3</th> <th>O-2</th> <th>O-1</th> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCC;"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definitions" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO">NATO code</a></th> <th>OF-9</th> <th>OF-8</th> <th>OF-7</th> <th>OF-6</th> <th>OF-5</th> <th>OF-4</th> <th>OF-3</th> <th>OF-2</th> <th colspan="2">OF-1</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Insignia</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US-O10_insignia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/100px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="583"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/100px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/150px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/200px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US-O9_insignia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/75px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="583"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/75px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png" data-width="75" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/113px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/150px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/50px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/50px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/75px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/100px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/25px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="583"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/25px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/38px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/50px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/60px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 30px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/60px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="30" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/90px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/120px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US-O5_insignia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/57px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 57px;height: 60px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/57px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png" data-width="57" data-height="60" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/86px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/114px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US-O4_insignia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/57px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 57px;height: 60px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/57px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png" data-width="57" data-height="60" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/86px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/114px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U.S._O-3_insignia_(USN,_USMC,_USCG,_NOAACOC,_PHSCC).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U.S._O-3_insignia_%28USN%2C_USMC%2C_USCG%2C_NOAACOC%2C_PHSCC%29.svg/60px-U.S._O-3_insignia_%28USN%2C_USMC%2C_USCG%2C_NOAACOC%2C_PHSCC%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="126" data-file-height="126"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 60px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U.S._O-3_insignia_%28USN%2C_USMC%2C_USCG%2C_NOAACOC%2C_PHSCC%29.svg/60px-U.S._O-3_insignia_%28USN%2C_USMC%2C_USCG%2C_NOAACOC%2C_PHSCC%29.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="60" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U.S._O-3_insignia_%28USN%2C_USMC%2C_USCG%2C_NOAACOC%2C_PHSCC%29.svg/90px-U.S._O-3_insignia_%28USN%2C_USMC%2C_USCG%2C_NOAACOC%2C_PHSCC%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U.S._O-3_insignia_%28USN%2C_USMC%2C_USCG%2C_NOAACOC%2C_PHSCC%29.svg/120px-U.S._O-3_insignia_%28USN%2C_USMC%2C_USCG%2C_NOAACOC%2C_PHSCC%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US-O2_insignia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/24px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 60px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/24px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="60" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/36px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/48px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US-O1_insignia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/24px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 60px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/24px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="60" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/36px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/48px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Service uniform insignia</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_10_shoulderboard_vertical.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_Marine_10_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_10_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_Marine_10_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_10_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_Marine_10_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/90px-US_Marine_10_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_Marine_10_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/120px-US_Marine_10_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_vertical.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/90px-US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/120px-US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_vertical.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/90px-US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/120px-US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O7_shoulderboard_vertical.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/US_Marine_O7_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O7_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/US_Marine_O7_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O7_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/US_Marine_O7_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/90px-US_Marine_O7_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/US_Marine_O7_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/120px-US_Marine_O7_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O6_shoulderboard_vertical.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US_Marine_O6_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O6_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US_Marine_O6_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O6_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US_Marine_O6_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/90px-US_Marine_O6_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US_Marine_O6_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/120px-US_Marine_O6_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard_vertical.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/90px-US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/120px-US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O4_shoulderboard_vertical.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_Marine_O4_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O4_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_Marine_O4_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O4_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_Marine_O4_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/90px-US_Marine_O4_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_Marine_O4_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/120px-US_Marine_O4_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O3_shoulderboard_vertical.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/US_Marine_O3_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O3_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/US_Marine_O3_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O3_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/US_Marine_O3_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/90px-US_Marine_O3_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/US_Marine_O3_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/120px-US_Marine_O3_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_vertical.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/90px-US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/120px-US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_vertical.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/60px-US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/90px-US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_vertical.svg/120px-US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Blue dress uniform insignia</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O10_shoulderboard_dress.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/US_Marine_O10_shoulderboard_dress.svg/60px-US_Marine_O10_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/US_Marine_O10_shoulderboard_dress.svg/60px-US_Marine_O10_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/US_Marine_O10_shoulderboard_dress.svg/90px-US_Marine_O10_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/US_Marine_O10_shoulderboard_dress.svg/120px-US_Marine_O10_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_dress.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_dress.svg/60px-US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_dress.svg/60px-US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_dress.svg/90px-US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_dress.svg/120px-US_Marine_O9_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_dress.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_dress.svg/60px-US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_dress.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_dress.svg/60px-US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_dress.svg/60px-US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_dress.svg/90px-US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_dress.svg/120px-US_Marine_O2_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_dress.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_dress.svg/60px-US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_dress.svg/60px-US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_dress.svg/90px-US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_dress.svg/120px-US_Marine_O1_shoulderboard_dress.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Title</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General (United States)">General</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant general</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier general</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant colonel</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Major_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Major (United States)">Major</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_lieutenant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States" title="First lieutenant">First lieutenant</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_lieutenant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">Second lieutenant</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Abbreviation</th> <td>Gen</td> <td>LtGen</td> <td>MajGen</td> <td>BGen</td> <td>Col</td> <td>LtCol</td> <td>Maj</td> <td>Capt</td> <td>1stLt</td> <td>2ndLt</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Warrant_officers">Warrant officers</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Warrant officers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officer (United States)</a> </div> Warrant officers are primarily formerly enlisted experts in a specific specialized field and provide leadership generally only within that speciality. <div style="width:100%; overflow:auto"> <table style="background-color:#F7F8FF; border:1px solid #8888AA; padding:5px; margin-bottom:15px; font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr style="background-color:#CCC;"> <th width="14%"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniformed_services_pay_grades_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniformed services pay grades of the United States">US DoD pay grade</a></th> <th width="11%" rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infantry_weapons_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infantry weapons officer">Marine Gunner</a> Insignia</th> <th width="15%">W-5</th> <th width="15%">W-4</th> <th width="15%">W-3</th> <th width="15%">W-2</th> <th width="15%">W-1</th> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCC;"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definitions" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO">NATO code</a></th> <th>WO-5</th> <th>WO-4</th> <th>WO-3</th> <th>WO-2</th> <th>WO-1</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Insignia</th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC_CWO_Gunner_(Dress).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/USMC_CWO_Gunner_%28Dress%29.png/50px-USMC_CWO_Gunner_%28Dress%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1161"> </noscript><span 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/USMC_CWO4.svg/38px-USMC_CWO4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/USMC_CWO4.svg/50px-USMC_CWO4.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC_CWO3.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USMC_CWO3.svg/25px-USMC_CWO3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="131"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 82px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USMC_CWO3.svg/25px-USMC_CWO3.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USMC_CWO3.svg/38px-USMC_CWO3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USMC_CWO3.svg/50px-USMC_CWO3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC_CWO2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/USMC_CWO2.svg/25px-USMC_CWO2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="131"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 82px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/USMC_CWO2.svg/25px-USMC_CWO2.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/USMC_CWO2.svg/38px-USMC_CWO2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/USMC_CWO2.svg/50px-USMC_CWO2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC_WO1.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/USMC_WO1.svg/25px-USMC_WO1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="131"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 82px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/USMC_WO1.svg/25px-USMC_WO1.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/USMC_WO1.svg/38px-USMC_WO1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/USMC_WO1.svg/50px-USMC_WO1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Service Uniform Insignia</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Marine_W-5_shoulderboard.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" 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class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/US_Marine_W-1_shoulderboard.svg/50px-US_Marine_W-1_shoulderboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="225"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/US_Marine_W-1_shoulderboard.svg/50px-US_Marine_W-1_shoulderboard.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/US_Marine_W-1_shoulderboard.svg/75px-US_Marine_W-1_shoulderboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/US_Marine_W-1_shoulderboard.svg/100px-US_Marine_W-1_shoulderboard.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Title</th> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td>Chief warrant officer 5</td> <td>Chief warrant officer 4</td> <td>Chief warrant officer 3</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_warrant_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Chief warrant officer">Chief warrant officer</a> 2</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer (United States)">Warrant officer</a> 1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Abbreviation</th> <td>CWO5</td> <td>CWO4</td> <td>CWO3</td> <td>CWO2</td> <td>WO</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Enlisted">Enlisted</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Enlisted" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Enlisted marines in the pay grades E-1 to E-3 make up the bulk of the Corps's ranks. Although they do not technically hold leadership ranks, the Corps's ethos stresses leadership among all marines, and junior marines are often assigned responsibilities normally reserved for superiors. Those in the pay grades of E-4 and E-5 are non-commissioned officers (NCOs).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[132]</a> They primarily supervise junior Marines and act as a vital link with the higher command structure, ensuring that orders are carried out correctly. Marines E-6 and higher are staff non-commissioned officers (SNCOs), charged with supervising NCOs and acting as enlisted advisers to the command.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135">[133]</a> The E-8 and E-9 levels have two and three ranks per pay grade, respectively, each with different responsibilities. The first sergeant and sergeant major ranks are command-oriented, serving as the senior enlisted marines in a unit, charged to assist the commanding officer in matters of discipline, administration, and the morale and welfare of the unit. Master sergeants and master gunnery sergeants provide technical leadership as occupational specialists in their specific MOS. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergeant_Major_of_the_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps">Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps</a> is a billet conferred on the senior enlisted marine of the entire Marine Corps, personally selected by the commandant, and is given a special pay grade above E-9. It is possible for an enlisted marine to hold a position senior to Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps which was the case from 2011 to 2015 with the appointment of Sergeant Major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bryan_B._Battaglia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bryan B. Battaglia">Bryan B. Battaglia</a> to the billet of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senior_Enlisted_Advisor_to_the_Chairman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman">Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman</a>, who is the most senior enlisted member of the United States military, serving in the Joint Chiefs of Staff.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[134]</a> <div style="width:100%; overflow:auto"> <table style="background-color:#F7F8FF; border:1px solid #8888AA; padding:5px; margin-bottom:15px; font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr style="background-color:#CCC;"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniformed_services_pay_grades_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Enlisted_pay_grades" title="Uniformed services pay grades of the United States">US DoD pay grade</a></th> <th colspan="2">Special</th> <th colspan="2">E-9</th> <th colspan="2">E-8</th> <th>E-7</th> <th>E-6</th> <th>E-5</th> <th>E-4</th> <th>E-3</th> <th>E-2</th> <th>E-1</th> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCC;"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definitions" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO">NATO code</a></th> <th colspan="4">OR-9</th> <th colspan="2">OR-8</th> <th>OR-7</th> <th>OR-6</th> <th>OR-5</th> <th>OR-4</th> <th>OR-3</th> <th>OR-2</th> <th>OR-1</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Dress uniform insignia</th> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E9-SEAC.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/USMC-E9-SEAC.svg/50px-USMC-E9-SEAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="85" class="mw-file-element" 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/USMC-E5.svg/75px-USMC-E5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/USMC-E5.svg/100px-USMC-E5.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E4.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/USMC-E4.svg/50px-USMC-E4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="396"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 53px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/USMC-E4.svg/50px-USMC-E4.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="53" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/USMC-E4.svg/75px-USMC-E4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/USMC-E4.svg/100px-USMC-E4.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E3.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/USMC-E3.svg/50px-USMC-E3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="342"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 46px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/USMC-E3.svg/50px-USMC-E3.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="46" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/USMC-E3.svg/75px-USMC-E3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/USMC-E3.svg/100px-USMC-E3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/USMC-E2.svg/50px-USMC-E2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="91"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 42px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/USMC-E2.svg/50px-USMC-E2.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="42" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/USMC-E2.svg/75px-USMC-E2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/USMC-E2.svg/100px-USMC-E2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> <td rowspan="2"> <hr>No insignia <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Service uniform insignia</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E9-SEAC_(Service).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/USMC-E9-SEAC_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E9-SEAC_%28Service%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="638"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/USMC-E9-SEAC_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E9-SEAC_%28Service%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/USMC-E9-SEAC_%28Service%29.svg/75px-USMC-E9-SEAC_%28Service%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/USMC-E9-SEAC_%28Service%29.svg/100px-USMC-E9-SEAC_%28Service%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E9-SGMMC_(Service).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/USMC-E9-SGMMC_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E9-SGMMC_%28Service%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="638"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/USMC-E9-SGMMC_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E9-SGMMC_%28Service%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/USMC-E9-SGMMC_%28Service%29.svg/75px-USMC-E9-SGMMC_%28Service%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/USMC-E9-SGMMC_%28Service%29.svg/100px-USMC-E9-SGMMC_%28Service%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E9-SGM_(Service).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/USMC-E9-SGM_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E9-SGM_%28Service%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="638"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/USMC-E9-SGM_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E9-SGM_%28Service%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/USMC-E9-SGM_%28Service%29.svg/75px-USMC-E9-SGM_%28Service%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/USMC-E9-SGM_%28Service%29.svg/100px-USMC-E9-SGM_%28Service%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E9-MGyS_(Service).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USMC-E9-MGyS_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E9-MGyS_%28Service%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="638"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USMC-E9-MGyS_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E9-MGyS_%28Service%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USMC-E9-MGyS_%28Service%29.svg/75px-USMC-E9-MGyS_%28Service%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USMC-E9-MGyS_%28Service%29.svg/100px-USMC-E9-MGyS_%28Service%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E8-1SG_(Service).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USMC-E8-1SG_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E8-1SG_%28Service%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="593"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 79px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USMC-E8-1SG_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E8-1SG_%28Service%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USMC-E8-1SG_%28Service%29.svg/75px-USMC-E8-1SG_%28Service%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USMC-E8-1SG_%28Service%29.svg/100px-USMC-E8-1SG_%28Service%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E8-MSG_(Service).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/USMC-E8-MSG_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E8-MSG_%28Service%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="593"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 79px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/USMC-E8-MSG_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E8-MSG_%28Service%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/USMC-E8-MSG_%28Service%29.svg/75px-USMC-E8-MSG_%28Service%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/USMC-E8-MSG_%28Service%29.svg/100px-USMC-E8-MSG_%28Service%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E7_(Service).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/USMC-E7_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E7_%28Service%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="551"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 73px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/USMC-E7_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E7_%28Service%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="73" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/USMC-E7_%28Service%29.svg/75px-USMC-E7_%28Service%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/USMC-E7_%28Service%29.svg/100px-USMC-E7_%28Service%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E6_(Service).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/USMC-E6_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E6_%28Service%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="510"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/USMC-E6_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E6_%28Service%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/USMC-E6_%28Service%29.svg/75px-USMC-E6_%28Service%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/USMC-E6_%28Service%29.svg/100px-USMC-E6_%28Service%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E5_(Service).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/USMC-E5_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E5_%28Service%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="464"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 62px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/USMC-E5_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E5_%28Service%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="62" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/USMC-E5_%28Service%29.svg/75px-USMC-E5_%28Service%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/USMC-E5_%28Service%29.svg/100px-USMC-E5_%28Service%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E4_(Service).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USMC-E4_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E4_%28Service%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="396"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 53px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USMC-E4_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E4_%28Service%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="53" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USMC-E4_%28Service%29.svg/75px-USMC-E4_%28Service%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USMC-E4_%28Service%29.svg/100px-USMC-E4_%28Service%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E3_(Service).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USMC-E3_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E3_%28Service%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="342"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 46px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USMC-E3_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E3_%28Service%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="46" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USMC-E3_%28Service%29.svg/75px-USMC-E3_%28Service%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USMC-E3_%28Service%29.svg/100px-USMC-E3_%28Service%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC-E2_(Service).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/USMC-E2_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E2_%28Service%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="92"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 42px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/USMC-E2_%28Service%29.svg/50px-USMC-E2_%28Service%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="42" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/USMC-E2_%28Service%29.svg/75px-USMC-E2_%28Service%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/USMC-E2_%28Service%29.svg/100px-USMC-E2_%28Service%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Title</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senior_Enlisted_Advisor_to_the_Chairman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman">Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergeant_Major_of_the_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps">Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergeant_Major?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergeant Major">Sergeant Major</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Master_Gunnery_Sergeant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Gunnery Sergeant">Master Gunnery Sergeant</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Sergeant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sergeant">First Sergeant</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Master_Sergeant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Sergeant">Master Sergeant</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gunnery_Sergeant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunnery Sergeant">Gunnery Sergeant</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Staff_Sergeant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff Sergeant">Staff Sergeant</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergeant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corporal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corporal">Corporal</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lance_Corporal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lance Corporal">Lance Corporal</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Private_First_Class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Private First Class">Private First Class</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Private_(rank)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Private (rank)">Private</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Abbreviation</th> <td>SEAC</td> <td>SMMC</td> <td>SgtMaj</td> <td>MGySgt</td> <td>1stSgt</td> <td>MSgt</td> <td>GySgt</td> <td>SSgt</td> <td>Sgt</td> <td>Cpl</td> <td>LCpl</td> <td>PFC</td> <td>Pvt</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Military_Occupational_Specialty">Military Occupational Specialty</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Military Occupational Specialty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_Occupational_Specialty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Occupational Specialty">Military Occupational Specialty</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_MOS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Marine Corps MOS">List of United States Marine Corps MOS</a> </div> The Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) is a system of job classification. Using a four digit code, it designates what field and specific occupation a Marine performs. Segregated between officer and enlisted, the MOS determines the staffing of a unit. Some MOSs change with rank to reflect supervisory positions; others are secondary and represent a temporary assignment outside of a Marine's normal duties or special skill.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Initial_training">Initial training</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Initial training" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">United States Marine Corps Recruit Training</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)">Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Marine_recruits.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marine_recruits.jpg/220px-Marine_recruits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4059" data-file-height="2706"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marine_recruits.jpg/220px-Marine_recruits.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marine_recruits.jpg/330px-Marine_recruits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marine_recruits.jpg/440px-Marine_recruits.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marine recruits at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego </figcaption> </figure> Every year, over 2,000 new Marine officers are commissioned, and 38,000 recruits are accepted and trained.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ChenowethNihart-35">[34]</a> All new marines, enlisted or officer, are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_recruitment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military recruitment">recruited</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruiting_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Recruiting Command">Marine Corps Recruiting Command</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Commissioned officers are commissioned mainly through one of three sources: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps">Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)">Officer Candidates School</a>, or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a>. Following commissioning, all Marine commissioned officers, regardless of accession route or further training requirements, attend <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Basic_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Basic School">The Basic School</a> at Marine Corps Base Quantico. At The Basic School, second lieutenants, warrant officers, and selected foreign officers learn the art of infantry and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combined_arms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> warfare.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Estes-19">[18]</a> Enlisted marines attend <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">recruit training</a>, known as boot camp, at either Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego or Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island. Historically, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mississippi_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> served as a dividing line that delineated who would be trained where, while more recently, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruiting_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Structure" title="Marine Corps Recruiting Command">district system</a> has ensured a more even distribution of male recruits between the two facilities. All recruits must pass a fitness test to start training; those who fail will receive individualized attention and training until the minimum standards are reached.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Marine recruit training is the longest among the American military services; it is 13 weeks long including processing and out-processing.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Following recruit training, enlisted marines then attend <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_School_of_Infantry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps School of Infantry">The School of Infantry</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camp_Geiger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camp Geiger">Camp Geiger</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton">Camp Pendleton</a>. Infantry marines begin their combat training, which varies in length, immediately with the Infantry Training Battalion. Marines in all other MOSs train for 29 days in Marine Combat Training, learning common infantry skills, before continuing on to their MOS schools, which vary in length.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[138]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Uniforms">Uniforms</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Uniforms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps">Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USMC_uniforms.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USMC_uniforms.jpg/280px-USMC_uniforms.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="356"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USMC_uniforms.jpg/280px-USMC_uniforms.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USMC_uniforms.jpg/420px-USMC_uniforms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/USMC_uniforms.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An illustration of U.S. marines in various uniform setups. From left to right: A U.S. marine in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Utility_Uniform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform">Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform</a> with full combat load <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2003, a U.S. marine in a (full) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Full_dress_uniform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Full dress uniform">blue dress uniform</a>, a U.S. Marine officer in a service uniform, and a U.S. Marine general in an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mess dress uniform">evening dress uniform</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The Marine Corps has the most stable and most recognizable uniforms in the American military; the Dress Blues dates back to the early 19th century<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ChenowethNihart-35">[34]</a> and the service uniform to the early 20th century. Only a handful of skills (parachutist, air crew, explosive ordnance disposal, etc.) warrant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Badges of the United States Marine Corps">distinguishing badges</a>, and rank insignia is not worn on uniform headgear (with the exception of an officer's garrison service cover). Marines have four main uniforms: dress, service, utility, and physical training. These uniforms have a few minor but very distinct variations from enlisted personnel to commissioned and non-commissioned officers. The Marine Corps <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Full_dress_uniform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Full dress uniform">dress uniform</a> is the most elaborate, worn for formal or ceremonial occasions. There are four different forms of the dress uniform. The variations of the dress uniforms are known as "Alphas", "Bravos", "Charlies", or "Deltas". The most common being the "Blue Dress Alphas or Bravos", called "Dress Blues" or simply "Blues". It is most often seen in recruiting advertisements and is equivalent to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_tie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black tie">black tie</a>. There is a "Blue-White" Dress for summer, and Evening Dress for formal (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_tie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White tie">white tie</a>) occasions, which are reserved for SNCO's and officers. Versions with a khaki shirt in lieu of the coat (Blue Dress Charlie/Delta) are worn as a daily working uniform by Marine recruiters and NROTC staff.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uniform-141">[139]</a> The service uniform was once the prescribed daily work attire in garrison; however, it has been largely superseded in this role by the utility uniform. Consisting of olive green and khaki colors. It is roughly equivalent in function and composition to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suit_(clothing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit (clothing)">business suit</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uniform-141">[139]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The utility uniform, currently the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Utility_Uniform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform">Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform</a>, is a camouflage uniform intended for wear in the field or for dirty work in garrison, though it has been standardized for regular duty. It is rendered in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MARPAT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MARPAT">MARPAT</a> pixelated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camouflage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> that breaks up the wearer's shape. In garrison, the woodland and desert uniforms are worn depending on the marine's duty station.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142">[140]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Marines consider the utilities a working uniform and do not permit their wear off-base, except in transit to and from their place of duty and in the event of an emergency.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uniform-141">[139]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of the United States Marine Corps">Culture of the United States Marine Corps</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Official_traditions_and_customs">Official traditions and customs</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Official traditions and customs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As in any military organization, the official and unofficial traditions of the Marine Corps serve to reinforce camaraderie and set the service apart from others. The Corps's embrace of its rich culture and history is cited as a reason for its high esprit de corps.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Estes-19">[18]</a> An important part of the Marine Corps culture is the traditional seafaring naval terminology derived from its history with the Navy. "Marines" are not "soldiers" or "sailors".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DCNT925052-143">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flags,_USMC.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="color artwork of an Eagle, Globe, and Anchor over crossed American and Marine flags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flags%2C_USMC.png/220px-Flags%2C_USMC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="221"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flags%2C_USMC.png/220px-Flags%2C_USMC.png" data-alt="color artwork of an Eagle, Globe, and Anchor over crossed American and Marine flags" data-width="220" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flags%2C_USMC.png/330px-Flags%2C_USMC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Flags%2C_USMC.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Eagle, Globe and Anchor along with the U.S. flag, the Marine Corps flag and the Commandant's flag </figcaption> </figure> The Marine Corps emblem is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eagle,_Globe,_and_Anchor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eagle, Globe, and Anchor">Eagle, Globe, and Anchor</a>, sometimes abbreviated "EGA", adopted in 1868.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[142]</a> The Marine Corps seal includes the emblem, also is found on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of the United States Marine Corps">flag of the United States Marine Corps</a>, and establishes scarlet and gold as the official colors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Customs_EmblemSeal-145">[143]</a> The Marine motto <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semper_Fidelis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Semper Fidelis">Semper Fidelis</a> means Always Faithful in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a>, often appearing as Semper Fi. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marines%27_Hymn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marines' Hymn">Marines' Hymn</a> dates back to the 19th century and is the oldest official song in the United States armed forces. Semper Fi is also the name of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semper_Fidelis_(march)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semper Fidelis (march)">official march of the Corps</a>, composed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a>. The mottos "Fortitudine" (With Fortitude); By Sea and by Land, a translation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a>' Per Mare, Per Terram; and To the Shores of Tripoli were used until 1868.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Customs2-146">[144]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 50px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="50" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:John_Philip_Sousa_-_U.S._Marine_Band_-_Semper_Fidelis_March.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:John Philip Sousa - U.S. Marine Band - Semper Fidelis March.ogg">Semper Fidelis March</a> </div> <div> <audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="256" data-mwtitle="John_Philip_Sousa_-_U.S._Marine_Band_-_Semper_Fidelis_March.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/John_Philip_Sousa_-_U.S._Marine_Band_-_Semper_Fidelis_March.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/John_Philip_Sousa_-_U.S._Marine_Band_-_Semper_Fidelis_March.ogg/John_Philip_Sousa_-_U.S._Marine_Band_-_Semper_Fidelis_March.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"> </audio> </div> <div class="description"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a>'s "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semper_Fidelis_(march)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semper Fidelis (march)">Semper Fidelis March</a>", the official march of the U.S. Marine Corps. Performed by the U.S. Marine Band in June 1909. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <hr>Problems playing this file? See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Media">media help</a>. </div> </div> Two styles of swords are worn by marines: the officers' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mameluke_Sword?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mameluke Sword">Mameluke Sword</a>, similar to the Persian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shamshir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shamshir">shamshir</a> presented to Lt. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presley_O%27Bannon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presley O'Bannon">Presley O'Bannon</a> after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Derna_(1805)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Derna (1805)">Battle of Derna</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_noncommissioned_officer%27s_sword?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps noncommissioned officer's sword">Marine NCO sword</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ChenowethNihart-35">[34]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_birthday_ball?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marine Corps birthday ball">Marine Corps Birthday</a> is celebrated every year on 10 November in a cake-cutting ceremony where the first slice of cake is given to the oldest marine present, who in turn hands it off to the youngest marine present. The celebration includes a reading of Commandant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_A._Lejeune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John A. Lejeune">Lejeune's</a> Birthday Message.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Close Order Drill is heavily emphasized early on in a marine's initial training, incorporated into most formal events, and is used to teach discipline by instilling habits of precision and automatic response to orders, increase the confidence of junior officers and noncommissioned officers through the exercise of command and give marines an opportunity to handle individual weapons.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Unofficial_traditions_and_customs">Unofficial traditions and customs</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Unofficial traditions and customs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Teufel_Hunden_US_Marines_recruiting_poster.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="cartoon of a bulldog wearing a Marine helmet chasing a dachshund wearing a German helmet, the poster reads "Teufel Hunden: German nickname for U.S. Marines. Devil Dog recruiting station, 628 South State Street"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Teufel_Hunden_US_Marines_recruiting_poster.jpg/170px-Teufel_Hunden_US_Marines_recruiting_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="1223"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Teufel_Hunden_US_Marines_recruiting_poster.jpg/170px-Teufel_Hunden_US_Marines_recruiting_poster.jpg" data-alt="cartoon of a bulldog wearing a Marine helmet chasing a dachshund wearing a German helmet, the poster reads "Teufel Hunden: German nickname for U.S. Marines. Devil Dog recruiting station, 628 South State Street"" data-width="170" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Teufel_Hunden_US_Marines_recruiting_poster.jpg/255px-Teufel_Hunden_US_Marines_recruiting_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Teufel_Hunden_US_Marines_recruiting_poster.jpg/340px-Teufel_Hunden_US_Marines_recruiting_poster.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A recruiting poster making use of the "Teufel Hunden" [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sic">sic</a>] nickname </figcaption> </figure> Marines have several generic nicknames: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devil_Dog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devil Dog">Devil Dog</a>: German soldiers during the First World War reportedly said at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Belleau Wood">Belleau Wood</a> that the marines were so vicious that the German infantrymen called them Teufelshunde – 'devil dogs'.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152">[150]</a></li> <li>Gyrene: commonly used between fellow marines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leatherneck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leatherneck">Leatherneck</a>: refers to a leather collar formerly part of the Marine uniform during the Revolutionary War period.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[152]</a></li> <li>Jarhead has several oft-disputed explanations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crayon-eater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Crayon-eater">Crayon-eater</a>: A self-deprecating term originating in the 2010s, playing off of a stereotype of Marines as unintelligent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[155]</a></li> </ul> Some other unofficial traditions include mottos and exclamations: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oorah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oorah">Oorah</a> is common among marines, being similar in function and purpose to the Army, Air Force, and Space Force's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hooah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hooah">hooah</a> and the Navy's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hooyah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hooyah">hooyah</a> cries. Many possible <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etymology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etymology">etymologies</a> have been offered for the term.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semper_fidelis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semper fidelis">Semper Fi</a> is a common greeting among serving and veteran marines.</li> <li>Improvise, Adapt and Overcome has become an adopted mantra in many units.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[157]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Negative_associations">Negative associations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Negative associations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In spite of any association or tangible evidence of extremism in the current culture of the Marine Corps, the Marines had two short associations in their ranks, particularly with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_supremacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a>. In 1976 the Camp Pendleton Chapter of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, which had over 100 members, was headed by an active duty marine. In 1986, a number of Marines were implicated in the theft of weapons for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Patriot_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White Patriot Party">White Patriot Party</a>. While the sale of the weapons was to a supremacist organization it was never verified that the Marines were actual members of the organization. Although similar affiliation there is not evidence of correlation from the event in the 1976 to the events recorded in 1986. The USMC, along with the rest of the military, has since made an effort to address extremism in the ranks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Veteran_marines">Veteran marines</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Veteran marines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Corps encourages the idea that "marine" is an earned title, and most Marine Corps personnel take to heart the phrase, "Once a marine, Always a marine". They reject the term "ex-marine" in most circumstances. There are no regulations concerning the address of persons who have left active service, so a number of customary terms have come into common use.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Krulak-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Martial_arts_program">Martial arts program</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Martial arts program" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Marine_martial_arts.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marine_martial_arts.jpg/220px-Marine_martial_arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4591" data-file-height="3279"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marine_martial_arts.jpg/220px-Marine_martial_arts.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marine_martial_arts.jpg/330px-Marine_martial_arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marine_martial_arts.jpg/440px-Marine_martial_arts.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marines training in martial arts </figcaption> </figure> In 2001, the Marine Corps initiated an internally designed martial arts program, called Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP). Because of an expectation that urban and police-type <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peacekeeping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> missions would become more common in the 21st century, placing marines in even closer contact with unarmed civilians, MCMAP was implemented to provide marines with a larger and more versatile set of less-than-lethal options for controlling hostile, unarmed individuals. It is a stated aim of the program to instill and maintain the "Warrior Ethos" within marines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yi-161">[159]</a> The MCMAP is an eclectic mix of different styles of martial arts melded together. MCMAP consists of punches and kicks from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taekwondo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karate">Karate</a>, opponent weight transfer from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jujutsu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jujutsu">Jujitsu</a>, ground grappling involving <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joint_lock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joint lock">joint locking</a> techniques and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chokehold?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chokehold">chokes</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a>, and a mix of knife and baton/stick fighting derived from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arnis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arnis">Eskrima</a>, and elbow strikes and kick boxing from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muay_Thai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>. Marines begin MCMAP training in boot camp, where they will earn the first of five available <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Structure_and_belt_system" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">belts</a>. The belts begin at tan and progress to black and are worn with standard utility uniforms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[160]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Equipment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main pages: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps_equipment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:United States Marine Corps equipment">Category:United States Marine Corps equipment</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment">List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment</a> </div> As of 2013, the typical infantry rifleman carries $14,000 worth of gear (excluding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Night_vision_device?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision device">night-vision goggles</a>), compared to $2,500 a decade earlier. The number of pieces of equipment (everything from radios to trucks) in a typical infantry battalion has also increased, from 3,400 pieces of gear in 2001 to 8,500 in 2013.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Infantry_weapons">Infantry weapons</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Infantry weapons" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of weapons of the United States Marine Corps">List of weapons of the United States Marine Corps</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:FORECON_CQB_trng_-001-.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/FORECON_CQB_trng_-001-.jpg/220px-FORECON_CQB_trng_-001-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="997"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/FORECON_CQB_trng_-001-.jpg/220px-FORECON_CQB_trng_-001-.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/FORECON_CQB_trng_-001-.jpg/330px-FORECON_CQB_trng_-001-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/FORECON_CQB_trng_-001-.jpg/440px-FORECON_CQB_trng_-001-.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marines firing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MEU(SOC)_pistol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MEU(SOC) pistol">MEU(SOC) pistols</a> while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garrison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Garrison">garrisoned</a> aboard a ship </figcaption> </figure> The infantry weapon of the Marine Corps is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M27_Infantry_Automatic_Rifle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle">M27 IAR</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164">[162]</a> service rifle. Most non-infantry marines have been equipped with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M4_carbine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M4 carbine">M4 Carbine</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[163]</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colt_9mm_SMG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colt 9mm SMG">Colt 9mm SMG</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The standard <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sidearm_(weapon)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sidearm (weapon)">side arm</a> is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SIG_Sauer_M17?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SIG Sauer M17">SIG Sauer M17</a>/M18<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167">[165]</a> The M18 will replace all other pistols in the Marine Corps inventory, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beretta_M9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beretta M9">M9</a>, M9A1, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MEU(SOC)_pistol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MEU(SOC) pistol">M45A1</a> and M007, as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MEU(SOC)_pistol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MEU(SOC) pistol">M45A1</a> Close Quarter Battle Pistol (CQBP) in small numbers. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suppressive_fire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suppressive fire">Suppressive fire</a> is provided by the, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M249_light_machine_gun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M249 light machine gun">M249 SAW</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M240_machine_gun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M240 machine gun">M240</a> machine guns, at the squad and company levels respectively. In 2018, the M27 IAR was selected to be the standard-issue rifle for all infantry squads.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[166]</a> In 2021, the Marine Corps committed to fielding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silencer (firearms)">suppressors</a> to all its infantry units, making it the first branch of the U.S. military to adopt them for widespread use.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-169">[167]</a> The USMC infantry issued grenade launcher is the M320, which shoots a 40 mm grenade,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170">[168]</a> such as the M67 fragmentation grenade.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Indirect fire is also provided by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M203_grenade_launcher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M203 grenade launcher">M203 grenade launcher</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milkor_MGL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milkor MGL">M32 grenade launcher</a> in fireteams, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M224_mortar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M224 mortar">M224 60 mm mortar</a> in companies, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M252_mortar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M252 mortar">M252 81 mm mortar</a> in battalions. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M2_Browning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M2 Browning">M2 .50 caliber heavy machine gun</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mk_19_grenade_launcher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mk 19 grenade launcher">MK19 automatic grenade launcher (40 mm)</a> are available for use by dismounted infantry, though they are more commonly vehicle-mounted. Precision firepower is provided by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M40_rifle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M40 rifle">M40 series</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[170]</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrett_M82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrett M82">Barrett M107</a>, while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Designated_marksman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Designated marksman">designated marksmen</a> use the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Designated_Marksman_Rifle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Designated Marksman Rifle">DMR</a> variant of the M27, known as the M38, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Squad_Advanced_Marksman_Rifle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Squad Advanced Marksman Rifle">SAM-R</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:AAV-australia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AAV-australia.jpg/220px-AAV-australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1012"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AAV-australia.jpg/220px-AAV-australia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AAV-australia.jpg/330px-AAV-australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AAV-australia.jpg/440px-AAV-australia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marine <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amphibious_Assault_Vehicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious Assault Vehicle">Amphibious Assault Vehicles</a> emerge from the surf onto the sand of Freshwater Beach, Australia </figcaption> </figure> The Marine Corps utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an offensive and defensive anti-armor capability. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mk_153_Shoulder-Launched_Multipurpose_Assault_Weapon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mk 153 Shoulder-Launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon">Mk 153 SMAW</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AT4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AT4">AT4</a> are unguided rockets that can destroy armor and fixed defenses (e.g., bunkers) at ranges up to 500 meters. The smaller and lighter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M72_LAW?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M72 LAW">M72 LAW</a> can destroy targets at ranges up to 200 meters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[172]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FGM-172_SRAW?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FGM-172 SRAW">FGM-172 SRAW</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FGM-148 Javelin">FGM-148 Javelin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BGM-71_TOW?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BGM-71 TOW">BGM-71 TOW</a> are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank guided missiles</a>. The Javelin can utilize top-attack profiles to avoid heavy frontal armor. The SRAW is a close range missile system that uses a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Predicted_Line_of_Sight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicted Line of Sight">Predicted Line of Sight</a> (PLOS) guidance system. The Javelin and TOW are heavier missiles effective past 2,000 meters that give infantry an offensive capability against armor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ground_vehicles">Ground vehicles</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ground vehicles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_vehicles_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of vehicles of the United States Marine Corps">List of vehicles of the United States Marine Corps</a> </div> The Corps operates the same <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humvee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humvee">HMMWV</a> as does the Army, which is in the process of being replaced by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joint_Light_Tactical_Vehicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joint Light Tactical Vehicle">Joint Light Tactical Vehicle</a> (JLTV). However, for its specific needs, the Corps uses a number of unique vehicles. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LAV-25?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LAV-25">LAV-25</a> is a dedicated wheeled armored personnel carrier, similar to the Army's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stryker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stryker">Stryker</a> vehicle, used to provide strategic mobility.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Amphibious capability is provided by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assault_Amphibious_Vehicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assault Amphibious Vehicle">AAV-7A1 Assault Amphibious Vehicle</a>, an armored tracked vehicle that doubles as an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armored personnel carrier</a>, due to be replaced by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amphibious_Combat_Vehicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amphibious Combat Vehicle">Amphibious Combat Vehicle</a>, a faster vehicle with superior armor and weaponry. The threat of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_mine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land mine">land mines</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a> in Iraq and Afghanistan has seen the Corps begin purchasing heavily armored vehicles that can better withstand the effects of these weapons as part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MRAP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MRAP">Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicle program</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-177">[175]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LVSR-178">[176]</a> The Marines also operate the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M777_howitzer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M777 howitzer">M777 155 mm howitzer</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M142_HIMARS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M142 HIMARS">High Mobility Artillery Rocket System</a> (HIMARS), a truck-mounted rocket artillery system. Both are capable of firing guided munitions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JCLewis-179">[177]</a> In 2020, the Marine Corps retired its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M1_Abrams?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M1 Abrams">M1A1 Abrams</a> tanks and eliminated all of its tank units. General David Berger explained the decision describing the long-serving Marine weapons system as "operationally unsuitable for our highest-priority challenges." The move leaves the Army as the sole American operator of tanks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Aircraft" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Aircraft.osprey.678pix.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="color photo of four parachutists jumping from the open ramp of an MV-22 Osprey in flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aircraft.osprey.678pix.jpg/220px-Aircraft.osprey.678pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aircraft.osprey.678pix.jpg/220px-Aircraft.osprey.678pix.jpg" data-alt="color photo of four parachutists jumping from the open ramp of an MV-22 Osprey in flight" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aircraft.osprey.678pix.jpg/330px-Aircraft.osprey.678pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aircraft.osprey.678pix.jpg/440px-Aircraft.osprey.678pix.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marine parachutists jumping from an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bell-Boeing_V-22_Osprey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey">MV-22 Osprey</a> at 10,000 feet </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Marine_Corps" title="List of active United States military aircraft">List of active United States Marine Corps military aircraft</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic unit">organic</a> aviation capability of the Marine Corps is essential to its amphibious mission. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Aviation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Corps Aviation">Marine Corps Aviation</a> operates both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helicopter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helicopter">rotary-wing</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> mainly to provide <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assault_Support?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assault Support">Assault Support</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_air_support?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close air support">close air support</a> to its ground forces. Other aircraft types are used in a variety of support and special-purpose roles. The light transport and attack capabilities are provided by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bell_UH-1Y_Venom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bell UH-1Y Venom">Bell UH-1Y Venom</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bell_AH-1Z_Viper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bell AH-1Z Viper">Bell AH-1Z Viper</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Medium-lift squadrons utilize the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bell-Boeing_V-22_Osprey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey">MV-22 Osprey</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiltrotor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiltrotor">tiltrotor</a>. Heavy-lift squadrons are equipped with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-53E_Super_Stallion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion">CH-53E Super Stallion</a> helicopter, which are being replaced with the upgraded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-53K?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikorsky CH-53K">CH-53K</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Marine attack squadrons fly the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">AV-8B Harrier II</a>; while the fighter/attack mission is handled by the single-seat and dual-seat versions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18 Hornet</a> strike-fighter aircraft. The AV-8B is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V/STOL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="V/STOL">V/STOL</a> aircraft that can operate from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amphibious assault ship">amphibious assault ships</a>, land air bases and short, expeditionary airfields, while the F/A-18 can only be flown from land or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aircraft_carrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>. Both are slated to be replaced by 340 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/STOVL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="STOVL">STOVL</a> B version of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-183">[181]</a> and 80 of the carrier <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F-35C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35C">F-35C</a> versions for deployment with Navy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carrier_air_wing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carrier air wing">carrier air wings</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Navy_111003-N-ZZ999-002_An_F-35B_Lightning_II_makes_the_first_vertical_landing_on_a_flight_deck_at_sea_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_W.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/US_Navy_111003-N-ZZ999-002_An_F-35B_Lightning_II_makes_the_first_vertical_landing_on_a_flight_deck_at_sea_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_W.jpg/220px-US_Navy_111003-N-ZZ999-002_An_F-35B_Lightning_II_makes_the_first_vertical_landing_on_a_flight_deck_at_sea_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_W.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/US_Navy_111003-N-ZZ999-002_An_F-35B_Lightning_II_makes_the_first_vertical_landing_on_a_flight_deck_at_sea_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_W.jpg/220px-US_Navy_111003-N-ZZ999-002_An_F-35B_Lightning_II_makes_the_first_vertical_landing_on_a_flight_deck_at_sea_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_W.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/US_Navy_111003-N-ZZ999-002_An_F-35B_Lightning_II_makes_the_first_vertical_landing_on_a_flight_deck_at_sea_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_W.jpg/330px-US_Navy_111003-N-ZZ999-002_An_F-35B_Lightning_II_makes_the_first_vertical_landing_on_a_flight_deck_at_sea_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_W.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/US_Navy_111003-N-ZZ999-002_An_F-35B_Lightning_II_makes_the_first_vertical_landing_on_a_flight_deck_at_sea_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_W.jpg/440px-US_Navy_111003-N-ZZ999-002_An_F-35B_Lightning_II_makes_the_first_vertical_landing_on_a_flight_deck_at_sea_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_W.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A Marine Corps F-35B, the vertical-landing version of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multirole combat aircraft">multirole fighter</a> landing aboard <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USS_Wasp_(LHD-1)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="USS Wasp (LHD-1)">USS Wasp</a> </figcaption> </figure> The Corps operates its own organic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aerial_refueling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aerial refueling">aerial refueling</a> assets in the form of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">KC-130 Hercules</a>; however, it also receives a large amount of support from the U.S. Air Force. The Hercules doubles as a ground refueler and tactical-airlift transport aircraft. The USMC electronic warfare plane, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_EA-6B_Prowler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler">EA-6B</a>, was retired in 2019. The Marines operate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a>: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AAI_RQ-7_Shadow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AAI RQ-7 Shadow">RQ-7 Shadow</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boeing_ScanEagle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing ScanEagle">Scan Eagle</a> for tactical reconnaissance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Marine Fighter Training Squadron 401 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VMFT-401?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VMFT-401">VMFT-401</a>), operates <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northrop_F-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northrop F-5">F-5E, F-5F and F-5N Tiger II</a> aircraft in support of air combat adversary (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dissimilar_air_combat_training?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dissimilar air combat training">aggressor</a>) training. Marine Helicopter Squadron One (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMX-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMX-1">HMX-1</a>) operates the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King">VH-3D Sea King</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">VH-60N Whitehawk</a> helicopters in the VIP transport role, most notably <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_One?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine One">Marine One</a>, but are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VXX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VXX">due to be replaced</a> with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikorsky_VH-92_Patriot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sikorsky VH-92 Patriot">VH-92 Patriot</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-189">[187]</a> A single Marine Corps <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> aircraft, "Fat Albert", is used to support the U.S. Navy's flight demonstration team, the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blue_Angels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blue Angels">Blue Angels</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-190">[188]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Relationship_with_other_services">Relationship with other services</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Relationship with other services" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> In general, the Marine Corps shares many resources with the other branches of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. However, the Corps has consistently sought to maintain its own identity with regard to mission, funding, and assets, while utilizing support available from the larger branches. While the Marine Corps has far fewer installations both in the U.S. and worldwide than the other branches, many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_installations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Army installations">Army posts</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_installations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Navy installations">Naval stations</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_installations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Air Force installations">Air Force bases</a> have a Marine presence. They also cross-train with other countries.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States_Navy">United States Navy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=50&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States Navy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/United States Marine Corps">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522United%2BStates%2BMarine%2BCorps%2522">"United States Marine Corps"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522United%2BStates%2BMarine%2BCorps%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522United%2BStates%2BMarine%2BCorps%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522United%2BStates%2BMarine%2BCorps%2522%2B-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522United%2BStates%2BMarine%2BCorps%2522">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522United%2BStates%2BMarine%2BCorps%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a> (November 2017) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:USS_Bonhomme_Richard_(LHD-6)_welldeck.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="color photo of swimming AAVs approaching the well deck of an amphibious assault ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD-6%29_welldeck.jpg/220px-USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD-6%29_welldeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD-6%29_welldeck.jpg/220px-USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD-6%29_welldeck.jpg" data-alt="color photo of swimming AAVs approaching the well deck of an amphibious assault ship" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD-6%29_welldeck.jpg/330px-USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD-6%29_welldeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD-6%29_welldeck.jpg/440px-USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD-6%29_welldeck.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assault_Amphibious_Vehicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assault Amphibious Vehicle">Assault Amphibious Vehicles</a> approaching the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Well_deck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Well deck">well deck</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USS_Bonhomme_Richard_(LHD-6)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)">USS Bonhomme Richard</a> </figcaption> </figure> The Marine Corps's counterpart under the Department of the Navy is the United States Navy. As a result, the Navy and Marine Corps have a close relationship, more so than with other branches of the military. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_paper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White paper">White papers</a> and promotional literature have commonly used the phrase "Navy-Marine Corps Team",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Seapower21-191">[189]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EnduringFreedomVid-192">[190]</a> or refer to "the Naval Service". Both the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> (CNO) and Commandant of the Marine Corps report directly to the Secretary of the Navy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Operationally, the Marine Corps provides the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Marine Force">Fleet Marine Forces</a> for service with the Navy's fleets, including the forward-deployed Marine Expeditionary Units embarked aboard Navy amphibious warships. The Corps also contributes some Marine Aviation fixed-wing fighter/attack assets (aircraft squadrons and related aircraft maintenance augmentation units) as part of the Carrier Air Wings deployed aboard aircraft carriers. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Security_Force_Regiment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Security Force Regiment">Marine Corps Security Force Regiment</a> provides infantry-based security battalions and Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team companies to guard and defend high-priority and overseas Navy bases. Security for the Presidential Retreat located aboard the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camp_David?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camp David">Naval Support Activity Thurmont, aka Camp David</a> is provided by the Marine infantry battalion stationed as part of the garrison aboard Marine Barracks Washington. Cooperation between the two services includes the training and instruction of some future Marine Corps officers (most are trained and commissioned through Marine Corps OCS), all Marine Corps Naval Aviators (aircraft pilots) and Naval Flight Officers (airborne weapons and sensor system officers), and some Navy and Marine Corps enlisted personnel. The Corps receives a significant portion of its officers from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> (USNA) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps</a> (NROTC). USNA and NROTC staff and faculty includes Marine Corps instructors. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Aviation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aviators_and_flight_officers" title="United States Marine Corps Aviation">Marine Corps aviators and flight officers</a> are trained in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_Air_Training_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval Air Training Command">Naval Air Training Command</a> (NATRACOM) and are designated, or winged as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Aviator">Naval Aviators</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_Flight_Officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Flight Officer">Naval Flight Officers</a>. The Marine Corps provides flight instructors to the Naval Air Training Command as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drill_instructor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drill instructor">drill instructors</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">Navy's Officer Candidate School</a>. Many enlisted marines, particularly those in the aviation maintenance specialties, are trained at Navy technical training centers. The Marine Corps also provides ground combat training support to various Navy field medical (Hospital Corpsmen), Naval Construction Force (Seabee), and Navy Expeditionary Warfare personnel, units, and commands. Training alongside each other is viewed as critical, as the Navy provides transport, logistical, and combat support to put Marine units into the fight, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strategic_sealift_ships?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strategic sealift ships">maritime prepositioning ships</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_gunfire_support?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval gunfire support">naval gunfire support</a>. Most Marine aviation assets ultimately derive from the Navy, with regard to acquisition, funding, and testing, and Navy aircraft carriers typically deploy with a Marine squadron alongside Navy squadrons. Marines do not recruit or train noncombatants such as chaplains or medical/dental personnel; naval personnel fill these roles. Some of these sailors, particularly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hospital_corpsman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hospital corpsman">Hospital corpsmen</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_program_specialist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religious program specialist">Religious program specialists</a>, generally wear Marine uniforms emblazoned with Navy insignia. Conversely, the Marine Corps is responsible for conducting land operations to support naval campaigns, including the seizure of naval bases. Both services operate a network security team in conjunction. Marines and sailors share many naval traditions, especially terminology and customs. Marine Corps <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medal_of_Honor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipients wear the Navy variant of this and other awards;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lawliss-24">[23]</a> and with few exceptions, the awards and badges of the Navy and Marine Corps are identical. Much of testing for new Marine Corps aircraft is done at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Patuxent_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval Air Station Patuxent River">Naval Air Station Patuxent River</a>. The Navy's Blue Angels flight demonstration team is staffed by both Navy and Marine officers and enlisted personnel.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lawliss-24">[23]</a> In 2007, the Marine Corps joined with the Navy and Coast Guard to adopt a new maritime strategy called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Cooperative_Strategy_for_21st_Century_Seapower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower">A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower</a> that raises the notion of prevention of war to the same <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophy_of_war?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophy of war">philosophical</a> level as the conduct of war.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-195">[193]</a> This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent regional crises, human-made or natural, from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States_Army">United States Army</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=51&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States Army" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:CSA-2006-01-12-095303_M249SAW.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CSA-2006-01-12-095303_M249SAW.jpg/220px-CSA-2006-01-12-095303_M249SAW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1542"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CSA-2006-01-12-095303_M249SAW.jpg/220px-CSA-2006-01-12-095303_M249SAW.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CSA-2006-01-12-095303_M249SAW.jpg/330px-CSA-2006-01-12-095303_M249SAW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CSA-2006-01-12-095303_M249SAW.jpg/440px-CSA-2006-01-12-095303_M249SAW.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A soldier from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1st Infantry Regiment (United States)">1st Infantry Regiment</a> provides security for a joint Army-Marine patrol in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rawa_(Iraq)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (Iraq)">Rawa</a> in 2006. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shoulder_sleeve_insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shoulder sleeve insignia">shoulder sleeve insignia</a> has the logo of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Marine Division (United States)">2nd Marine Division</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The Marine Corps capabilities overlap with those of the United States Army, historically creating competition for funding and missions. The competition dates back to the founding of the Continental Marines, when General George Washington refused to allow the initial Marine battalions to be drawn from among his Continental Army. In the aftermath of World War II, Army leadership made efforts to restructure the American defense establishment including the dissolution of the Marine Corps and the folding of its capabilities into the other services. Leading this movement were such prominent Army officers as General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Army Chief of Staff</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_C._Marshall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Krulak-75">[73]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goldwater-Nichols_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldwater-Nichols Act">Goldwater-Nichols Act</a> significantly reshaped the services roles and relationships with each other, enforcing more joint decision making.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 tasks both the Army and Marine Corps with expeditionary and amphibious operations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-197">[195]</a> With most of the 2000s spent in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, Secretary of Defense <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Gates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> voiced concerns that the Marine Corps are becoming a "second Army".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2ndarmy-33">[32]</a> Since these comments, the Marine Corps has shed its main battle tanks, reduced its size, and focused more on operations in littoral areas where the Army is not explicitly tasked to operate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-198">[196]</a> The Army maintains much larger and diverse combat arms, special operations, and logistics forces. The Army has much lighter and expeditionary forces in its infantry and airborne infantry brigade combat teams. The Army also maintains heavier and more logistically taxing armored brigade combat teams.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-199">[197]</a> The Marine Corps, in comparison, maintains forces between these two extremes of mobility and protection. The Marine Corps organizes much smaller deployable units with integrated aviation support. The Marine Corps was historically hesitant to provide forces to U.S. Special Operations Command, instead making specialty units available to its division commanders. The Army has maintained Special Forces, Rangers, civil affairs, psychological operations, special operations aviation, and special missions units for decades. In 2003, the Marine Corps<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Donald_Rumsfeld-200">[198]</a> created the present-day successors to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Raiders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Raiders">Marine Raiders</a> and provided them to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Special Operations Command">Special Operations Command</a> starting with the establishment of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Det_One?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Det One">MCSOCOM Detachment One</a>. The modern Marine Raider training pipeline was based on input from U.S. Army Ranger and Special Forces units.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Priddy-117">[115]</a> Culturally, marines and soldiers share most of the common U.S. military slang and terminology, but the Corps utilizes a large number of naval terms and traditions incompatible with Army lifestyle, as well as its own <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_acronyms_and_expressions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions">unique vernacular</a>. As the Army Reserve and Army National Guard is much larger than the Marine Corps's Reserve, many more former active duty marines continue their service in the Army's reserve components.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-201">[199]</a> The Army does not require transfers from the Marines, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_Force_Security_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Security Forces">Air Force Security Forces</a>, or special operations of any branch to attend Army Basic Combat Training.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Due to the requirement that all inter-service transfers attend Marine Corps Recruit Training, very few former soldiers serve in the Marine Corps. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States_Air_Force">United States Air Force</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=52&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States Air Force" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:C-5_CH-46.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="color photo of marines pushing carted equipment from the open bay of a large cargo jet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/C-5_CH-46.jpg/170px-C-5_CH-46.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/C-5_CH-46.jpg/170px-C-5_CH-46.jpg" data-alt="color photo of marines pushing carted equipment from the open bay of a large cargo jet" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/C-5_CH-46.jpg/255px-C-5_CH-46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/C-5_CH-46.jpg/340px-C-5_CH-46.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marines unloading <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_CH-46_Sea_Knight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight">CH-46 Sea Knight</a> helicopters from an Air Force <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C-5_Galaxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="C-5 Galaxy">C-5 Galaxy</a> </figcaption> </figure> While some of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Aviation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Aviation">Marine Corps Aviation</a> assets ultimately derive from the Navy, a large amount of support is drawn from the United States Air Force. The Marine Corps makes extensive use of the USAF <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air Mobility Command">Air Mobility Command</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Airlift?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Airlift">airlift</a> marines and equipment, along with utilizing close air support from the Air Force. The Air Force may also attach <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tactical_Air_Control_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tactical Air Control Party">Tactical Air Control Party</a> units to conventional Marine ground forces to provide coordination for close air support.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-203">[201]</a> The Air Force traditionally provides the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joint_Force_Air_Component_Commander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joint Force Air Component Commander">Joint Force Air Component Commander</a> (JFACC) who controls "sorties for air defense, and long range interdiction and reconnaissance" while the MAGTF commander retains control of the Marines' organic aviation assets, however Marine Aviation missions not directly in the support of the MAGTF will be typically controlled by the JFACC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-206">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States_Coast_Guard">United States Coast Guard</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=53&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States Coast Guard" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Marine Corps shares a sphere of operation with units of the United States Coast Guard, including operation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joint_Maritime_Training_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Maritime Training Center">Joint Maritime Training Center</a> (JMTC) (previously known as the Special Missions Training Center (SMTC)), a joint Coast Guard, Navy, and Marine Corps training facility located on the Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-207">[205]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-208">[206]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Budget">Budget</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=54&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Budget" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> According to the Department of the Navy (from whence the Marine Corps receives its funding), for FY 2019, the Marine Corps received $43.2B in funding.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Appropriation Summary – United States Marine Corps (in millions of dollars)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-210">[208]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Area</th> <th>FY2018</th> <th>FY2019</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Military Personnel</td> <td>13,197</td> <td>13,888</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Reserve Personnel</td> <td>763</td> <td>785</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Medicare-Eligible Retiree Health Fund Contribution</td> <td>903</td> <td>831</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Medicare-Eligible Retiree Health Fund Contribution, Reserves</td> <td>81</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Operation and Maintenance</td> <td>8,118</td> <td>7,843</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Operation and Maintenance, Reserve</td> <td>287</td> <td>275</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Procurement</td> <td>2,019</td> <td>2,858</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Procurement of Ammunition, Navy/Marine Corps</td> <td>1,038*</td> <td>1,182*</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Military Construction, Navy and Marine Corps</td> <td>1,993*</td> <td>2,593*</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Total Appropriated</td> <td>28,399</td> <td>30,329</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> * not exact since certain fields are combined with Navy expenditures[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2013, the USMC became the first American military branch to ever have a fully audited annual budget.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-211">[209]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=55&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Ad_hoc_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Ad hoc units and formations of the United States Marine Corps">Category:Ad hoc units and formations of the United States Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Key_Volunteer_Network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Key Volunteer Network">Marine Corps Key Volunteer Network</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Corps_Planning_Process?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine Corps Planning Process">Marine Corps Planning Process</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Women%27s_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve">United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_acronyms_and_expressions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions">List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=56&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> Variations also used as a "Branch of Service Insignia" on Marine Corps uniforms<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> See: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17th_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Marines">17th Marines</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18th_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Marines">18th Marines</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19th_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Marines">19th Marines</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20th_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Marines">20th Marines</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=57&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=58&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.: United States Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.marines.mil/unit/barracks/Pages/NewsStories/2008/ChestyXIIretires.aspx">the original</a> on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+Barracks%27+mascot%2C+Chesty+the+XII%2C+retires+after+more+than+40+%27dog+years%27+of+faithful+service&rft.place=Marine+Barracks%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2Funit%2Fbarracks%2FPages%2FNewsStories%2F2008%2FChestyXIIretires.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/MCO%2520P1020.34G%2520W%2520CH%25201-5.pdf">"Marine Corps Order P1020.34G W/CH 1–5: Marine Corps Uniform Regulations, Chapter 4: Insignia and Regulations For Wear, Paragraph 4001. Branch of Service Insignia, Pages 4–7"</a> (PDF). marines.mil. 31 March 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215092520/http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/MCO%2520P1020.34G%2520W%2520CH%25201-5.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marines.mil&rft.atitle=Marine+Corps+Order+P1020.34G+W%2FCH+1%E2%80%935%3A+Marine+Corps+Uniform+Regulations%2C+Chapter+4%3A+Insignia+and+Regulations+For+Wear%2C+Paragraph+4001.+Branch+of+Service+Insignia%2C+Pages+4%E2%80%937&rft.date=2003-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2FPortals%2F59%2FPublications%2FMCO%2520P1020.34G%2520W%2520CH%25201-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-OMFTS-12">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OMFTS_12-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OMFTS_12-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OMFTS_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_C._Krulak1996" class="citation report cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_C._Krulak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles C. Krulak">Charles C. Krulak</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811112202/http://www.dtic.mil/jv2010/usmc/omfts.pdf">Operational Maneuver from the Sea</a> (PDF) (Report). Headquarters Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dtic.mil/jv2010/usmc/omfts.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 August 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Operational+Maneuver+from+the+Sea&rft.pub=Headquarters+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Charles+C.+Krulak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fjv2010%2Fusmc%2Fomfts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> Hoffman, Colonel Jon T., USMC: A Complete History, Marine Corps Association, Quantico, VA, (2002), p. 57.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1202wings/">"Air Wings Built for Two"</a>. Air & Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space+Forces+Magazine&rft.atitle=Air+Wings+Built+for+Two&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airandspaceforces.com%2Farticle%2F1202wings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.marines.com/history-heritage/timeline">"U.S. Marine Corps Decade Timeline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001031854/http://www.marines.com/history-heritage/timeline">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Marine+Corps+Decade+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.com%2Fhistory-heritage%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-USMC-WW2-I-I-2-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-USMC-WW2-I-I-2_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough,_Frank_O.Ludwig,_Verle_E.Shaw,_Henry_I._Jr" class="citation book cs1">Hough, Frank O.; Ludwig, Verle E.; Shaw, Henry I. Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/USMC-I-I-2.html">"Part I, Chapter 2: Evolution of Modern Amphibious Warfare, 1920–1941"</a>. Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Volume I. Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070530012649/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/USMC-I-I-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%2C+Chapter+2%3A+Evolution+of+Modern+Amphibious+Warfare%2C+1920%E2%80%931941&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+to+Guadalcanal&rft.series=History+of+U.S.+Marine+Corps+Operations+in+World+War+II%2C+Volume+I&rft.pub=Historical+Branch%2C+HQMC%2C+United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.au=Hough%2C+Frank+O.&rft.au=Ludwig%2C+Verle+E.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Henry+I.+Jr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSMC%2FI%2FUSMC-I-I-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-USMC-WW2-IV-II-1-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-USMC-WW2-IV-II-1_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarand,_George_W.Truman_R._Strobridge1971" class="citation book cs1">Garand, George W. & Truman R. Strobridge (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/USMC-IV-II-1.html">"Part II, Chapter 1: The Development of FMFPac"</a>. Western Pacific Operations. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operation in World War II, Volume IV. Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725095249/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/USMC-IV-II-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%2C+Chapter+1%3A+The+Development+of+FMFPac&rft.btitle=Western+Pacific+Operations&rft.series=History+of+U.S.+Marine+Corps+Operation+in+World+War+II%2C+Volume+IV&rft.pub=Historical+Branch%2C+HQMC%2C+United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Garand%2C+George+W.&rft.au=Truman+R.+Strobridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSMC%2FIV%2FUSMC-IV-II-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-USMC-WW2-V-VI-1-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-USMC-WW2-V-VI-1_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank,_Benis_MHenry_I._Saw,_Jr.1968" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Benis M & Henry I. Saw, Jr. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/V/USMC-V-VI-1.html">"Part VI, Chapter 1: Amphibious Doctrine in World War II"</a>. Victory and Occupation. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Volume V. Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011233619/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/V/USMC-V-VI-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+VI%2C+Chapter+1%3A+Amphibious+Doctrine+in+World+War+II&rft.btitle=Victory+and+Occupation&rft.series=History+of+U.S.+Marine+Corps+Operations+in+World+War+II%2C+Volume+V&rft.pub=Historical+Branch%2C+HQMC%2C+United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Frank%2C+Benis+M&rft.au=Henry+I.+Saw%2C+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSMC%2FV%2FUSMC-V-VI-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Estes-19">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Estes_19-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Estes_19-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Estes_19-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Estes_19-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes2000" class="citation book cs1">Estes, Kenneth W. (2000). The Marine Officer's Guide, 6th Edition. Naval Institute Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-567-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-567-5"><bdi>1-55750-567-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marine+Officer%27s+Guide%2C+6th+Edition&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55750-567-5&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClinton2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bill_Clinton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton, William J.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000lurc/page/1217">"Remarks Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the United States Marine Corps Band 10 July 1998"</a>. In Office of the Federal Register (ed.). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton, 1998, Book 2: July 1 to December 31, 1998. Government Printing Office. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000lurc/page/1217">1217</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4034-4551-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4034-4551-3"><bdi>978-1-4034-4551-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Marine Band played at Thomas Jefferson's Inauguration in 1801 and hasn't missed a single one since. Jefferson was a violin player who loved music almost as much as he loved freedom. He named the band "The President's Own".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remarks+Celebrating+the+200th+Anniversary+of+the+United+States+Marine+Corps+Band+10+July+1998&rft.btitle=Public+Papers+of+the+Presidents+of+the+United+States%2C+William+J.+Clinton%2C+1998%2C+Book+2%3A+July+1+to+December+31%2C+1998&rft.pages=1217&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4034-4551-3&rft.aulast=Clinton&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesmari0000lurc%2Fpage%2F1217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearn2007" class="citation book cs1">Hearn, Chester G. (2007). Marines: An Illustrated History: The United States Marine Corps from 1775 to the 21st Century. Zenith Imprint. p. 180. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3211-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3211-5"><bdi>978-0-7603-3211-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marines%3A+An+Illustrated+History%3A+The+United+States+Marine+Corps+from+1775+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Zenith+Imprint&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-3211-5&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Chester+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2004" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Scott (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/marinepridesalut0000kell">Marine Pride: A Salute to America's Elite Fighting Force</a>. Citadel Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/marinepridesalut0000kell/page/56">56</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2603-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2603-4"><bdi>978-0-8065-2603-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Pride%3A+A+Salute+to+America%27s+Elite+Fighting+Force&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2603-4&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarinepridesalut0000kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://2001-2009.state.gov/m/ds/rls/33081.htm">"The Role of Marines in Embassy Security"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094058/http://2001-2009.state.gov/m/ds/rls/33081.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Marines+in+Embassy+Security&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fm%2Fds%2Frls%2F33081.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Lawliss-24">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lawliss_24-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lawliss_24-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lawliss_24-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lawliss_24-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawliss1988" class="citation book cs1">Lawliss, Chuck (1988). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/History%2520of%2520the%2520U.S.%2520Marine%2520Corps%2520in%2520WWII%2520Vol%2520I%2520-%2520Pearl%2520Harbor%2520to%2520Guadacanal%2520%2520PCN%252019000262400.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+to+Guadalcanal%3A+History+of+U.S.+Marine+Corps+Operations+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Historical+Branch%2C+G-3+Division%2C+Headquarters%2C+U.S.+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F58-60002&rft.aulast=Hough%2C+LtCol.&rft.aufirst=Frank+O.&rft.au=Ludwig%2C+Verle+E.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Jr.%2C+Henry+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmcu.edu%2FPortals%2F218%2FHistory%2520of%2520the%2520U.S.%2520Marine%2520Corps%2520in%2520WWII%2520Vol%2520I%2520-%2520Pearl%2520Harbor%2520to%2520Guadacanal%2520%2520PCN%252019000262400.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/historyofusmarin01usma/page/n3/mode/2up">Alt URL</a></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/A%2520Chronology%2520of%2520the%2520United%2520States%2520Marine%2520Corps%25201947-1964%2520%2520PCN%252019000318200.pdf">"A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps Historical Reference Pamphlet"</a> (PDF). Marines.mil. 1947–1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605151639/https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/A%2520Chronology%2520of%2520the%2520United%2520States%2520Marine%2520Corps%25201947-1964%2520%2520PCN%252019000318200.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marines.mil&rft.atitle=A+Chronology+of+the+United+States+Marine+Corps+Historical+Reference+Pamphlet&rft.date=1947%2F1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2FPortals%2F1%2FPublications%2FA%2520Chronology%2520of%2520the%2520United%2520States%2520Marine%2520Corps%25201947-1964%2520%2520PCN%252019000318200.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattistella2014" class="citation news cs1">Battistella, Edwin (7 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/05/the-art-of-the-political-apology-106458/">"The Art of the Political Apology"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico.com&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+the+Political+Apology&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft.aulast=Battistella&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2014%2F05%2Fthe-art-of-the-political-apology-106458%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/c/the-corps-salty-seadogs-have-all-but-come-ashore-seagoing-traditions-founder-as-new-millennium-approaches.html">"The Corps' Salty Seadogs Have All But Come Ashore: Seagoing Traditions Founder as New Millennium Approaches"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHHC&rft.atitle=The+Corps%27+Salty+Seadogs+Have+All+But+Come+Ashore%3A+Seagoing+Traditions+Founder+as+New+Millennium+Approaches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2Fnhhc%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fc%2Fthe-corps-salty-seadogs-have-all-but-come-ashore-seagoing-traditions-founder-as-new-millennium-approaches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Warren-29">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Warren_29-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Warren_29-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Warren_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2005" class="citation book cs1">Warren, James A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/americanspartans00warr">American Spartans: The U.S. Marines: A Combat History From Iwo Jima to Iraq</a>. 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Heinl, Jr (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002174813/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Wake.html">"Marines in WWII Historical Monograph: The Defense of Wake"</a>. Historical Section, Division of Public Information, Headquarters, USMC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Wake.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marines+in+WWII+Historical+Monograph%3A+The+Defense+of+Wake&rft.pub=Historical+Section%2C+Division+of+Public+Information%2C+Headquarters%2C+USMC&rft.date=1947&rft.au=R.D.+Heinl%2C+Jr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSMC%2FUSMC-M-Wake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Lind-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lind_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindWyly1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_S._Lind?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William S. Lind">Lind, William S.</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Wyly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Wyly">Wyly, Michael</a> (1985). Maneuver Warfare Handbook. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86531-862-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-86531-862-X"><bdi>0-86531-862-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maneuver+Warfare+Handbook&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-86531-862-X&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft.au=Wyly%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2ndarmy-33">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2ndarmy_33-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2ndarmy_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Baron2010" class="citation web cs1">Kevin Baron (12 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stripes.com/news/gates-time-has-come-to-re-examine-future-of-marine-corps-1.114465">"Gates: Time has come to re-examine future of Marine Corps"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916071214/http://www.stripes.com/news/gates-time-has-come-to-re-examine-future-of-marine-corps-1.114465">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gates%3A+Time+has+come+to+re-examine+future+of+Marine+Corps&rft.date=2010-08-12&rft.au=Kevin+Baron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Fnews%2Fgates-time-has-come-to-re-examine-future-of-marine-corps-1.114465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick2010" class="citation web cs1">Patrick, Capt Timothy (10 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.marines.mil/unit/iimef/Pages/Amphibiousroots.aspx">"Marines return to their amphibious roots"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/II_Marine_Expeditionary_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="II Marine Expeditionary Force">II Marine Expeditionary Force</a>. United States Marine Corps. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225055336/http://www.marines.mil/unit/iimef/Pages/Amphibiousroots.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=II+Marine+Expeditionary+Force&rft.atitle=Marines+return+to+their+amphibious+roots&rft.date=2010-12-10&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=Capt+Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2Funit%2Fiimef%2FPages%2FAmphibiousroots.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ChenowethNihart-35">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ChenowethNihart_35-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ChenowethNihart_35-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ChenowethNihart_35-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ChenowethNihart_35-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ChenowethNihart_35-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ChenowethNihart_35-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenowethNihart2005" class="citation book cs1">Chenoweth, H. Avery; Nihart, Brooke (2005). Semper fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines. New York: Main Street. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4027-3099-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-4027-3099-3"><bdi>1-4027-3099-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semper+fi%3A+The+Definitive+Illustrated+History+of+the+U.S.+Marines&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Main+Street&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4027-3099-3&rft.aulast=Chenoweth&rft.aufirst=H.+Avery&rft.au=Nihart%2C+Brooke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_36-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.usmcu.edu/Research/Marine-Corps-History-Division/People/Whos-Who-in-Marine-Corps-History/Mackie-Ozbourn/Major-Samuel-Nicholas/">"Marine Corps University > Research > Marine Corps History Division > People > Who's Who in Marine Corps History > Mackie - Ozbourn > Major Samuel Nicholas"</a>. www.usmcu.edu. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usmcu.edu&rft.atitle=Marine+Corps+University+%3E+Research+%3E+Marine+Corps+History+Division+%3E+People+%3E+Who%27s+Who+in+Marine+Corps+History+%3E+Mackie+-+Ozbourn+%3E+Major+Samuel+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmcu.edu%2FResearch%2FMarine-Corps-History-Division%2FPeople%2FWhos-Who-in-Marine-Corps-History%2FMackie-Ozbourn%2FMajor-Samuel-Nicholas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton2014" class="citation web cs1">Upton, Stewart (6 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.imef.marines.mil/News/News-Article-Display/Article/554000/first-marine-corps-leader-all-about-institution-not-self/">"First Marine Corps Leader All About Institution, Not Self"</a>. www.imef.marines.mil. U.S. Marine Corps. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025112036/https://www.imef.marines.mil/News/News-Article-Display/Article/554000/first-marine-corps-leader-all-about-institution-not-self/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020. <q>During this time of the late 1760s and into the 1770s leading up to the War for our Independence … Samuel Nicholas would spend time aboard super-cargo merchant ships traveling to and from China. At the time of his nomination by (future U.S. President) John Adams to lead the Continental Marines in Nov. of 1775, he would have been well known in the community of Philadelphia for his maritime knowledge and experience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imef.marines.mil&rft.atitle=First+Marine+Corps+Leader+All+About+Institution%2C+Not+Self&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imef.marines.mil%2FNews%2FNews-Article-Display%2FArticle%2F554000%2Ffirst-marine-corps-leader-all-about-institution-not-self%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nps.edu/-/u.s.-marine-corps-birthday-and-veterans-day-a-message-from-the-nps-president">"U.S. Marine Corps Birthday and Veterans Day – A Message from the NPS President"</a>. nps.edu. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps.edu&rft.atitle=U.S.+Marine+Corps+Birthday+and+Veterans+Day+%E2%80%93+A+Message+from+the+NPS+President&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnps.edu%2F-%2Fu.s.-marine-corps-birthday-and-veterans-day-a-message-from-the-nps-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-auto-39">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto_39-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/marines-battle-princeton">"Marines at the Battle of Princeton"</a>. The American Battlefield Trust. American Battlefield Trust. 30 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729030644/https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/marines-battle-princeton">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Battlefield+Trust&rft.atitle=Marines+at+the+Battle+of+Princeton&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Flearn%2Farticles%2Fmarines-battle-princeton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Congress1798" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">U.S. Congress</a> (11 July 1798). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name%3DSections%26req%3Dviewarticle%26artid%3D7833%26page%3D1">"An Act for Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610134122/http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name%3DSections%26req%3Dviewarticle%26artid%3D7833%26page%3D1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Act+for+Establishing+and+Organizing+a+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1798-07-11&rft.au=U.S.+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriotfiles.com%2Findex.php%3Fname%3DSections%26req%3Dviewarticle%26artid%3D7833%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaptain_John_Barry1798" class="citation web cs1">Captain John Barry (9 February 1798). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://wardepartmentpapers.org/document.php?id%3D25096">"Muster Roll of Officers, Petty Officers, Seamen, and Marines, on the Frigate United States"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827075735/http://wardepartmentpapers.org/document.php?id%3D25096">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muster+Roll+of+Officers%2C+Petty+Officers%2C+Seamen%2C+and+Marines%2C+on+the+Frigate+United+States&rft.date=1798-02-09&rft.au=Captain+John+Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwardepartmentpapers.org%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3D25096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Congress1794" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">U.S. Congress</a> (18 March 1794). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/new-us-navy/act-draft.html">"Act to provide a Naval Armament"</a>. NARA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107211812/http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/new-us-navy/act-draft.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Act+to+provide+a+Naval+Armament&rft.place=NARA&rft.date=1794-03-18&rft.au=U.S.+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Feducation%2Flessons%2Fnew-us-navy%2Fact-draft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003125-00/sec1.htm">"A Different War: Marines in Europe and North Africa (Introduction)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Different+War%3A+Marines+in+Europe+and+North+Africa+%28Introduction%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fnpswapa%2Fextcontent%2Fusmc%2Fpcn-190-003125-00%2Fsec1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> Richard Leiby, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename%3Darticle%26node%3D%26contentId%3DA59720-2001Oct14">Terrorists by Another Name: The Barbary Pirates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810132404/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/?pagename%3Darticle%26node%3D%26contentId%3DA59720-2001Oct14">Archived</a> 10 August 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Washington_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, 15 October 2001</li> <li id="cite_note-Simmons-45">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Simmons_45-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Simmons_45-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Simmons_45-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Simmons_45-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Simmons_45-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2003" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Edwin H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000simm_r8b9">The United States Marines: A History, Fourth Edition</a>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-790-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-790-5"><bdi>1-59114-790-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Marines%3A+A+History%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59114-790-5&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Edwin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesmari0000simm_r8b9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Theodore</a>, The Naval War of 1812, Random House, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75419-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-75419-9">0-375-75419-9</a></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> Sharp, John G., Register of Patients at Naval Hospital Washington DC 1814 With The Names of American Wounded from the Battle of Bladensburg, Naval History and Heritage Command, 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/register-patients-naval-hospital-washington-dc-1814.html">https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/register-patients-naval-hospital-washington-dc-1814.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318070833/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/register-patients-naval-hospital-washington-dc-1814.html">Archived</a> 18 March 2021 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Congress1834" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">U.S. Congress</a> (30 June 1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007205958/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Docs_Speeches/Establishingamarinecorps.htm">"An Act for the Better Organization of the United States Marine Corps"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/hd/Docs_Speeches/Establishingamarinecorps.htm">the original</a> on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Act+for+the+Better+Organization+of+the+United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1834-06-30&rft.au=U.S.+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tecom.usmc.mil%2Fhd%2FDocs_Speeches%2FEstablishingamarinecorps.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> Eisenhower, John S. D (26 September 2018). "So far from God: the U.S. war with Mexico 1846–1848". Easton Press. Retrieved 26 September 2018.</li> <li id="cite_note-Moskin-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Moskin_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskin1987" class="citation book cs1">Moskin, J. Robert (1987). The U.S. Marine Corps Story. New York: McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Marine+Corps+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Moskin&rft.aufirst=J.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2008" class="citation web cs1">Elliott, Daniel T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001013945/http://shapiro.anthro.uga.edu/Lamar/images/PDFs/publication_127.pdf">"Archaeological Reconnaissance at the Drudi Tract, Tybee Island, Chatham County, Georgia"</a> (PDF). Savannah, Georgia: LAMAR Institute Publication Series. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://shapiro.anthro.uga.edu/Lamar/images/PDFs/publication_127.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Reconnaissance+at+the+Drudi+Tract%2C+Tybee+Island%2C+Chatham+County%2C+Georgia&rft.place=Savannah%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=LAMAR+Institute+Publication+Series&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshapiro.anthro.uga.edu%2FLamar%2Fimages%2FPDFs%2Fpublication_127.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> Hoffman, Colonel Jon T., USMC: A Complete History, Marine Corps Association, Quantico, VA, (2002), p. 92.</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference_Branch2016" class="citation web cs1">Reference Branch (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426035939/http://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/pages/frequently_requested/Casualties.aspx">"Marine Corps Casualties: 1775–2015"</a>. Frequently Requested. USMC History Division. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/pages/frequently_requested/Casualties.aspx">the original</a> on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Requested&rft.atitle=Marine+Corps+Casualties%3A+1775%E2%80%932015&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Reference+Branch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcu.usmc.mil%2Fhistorydivision%2Fpages%2Ffrequently_requested%2FCasualties.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ellsworth-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ellsworth_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllsworth1934" class="citation book cs1">Ellsworth, Harry Allanson (1934). One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines 1800–1934. Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, HQ, USMC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Eighty+Landings+of+United+States+Marines+1800%E2%80%931934&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=History+and+Museums+Division%2C+HQ%2C+USMC&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Ellsworth&rft.aufirst=Harry+Allanson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marineband.marines.mil/About/Our-History/John-Philip-Sousa/">"John Philip Sousa"</a>. www.marineband.marines.mil. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marineband.marines.mil&rft.atitle=John+Philip+Sousa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marineband.marines.mil%2FAbout%2FOur-History%2FJohn-Philip-Sousa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Report on Marine Corps Duplication of Effort between Army and Navy (Report). U.S. Marine Corps. 17 December 1932.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+Marine+Corps+Duplication+of+Effort+between+Army+and+Navy&rft.pub=U.S.+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1932-12-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"> Contains a very detailed account of almost all the actions of the Continental Marines and USMC until 1932. It is available in scanned TIFF format from the archives of the Marine Corps University.</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111063805/http://www.acepilots.com/usmc/hist2.html">"History of Marine Corps Aviation – World War One"</a>. AcePilots.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.acepilots.com/usmc/hist2.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Marine+Corps+Aviation+%E2%80%93+World+War+One&rft.pub=AcePilots.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acepilots.com%2Fusmc%2Fhist2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> Chad L. Williams, Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2010; p. 6.</li> <li id="cite_note-History-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-History_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1974" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Linda J. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/WomenMarinesInWorldWarI">Women Marines in World War I (1974)</a>. United States Marine Corps History and Museums Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315070622/https://archive.org/details/WomenMarinesInWorldWarI">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Marines+in+World+War+I+%281974%29&rft.pub=United+States+Marine+Corps+History+and+Museums+Division&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Linda+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FWomenMarinesInWorldWarI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.usmcpress.com/heritage/women_marines.htm">"Women Marines"</a>. Usmcpress.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819072746/http://www.usmcpress.com/heritage/women_marines.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+Marines&rft.pub=Usmcpress.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmcpress.com%2Fheritage%2Fwomen_marines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1918" class="citation magazine cs1">Mitchell, John Ames (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqahGAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA759">"Teufel-Hunden"</a>. Life. Vol. 72. p. 759. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026212033/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqahGAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA759">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Teufel-Hunden&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=759&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=John+Ames&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqahGAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ballendorf-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ballendorf_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallendorf1997" class="citation book cs1">Ballendorf, Dirk Anthony (1997). Pete Ellis: an amphibious warfare prophet, 1880–1923. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pete+Ellis%3A+an+amphibious+warfare+prophet%2C+1880%E2%80%931923&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ballendorf&rft.aufirst=Dirk+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/wwii/expanding-the-size-of-the-u-s-military-in-world-war-ii/">"Expanding the Size of the U.S. Military in World War II"</a>. warfarehistorynetwork.com. 26 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812194913/http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/wwii/expanding-the-size-of-the-u-s-military-in-world-war-ii/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warfarehistorynetwork.com&rft.atitle=Expanding+the+Size+of+the+U.S.+Military+in+World+War+II&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Fdaily%2Fwwii%2Fexpanding-the-size-of-the-u-s-military-in-world-war-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> Derrick Wright and Jim Laurier, Iwo Jima 1945: The Marines raise the flag on Mount Suribachi (2012)</li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> Chenoweth (2005), pp. 270–71</li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> Smith Jr., Thomas W., "Rivalry at Normandy", National Review, 4 June 2004</li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208103845/http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extcontent/usmc/index.htm">"Marines in World War II Commemorative Series"</a>. Marine Corps Historical Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/index.htm">the original</a> on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marines+in+World+War+II+Commemorative+Series&rft.pub=Marine+Corps+Historical+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Fwapa%2Findepth%2FextContent%2Fusmc%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2004" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Ron (2004). Medal of honor: historical facts & figures. Turner Publishing Company. p. 110. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-995-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-995-8"><bdi>978-1-56311-995-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medal+of+honor%3A+historical+facts+%26+figures&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-56311-995-8&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> Battle Orders – US Marine Corps Pacific Theater of Operations 1943–44, Gordon L Rottman, Osprey Publishing, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DeCwVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13">p. 13</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312130832/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DeCwVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13%26lpg%3DPA13%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D5BxH0UdfEJ%26sig%3DZO95VT9M57BofYTQFW-AhcQwCmM%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjikaeU7srSAhWo34MKHcSZB2c4ChDoAQg0MAc%23v%3Donepage%26f%3Dfalse">Archived</a> 12 March 2017 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-history.navy.mil-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-history.navy.mil_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525180137/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/Online%2520Reading%2520Room/Seabee%2520FAQs/SeaBees%2520and%2520the%2520US%2520Marine%2520Corps%2520II.pdf">"Seabees with the Marines, U.S. Navy Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme, CA 93043"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/Online%2520Reading%2520Room/Seabee%2520FAQs/SeaBees%2520and%2520the%2520US%2520Marine%2520Corps%2520II.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seabees+with+the+Marines%2C+U.S.+Navy+Seabee+Museum+Archives%2C+Port+Hueneme%2C+CA+93043&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fmuseums%2FSeabee%2FOnline%2520Reading%2520Room%2FSeabee%2520FAQs%2FSeaBees%2520and%2520the%2520US%2520Marine%2520Corps%2520II.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2002" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle: Ground and Air units in the Pacific War, 1939–1945. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 31. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31331-906-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31331-906-8"><bdi>978-0-31331-906-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Marine+Corps+World+War+II+Order+of+Battle%3A+Ground+and+Air+units+in+the+Pacific+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-31331-906-8&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Warren2007-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Warren2007_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2007" class="citation book cs1">Warren, James A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/americanspartans00jame">American Spartans: The U.S. Marines: A Combat History from Iwo Jima to Iraq</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/americanspartans00jame/page/70">70</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3297-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3297-2"><bdi>978-1-4165-3297-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Spartans%3A+The+U.S.+Marines%3A+A+Combat+History+from+Iwo+Jima+to+Iraq&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-3297-2&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanspartans00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Clancy1996-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Clancy1996_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tom_Clancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tom Clancy">Clancy, Tom</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DwQG95Vd5iYYC%26pg%3DPT670">Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit</a>. Penguin Group US. p. 670. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4295-2009-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4295-2009-6"><bdi>978-1-4295-2009-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708150644/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DwQG95Vd5iYYC%26pg%3DPT670">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine%3A+A+Guided+Tour+of+a+Marine+Expeditionary+Unit&rft.pages=670&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+US&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-4295-2009-6&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQG95Vd5iYYC%26pg%3DPT670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Krulak-75">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Krulak_75-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Krulak_75-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Krulak_75-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrulak1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_H._Krulak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor H. Krulak">Krulak, Victor H.</a> (1984). First To Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-785-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-785-2"><bdi>0-87021-785-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+To+Fight%3A+An+Inside+View+of+the+U.S.+Marine+Corps&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-87021-785-2&rft.aulast=Krulak&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"> Chapter 7, The Marines' Push Button pp. 113–119.</li> <li id="cite_note-Fehrenbach-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fehrenbach_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehrenbach1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T._R._Fehrenbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="T. R. Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach, T. R.</a> (1994). This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History. Brassey's. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-259-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-259-7"><bdi>1-57488-259-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Kind+of+War%3A+The+Classic+Korean+War+History&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-57488-259-7&rft.aulast=Fehrenbach&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806010111/http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/HD/Special_Interests/KWC/Fast_Facts.htm">"Fast Facts on the Korean War"</a>. History Division, U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/HD/Special_Interests/KWC/Fast_Facts.htm">the original</a> on 6 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fast+Facts+on+the+Korean+War&rft.pub=History+Division%2C+U.S.+Marine+Corps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil%2FHD%2FSpecial_Interests%2FKWC%2FFast_Facts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Millet-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Millet_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillet1991" class="citation book cs1">Millet, Alan R. (1991). Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 605. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-921596-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-921596-8"><bdi>978-0-02-921596-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semper+Fidelis%3A+The+History+of+the+United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=605&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-02-921596-8&rft.aulast=Millet&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq56-1.htm">Casualties: U.S. Navy and Marine Corps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605234857/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq56-1.htm">Archived</a> 5 June 2007 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United States Navy.</li> <li id="cite_note-CasualtiesTheWall-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CasualtiesTheWall_80-0">^</a> Official Navy figures number the marine deaths at 13,091. This source provides a number of 14,837. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902063652/http://thewall-usa.com/summary.asp">"U.S. Military Casualties in Southeast Asia"</a>. The Wall-USA. 31 March 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thewall-usa.com/summary.asp">the original</a> on 2 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Military+Casualties+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=The+Wall-USA&rft.date=1997-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewall-usa.com%2Fsummary.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CasualtiesUSN-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CasualtiesUSN_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605234857/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq56-1.htm">"Casualties: U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Killed and Wounded in Wars, Conflicts, Terrorist Acts, and Other Hostile Incidents"</a>. Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. 7 August 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq56-1.htm">the original</a> on 5 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualties%3A+U.S.+Navy+and+Marine+Corps+Personnel+Killed+and+Wounded+in+Wars%2C+Conflicts%2C+Terrorist+Acts%2C+and+Other+Hostile+Incidents&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Center%2C+Department+of+the+Navy&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq56-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-USMC-MOH-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-USMC-MOH_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806030250/http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/HD/Historical/Frequently_Requested/Medal_of_Honor.htm">"Marines Awarded the Medal of Honor"</a>. United States Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/HD/Historical/Frequently_Requested/Medal_of_Honor.htm">the original</a> on 6 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marines+Awarded+the+Medal+of+Honor&rft.pub=United+States+Marine+Corps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil%2FHD%2FHistorical%2FFrequently_Requested%2FMedal_of_Honor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">^</a> Simmons, 247.</li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20011005191719/http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/PART12.PDF">"The preannounced landing of U.S. Marines was witnessed by millions of U.S. primetime television viewers"</a> (PDF). United States Naval Aviation, 1910–1995. U.S. Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/PART12.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 October 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Naval+Aviation%2C+1910%E2%80%931995&rft.atitle=The+preannounced+landing+of+U.S.+Marines+was+witnessed+by+millions+of+U.S.+primetime+television+viewers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Favh-1910%2FPART12.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"> (PDF file, see "1992, 9 December" on p. 16)</li> <li id="cite_note-WhiteHouse-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WhiteHouse_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/print/20010920-8.html">"Address to Congress"</a>. Whitehouse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528020254/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/print/20010920-8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+to+Congress&rft.pub=Whitehouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2001%2F09%2Fprint%2F20010920-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://abc11.com/911-september-11-sept-2001-war-on-terror/10997075/">"After 9/11, Camp Lejeune Marines recall being first responders in War on Terror"</a>. ABC11 Raleigh-Durham. 7 September 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC11+Raleigh-Durham&rft.atitle=After+9%2F11%2C+Camp+Lejeune+Marines+recall+being+first+responders+in+War+on+Terror&rft.date=2021-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc11.com%2F911-september-11-sept-2001-war-on-terror%2F10997075%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-cut-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cut_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/06/gates.budget.cuts/index.html">"Gates Announces Major Pentagon Priority Shifts"</a>. CNN. 9 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417041415/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/06/gates.budget.cuts/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gates+Announces+Major+Pentagon+Priority+Shifts&rft.date=2009-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F04%2F06%2Fgates.budget.cuts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes_Spending-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NYTimes_Spending_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanker2010" class="citation news cs1">Shanker, Thom (8 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/us/politics/09gates.html">"Gates Takes Aim at Pentagon Spending"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509101742/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/us/politics/09gates.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gates+Takes+Aim+at+Pentagon+Spending&rft.date=2010-05-08&rft.aulast=Shanker&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F05%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F09gates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-WP_Spending-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WP_Spending_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffe2010" class="citation news cs1">Jaffe, Greg (9 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/08/AR2010050802495.html">"Gates: Cuts in Pentagon bureaucracy needed to help maintain military force"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509101556/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/08/AR2010050802495.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Gates%3A+Cuts+in+Pentagon+bureaucracy+needed+to+help+maintain+military+force&rft.date=2010-05-09&rft.aulast=Jaffe&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F05%2F08%2FAR2010050802495.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Rich (13 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428134513/http://www.themoneytimes.com/featured/20101113/marines-under-fire-pentagon-cuts-id-10141519.html">"Marines Under Fire From Pentagon Cuts"</a>. Money Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.themoneytimes.com/featured/20101113/marines-under-fire-pentagon-cuts-id-10141519.html">the original</a> on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Money+Times&rft.atitle=Marines+Under+Fire+From+Pentagon+Cuts&rft.date=2010-11-13&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoneytimes.com%2Ffeatured%2F20101113%2Fmarines-under-fire-pentagon-cuts-id-10141519.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.defenseone.com/management/2013/09/amos-america-needs-robust-crisis-response-force/70350/">"Amos: America Needs a Robust Crisis Response Force"</a>. Defense One. 16 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330025915/http://www.defenseone.com/management/2013/09/amos-america-needs-robust-crisis-response-force/70350/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense+One&rft.atitle=Amos%3A+America+Needs+a+Robust+Crisis+Response+Force&rft.date=2013-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fmanagement%2F2013%2F09%2Famos-america-needs-robust-crisis-response-force%2F70350%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20130918/NEWS/309180016">"Gen. Amos: 174,000 force would mean 11 fewer battalions, 14 fewer squadrons"</a>. Military Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123231509/http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20130918/NEWS/309180016">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+Times&rft.atitle=Gen.+Amos%3A+174%2C000+force+would+mean+11+fewer+battalions%2C+14+fewer+squadrons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarytimes.com%2Farticle%2F20130918%2FNEWS%2F309180016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0110/07/sm.06.html">"War Against Terror Will Involve Amorphous Front Lines"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=War+Against+Terror+Will+Involve+Amorphous+Front+Lines&rft.date=2001-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0110%2F07%2Fsm.06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-IHT-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IHT_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522074847/http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/11/27/a1_46.php">"Marines land in Afghanistan"</a>. International Herald Tribune. 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Retrieved 3 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Marines+land+in+Afghanistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2001%2F11%2F27%2Fa1_46.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1907217/Marines-launch-attack-on-Taliban-in-Helmand.html">"Marines launch attack on Taliban in Helmand"</a>. 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CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/12/21/iraq.haditha/index.html">the original</a> on 24 January 2007. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428123414/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/21/AR2006062100887.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2011. 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Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527000138/http://www.military.com/news/article/are-marines-out-of-iraq-for-good.html?ESRC%3Dmarine-a.nl">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Are+Marines+Out+of+Iraq+for+Good%3F&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fare-marines-out-of-iraq-for-good.html%3FESRC%3Dmarine-a.nl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ktla.com/2014/06/16/u-s-to-send-275-marines-to-iraq-wont-rule-out-cooperation-with-iran/">"U.S. to Send 275 Marines to Iraq, Won't Rule Out Cooperation With Iran"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KTLA&rft.atitle=U.S.+to+Send+275+Marines+to+Iraq%2C+Won%27t+Rule+Out+Cooperation+With+Iran&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fktla.com%2F2014%2F06%2F16%2Fu-s-to-send-275-marines-to-iraq-wont-rule-out-cooperation-with-iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CJTF-HOA2-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CJTF-HOA2_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103014254/http://www.hoa.centcom.mil/resources/english/facts.asp">"Fact Sheet – CJTF-HOA"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet+%E2%80%93+CJTF-HOA&rft.pub=Combined+Joint+Task+Force+%E2%80%93+Horn+of+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoa.centcom.mil%2Fresources%2Fenglish%2Ffacts.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-USMC2-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-USMC2_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2007" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Jeremy (7 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210224157/http://www.marines.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/lookupstoryref/20072844311">"26th MEU lands in Djibouti for deployment's first exercise"</a>. United States Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.marines.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/lookupstoryref/20072844311">the original</a> on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=26th+MEU+lands+in+Djibouti+for+deployment%27s+first+exercise&rft.pub=United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.date=2007-02-07&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2Fmarinelink%2Fmcn2000.nsf%2Flookupstoryref%2F20072844311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64294915">"How US Marines are being reshaped for China threat"</a>. BBC. 31 January 2023. 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ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210003821/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-02-06/back-roads-timber-creek-unlikely-friendship-adf-us-marines/103185138">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Since+soldiers+moved+to+this+former+cattle+station%2C+a+deeply+respectful+relationship+has+unfolded&rft.date=2024-02-05&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Kristy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2024-02-06%2Fback-roads-timber-creek-unlikely-friendship-adf-us-marines%2F103185138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Marine_Corps2007" class="citation book cs1">United States Marine Corps (2007). 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Cosimo, Inc. p. 19. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-062-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-062-3"><bdi>978-1-60206-062-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Corps+Operations&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60206-062-3&rft.au=United+States+Marine+Corps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BGenWilliams-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BGenWilliams_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation news cs1">Williams, BGen Willie J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.quantico.usmc.mil/activities/display.aspx?PID%3D1685%26Section%3DBaseInfo">the original</a> on 28 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+MCB+Quantico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantico.usmc.mil%2Factivities%2Fdisplay.aspx%3FPID%3D1685%26Section%3DBaseInfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174929/http://www.mcuf.org/about.asp">"About Marine Corps University"</a>. U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mcuf.org/about.asp">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. 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Military.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008003921/http://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,082205_Marines,00.htm?ESRC%3Dmarine.nl">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marines%2C+Navy+SEALs+Forge+New+Special+Operations+Team%3B+An+exclusive+interview+with+U.S.+Navy+SEAL+Commander+Mark+Divine&rft.pub=Military.com&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=W+Thomas+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2FNewContent%2F0%2C13190%2C082205_Marines%2C00.htm%3FESRC%3Dmarine.nl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Priddy-117">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Priddy_117-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Priddy_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriddy2006" class="citation news cs1">Priddy, Maj. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010175717/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/01/AR2005110102069.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Elite+Marine+Unit+to+Help+Fight+Terrorism%2C+Force+to+Be+Part+of+Special+Operations&rft.date=2005-11-02&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F11%2F01%2FAR2005110102069.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">^</a> Estes (1986), p. 60</li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hqmc.marines.mil/smmc/Biography/">"Biography"</a>. www.hqmc.marines.mil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716010153/https://www.hqmc.marines.mil/smmc/Biography/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hqmc.marines.mil&rft.atitle=Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hqmc.marines.mil%2Fsmmc%2FBiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.womenmarines.org/wm-history">"Women Marines Association"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712001021/https://www.womenmarines.org/wm-history">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2017. 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Retrieved 8 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military.com&rft.atitle=Enlisted+Marine+Corps+Ranks&rft.aulast=Bajza&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2Fmarine-corps%2Fenlisted-ranks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jcs.mil/About/The-Joint-Staff/Senior-Enlisted-Advisor-to-the-Chairman/">"SEAC - Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman"</a>. www.jcs.mil. Retrieved 18 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jcs.mil&rft.atitle=SEAC+-+Senior+Enlisted+Advisor+to+the+Chairman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcs.mil%2FAbout%2FThe-Joint-Staff%2FSenior-Enlisted-Advisor-to-the-Chairman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tom_Clancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tom Clancy">Clancy, Tom</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/marineguidedtour00clan/page/46">Marine: a guided tour of a Marine expeditionary unit</a>. Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/marineguidedtour00clan/page/46">46</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-15454-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-15454-0"><bdi>978-0-425-15454-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine%3A+a+guided+tour+of+a+Marine+expeditionary+unit&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-425-15454-0&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarineguidedtour00clan%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marinesbootcamphq.com/marine-corps-initial-strength-test/">"Marine Corps Initial Strength Test - MarinesBootCampHQ.com"</a>. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+Corps+Initial+Strength+Test+-+MarinesBootCampHQ.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinesbootcamphq.com%2Fmarine-corps-initial-strength-test%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_L._DeKoning2006" class="citation book cs1">Bernard L. DeKoning, ed. (2006). Recruit Medicine: Textbooks of Military Medicine. Government Printing Office. p. 33. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-076718-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-076718-0"><bdi>978-0-16-076718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recruit+Medicine%3A+Textbooks+of+Military+Medicine&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-16-076718-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicks2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Ricks, Thomas E.</a> (2007). Making the Corps: 10th Anniversary Edition with a New Afterword by the Author (10 ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 239. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4450-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4450-0"><bdi>978-1-4165-4450-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+Corps%3A+10th+Anniversary+Edition+with+a+New+Afterword+by+the+Author&rft.pages=239&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-4450-0&rft.aulast=Ricks&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-uniform-141">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-uniform_141-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-uniform_141-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-uniform_141-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008135448/http://www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/sites/mcub/pages/uniform%2520regs%2520chapters/Uniform%2520Regs%2520Index.asp">"Mco p1020.34g"</a>. United States Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/sites/mcub/PAGES/Uniform%2520Regs%2520Chapters/Uniform%2520Regs%2520Index.asp">the original</a> on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mco+p1020.34g&rft.pub=United+States+Marine+Corps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil%2Fsites%2Fmcub%2FPAGES%2FUniform%2520Regs%2520Chapters%2FUniform%2520Regs%2520Index.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.marines.mil/news/messages/Pages/MESSAGES198.aspx">ALMAR 007/08</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813032114/http://www.marines.mil/news/messages/Pages/MESSAGES198.aspx">Archived</a> 13 August 2008 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> directing seasonal uniform changes</li> <li id="cite_note-DCNT925052-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DCNT925052_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.newstimes.com/news/article/Don-t-call-a-Marine-a-soldier-or-sailor-62554.php">"Don't call a Marine a soldier or sailor"</a>. The News-Times. Danbury, CT. 25 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525180208/http://www.newstimes.com/news/article/Don-t-call-a-Marine-a-soldier-or-sailor-62554.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News-Times&rft.atitle=Don%27t+call+a+Marine+a+soldier+or+sailor&rft.date=2005-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstimes.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FDon-t-call-a-Marine-a-soldier-or-sailor-62554.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107114803/http://www.uspharmd.com/usmc/mcega.htm">"U.S. Marine Corps Emblem"</a>. U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.uspharmd.com/usmc/mcega.htm">the original</a> on 7 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Marine+Corps+Emblem&rft.pub=U.S.+Marine+Corps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspharmd.com%2Fusmc%2Fmcega.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Customs_EmblemSeal-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Customs_EmblemSeal_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219202302/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Customes_Traditions/Emblem_Seal.htm">"Marine Corps Emblem and Seal"</a>. Customs and Traditions. Reference Branch, History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Customes_Traditions/Emblem_Seal.htm">the original</a> on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Customs+and+Traditions&rft.atitle=Marine+Corps+Emblem+and+Seal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tecom.usmc.mil%2FHD%2FCustomes_Traditions%2FEmblem_Seal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Customs2-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Customs2_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304212218/http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/hd/historical/Customs_and_Traditions.htm">"USMC Customs and Traditions"</a>. History Division, U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/hd/historical/Customs_and_Traditions.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USMC+Customs+and+Traditions&rft.pub=History+Division%2C+U.S.+Marine+Corps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil%2Fhd%2Fhistorical%2FCustoms_and_Traditions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806095953/http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/HD/Historical/Customes_Traditions/Birthday_Celebration.htm">"Marine Corps Birthday Celebration"</a>. USMC History Division. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/Pages/Customs_Traditions/Birthday_Celebration.aspx">the original</a> on 6 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+Corps+Birthday+Celebration&rft.pub=USMC+History+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcu.usmc.mil%2Fhistorydivision%2FPages%2FCustoms_Traditions%2FBirthday_Celebration.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710044843/http://www.iiimef.usmc.mil/medical/FMF/FMFE/FMFEref/SC_0503_SH_Drill_%2528Platoon%2529.doc">"Drill a Platoon Sized Unit"</a>. Student Handout. Marine Corps University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iiimef.usmc.mil/medical/FMF/FMFE/FMFEref/SC_0503_SH_Drill_(Platoon).doc">the original</a> on 10 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Student+Handout&rft.atitle=Drill+a+Platoon+Sized+Unit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiimef.usmc.mil%2Fmedical%2FFMF%2FFMFE%2FFMFEref%2FSC_0503_SH_Drill_%28Platoon%29.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Marine Corps History, Customs, and Courtesies". U.S. Marine Guidebook. United states Marine Corps. 2010. p. 37. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-941-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-941-9"><bdi>978-1-60239-941-9</bdi></a>. <q>Marines fought like teufel hunden, legendary wild, devil dogs that at one time roamed the forests of northern Germany</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marine+Corps+History%2C+Customs%2C+and+Courtesies&rft.btitle=U.S.+Marine+Guidebook&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=United+states+Marine+Corps&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-941-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1988" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Thomas (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/walkingpointamer0000myer">"Hearts of Darkness"</a>. Walking Point: American Narratives of Vietnam. Oxford University Press, USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/walkingpointamer0000myer/page/114">114</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505351-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505351-7"><bdi>978-0-19-505351-7</bdi></a>. <q>He reminds his charges that "at Belleau Wood the Marines were so vicious that the German infantrymen called them Teufel-Hunden – 'devil dogs'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hearts+of+Darkness&rft.btitle=Walking+Point%3A+American+Narratives+of+Vietnam&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505351-7&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalkingpointamer0000myer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaseleski2009" class="citation book cs1">Waseleski, Michael (2009). To Lead by the Unknowing, to Do the Unthinkable. AuthorHouse. p. 5. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-5676-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-5676-3"><bdi>978-1-4389-5676-3</bdi></a>. <q>the 5th and 6th Marine Regiments earned the nickname of "Teufel Hunden" (devil dog) by the Germans in World War I during the 1918 Château-Thierry campaign near the French village of Bouresches, the Battle of Belleau Wood</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Lead+by+the+Unknowing%2C+to+Do+the+Unthinkable&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4389-5676-3&rft.aulast=Waseleski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.6thmarines.marines.mil/Units/1st-Battalion/History/">"6th Marine Regiment > Units > 1st Battalion > History"</a>. www.6thmarines.marines.mil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804164709/https://www.6thmarines.marines.mil/Units/1st-Battalion/History/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.6thmarines.marines.mil&rft.atitle=6th+Marine+Regiment+%3E+Units+%3E+1st+Battalion+%3E+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.6thmarines.marines.mil%2FUnits%2F1st-Battalion%2FHistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2011" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon (2011). "GI and Gyrene Jargon US Army and Marine Corps Slang". FUBAR F***ed Up Beyond All Recognition: Soldier Slang of World War II. Osprey Publishing. p. 49. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-653-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-653-0"><bdi>978-1-84908-653-0</bdi></a>. <q>based on Chinese pronunciation of Marine</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GI+and+Gyrene+Jargon+US+Army+and+Marine+Corps+Slang&rft.btitle=FUBAR+F%2A%2A%2Aed+Up+Beyond+All+Recognition%3A+Soldier+Slang+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-653-0&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Marine Corps History, Customs, and Courtesies". U.S. Marine Guidebook. United states Marine Corps. 2010. p. 37. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-941-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-941-9"><bdi>978-1-60239-941-9</bdi></a>. <q>In 1804 the Secretary of the Navy ordered Marines to wear black leather stock collars when on duty</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marine+Corps+History%2C+Customs%2C+and+Courtesies&rft.btitle=U.S.+Marine+Guidebook&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=United+states+Marine+Corps&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-941-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2011" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon (2011). "GI and Gyrene Jargon US Army and Marine Corps Slang". FUBAR F***ed Up Beyond All Recognition: Soldier Slang of World War II. Osprey Publishing. p. 51. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-653-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-653-0"><bdi>978-1-84908-653-0</bdi></a>. <q>Most likely it was the pillbox cap and high stiff collar making a Marine appear similar to a Mason jar</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GI+and+Gyrene+Jargon+US+Army+and+Marine+Corps+Slang&rft.btitle=FUBAR+F%2A%2A%2Aed+Up+Beyond+All+Recognition%3A+Soldier+Slang+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-653-0&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauptman2023" class="citation news cs1">Hauptman, Max (5 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://taskandpurpose.com/culture/marines-eat-crayons-joke-history/">"When did Marines really start eating crayons: An investigation"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Task_%26_Purpose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Task & Purpose">Task & Purpose</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Task+%26+Purpose&rft.atitle=When+did+Marines+really+start+eating+crayons%3A+An+investigation&rft.date=2023-01-05&rft.aulast=Hauptman&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaskandpurpose.com%2Fculture%2Fmarines-eat-crayons-joke-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2019" class="citation news cs1">Snow, Shawn (21 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.militarytimes.com/newsletters/good-news-report/2019/02/21/hey-crayon-eaters-these-m27-rifles-are-built-to-be-marine-proof-heckler-koch-says-in-viral-post/">"Hey, crayon eaters, these M27 rifles are built to be 'Marine proof' Heckler & Koch says in viral post"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Times">Military Times</a>. Retrieved 20 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Times&rft.atitle=Hey%2C+crayon+eaters%2C+these+M27+rifles+are+built+to+be+%27Marine+proof%27+Heckler+%26+Koch+says+in+viral+post&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarytimes.com%2Fnewsletters%2Fgood-news-report%2F2019%2F02%2F21%2Fhey-crayon-eaters-these-m27-rifles-are-built-to-be-marine-proof-heckler-koch-says-in-viral-post%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiresman_III" class="citation web cs1">Hiresman III, LCpl. Paul W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224075640/http://www.usmc.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/0/5e9ec5069a2612df85256fea0055d070?OpenDocument%26Highlight%3D2%252COorah">"The meaning of 'Oorah' traced back to its roots"</a>. Marine Corps News. United States Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.usmc.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/0/5e9ec5069a2612df85256fea0055d070?OpenDocument%26Highlight%3D2,Oorah">the original</a> on 24 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+Corps+News&rft.atitle=The+meaning+of+%27Oorah%27+traced+back+to+its+roots&rft.aulast=Hiresman+III&rft.aufirst=LCpl.+Paul+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmc.mil%2Fmarinelink%2Fmcn2000.nsf%2F0%2F5e9ec5069a2612df85256fea0055d070%3FOpenDocument%26Highlight%3D2%2COorah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantamariaMartinoClemons2005" class="citation book cs1">Santamaria, Jason A.; Martino, Vincent; Clemons, Eric K. (2005). The Marine Corps Way: Using Maneuver Warfare to Lead a Winning Organization. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 149. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-145883-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-145883-2"><bdi>978-0-07-145883-2</bdi></a>. <q>Long before Hollywood popularized it, Marines used the phrase to reflect their preference for being a fluid, loosely reined force that could spontaneously react to rapidly changing situations, rather than a rigid outfit that moved in a specific direction with a precise plan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marine+Corps+Way%3A+Using+Maneuver+Warfare+to+Lead+a+Winning+Organization&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-07-145883-2&rft.aulast=Santamaria&rft.aufirst=Jason+A.&rft.au=Martino%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Clemons%2C+Eric+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskewLoweMonausCooper2021" class="citation web cs1">Askew, Simone; Lowe, Jack; Monaus, Nette; Cooper, Kirsten L. (27 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://warontherocks.com/2021/04/weve-been-here-before-learning-from-the-militarys-history-with-white-nationalism/">"We've Been Here Before: Learning From the Military's History with White Nationalism"</a>. War on the Rocks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518002136/https://warontherocks.com/2021/04/weve-been-here-before-learning-from-the-militarys-history-with-white-nationalism/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+on+the+Rocks&rft.atitle=We%27ve+Been+Here+Before%3A+Learning+From+the+Military%27s+History+with+White+Nationalism&rft.date=2021-04-27&rft.aulast=Askew&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Jack&rft.au=Monaus%2C+Nette&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Kirsten+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarontherocks.com%2F2021%2F04%2Fweve-been-here-before-learning-from-the-militarys-history-with-white-nationalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Yi-161"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Yi_161-0">^</a> Yi, Capt. Jamison, USMC. "MCMAP and the Warrior Ethos", Military Review, November–December 2004.</li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranck2003" class="citation journal cs1">Franck, Loren (2003). "The Few and the Proud: A Tradition of Excellence Fuels the US Marine Corps Martial Arts Program". 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United States Marine Corps Flagship. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Marine+Corps+Flagship&rft.atitle=PM+Infantry+Weapons+undergoing+largest+modernization+effort+in+decades&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2FNews%2FNews-Display%2FArticle%2F2191327%2Fpm-infantry-weapons-undergoing-largest-modernization-effort-in-decades%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.marines.mil%252FNews%252FNews-Display%252FArticle%252F2191327%252Fpm-infantry-weapons-undergoing-largest-modernization-effort-in-decades%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://kitup.military.com/2010/03/top-marine-glad-to-have-m16a4-standard.html">"Top Marine Glad to Have M16A4 Standard"</a>. Kit Up!. Military.com. 25 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328044510/http://kitup.military.com/2010/03/top-marine-glad-to-have-m16a4-standard.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kit+Up%21&rft.atitle=Top+Marine+Glad+to+Have+M16A4+Standard&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkitup.military.com%2F2010%2F03%2Ftop-marine-glad-to-have-m16a4-standard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110131959/http://www.marines.mil/news/publications/Documents/NAVMC%2520DIR%25203500.90.pdf">"NAVMC Directive 3500.90: Marine Corps Security Guard Battalion Training and Readiness Manual, (Short Title: MSGBN T&R Manual)"</a> (PDF). Headquarters Marine Corps. 4 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://marines.mil/news/publications/Documents/NAVMC%2520DIR%25203500.90.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAVMC+Directive+3500.90%3A+Marine+Corps+Security+Guard+Battalion+Training+and+Readiness+Manual%2C+%28Short+Title%3A+MSGBN+T%26R+Manual%29&rft.pub=Headquarters+Marine+Corps&rft.date=2006-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarines.mil%2Fnews%2Fpublications%2FDocuments%2FNAVMC%2520DIR%25203500.90.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/2358194/marine-corps-fields-first-new-service-pistol-in-35-years/https%253A%252F%252Fwww.marines.mil%252FNews%252FNews-Display%252FArticle%252F2358194%252Fmarine-corps-fields-first-new-service-pistol-in-35-years%252F">"Marine Corps fields first new service pistol in 35 years"</a>. United States Marine Corps Flagship. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Marine+Corps+Flagship&rft.atitle=Marine+Corps+fields+first+new+service+pistol+in+35+years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2FNews%2FNews-Display%2FArticle%2F2358194%2Fmarine-corps-fields-first-new-service-pistol-in-35-years%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.marines.mil%252FNews%252FNews-Display%252FArticle%252F2358194%252Fmarine-corps-fields-first-new-service-pistol-in-35-years%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge_Seck2018" class="citation web cs1">Hodge Seck, Hope (5 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.military.com/kitup/2018/01/05/m27s-and-head-toe-gear-overhaul-way-marine-grunts.html">"M27s and 'Head-to-Toe' Gear Overhaul on the Way for Marine Grunts"</a>. Military.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107233105/https://www.military.com/kitup/2018/01/05/m27s-and-head-toe-gear-overhaul-way-marine-grunts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military.com&rft.atitle=M27s+and+%27Head-to-Toe%27+Gear+Overhaul+on+the+Way+for+Marine+Grunts&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft.aulast=Hodge+Seck&rft.aufirst=Hope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2Fkitup%2F2018%2F01%2F05%2Fm27s-and-head-toe-gear-overhaul-way-marine-grunts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambling2021" class="citation web cs1">Hambling, David (5 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2021/01/05/stealth-fighters-why-all-marine-infantry-are-getting-silencers/">"Stealth Fighters: Why U.S. Marine Corps Is Issuing Silencers To All Infantry Units"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128025625/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2021/01/05/stealth-fighters-why-all-marine-infantry-are-getting-silencers/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Stealth+Fighters%3A+Why+U.S.+Marine+Corps+Is+Issuing+Silencers+To+All+Infantry+Units&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft.aulast=Hambling&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdavidhambling%2F2021%2F01%2F05%2Fstealth-fighters-why-all-marine-infantry-are-getting-silencers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/2103936/marines-test-grenade-launcher-during-fielding-event/">"Marines test grenade launcher during fielding event"</a>. United States Marine Corps Flagship. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Marine+Corps+Flagship&rft.atitle=Marines+test+grenade+launcher+during+fielding+event&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2FNews%2FNews-Display%2FArticle%2F2103936%2Fmarines-test-grenade-launcher-during-fielding-event%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marines.mil/News/Marines-TV/videoid/297637/dvpTag/fragmentation/">"Service Members Throw M-67 Fragmentation Grenades"</a>. marines.mil. 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USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.nsf/7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c/03ae5c82962bc0f48525627b006d3126?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 25 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USMC+Fact+File&rft.atitle=M40A1+Sniper+Rifle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hqmc.usmc.mil%2Ffactfile.nsf%2F7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c%2F03ae5c82962bc0f48525627b006d3126%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-173">^</a> John Antal "Packing a Punch: America's Man-Portable Antitank Weapons" page 88 Military Technology 3/2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq%3Dx0:jrnl%26q%3Dn2:0722-3226">0722-3226</a></li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fbo.gov/index?tab%3Dcore%26s%3Dopportunity%26mode%3Dform%26id%3D6aea0552c87c7c9afb20167e1b193acc">"Light Assault Weapon (LAW)"</a>. FBO.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214055038/https://www.fbo.gov/index?tab%3Dcore%26s%3Dopportunity%26mode%3Dform%26id%3D6aea0552c87c7c9afb20167e1b193acc">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Light+Assault+Weapon+%28LAW%29&rft.pub=FBO.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbo.gov%2Findex%3Ftab%3Dcore%26s%3Dopportunity%26mode%3Dform%26id%3D6aea0552c87c7c9afb20167e1b193acc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211021126/http://www.hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.nsf/7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c/4ba8f1e3958ca16d8525628100789abb?OpenDocument">"Tube Launched, Optically Tracked, Wire Guided (TOW) Missile Weapon System"</a>. USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.nsf/7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c/4ba8f1e3958ca16d8525628100789abb?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 11 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USMC+Fact+File&rft.atitle=Tube+Launched%2C+Optically+Tracked%2C+Wire+Guided+%28TOW%29+Missile+Weapon+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hqmc.usmc.mil%2Ffactfile.nsf%2F7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c%2F4ba8f1e3958ca16d8525628100789abb%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20030428184054/http://www.hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.nsf/7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c/b54eb957c0d3b17a852562830058111b?OpenDocument">"Light Armored Vehicle-25 (LAV-25)"</a>. USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine Corps. 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Stars and Stripes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204030021/https://www.stripes.com/news/marine-corps/a-farewell-to-armor-marine-corps-shuts-down-tank-units-hauls-away-m1a1s-1.639355%23:~:text%3DAfter%2520serving%25202nd%2520MARDIV%2520for,the%2520Marine%2520Corps%2527%2520modernization%2520plan.%26text%3DA%2520U.S.%2520Marine%2520with%25202nd,N.C.,%2520July%252027,%25202020.">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stars+and+Stripes&rft.atitle=A+farewell+to+armor%3A+Marine+Corps+shuts+down+tank+units%2C+hauls+away+M1A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Fnews%2Fmarine-corps%2Fa-farewell-to-armor-marine-corps-shuts-down-tank-units-hauls-away-m1a1s-1.639355%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAfter%2520serving%25202nd%2520MARDIV%2520for%2Cthe%2520Marine%2520Corps%2527%2520modernization%2520plan.%26text%3DA%2520U.S.%2520Marine%2520with%25202nd%2CN.C.%2C%2520July%252027%2C%25202020.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205090648/http://www.hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.nsf/7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c/a251c8116905c4b98525626d00777b4b?OpenDocument">"AH-1W Super Cobra Helicopter"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USMC+Fact+File&rft.atitle=AH-1W+Super+Cobra+Helicopter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hqmc.usmc.mil%2Ffactfile.nsf%2F7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c%2Fa251c8116905c4b98525626d00777b4b%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/vision/Corpsr.htm">"Marine Corps Rotary Wing"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105060424/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/vision/Corpsr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2015. 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James Kuhn (2 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724224601/http://www.nuwc.navy.mil/hq/video/enduringfreedom/video.html">Enduring Freedom</a> (Film). Department of the Navy. 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Retrieved 17 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Elite+Marine+Unit+to+Help+Fight+Terrorism&rft.date=2005-11-03&rft.au=Bradley+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F11%2F01%2FAR2005110102069.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nationalguard.com/m2gl">"Marine to Guard"</a>. National Guard. 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Retrieved 30 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Go+Army&rft.atitle=Go+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarmy.com%2Fcareers-and-jobs%2Fcurrent-and-prior-service%2Fcontinue-serving%2Ftransitioning-services%2Finter-service-transfer-program.m.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.airforce.com/careers/detail/tactical-air-control-party-specialist-tacp">"U.S. Air Force – Career Detail – Tactical Air Control Party Specialist (TACP)"</a>. airforce.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822015335/https://www.airforce.com/careers/detail/tactical-air-control-party-specialist-tacp">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airforce.com&rft.atitle=U.S.+Air+Force+%E2%80%93+Career+Detail+%E2%80%93+Tactical+Air+Control+Party+Specialist+%28TACP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforce.com%2Fcareers%2Fdetail%2Ftactical-air-control-party-specialist-tacp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119110547/http://www.apc.au.af.mil/text/oap/purpose.htm">"Purpose of JFACC (archived)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.apc.au.af.mil/text/oap/purpose.htm">the original</a> on 19 November 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purpose+of+JFACC+%28archived%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apc.au.af.mil%2Ftext%2Foap%2Fpurpose.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"> U.S. Air Force</li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Marine_Corps2005" class="citation book cs1">United States Marine Corps (2005). Expeditionary Operations (Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication 3). Willside Press LLC. p. 83. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55742-371-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55742-371-9"><bdi>978-1-55742-371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expeditionary+Operations+%28Marine+Corps+Doctrinal+Publication+3%29&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Willside+Press+LLC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55742-371-9&rft.au=United+States+Marine+Corps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222114848/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_30.pdf">"Command and Control of Joint Air Operations"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_30.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Command+and+Control+of+Joint+Air+Operations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fdoctrine%2Fnew_pubs%2Fjp3_30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.security-guard.ca/maritime-security-jobs/">"Joint Maritime Training Center"</a>. Uscg.mil. 16 March 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Maritime+Training+Center&rft.pub=Uscg.mil.&rft.date=2009-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.security-guard.ca%2Fmaritime-security-jobs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.uscg.mil/smtc/Default.asp">"Joint Maritime Training Center website"</a>. Uscg.mil. 8 December 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Maritime+Training+Center+website&rft.pub=Uscg.mil&rft.date=2010-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscg.mil%2Fsmtc%2FDefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.secnav.navy.mil/fmc/fmb/Documents/19pres/Highlights_book.pdf">"Highlights of the Department of the Navy FY 2019 Budget"</a> (PDF). 23 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412083530/https://www.secnav.navy.mil/fmc/fmb/Documents/19pres/Highlights_book.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+the+Department+of+the+Navy+FY+2019+Budget&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secnav.navy.mil%2Ffmc%2Ffmb%2FDocuments%2F19pres%2FHighlights_book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeputy_Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Budget)2019" class="citation report cs1">Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Budget) (12 March 2019). "Resource Summary". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.secnav.navy.mil/fmc/fmb/Documents/20pres/Budget%2520Highlights%2520Book.pdf">Highlights of the Department of the Navy – FY 2020 Budget</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of the Navy">United States Department of the Navy</a> (Report). p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223180530/https://www.secnav.navy.mil/fmc/fmb/Documents/20pres/Budget%2520Highlights%2520Book.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+the+Department+of+the+Navy+%E2%80%93+FY+2020+Budget&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.au=Deputy+Assistant+Secretary+of+the+Navy+%28Budget%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.secnav.navy.mil%2Ffmc%2Ffmb%2FDocuments%2F20pres%2FBudget%2520Highlights%2520Book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisk2014" class="citation web cs1">Sisk, Richard (7 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dodbuzz.com/2014/02/07/corps-becomes-first-service-to-pass-audit/">"Corps Becomes First Service to Pass Audit"</a>. dodbuzz.com. Military Advantage, A Monster Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207164754/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2014/02/07/corps-becomes-first-service-to-pass-audit/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dodbuzz.com&rft.atitle=Corps+Becomes+First+Service+to+Pass+Audit&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.aulast=Sisk&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dodbuzz.com%2F2014%2F02%2F07%2Fcorps-becomes-first-service-to-pass-audit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=59&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <noscript> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Marine Corps</a>.</li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=60&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about United States Marine Corps <hr> </div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DUnited%2BStates%2BMarine%2BCorps">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DUnited%2BStates%2BMarine%2BCorps%26library%3D0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2006" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Douglas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420134128/http://www.douglasfosterbooks.com/">Braving the Fear: The True Story of Rowdy US Marines in the Gulf War</a>. Frederick, Maryland: PublishAmerica. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4137-9902-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-4137-9902-7"><bdi>1-4137-9902-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.DouglasFosterBooks.com">the original</a> on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Braving+the+Fear%3A+The+True+Story+of+Rowdy+US+Marines+in+the+Gulf+War&rft.place=Frederick%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=PublishAmerica&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4137-9902-7&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.DouglasFosterBooks.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2007" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, Marco (2007). Hard Corps: From Gangster to Marine Hero. New York: Crown Forum. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38304-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38304-4"><bdi>978-0-307-38304-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Corps%3A+From+Gangster+to+Marine+Hero&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Forum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-38304-4&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicks1997" class="citation book cs1">Ricks, Thomas E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/makingcorps00rick_1">Making the Corps</a>. New York: Scribner. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4165-4450-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-4165-4450-X"><bdi>1-4165-4450-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+Corps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-4165-4450-X&rft.aulast=Ricks&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingcorps00rick_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlbrich2011" class="citation book cs1">Ulbrich, David J. (2011). Preparing for Victory: Thomas Holcomb and the Making of Modern Marine Corps, 1935–1943. Annapolis, Maryland: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Naval Institute">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-903-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-903-3"><bdi>978-1-59114-903-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preparing+for+Victory%3A+Thomas+Holcomb+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Marine+Corps%2C+1935%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-903-3&rft.aulast=Ulbrich&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Marine+Corps" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&section=61&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">United States Marine Corps at Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a> </div> <div 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.marines.mil/">Marines.mil – Official site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20121212034559/http://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/">Marine Corps History Division</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.usmcmuseum.org/">Marine Corps Heritage Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502131727/http://www.usmcmuseum.org/">Archived</a> 2 May 2006 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Korpusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258C%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2580" title="মার্কিন নৌসেনাবাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন নৌসেনাবাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25AD-kok_H%25C3%25A1i-peng-t%25C5%25ABi" title="Bí-kok Hái-peng-tūi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok Hái-peng-tūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D1%2581_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BF%25D1%258F%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D1%258B_%25D0%2597%25D0%25A8%25D0%2590" title="Корпус марской пяхоты ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Корпус марской пяхоты ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D1%2581_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A1%25D1%258A%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2589%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8" title="Корпус на морската пехота на Съединените щати – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корпус на морската пехота на Съединените щати" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korf_Fuzuilhourien-vor_ar_Stado%25C3%25B9-Unanet" title="Korf Fuzuilhourien-vor ar Stadoù-Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Korf Fuzuilhourien-vor ar Stadoù-Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos_de_Marines_dels_Estats_Units_d%2527Am%25C3%25A8rica" title="Cos de Marines dels Estats Units d'Amèrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cos de Marines dels Estats Units d'Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25A1mo%25C5%2599n%25C3%25AD_p%25C4%259Bchota_Spojen%25C3%25BDch_st%25C3%25A1t%25C5%25AF_americk%25C3%25BDch" title="Námořní pěchota Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Námořní pěchota Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfflu_M%25C3%25B4r-filwyr_yr_Unol_Daleithiau" title="Corfflu Môr-filwyr yr Unol Daleithiau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Corfflu Môr-filwyr yr Unol Daleithiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="United States Marine Corps" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Marine Corps" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%25C3%259Chendriikide_merejalav%25C3%25A4gi" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide merejalavägi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide merejalavägi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A3%25CF%258E%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1_%25CE%25A0%25CE%25B5%25CE%25B6%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1%25CF%2585%25CF%2584%25CF%258E%25CE%25BD_%25CF%2584%25CF%2589%25CE%25BD_%25CE%2597%25CE%25A0%25CE%2591" title="Σώμα Πεζοναυτών των ΗΠΑ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σώμα Πεζοναυτών των ΗΠΑ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerpo_de_Marines_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Cuerpo de Marines de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuerpo de Marines de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Marinfanteria_Korpuso" title="Usona Marinfanteria Korpuso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Marinfanteria Korpuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Marineen_Gorputza" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Marineen Gorputza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Marineen Gorputza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%25BE%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2581%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA_%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A2%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7" title="سپاه تفنگداران دریایی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سپاه تفنگداران دریایی ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="United States Marine Corps" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25AF%25B8%25EA%25B5%25AD_%25ED%2595%25B4%25EB%25B3%2591%25EB%258C%2580" title="미국 해병대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 해병대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B1%25D5%2584%25D5%2586_%25D5%25AE%25D5%25B8%25D5%25BE%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25B0%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BF%25D6%2587%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25AB_%25D5%25AF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25BA%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25BD" title="ԱՄՆ ծովային հետևակի կորպուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ ծովային հետևակի կորպուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="संयुक्त राज्य समुद्री कोर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त राज्य समुद्री कोर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornari%25C4%258Dki_zbor_Sjedinjenih_Dr%25C5%25BEava" title="Mornarički zbor Sjedinjenih Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mornarički zbor Sjedinjenih Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korps_Marinir_Amerika_Serikat" title="Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="United States Marine Corps" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2597%25D7%2599%25D7%259C_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A0%25D7%2597%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599%25D7%259D_%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C_%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A6%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2594%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="חיל הנחתים של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיל הנחתים של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_J%25C5%25ABras_k%25C4%2581jnieku_korpuss" title="ASV Jūras kājnieku korpuss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV Jūras kājnieku korpuss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%25C5%25B3_Valstij%25C5%25B3_j%25C5%25ABr%25C5%25B3_p%25C4%2597stinink%25C5%25B3_korpusas" title="Jungtinių Valstijų jūrų pėstininkų korpusas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinių Valstijų jūrų pėstininkų korpusas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%25C3%25BClt_%25C3%2581llamok_Tenger%25C3%25A9szgyalogs%25C3%25A1ga" title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok Tengerészgyalogsága – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok Tengerészgyalogsága" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor_Marin_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Kor Marin Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kor Marin Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United States Marine Corps" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25A2%25E3%2583%25A1%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2582%25AB%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E5%2585%25B5%25E9%259A%258A" title="アメリカ海兵隊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ海兵隊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="United States Marine Corps" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="United States Marine Corps" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C_%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="امریکی میرین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امریکی میرین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="United States Marine Corps" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_de_Fuzileiros_Navais_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="United States Marine Corps" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D1%2581_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D1%258B_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25A8%25D0%2590" title="Корпус морской пехоты США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корпус морской пехоты США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_States_Marine_Corps" title="Unitit States Marine Corps – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unitit States Marine Corps" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trupat_e_Marin%25C3%25ABs_s%25C3%25AB_Shteteve_t%25C3%25AB_Bashkuara" title="Trupat e Marinës së Shteteve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trupat e Marinës së Shteteve të Bashkuara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Marine Corps" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="United States Marine Corps" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpus_mornari%25C5%25A1ke_pehote_Zdru%25C5%25BEenih_dr%25C5%25BEav_Amerike" title="Korpus mornariške pehote Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Korpus mornariške pehote Združenih držav Amerike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25BE%25DB%258E%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C_%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25DB%2595%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AF%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA%25DB%2595_%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25DA%25A9%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D9%2588%25DB%2595%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="ھێزی پیادەی دەریاییی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێزی پیادەی دەریاییی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D1%2581_%25D0%25A1%25D0%2590%25D0%2594" title="Марински корпус САД – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марински корпус САД" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinski_zbor_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%25C4%258Dkih_Dr%25C5%25BEava" title="Marinski zbor Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marinski zbor Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_merijalkav%25C3%25A4ki" title="Yhdysvaltain merijalkaväki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain merijalkaväki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_marink%25C3%25A5r" title="USA:s marinkår – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s marinkår" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2590%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AF_%25E0%25AE%2585%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595_%25E0%25AE%2588%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%2582%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%2581" title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க ஈரூடகப் படைப்பிரிவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க ஈரூடகப் படைப்பிரிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2590" title="เหล่านาวิกโยธินสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหล่านาวิกโยธินสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%25C5%259Fik_Devletleri_Deniz_Piyade_Kolordusu" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Deniz Piyade Kolordusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Deniz Piyade Kolordusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D1%2581_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D1%2597_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2596%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25A8%25D0%2590" title="Корпус морської піхоти США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корпус морської піхоти США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25DB%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25DB%2592_%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AF%25DB%2581_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1" title="ریاستہائے متحدہ بحری کور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاستہائے متحدہ بحری کور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%25E1%25BB%25A7y_qu%25C3%25A2n_l%25E1%25BB%25A5c_chi%25E1%25BA%25BFn_Hoa_K%25E1%25BB%25B3" title="Thủy quân lục chiến Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủy quân lục chiến Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BE%258E%25E5%259B%25BD%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E5%2586%259B%25E9%2599%2586%25E6%2588%2598%25E9%2598%259F" title="美国海军陆战队 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美国海军陆战队" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2599%25D7%2595.%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A1._%25D7%259E%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%259F_%25D7%25A7%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A1" title="יו.עס. מארין קארפס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יו.עס. מארין קארפס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link 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