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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Later medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Modern times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theism_with_many_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theism_with_many_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Theism with many varieties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theism_with_many_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vishnuism_and_Krishnaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vishnuism_and_Krishnaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Vishnuism and Krishnaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vishnuism_and_Krishnaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vishnu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vishnu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Vishnu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vishnu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krishna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Krishna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radha_Krishna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radha_Krishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Radha Krishna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radha_Krishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avatars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Avatars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avatars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vyuhas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vyuhas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 Vyuhas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vyuhas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_dharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_dharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Restoration of dharma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_dharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Texts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Texts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Scriptures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedas_and_Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedas_and_Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Vedas and Upanishads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedas_and_Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaishnava_Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnava_Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.1 Vaishnava Upanishads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnava_Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhagavad_Gita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhagavad_Gita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Bhagavad Gita </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhagavad_Gita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaishnava_Agamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnava_Agamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Vaishnava Agamas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnava_Agamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Other texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahabharata_and_Ramayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahabharata_and_Ramayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Mahabharata and Ramayana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahabharata_and_Ramayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Puranas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhakti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Bhakti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tilaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tilaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Tilaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tilaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Initiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilgrimage_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimage_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Pilgrimage sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimage_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Holy places </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Four_sampradayas_and_other_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_sampradayas_and_other_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Four sampradayas and other traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_sampradayas_and_other_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditions_List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions_List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Traditions List </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions_List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Early traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhagavats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhagavats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Bhagavats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhagavats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pancaratra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pancaratra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Pancaratra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pancaratra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaikhanasas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaikhanasas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Vaikhanasas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaikhanasas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_medieval_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_medieval_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Early medieval traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_medieval_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smartism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smartism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Smartism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smartism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alvars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alvars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Alvars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alvars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Contemporary traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nimbarka_Sampradaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nimbarka_Sampradaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Nimbarka Sampradaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nimbarka_Sampradaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Sri Vaishnavism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sadh_Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sadh_Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Sadh Vaishnavism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sadh_Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaudiya_Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Gaudiya Vaishnavism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaudiya_Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warkari_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warkari_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.5 Warkari tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warkari_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramanandi_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramanandi_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.6 Ramanandi tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramanandi_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Sant_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Sant_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.7 Northern Sant tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Sant_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.8 Other traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Odia_Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odia_Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.8.1 Odia Vaishnavism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odia_Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahanubhava_Sampradaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahanubhava_Sampradaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.8.2 Mahanubhava Sampradaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahanubhava_Sampradaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sahajiya_and_Baul_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sahajiya_and_Baul_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.8.3 Sahajiya and Baul tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sahajiya_and_Baul_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekasarana_Dharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekasarana_Dharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.8.4 Ekasarana Dharma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekasarana_Dharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radha-vallabha_Sampradaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radha-vallabha_Sampradaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.8.5 Radha-vallabha Sampradaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radha-vallabha_Sampradaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranami_Sampradaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranami_Sampradaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.8.6 Pranami Sampradaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranami_Sampradaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swaminarayan_Sampradaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.8.7 Swaminarayan Sampradaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swaminarayan_Sampradaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaishnavism_and_other_Hindu_tradition_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnavism_and_other_Hindu_tradition_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Vaishnavism and other Hindu tradition table </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnavism_and_other_Hindu_tradition_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Academic study </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hymns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Hymns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hymns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hymns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hymns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mantras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Mantras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Hails </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 General sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle General sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Printed sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vaishnavism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavisme" title="Vaishnavisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vaishnavisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فيشنوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيشنوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visnuismu" title="Visnuismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Visnuismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="বৈষ্ণব সম্প্রদায় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈষ্ণব সম্প্রদায়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вішнуізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вішнуізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="वैष्णव संप्रदाय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वैष्णव संप्रदाय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavismo" title="Vaishnavismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Vaishnavismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Вайшнавизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вайшнавизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vixnuisme" title="Vixnuisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vixnuisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1nuismus" title="Višnuismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Višnuismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuismus" title="Vishnuismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vishnuismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1nuism" title="Višnuism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Višnuism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visnuismo" title="Visnuismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Visnuismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%9Dnuismo" title="Viŝnuismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Viŝnuismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuismo" title="Vishnuismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vishnuismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ویشنوپرستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویشنوپرستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vaishnavism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnouisme" title="Vishnouisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vishnouisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%88%EB%88%84%ED%8C%8C" title="비슈누파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비슈누파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="वैष्णव सम्प्रदाय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैष्णव सम्प्रदाय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Waisnawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visnuismo" title="Visnuismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Visnuismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="וישנויזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וישנויזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Waisnawa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5" title="ವೈಷ್ಣವ ಪಂಥ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈಷ್ಣವ ಪಂಥ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%9A" title="ລັດທິໄວສະນົບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດທິໄວສະນົບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visnuismus" title="Visnuismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Visnuismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuismus" title="Vishnuismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vishnuismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai%C5%A1navizmas" title="Vaišnavizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaišnavizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crixnaisme" title="Crixnaisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Crixnaisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisnavizmus" title="Vaisnavizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vaisnavizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="वैष्णव सम्प्रदाय – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वैष्णव सम्प्रदाय" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visnoisma" title="Visnoisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Visnoisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="വൈഷ്ണവമതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈഷ്ണവമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5" title="वैष्णव पंथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वैष्णव पंथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვაიშნავიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვაიშნავიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="فيشنويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيشنويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavisme" title="Vaishnavisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vaishnavisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%9A_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯚꯩꯁ꯭ꯅꯚ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯚꯩꯁ꯭ꯅꯚ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavisme" title="Vaishnavisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vaishnavisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="वैष्णव सम्प्रदाय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वैष्णव सम्प्रदाय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AD" title="वैष्णभ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वैष्णभ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8C%E6%B4%BE" title="ヴィシュヌ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィシュヌ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavisme" title="Vaishnavisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vaishnavisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuizm" title="Vishnuizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vishnuizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਵੈਸ਼ਨਵਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੈਸ਼ਨਵਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AD" title="वैष्णभ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="वैष्णभ" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="ویشنو مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویشنو مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisznuizm" title="Wisznuizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wisznuizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vixenu%C3%ADsmo" title="Vixenuísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vixenuísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major Hindu tradition that reveres Vishnu as the Supreme Being</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Vaishnavism</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_with_an_adorer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Vishnu_with_an_adorer.jpg/200px-Vishnu_with_an_adorer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/85/Vishnu_with_an_adorer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="379" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Vaishnava traditions centre on <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> (left), depicted with a devotee, and his <a href="/wiki/Avatars" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatars">avatars</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vaishnavism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/220px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/440px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Supreme deity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Holy scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sampradayas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Others</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Teachers—acharyas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Vaishnavism (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: वैष्णवसम्प्रदायः, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: Vaiṣṇavasampradāyaḥ) is one of the major <a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987-1">[1]</a> It is also called Vishnuism since it considers <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> as the sole <a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">supreme being</a> leading all other <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a>, that is, <a href="/wiki/Mahavishnu" title="Mahavishnu">Mahavishnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Its followers are called Vaishnavites or Vaishnavas (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Vaiṣṇava), and it includes sub-sects like <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramaism</a>, which consider <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> as the supreme beings respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996117-5">[5]</a> According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, Vaishnavism is the largest Hindu sect, constituting about 641 million or 67.6% of Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-johnson400-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The ancient emergence of Vaishnavism is unclear, and broadly hypothesized as a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">fusion</a> of various regional non-Vedic religions with worship of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. It is considered a merger of several popular non-Vedic theistic traditions, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> cults of <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ucsm-9">[9]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996120-10">[10]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996119,120-121-11">[11]</a> developed in the 7th to 4th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> It was integrated with the Vedic God <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in the early centuries CE, and <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Hinduism">finalized</a> as Vaishnavism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1993163-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007206–217,_251–252-14">[14]</a> when it developed the <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> doctrine, wherein the various non-Vedic deities are revered as distinct incarnations of the supreme God <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Venkateshvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranganatha" title="Ranganatha">Ranganatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> are among the names of popular avatars all seen as different aspects of the same supreme being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20013–9-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnna_King200532–33-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981EschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987387–392Patnaik2005Miśra2005chapter_9._JagannāthismPatra2011-17">[17]</a> The Vaishnavite tradition is known for the loving devotion to an avatar of Vishnu (often Krishna), and as such was key to the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> in the 2nd millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawley201510–12,_33–34-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002b731–733-19">[19]</a> It has four <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>-schools of numerous denominations (sampradaya): the medieval-era <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabhacharya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2005a76–77-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2002288–304,_340–350-21">[21]</a> There are also several other Vishnu-traditions. <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a> (14th century) created a Rama-oriented movement, now the largest monastic group in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajHarman2007165–166-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002b553–554-23">[23]</a> Key texts in Vaishnavism include the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> (Agama) texts, <a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabhandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Naalayira Divya Prabhandham">Naalayira Divya Prabhandham</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-johnson400-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121–122-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader19732–21-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier200746–52,_76–77-26">[26]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vishnuism" title="Historical Vishnuism">Historical Vishnuism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_India">Northern India</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg/180px-Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg/270px-Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg/360px-Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a>, circa 190–180 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-US-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This is "the earliest unambiguous image" of the deity.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heliodorus_pillar_Rapson_rubbing_inverted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Heliodorus_pillar_Rapson_rubbing_inverted.jpg/180px-Heliodorus_pillar_Rapson_rubbing_inverted.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Heliodorus_pillar_Rapson_rubbing_inverted.jpg/270px-Heliodorus_pillar_Rapson_rubbing_inverted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Heliodorus_pillar_Rapson_rubbing_inverted.jpg/360px-Heliodorus_pillar_Rapson_rubbing_inverted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="2690" /></a><figcaption>The inscription of the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> that was made by <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> envoy Heliodorus in 110 BCE, in what is modern Vidisha (<a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>). The inscription states Heliodorus is a <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> devoted to the "God of gods" <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva_Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva Krishna">Vāsudeva Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a></div> The ancient emergence of Vaishnavism is unclear, the evidence inconsistent and scanty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreciado-Solís19841–16-32">[32]</a> Syncretism of various traditions resulted in Vaishnavism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1993163-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007206–217,_251–252-14">[14]</a> Although Vishnu was a Vedic solar deity,<a href="#cite_note-ucsm-9">[9]</a> he is mentioned less often compared to Agni, Indra, and other Vedic deities, thereby suggesting that he had a minor position in the Vedic religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879498-33">[33]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Narayan_Dandekar" title="Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar">Dandekar</a>, what is understood today as Vaishnavism did not originate in Vedism at all, but emerged from the merger of several popular theistic traditions which developed after the decline of Brahmanism at the end of the Vedic period, closely before the <a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanization"_(500–200_BCE)" title="History of India">second urbanisation</a> of northern India, in the 7th to 4th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-34">[note 1]</a> It initially formed as Vasudevism around <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, a deified leader of the <a href="/wiki/Vrishnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrishnis">Vrishnis</a>, and one of the <a href="/wiki/Vrishni_heroes" title="Vrishni heroes">Vrishni heroes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-8">[8]</a> Later, Vāsudeva was amalgamated with <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> "the deified tribal hero and religious leader of the Yadavas",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ucsm-9">[9]</a> to form the merged deity <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Vasudeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Vasudeva">Bhagavan Vāsudeva-Krishna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-8">[8]</a> due to the close relation between the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Vrishnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrishnis">Vrishnis</a> and the Yadavas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-8">[8]</a> This was followed by a merger with the cult of <a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a> of the cowherd community of the Abhıras<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-8">[8]</a> in the 4th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996120-10">[10]</a> The character of Gopala Krishna is often considered to be non-Vedic.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> According to Dandekar, such mergers consolidated the position of <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a> between the heterodox sramana movement and the orthodox Vedic religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-8">[8]</a> The "Greater Krsnaism", states Dandekar, then adopted the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vishnuism" title="Historical Vishnuism">Rigvedic Vishnu</a> as Supreme deity to increase its appeal towards orthodox elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-8">[8]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klostermaier</a>, Vaishnavism originates in the latest centuries BCE and the early centuries CE, with the cult of the heroic Vāsudeva, a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Vrishni_heroes" title="Vrishni heroes">Vrishni heroes</a>, which was then amalgamated with <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, hero of the <a href="/wiki/Yadavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadavas">Yadavas</a>, and still several centuries later with the "divine child" <a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gopal_(Krishna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopal (Krishna)">Gopala</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier-Krishna-37">[note 2]</a> According to Klostermaier, "In some books Krishna is presented as the founder and first teacher of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> religion."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007-36">[35]</a> According to Dalal, "The term Bhagavata seems to have developed from the concept of the Vedic deity <a href="/wiki/Bhaga" title="Bhaga">Bhaga</a>, and initially it seems to have been a monotheistic sect, independent of the Brahmanical pantheon."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal201054–55-38">[36]</a> The development of the Krishna-traditions was followed by a syncretism of these non-Vedic traditions with the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> canon, thus affiliating itself with <a href="/wiki/Vedism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedism">Vedism</a> in order to become acceptable to the <a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">orthodox</a> establishment. The Vishnu of the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> was assimilated into non-Vedic Krishnaism and became the equivalent of the Supreme God.<a href="#cite_note-ucsm-9">[9]</a> The appearance of Krishna as one of the <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a> of Vishnu dates to the period of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit epics">Sanskrit epics</a> in the early centuries CE. The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>—initially, a Krishnaite scripture, according to <a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hardy" title="Friedhelm Hardy">Friedhelm Hardy</a>—was incorporated into the Mahabharata as a key text for Krishnaism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar1971270-39">[37]</a> Finally, the Narayana worshippers were also included, which further brahmanized Vaishnavism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879500-40">[38]</a> The Nara-Narayana worshippers may have originated in Badari, a northern ridge of the Hindu Kush, and absorbed into the Vedic orthodoxy as Purusa Narayana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879500-40">[38]</a> Purusa Narayana may have later been turned into Arjuna and Krsna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879500-40">[38]</a> In the late-Vedic texts (~1000 to 500 BCE), the concept of a metaphysical <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> grows in prominence, and the Vaishnavism tradition considered Vishnu to be identical to Brahman, just like Shaivism and Shaktism consider Shiva and Devi to be Brahman respectively.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> This complex history is reflected in the two main historical denominations of Vishnavism. The <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Bhagavats</a>, worship Vāsudeva-Krishna,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon1987a-42">[40]</a> and are followers of Brahmanic Vaishnavism, while the Pacaratrins regard Narayana as their founder, and are followers of Tantric Vaishnavism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879500-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon1987b-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_India">Southern India</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perumal_(deity)" title="Perumal (deity)">Perumal (deity)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism_in_Ancient_Tamilakam" title="Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam">Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam</a></div> <a href="/wiki/S._Krishnaswami_Aiyangar" title="S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar">S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar</a> states that the lifetime of the Vaishnava <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a> was during the first half of the 12th century, their works flourishing about the time of the revival of Brahminism and Hinduism in the north, speculating that Vaishnavism might have penetrated to the south as early as about the first century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyangar201916-44">[42]</a> There also exists secular literature that ascribes the commencement of the tradition in the south to the 3rd century CE. <a href="/wiki/U._V._Swaminatha_Iyer" title="U. V. Swaminatha Iyer">U. V. Swaminathan Aiyar</a>, a scholar of Tamil literature, published the ancient work of the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam</a> period known as the <a href="/wiki/Parip%C4%81%E1%B9%ADal" title="Paripāṭal">Paripatal</a>, which contains seven poems in praise of Vishnu, including references to Krishna and Balarama. Aiyangar references an invasion of the south by the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a> in some of the older poems of the Sangam, and indicated that the opposition that was set up and maintained persistently against northern conquest had possibly in it an element of religion, the south standing up for orthodox Brahmanism against the encroachment of Buddhism by the persuasive eloquence and persistent effort of the Buddhist emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>. The Tamil literature of this period has references scattered all over to the colonies of Brahmans brought and settled down in the south, and the whole output of this archaic literature exhibits unmistakably considerable Brahman influence in the making up of that literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyangar201993–94-45">[43]</a> The Vaishnava school of the south based its teachings on the Naradiya <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> from the north and laid stress on a life of purity, high morality, worship and devotion to only one God. Although the monism of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Shankara</a> was greatly appreciated by the intellectual class, the masses came increasingly within the fold of Vishnu. Vaishnavism checked the elaborate rituals, ceremonials, vratas, fasts, and feasts prescribed by the <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> for the daily life of a Hindu, and also the worship of various deities like the sun, the moon, the grahas or planets, enjoined by the priestly Brahmin class for the sake of emoluments and gain. It enjoined the worship of no other deities except <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, who was deemed the primal cause of srsti (creation), sthiti (existence) and pralaya (destruction). The accompanying philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> brought the lower classes into the fold of practical Hinduism, and extended to them the right and privilege of knowing God and attaining mukti (salvation).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_century_Vishnu_avatar_Narasimha_in_Cave_3,_Badami_Hindu_cave_temple_Karnataka_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/6th_century_Vishnu_avatar_Narasimha_in_Cave_3%2C_Badami_Hindu_cave_temple_Karnataka_1.jpg/180px-6th_century_Vishnu_avatar_Narasimha_in_Cave_3%2C_Badami_Hindu_cave_temple_Karnataka_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/6th_century_Vishnu_avatar_Narasimha_in_Cave_3%2C_Badami_Hindu_cave_temple_Karnataka_1.jpg/270px-6th_century_Vishnu_avatar_Narasimha_in_Cave_3%2C_Badami_Hindu_cave_temple_Karnataka_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/6th_century_Vishnu_avatar_Narasimha_in_Cave_3%2C_Badami_Hindu_cave_temple_Karnataka_1.jpg/360px-6th_century_Vishnu_avatar_Narasimha_in_Cave_3%2C_Badami_Hindu_cave_temple_Karnataka_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A 6th century sculpture of Narasimha at the Badami cave temple, constructed by the Chalukyas</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> dynasty of Tamilakam patronised Vaishnavism. <a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_I" title="Mahendravarman I">Mahendra Varman</a> built shrines both of Vishnu and Shiva, several of his cave-temples exhibiting shrines to Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. In the age of the Pallava domination, which followed immediately, both Vaishnavism and Shaivism flourished, fighting the insurgent Buddhists and Jains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyangar201995-46">[44]</a> The Pallavas were also the first of various dynasties that offered land and wealth to the <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateswara Temple">Venkatesvara temple</a> at Tirumala, which would soon become the most revered religious site of South India.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnava</a> <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">acharya</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> is credited with the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a> king <a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a> (originally called Bittideva) from Jainism to Vaishnavism, consolidating the faith in Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a> and their rivals of the Pallavas appear to have employed Vaishnavism as an assertion of divine kingship, one of them proclaiming themselves as terrestrial emanations of Vishnu while the other promptly adopted Shaivism as their favoured tradition, neither of them offering much importance to the other's deity.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnava</a> <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradaya</a> of Ramanuja would hold sway in the south, the Vadakalai denomination subscribing to Vedanta philosophy and the Tenkalai adhering to regional liturgies known as Prabandham.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hardy" title="Friedhelm Hardy">Hardy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[note 3]</a> there is evidence of early "southern Krishnaism", despite the tendency to allocate the Krishna-traditions to the Northern traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Hardy-50">[48]</a> South Indian texts show close parallel with the Sanskrit traditions of Krishna and his gopi companions, so ubiquitous in later North Indian text and imagery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonius2005139–149-53">[50]</a> Early writings in <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>' culture such as <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cilappatikaram" title="Cilappatikaram">Cilappatikaram</a> present Krishna, <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">his brother</a>, and favourite female companions in the similar terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonius2005139–149-53">[50]</a> Hardy argues that the Sanskrit Bhagavata Purana is essentially a Sanskrit "translation" of the bhakti of the Tamil <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">alvars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Devotion to the southern Indian Mal (<a href="/wiki/Perumal_(deity)" title="Perumal (deity)">Perumal</a>) may be an early form of Krishnaism, since Mal appears as a divine figure, largely like Krishna with some elements of Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-mal-55">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a>, whose name can be translated "immersed", were devotees of Perumal. They codified the Vaishnava canon of the south with their most significant liturgy, the <a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a>, traced to the 10th century as a compilation by Nathamuni.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Their poems show a pronounced orientation to the Vaishnava, and often Krishna, side of Mal. But they do not make the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> on the basis of the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mal-55">[52]</a> Yet, according to Hardy, the term "Mayonism" should be used instead of "Krishnaism" when referring to Mal or Mayon.<a href="#cite_note-Hardy-50">[48]</a> The early Alvars speak of glorifying Vishnu bhakti (devotion to Vishnu), but at the same time, they do regard Shiva bhakti (devotion to Shiva) with considerable sympathy, and make a visible effort to keep the Shaivas in countenance. The earliest Alvars go the length of describing Shiva and Vishnu as one, although they do recognise their united form as Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyangar201977–78-57">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Srirangam</a>, the site of the largest functioning temple in the world of 600 acres,<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> is devoted to <a href="/wiki/Ranganatha" title="Ranganatha">Ranganathaswamy</a>, a form of Vishnu. The legend goes that King <a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhishana</a>, who was carrying the idol of Ranganatha on his way to <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>, took rest for a while by placing the statue on the ground. When he prepared to depart, he realised that the idol was stuck to the ground. So, he built a small shrine, which became a popular abode for the deity Ranganatha on the banks of the river Kaveri. The entire temple campus with great walls, towards, mandapas, halls with 1000 pillars were constructed over a period of 300 years from the 14th to 17th century CE.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gupta_era">Gupta era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_(Mathura),_Gupta_period,_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_%28Mathura%29%2C_Gupta_period%2C_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg/180px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_%28Mathura%29%2C_Gupta_period%2C_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_%28Mathura%29%2C_Gupta_period%2C_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg/270px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_%28Mathura%29%2C_Gupta_period%2C_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_%28Mathura%29%2C_Gupta_period%2C_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg/360px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_%28Mathura%29%2C_Gupta_period%2C_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in three incarnations (<a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Chaturmurti" title="Vaikuntha Chaturmurti">Vaikuntha Chaturmurti</a>): <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> himself or <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> in human form, <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> as a boar, <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> as a lion. <a href="/wiki/Gupta_art" title="Gupta art">Gupta art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, mid-5th century CE. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Boston Museum</a><a href="#cite_note-CS-59">[56]</a></figcaption></figure> Most of the Gupta kings, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> (Vikramaditya) (375–413 CE) were known as Parama Bhagavatas or <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavas">Vaishnavas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanguli198836-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879500-40">[38]</a> But following the <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna</a> invasions, especially those of the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> circa 500 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> declined and fragmented, ultimately collapsing completely, with the effect of discrediting Vaishnavism, the religion it had been so ardently promoting.<a href="#cite_note-HTB98-61">[58]</a> The newly arising regional powers in central and northern India, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aulikaras" title="Aulikaras">Aulikaras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maukharis" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukharis">Maukharis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maitrakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitrakas">Maitrakas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalacuris</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Vardhanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardhanas">Vardhanas</a> preferred adopting <a href="/wiki/Saivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saivism">Saivism</a> instead, giving a strong impetus to the development of the worship of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, and its ideology of power.<a href="#cite_note-HTB98-61">[58]</a> Vaisnavism remained strong mainly in the territories which had not been affected by these events: <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HTB98-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_medieval_period">Early medieval period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></div> After the Gupta age, Krishnaism rose to a major current of Vaishnavism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007-36">[35]</a> and Vaishnavism developed into various sects and subsects, most of them emphasizing bhakti, which was strongly influenced by south Indian religiosity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879500-40">[38]</a> Modern scholarship posit <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a> (c.7th century CE) to this period who propounded Radha Krishna worship and his doctrine came to be known as (dvaita-advaita).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014180-62">[59]</a> Vaishnavism in the 10th century started to employ Vedanta-arguments, possibly continuing an older tradition of Vishnu-oriented Vedanta predating <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>. Many of the early Vaishnava scholars such as Nathamuni, Yamunacharya and Ramanuja, contested <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankaras</a> Advaita interpretations and proposed Vishnu bhakti ideas instead.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Vaishnavism flourished in predominantly <a href="/wiki/Shaivite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaivite">Shaivite</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> during the seventh to tenth centuries CE with the twelve <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a>, saints who spread the sect to the common people with their devotional <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>. The temples that the Alvars visited or founded are now known as <a href="/wiki/Divya_Desams" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Desams">Divya Desams</a>. Their poems in praise of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and Krishna in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> are collectively known as Naalayira <a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a> (4000 divine verses).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnangaracariyar1971-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth1962-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_medieval_period">Later medieval period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indischer_Maler_um_1660_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indischer_Maler_um_1660_002.jpg/180px-Indischer_Maler_um_1660_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indischer_Maler_um_1660_002.jpg/270px-Indischer_Maler_um_1660_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indischer_Maler_um_1660_002.jpg/360px-Indischer_Maler_um_1660_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">Gopis</a>, painted c. 1660.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> of late medieval Hinduism started in the 7th century, but rapidly expanded after the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1976143–156-67">[64]</a> It was supported by the Puranic literature such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, poetic works, as well as many scholarly <a href="/wiki/Bhasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasya">bhasyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samhitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitas">samhitas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20132–10-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> This period saw the growth of Vashnavism Sampradayas (denominations or communities) under the influence of scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ramanujacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanujacharya">Ramanujacharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vallabhacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabhacharya">Vallabhacharya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck20056-71">[68]</a> Bhakti poets or teachers such as <a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> and many others influenced the expansion of Vaishnavism. Even <a href="/wiki/Mirabai" title="Mirabai">Mirabai</a> took part in this specific movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1992-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1991-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> These scholars rejected <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Shankara</a>'s doctrines of Advaita Vedanta, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> in the 12th century, and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a> in the 13th century, building their theology on the devotional tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavas</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Bartley2013p1-75">[72]</a> In North and Eastern India, Vaishnavism gave rise to various late Medieval movements <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a> in the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Sankaradeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankaradeva">Sankaradeva</a> in the 15th and <a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a> in the 16th century. Historically, it was <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> who founded congregational chanting of holy names of Krishna in the early 16th century after becoming a <a href="/wiki/Sannyasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannyasi">sannyasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3></div> During the 20th century, Vaishnavism spread from India and is now practised in many places around the globe, including North America, Europe, Africa, Russia and South America. A pioneer of Vaishnavite mission to the West was sannyasi Baba Premananda Bharati (1858–1914), the author of the first full-length treatment of Bengali Vaishnavism in English, Sree Krishna—the Lord of Love. He founded the "Krishna Samaj" society in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1902 and a temple in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2020JonesRyan200779–80Bharati,_Baba_Premanand-77">[74]</a> The global status of Vaishnavism is largely due to the growth of the <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a> movement, founded by <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herzig2004-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theism_with_many_varieties">Theism with many varieties</h3></div> Vaishnavism is centred on the devotion of Vishnu and his avatars. According to Schweig, it is a "polymorphic monotheism, i.e. a theology that recognises many forms (ananta rupa) of the one, single unitary divinity," since there are many forms of one original deity, with Vishnu taking many forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig201318-81">[78]</a> Okita, in contrast, states that the different denominations within Vaishnavism are best described as theism, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The Vaishnava sampradaya started by Madhvacharya is a monotheistic tradition wherein Vishnu (Krishna) is omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007360–361-83">[80]</a> In contrast, Sri Vaishnavism sampradaya associated with Ramanuja has monotheistic elements, but differs in several ways, such as goddess Lakshmi and god Vishnu are considered as inseparable equal divinities.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> According to some scholars, Sri Vaishnavism emphasizes panentheism, and not monotheism, with its theology of "transcendence and immanence",<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> where God interpenetrates everything in the universe, and all of empirical reality is God's body.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> The Vaishnava sampradaya associated with Vallabhacharya is a form of pantheism, in contrast to the other Vaishnavism traditions.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> The Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition of Chaitanya, states Schweig, is closer to a polymorphic bi-monotheism because both goddess Radha and god Krishna are simultaneously supreme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig201318–19-90">[87]</a> Vaishnavism precepts include the <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> (incarnation) doctrine, wherein Vishnu incarnates numerous times, in different forms, to set things right and bring back the balance in the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley2005707–708-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-ryanjonesavatar-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a228-93">[90]</a> These avatars include Narayana, Vasudeva, Rama and Krishna; each the name of a divine figure with attributed supremacy, which each associated tradition of Vaishnavism believes to be distinct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2000254-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vishnuism_and_Krishnaism">Vishnuism and Krishnaism</h4></div> The term "Krishnaism" (Kṛṣṇaism) has been used to describe a large group of independent traditions-<a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradayas</a> within Vaishnavism regarded <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as the Supreme God, while "Vishnuism" may be used for sects focusing on Vishnu in which Krishna is an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a>, rather than a transcended Supreme Being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996117-5">[5]</a> Vishnuism believes in Vishnu as the supreme being. When all other Vaishnavas recognise Krishna as one of Vishnu's <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a>, though only the Krishnites identify the Supreme Being (<a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, a source of the Trimurti) with Krishna and his forms (<a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a> and others), those manifested themselves as Vishnu. This is its difference from such groups as <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha-vallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha-vallabha">Radhaism</a>, Sitaism, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987-4">[4]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-95">[92]</a> As such Krishnaism is believed to be one of the early attempts to make philosophical Hinduism appealing to the masses.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8407-4419-6-96">[93]</a> In common language the term Krishnaism is not often used, as many prefer a wider term "Vaishnavism", which appeared to relate to Vishnu, more specifically as Vishnu-ism. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scuola_di_bilaspur,_vishnu_e_lakshmi,_1810_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg/220px-Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg/330px-Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg/440px-Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="4002" /></a><figcaption>Vishnu and Lakshmi, the chief deities of veneration in Sri Vaishnavism</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vishnu">Vishnu</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Vishnuism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnuism">Vishnu-centered</a> sects, Vishnu or <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> is the one supreme God. The belief in the supremacy of Vishnu is based upon the many avatars (incarnations) of Vishnu listed in the <a href="/wiki/Puranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Puranic">Puranic</a> texts, which differs from other Hindu deities such as <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>. To the devotees of the <a href="/wiki/Srivaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivaishnava">Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya</a>, "Lord Vishnu is the Supreme Being and the foundation of all existence."<a href="#cite_note-Ramanuja-97">[94]</a> Lakshmi, his consort, is described to act as the mediatrix between Vishnu and his devotees, intervening to offer her grace and forgiveness.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a>, the supreme divine couple <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narayana" title="Lakshmi Narayana">Lakshmi Narayana</a> pervades and transcends the entire universe, which is described to be their body. They are described to support all life, both material and spiritual.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> In this manner, Lakshmi is conceived to be the supreme mother and Narayana as the supreme father of creation.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Krishna">Krishna</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_as_the_supreme_deity_in_relation_to_Vishnu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Krishna_as_the_supreme_deity_in_relation_to_Vishnu.png/220px-Krishna_as_the_supreme_deity_in_relation_to_Vishnu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Krishna_as_the_supreme_deity_in_relation_to_Vishnu.png/330px-Krishna_as_the_supreme_deity_in_relation_to_Vishnu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Krishna_as_the_supreme_deity_in_relation_to_Vishnu.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Relationship between different forms of Krishna as <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Paripurna avatara</a> of Vishnu and as Svayam Bhagavan in Chaitanya school of Vaishnavism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig201317–19-102">[99]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></div> In the Krishnaism group of Vaishnavism traditions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> (the first Krishnaite Sampradaya developed by <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a> c. 7th century CE), <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra Sampradaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a>, devotees worship Krishna as the One Supreme form of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and source of all avatars, <a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Krishnaism is often also called Bhagavatism—perhaps the earliest Krishnite movement was Bhagavatism with Krishna-<a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> (about 2nd century BCE)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon1987a-42">[40]</a>—after the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> which asserts that Krishna is "Bhagavan Himself," and subordinates to itself all other forms: <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janardana" title="Janardana">Janardana</a> etc.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Krishna is often described as having the appearance of a dark-skinned person and is depicted as a young cowherd boy playing a <a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">flute</a> or as a youthful prince giving philosophical direction and guidance, as in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Krishna is also worshiped across many other traditions of Hinduism. Krishna and the stories associated with him appear across a broad spectrum of different Hindu <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">philosophical</a> and theological traditions, where it is believed that <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> appears to his devoted worshippers in many different forms, depending on their particular desires. These forms include the different avataras of Krishna described in traditional <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> texts, but they are not limited to these. Indeed, it is said that the different expansions of the <a href="/wiki/Svayam_bhagavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Svayam bhagavan">Svayam bhagavan</a> are uncountable and they cannot be fully described in the finite scriptures of any one religious community.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-107">[104]</a> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Hindu scriptures</a> sometimes differ in details reflecting the concerns of a particular tradition, while some core features of the view on Krishna are shared by all.<a href="#cite_note-Mahony1987-108">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radha_Krishna">Radha Krishna</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhi-National_Museum-Jayadeva_worshipping_Radha_and_Krishna-20131006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Delhi-National_Museum-Jayadeva_worshipping_Radha_and_Krishna-20131006.jpg/220px-Delhi-National_Museum-Jayadeva_worshipping_Radha_and_Krishna-20131006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Delhi-National_Museum-Jayadeva_worshipping_Radha_and_Krishna-20131006.jpg/330px-Delhi-National_Museum-Jayadeva_worshipping_Radha_and_Krishna-20131006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Delhi-National_Museum-Jayadeva_worshipping_Radha_and_Krishna-20131006.jpg/440px-Delhi-National_Museum-Jayadeva_worshipping_Radha_and_Krishna-20131006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4710" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption>Jayadeva worships Radha Krishna, c. 1730 painting by <a href="/wiki/Manaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Manaku">Manaku</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></div> Radha Krishna is the combination of both the feminine as well as the masculine aspects of God. Krishna is often referred as <a href="/wiki/Svayam_bhagavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Svayam bhagavan">Svayam bhagavan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a> theology and <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> is Krishna's internal potency and supreme beloved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig20053-109">[106]</a> With Krishna, Radha is acknowledged as the supreme goddess, for it is said that she controls Krishna with her love.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen200250-110">[107]</a> It is believed that Krishna enchants the world, but Radha enchants even him. Therefore, she is the supreme goddess of all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen200252-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Radha and Krishna are avatars of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> respectively. In the region of India called Braj, Radha and Krishna are worshipped together, and their separation cannot even be conceived. And, some communities ascribe more devotional significance to Radha.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> While there are much earlier references to the worship of this form of God, it is since <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a> wrote the poem <a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a> in the twelfth century CE, that the topic of the spiritual love affair between the divine Krishna and his consort Radha, became a theme celebrated throughout India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200449-114">[111]</a> It is believed that Krishna has left the "circle" of the <a href="/wiki/Rasa_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa dance">rasa dance</a> to search for Radha. The Chaitanya school believes that the name and identity of Radha are both revealed and concealed in the verse describing this incident in <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig200541–42-115">[112]</a> It is also believed that Radha is not just one cowherd maiden, but is the origin of all the <a href="/wiki/Gopis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopis">gopis</a>, or divine personalities that participate in the <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(theology)" title="Rasa (theology)">rasa</a> dance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig200543-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Avatars">Avatars</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></div> According to The Bhagavata Purana, there are twenty-two avatars of Vishnu, including <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. The Dashavatara is a later concept.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879500-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vyuhas">Vyuhas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caturvy%C5%ABha" title="Caturvyūha">Caturvyūha</a></div> The Pancaratrins follow the vyuhas doctrine, which says that God has four manifestations (vyuhas), namely Vasudeva, Samkarsana, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha. These four manifestations represent "the Highest Self, the individual self, mind, and egoism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879500-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_dharma">Restoration of dharma</h3></div> Vaishnavism theology has developed the concept of avatar (incarnation) around Vishnu as the preserver or sustainer. His avataras, asserts Vaishnavism, descend to empower the good and fight evil, thereby restoring <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>. This is reflected in the passages of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> as:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20013–4-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley200515-118">[115]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> Whenever righteousness wanes and unrighteousness increases I send myself forth. For the protection of the good and for the destruction of evil, and for the establishment of righteousness, I come into being age after age. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bhagavad Gita 4.7–8<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007339–340-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In Vaishnava theology, such as is presented in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pancaratra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancaratra">Pancaratra</a>, whenever the cosmos is in crisis, typically because the evil has grown stronger and has thrown the cosmos out of its balance, an avatar of Vishnu appears in a material form, to destroy evil and its sources, and restore the cosmic balance between the everpresent forces of good and evil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20013–4-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a228-93">[90]</a> The most known and celebrated avatars of Vishnu, within the Vaishnavism traditions of Hinduism, are <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>. These names have extensive literature associated with them; each has its own characteristics, legends, and associated arts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20013–4-117">[114]</a> The Mahabharata, for example, includes Krishna, while the Ramayana includes Rama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnna_King200532–33-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2></div> The Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, and the <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a> are the scriptural sources of Vaishnavism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier200746–52,_76–77-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-goodallix-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> The Bhagavata Purana is a revered and widely celebrated text, parts of which, a few scholars such as Dominic Goodall, include as a scripture.<a href="#cite_note-goodallix-121">[118]</a> Other important texts in the tradition include the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, as well as texts by various sampradayas (denominations within Vaishnavism). In many Vaishnava traditions, Krishna is accepted as a teacher whose teachings are in the Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier-Krishna-37">[note 2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptures">Scriptures</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vedas_and_Upanishads">Vedas and Upanishads</h4></div> Vaishnavism, just like all Hindu traditions, considers the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> as the scriptural authority.<a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p474-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhavamony1999p33-124">[121]</a> All traditions within Vaishnavism consider the <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmanas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyakas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> embedded within the four Vedas as <a href="/wiki/Sruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sruti">Sruti</a>, while Smritis, which include all the epics, the Puranas and its Samhitas, states Mariasusai Dhavamony, are considered as "exegetical or expository literature" of the Vedic texts.<a href="#cite_note-Dhavamony1999p33-124">[121]</a> The Vedanta schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, which interpreted the Upanishads and the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma Sutra">Brahma Sutra</a>, provided the philosophical foundations of Vaishnavism. Due to the ancient and archaic language of the Vedic texts, interpretations varied among different schools, leading to differences between the denominations (sampradayas) of Vaishnavism.<a href="#cite_note-Inden1990p109-125">[122]</a> These interpretations have created different traditions within Vaishnavism, from dualistic (Dvaita) Vedanta of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2002288–309-126">[123]</a> to nondualistic (Advaita) Vedanta of <a href="/wiki/Madhusudana_Sarasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhusudana Sarasvati">Madhusudana Sarasvati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta20131–12-127">[124]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a> in a Vaishnava Upanishad <div class="poem"> The <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">charity or gift</a> is the armour in the world, All beings live on the gift of the other, Through gifts strangers become friends, Through gifts, they ward off difficulties, On gifts and giving, everything rests, That is why charity is the highest. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Mahanarayana Upanishad 63.6 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997a264;_Note:_This_hymn_appears_in_Śatapatha_Brāhmaṇa_as_well-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a></cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vaishnava_Upanishads">Vaishnava Upanishads</h5></div> Along with the reverence and exegetical analysis of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a>, Vaishnava-inspired scholars authored 14 Vishnu avatar-focussed Upanishads that are called the Vaishnava Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-ayyangarminor-130">[127]</a> These are considered part of 95 minor Upanishads in the <a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a> Upanishadic corpus of Hindu literature.<a href="#cite_note-ayyangarminor-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> The earliest among these were likely composed in 1st millennium BCE, while the last ones in the late medieval era.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-pedumont338-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand201342-134">[131]</a> All of the Vaishnava Upanishads either directly reference and quote from the ancient Principal Upanishads or incorporate some ideas found in them; most cited texts include the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-pdeussen247268-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-ayyangarvupa-136">[133]</a> In some cases, they cite fragments from the <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a> layers of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pdeussen247268-135">[132]</a> The Vaishnava Upanishads present diverse ideas, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>-style theistic themes to a synthesis of Vaishnava ideas with Advaitic, Yoga, Shaiva and Shakti themes.<a href="#cite_note-pdeussen247268-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-dorissrini112120-137">[134]</a> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="background: transparent;"> <caption>Vaishnava Upanishads </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px" style="background: #ffad66;">Vaishnava Upanishad </td> <td width="60px" style="background: #ffdd00;">Vishnu Avatar </td> <td width="60px">Composition date </td> <td width="240px">Topics </td> <td width="40px">Reference </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Mahanarayana_Upanishad" title="Mahanarayana Upanishad">Mahanarayana Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Narayana </td> <td width="60px">6AD - 100 CE </td> <td width="240px">Narayana, Atman, Brahman, Rudra, Sannyasa </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-pdeussen247268-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-dorissrini112120-137">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Upanishad" title="Narayana Upanishad">Narayana Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Narayana </td> <td width="60px">Medieval </td> <td width="200px">Mantra, Narayana is one without a second, eternal, same as all gods and universe </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Rama_Rahasya_Upanishad" title="Rama Rahasya Upanishad">Rama Rahasya Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Rama </td> <td width="60px">~17th century CE </td> <td width="240px">Rama, Sita, Hanuman, Atman, Brahman, mantra </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-rlamb191193-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Rama_tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Rama tapaniya Upanishad">Rama tapaniya Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Rama </td> <td width="60px">~11th to 16th century </td> <td width="240px">Rama, Sita, Atman, Brahman, mantra, sannyasa </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-rlamb191193-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997b859–864,_879–884-141">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Kali-Santarana_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kali-Santarana Upanishad">Kali-Santarana Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Rama, Krishna </td> <td width="60px">~14th century </td> <td width="200px">Hare Rama Hare Krishna mantra </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand201335–45-142">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Tapani_Upanishad" title="Gopala Tapani Upanishad">Gopala Tapani Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Krishna </td> <td width="60px">before the 14th century </td> <td width="240px">Krishna, Radha, Atman, Brahman, mantra, bhakti </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Upanishad" title="Krishna Upanishad">Krishna Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Krishna </td> <td width="60px">~12th-16th century </td> <td width="240px">Rama predicting Krishna birth, symbolism, bhakti </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Upanishad" title="Vasudeva Upanishad">Vasudeva Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Krishna, Vasudeva </td> <td width="60px">~2nd millennium </td> <td width="240px">Brahman, Atman, Vasudeva, Krishna, <a href="/wiki/Urdhva_Pundra" title="Urdhva Pundra">Urdhva Pundra</a>, Yoga </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Upanishad" title="Garuda Upanishad">Garuda Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Vishnu </td> <td width="60px">Medieval </td> <td width="200px">The kite-like bird vahana (vehicle) of Vishnu </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997663–664-147">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_Upanishad" title="Hayagriva Upanishad">Hayagriva Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Hayagriva </td> <td width="60px">medieval, after the 10th century CE </td> <td width="200px">Mahavakya of Principal Upanishads, Pancaratra, Tantra </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-ayyangarvupa-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya_Upanishad" title="Dattatreya Upanishad">Dattatreya Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Narayana, Dattatreya </td> <td width="60px">14th to 15th century </td> <td width="200px">Tantra, yoga, Brahman, Atman, Shaivism, Shaktism </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Tarasara_Upanishad" title="Tarasara Upanishad">Tarasara Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Rama, Narayana </td> <td width="60px">~11th to 16th century </td> <td width="200px">Om, Atman, Brahman, Narayana, Rama, Ramayana </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Avyakta_Upanishad" title="Avyakta Upanishad">Avyakta Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Narasimha </td> <td width="60px">before the 7th century </td> <td width="240px">Primordial nature, cosmology, <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a>, Brahman, Atman </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-pedumont338-133">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px"><a href="/wiki/Nrisimha_Tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad">Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad</a> </td> <td width="60px">Narasimha </td> <td width="60px">before the 7th century CE </td> <td width="200px">Atman, Brahman, Advaita, Shaivism, Avatars of Vishnu, <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> </td> <td width="40px"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997809–858-151">[148]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bhagavad_Gita">Bhagavad Gita</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> is a central text in Vaishnavism, and especially in the context of Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> The Bhagavad Gita is an important scripture not only within Vaishnavism, but also to other traditions of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996124–128-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> It is one of three important texts of the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, and has been central to all Vaishnavism sampradayas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996124–128-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> The Bhagavad Gita is a dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna, and presents Bhakti, Jnana and Karma yoga as alternate ways to spiritual liberation, with the choice left to the individual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996124–128-155">[152]</a> The text discusses <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, and its pursuit as duty without craving for fruits of one's actions, as a form of spiritual path to liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996125–126-158">[155]</a> The text, state Clooney and Stewart, succinctly summarizes the foundations of Vaishnava theology that the entire universe exists within Vishnu, and all aspects of life and living is not only a divine order but divinity itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis_ClooneyTony_Stewart2004163-159">[156]</a> Bhakti, in Bhagavad Gita, is an act of sharing, and a deeply personal awareness of spirituality within and without.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis_ClooneyTony_Stewart2004163-159">[156]</a> The Bhagavad Gita is a summary of the classical Upanishads and Vedic philosophy, and closely associated with the Bhagavata and related traditions of Vaishnavism.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> The text has been commented upon and integrated into diverse Vaishnava denominations, such as by the medieval era Madhvacharya's <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> Vedanta school and Ramanuja's <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> Vedanta school, as well as 20th century Vaishnava movements such as the Hare Krishna movement by His Divine Grace <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996124–125-162">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vaishnava_Agamas">Vaishnava Agamas</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancaratra</a> Samhitas (literally, five nights) is a genre of texts where Vishnu is presented as Narayana and Vasudeva, and this genre of Vaishnava texts is also known as the Vaishnava <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121–122-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader19732–21-25">[25]</a> Its doctrines are found embedded in the stories within the Narayaniya section of the Mahabharata.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121-163">[160]</a> Narayana is presented as the ultimate unchanging truth and reality (Brahman), who pervades the entirety of the universe and is asserted to be the preceptor of all religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> The Pancaratra texts present the Vyuhas theory of avatars to explain how the absolute reality (Brahman) manifests into material form of ever changing reality (Vishnu avatar).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader197331–49,_79–118-165">[162]</a> Vasudeva, state the Pancaratra texts, goes through a series of emanations, where new avatars of him appear. This theory of avatar formation syncretically integrates the theories of evolution of matter and life developed by the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school of Hindu philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader197331–49,_79–118-165">[162]</a> These texts also present cosmology, methods of worship, tantra, Yoga and principles behind the design and building of Vaishnava temples (Mandira nirmana).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader197330,_150–157-167">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-HarperBrown2012p133-168">[165]</a> These texts have guided religiosity and temple ceremonies in many Vaishnava communities, particularly in South India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122-166">[163]</a> The Pancaratra Samhitas are tantric in emphasis, and at the foundation of tantric Vaishnava traditions such as the Sri Vaishnava tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122–123-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> They complement and compete with the vedic Vaishnava traditions such as the Bhagavata tradition, which emphasize the more ancient Vedic texts, ritual grammar and procedures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122–123-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-HarperBrown2012p133-168">[165]</a> While the practices vary, the philosophy of Pancaratra is primarily derived from the Upanishads, its ideas synthesize Vedic concepts and incorporate Vedic teachings.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> The three most studied texts of this genre of Vaishnava religious texts are Paushkara Samhita, Sattvata Samhita and Jayakhya Samhita.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> The other important Pancaratra texts include the Lakshmi Tantra and Ahirbudhnya Samhita.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader19732–21-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> Scholars place the start of this genre of texts to about the 7th or 8th century CE, and later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader197322–27,_112–114-175">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_texts">Other texts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahabharata_and_Ramayana">Mahabharata and Ramayana</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></div> The two <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> present Vaishnava philosophy and culture embedded in legends and dialogues.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> The epics are considered the fifth Veda in Hindu culture.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> The Ramayana describes the story of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, an avatara of Vishnu, and is taken as a history of the 'ideal king', based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, morality and ethics.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> Rama's wife <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, his brother <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshman</a>, with his devotee and follower <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> all play key roles within the Vaishnava tradition as examples of Vaishnava etiquette and behaviour. <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, the evil king and villain of the epic, is presented as an epitome of adharma, playing the opposite role of how not to behave.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> The Mahabharata is centered around <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, presents him as the avatar of transcendental supreme being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007113–115-180">[177]</a> The epic details the story of a war between good and evil, each side represented by two families of cousins with wealth and power, one depicted as driven by virtues and values while other by vice and deception, with Krishna playing pivotal role in the drama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200769_with_note_150,_81–82,_95–98,_333–340-181">[178]</a> The philosophical highlight of the work is the Bhagavad Gita.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200777–94-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p474-123">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Puranas">Puranas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrinika_Purohit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Shrinika_Purohit.jpg/180px-Shrinika_Purohit.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Shrinika_Purohit.jpg/270px-Shrinika_Purohit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Shrinika_Purohit.jpg/360px-Shrinika_Purohit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>The Krishna stories have inspired numerous dramatic and dance arts in Indian culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013162–180-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> are an important source of entertaining narratives and histories, states Mahony, that are embedded with "philosophical, theological and mystical modes of experience and expression" as well as reflective "moral and soteriological instructions".<a href="#cite_note-Mahony87-185">[182]</a> More broadly, the Puranic literature is encyclopedic,<a href="#cite_note-merriam-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> and it includes diverse topics such as <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, genealogies of gods, goddesses, kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, folk tales, travel guides and pilgrimages,<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> temples, medicine, astronomy, grammar, mineralogy, humor, love stories, as well as theology and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher19861–5,_12–21-191">[188]</a> The Puranas were a living genre of texts because they were routinely revised,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986153-192">[189]</a> their content is highly inconsistent across the Puranas, and each Purana has survived in numerous manuscripts which are themselves inconsistent.<a href="#cite_note-johncort185-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-dimmittp5-194">[191]</a> The Hindu Puranas are anonymous texts and likely the work of many authors over the centuries.<a href="#cite_note-johncort185-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-dimmittp5-194">[191]</a> Of the 18 Mahapuranas (great Puranas), many have titles based on one of the avatars of Vishnu. However, quite many of these are actually, in large part, Shiva-related Puranas, likely because these texts were revised over their history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198635,_185,_199,_239–242-195">[192]</a> Some were revised into Vaishnava treatises, such as the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a>, which originated as a Puranic text dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (Sun god). Textual cross referencing evidence suggests that in or after 15th/16th century CE, it went through a series of major revisions, and almost all extant manuscripts of Brahma Vaivarta Purana are now Vaishnava (Krishna) bhakti oriented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986161–164-196">[193]</a> Of the extant manuscripts, the main Vaishnava Puranas are <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radeya_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāradeya Purana">Nāradeya Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61-197">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a> is notable for the Adhyatma-ramayana, a Rama-focussed embedded text in it, which philosophically attempts to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> in god Rama with <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> While an avatar of Vishnu is the main focus of the Puranas of Vaishnavism, these texts also include chapters that revere Shiva, Shakti (goddess power), Brahma and a pantheon of Hindu deities.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> The philosophy and teachings of the Vaishnava Puranas are <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> oriented (often Krishna, but Rama features in some), but they show an absence of a "narrow, sectarian spirit". To its bhakti ideas, these texts show a synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> ideas.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25-206">[203]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudiya Vaishnava">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabha_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabha Sampradaya">Vallabha Sampradaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka sampradaya">Nimbarka sampradaya</a>, Krishna is believed to be a transcendent, Supreme Being and source of all avatars in the Bhagavata Purana.<a href="#cite_note-Krishna153-207">[204]</a> The text describes modes of loving devotion to Krishna, wherein his devotees constantly think about him, feel grief and longing when Krishna is called away on a heroic mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett200010th_canto_transl.-208">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JivaGoswami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/JivaGoswami.jpg/180px-JivaGoswami.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/JivaGoswami.jpg/270px-JivaGoswami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f0/JivaGoswami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Jiva Gosvami's <a href="/wiki/Bhajan_Kutir" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhajan Kutir">Bhajan Kutir</a> at <a href="/wiki/Radha-kunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha-kunda">Radha-kunda</a>. Jiva Goswamis Sandarbhas summarize Vedic sources of <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudiya Vaishnava">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a> tradition's accretion of the concept Krishna to be the supreme Lord.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-209">[206]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhakti">Bhakti</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> originated among Vaishnavas of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> during the 7th-century CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1976143–144-210">[207]</a> spread northwards from Tamil Nadu through <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> towards the end of 13th-century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1976154–155-211">[208]</a> and gained wide acceptance by the fifteenth-century throughout India during an era of political uncertainty and Hindu-Islam conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996131-213">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1976143–169-214">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a>, which literally means "those immersed in God", were Vaishnava poet-saints who sang praises of Vishnu as they travelled from one place to another.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> They established temple sites such as <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a>, and spread ideas about Vaishnavism. Their poems, compiled as <a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabhandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabhandham">Divya Prabhandham</a>, developed into an influential scripture for the Vaishnavas. The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>'s references to the South Indian Alvar saints, along with its emphasis on bhakti, have led many scholars to give it South Indian origins, though some scholars question whether this evidence excludes the possibility that bhakti movement had parallel developments in other parts of India.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> Vaishnava bhakti practices involve loving devotion to a Vishnu avatar (often Krishna), an emotional connection, a longing and continuous feeling of presence.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> All aspects of life and living is not only a divine order but divinity itself in Vaishnava bhakti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis_ClooneyTony_Stewart2004163-159">[156]</a> Community practices such as singing songs together (<a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">bhajan</a> ), praising or ecstatically celebrating the presence of god together, usually inside temples, but sometimes in open public are part of varying Vaishnava practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen199523–24-219">[216]</a> Other practical methods includes devotional practices such as chanting mantras (japa), performing rituals, and engaging in acts of service (seva) within the community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis_ClooneyTony_Stewart2004178-220">[217]</a> These help Vaishnavas socialize and form a community identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen1995107–112-221">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tilaka">Tilaka</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:371px;max-width:371px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaze_of_a_priest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gaze_of_a_priest.JPG/178px-Gaze_of_a_priest.JPG" decoding="async" width="178" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gaze_of_a_priest.JPG/267px-Gaze_of_a_priest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gaze_of_a_priest.JPG/356px-Gaze_of_a_priest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="2016" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg/185px-Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg/278px-Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg/370px-Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: A Vaishnava Hindu with Tilaka (<a href="/wiki/Urdhva_Pundra" title="Urdhva Pundra">Urdhva Pundra</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002b724"Urdhvapundra"-222">[219]</a> Right: A Shaiva Hindu with Tilaka (<a href="/wiki/Tripundra" title="Tripundra">Tripundra</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXYepeIGUY0gCpgPA789_789–790]-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-chatterjeeshs11-224">[221]</a></div></div></div></div> Vaishnavas mark their foreheads with <a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">tilaka</a> made up of Chandana, either as a daily ritual, or on special occasions. The different Vaishnava sampradayas each have their own distinctive <a href="/wiki/Tilak_(Vaishnava)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilak (Vaishnava)">style of tilaka</a>, which depicts the <a href="/wiki/Siddhanta" title="Siddhanta">siddhanta</a> of their particular lineage. The general tilaka pattern is of a parabolic shape resembling the letter U or two or more connected vertical lines on and another optional line on the nose resembling the letter Y, in which the two parallel lines represent the Lotus feet of Krishna and the bottom part on the nose represents the <a href="/wiki/Tulsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsi">tulsi</a> leaf.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiation">Initiation</h3></div> In tantric traditions of Vaishnavism, during the initiation (<a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">diksha</a>) given by a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> under whom they are trained to understand Vaishnava practices, the initiates accept Vishnu as supreme. At the time of initiation, the disciple is traditionally given a specific <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>, which the disciple will repeat, either out loud or within the mind, as an act of worship to Vishnu or one of his avatars. The practice of repetitive prayer is known as <a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">japa</a>. In the Gaudiya Vaishnava group, one who performs an act of worship with the name of Vishnu or Krishna can be considered a Vaishnava by practice, "Who chants the holy name of Krishna just once may be considered a Vaishnava."<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrimage_sites">Pilgrimage sites</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:377px"><div style="position:relative;width:375px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map_3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vaishnavism is located in India"><img alt="Vaishnavism is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/India_location_map_3.png/375px-India_location_map_3.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/India_location_map_3.png/563px-India_location_map_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/India_location_map_3.png/750px-India_location_map_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1077" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.677%;left:21.312%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Nathdwara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:86.821%;left:38.437%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Rameshwaram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Rameshwaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Rameshwaram">Rameshwaram</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.369%;left:28.75%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Guruvayur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.667%;left:6.51%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Dwarka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.923%;left:47.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Ayodhya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.077%;left:31.562%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Mathura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.523%;left:33.438%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Vrindavan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.505%;left:50.033%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Varanasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:13.908%;left:24.844%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Vaishno Devi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Vaishno_Devi" title="Vaishno Devi">Vaishno Devi</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.205%;left:26.719%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Pandharpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.338%;left:24.203%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Udupi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.385%;left:38.813%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Tirupati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.938%;left:36.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Srirangam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.8%;left:39.031%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Badrinath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.462%;left:58.781%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Puri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.262%;left:66.85%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Mayapur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mayapur" title="Mayapur">Mayapur</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map_3.png" title="File:India location map 3.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Major pilgrimage and temple sites in Vaishnavism <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/10px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/15px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> indicates <a href="/wiki/Char_Dham" title="Char Dham">Char Dham</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist" style="float:right; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid;">This template: <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Map/Pilgrimage_in_Vaishnavism" title="Template:Map/Pilgrimage in Vaishnavism">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Map/Pilgrimage_in_Vaishnavism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Map/Pilgrimage in Vaishnavism (page does not exist)">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Map/Pilgrimage_in_Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Map/Pilgrimage in Vaishnavism">edit</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div> Important sites of pilgrimage for Vaishnavas include <a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirupati_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirupati (city)">Tirupati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur (Vitthal)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri (Jaggannath)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shri_Laxmi_Narsimha_Temple" title="Shri Laxmi Narsimha Temple">Nira Narsingpur (Narasimha)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayapur" title="Mayapur">Mayapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a>, Udipi (Karnataka), <a href="/wiki/Shree_Govindajee_Temple" title="Shree Govindajee Temple">Shree Govindajee Temple (Imphal)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govind_Dev_Ji_Temple" title="Govind Dev Ji Temple">Govind Dev Ji Temple (Jaipur)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muktinath" title="Muktinath">Muktinath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier-228">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valpey2004-229">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_places">Holy places</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrindavana">Vrindavana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrindavana">Vrindavana</a> is considered to be a holy place by several traditions of Krishnaism. It is a center of Krishna worship and the area includes places like <a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Hill" title="Govardhan Hill">Govardhana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a> associated with Krishna from time immemorial. Many millions of bhaktas or devotees of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> visit these places of pilgrimage every year and participate in a number of festivals that relate to the scenes from Krishna's life on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier-230">[note 4]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a> is considered the eternal abode of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svayam_bhagavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Svayam bhagavan">Svayam bhagavan</a> according to some <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> schools, including <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaminarayan Sampraday">Swaminarayan Sampradaya</a>. The scriptural basis for this is taken in <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Samhita" title="Brahma Samhita">Brahma Samhita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig200510-231">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_sampradayas_and_other_traditions">Four sampradayas and other traditions</h3></div> The Vaishnavism traditions may be grouped within four <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradayas</a>, each exemplified by a specific Vedic personality. They have been associated with a specific founder, providing the following scheme: Sri Sampradaya (<a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>), Brahma Sampradaya (<a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000Front_matter-232">[228]</a> Rudra Sampradaya (<a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabhacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabhacharya">Vallabhacharya</a>),<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> Kumaras Sampradaya (<a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier1998-234">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[note 5]</a> These four sampradayas emerged in early centuries of the 2nd millennium CE, by the 14th century, influencing and sanctioning the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck20056-71">[68]</a> The philosophical systems of Vaishnava sampradayas range from qualified <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> of Ramanuja, to theistic <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> of Madhvacharya, to pure <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondualistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a> of Vallabhacharya. They all revere an avatar of Vishnu, but have varying theories on the relationship between the soul (<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jiva</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mahony87-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2005a74–77-238">[233]</a> on the nature of changing and unchanging reality, methods of worship, as well as on spiritual liberation for the householder stage of life versus <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">sannyasa</a> (renunciation) stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2005a76–77-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2002288–304,_340–350-21">[21]</a> Beyond the four major sampradayas, the situation is more complicated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996134–135-239">[234]</a> with the Vaikhanasas being much older<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123-240">[235]</a> than those four sampradayas, and a number of additional traditions and sects which originated later,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996135-241">[236]</a> or aligned themselves with one of those four sampradayas.<a href="#cite_note-rosendeadwyler-235">[231]</a> Krishna sampradayas continued to be founded late into late medieval and during the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> era, such as the <a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabh Sampradaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2005a70–79-242">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditions_List">Traditions List</h4></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sampradaya </th> <th>Main theological preceptor </th> <th>Philosophy </th> <th>Founder </th> <th>(Sub)schools </th> <th>Founded </th> <th>(Sub)school-founder </th> <th>Worship </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vishnuism" title="Historical Vishnuism">Historical traditions</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavatism</a> (Vasudevism)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon1987a-42">[40]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">1st millennium BCE </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">unknown </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon1987b-43">[41]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">3rd century BCE </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">Sage <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">4th century CE </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">Sage Vaikhanasa </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri Sampradaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Laksmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laksmi">Laksmi</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> ("qualified monism") </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a> (10th century)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996136-243">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramanujacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanujacharya">Ramanujacharya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Iyengar" title="Iyengar">Iyengar</a> <a href="/wiki/Thenkalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thenkalai">Thenkalai</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">12th–14th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a> <a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Iyengar" title="Iyengar">Iyengar</a> <a href="/wiki/Vadakalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadakalai">Vadakalai</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">14th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> ("the realist viewpoint") or <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> ("dualism") </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadh_Vaishnavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadh Vaishnavism">Sadh Vaishnavism</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">13th-14th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>) & <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a> ("difference and non-difference") </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[note 6]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">16th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam Sampradaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">1890s </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Prabhu_Jagadbandhu" title="Prabhu Jagadbandhu">Prabhu Jagadbandhu</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra Sampradaya</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a> ("pure nondualism") </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[note 7]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">c. 1500 </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vallabha_Acharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabha Acharya">Vallabhacharya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">Krishna and his svarūpas, notably <a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Four Kumaras</a> <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a> ("duality in unity") </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">7th or 12th–13th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a>) traditions </td> <td rowspan="7" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="7" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="7" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari Sampradaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">13th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a> (Jñāneśvar)<a href="#cite_note-248">[note 8]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi Sampradaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">14th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bishnoi_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnoi Panth">Bishnoi Panth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">1485 CE </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Jambheshwar" title="Guru Jambheshwar">Guru Jambheshwar</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lakshami" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshami">Lakshami</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica_Kabir-249">[241]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">15th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, a disciple of Ramananda </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govinda" title="Govinda">Govinda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center">Dadu panth<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987-1">[1]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">16th–17th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">non-sectarian </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampradaya" title="Pranami Sampradaya">Pranami Sampradaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1">17th century </td> <td rowspan="1">Devchandra Maharaj </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Charan Dasi </td> <td rowspan="1">18th century<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a143-251">[243]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sant_Charandas" title="Sant Charandas">Sant Charandas</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10" align="center">Other traditions </td> <td rowspan="10" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="10" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="10" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odia</a> Vaishnavism (<a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981EschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987387–392Patnaik2005Miśra2005chapter_9._JagannāthismPatra2011-17">[17]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava Sampradaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">12–13th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">Pancha-<a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a>) </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">15th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandidas" title="Chandidas">Chandidas</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">15th–16th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Srimanta_Sankardeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Srimanta Sankardeva">Srimanta Sankaradeva</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabh Sampradaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">16th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan Sampradaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">1801 </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narayana" title="Lakshmi Narayana">Lakshmi Narayana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi Sampradaya">Ramsnehi Sampradaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">1817 </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a> (inspirator) </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">Rama </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi Sampradaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center">Haridasi Sampradaya<a href="#cite_note-252">[244]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">16th century </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Swami_Haridas" title="Swami Haridas">Swami Haridas</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banke_Bihari_Temple" title="Banke Bihari Temple">Banke Bihari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmikism</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center">Sage <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_traditions">Early traditions</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bhagavats">Bhagavats</h4></div> The Bhagavats were the early worshippers of Krishna, the followers of Bhagavat, the Lord, in the person of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123–124-253">[245]</a> The term bhagavata may have denoted a general religious tradition or attitude of theistic worship which prevailed until the 11th century, and not a specific sect,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123-240">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon2005a9501-254">[246]</a> and is best known as a designation for Vishnu-devotees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon2005a9501-254">[246]</a> The earliest scriptural evidence of Vaishnava bhagavats is an inscription from 115 BCE, in which <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodoros</a>, ambassador of the Greco-Bactrian king Amtalikita, says that he is a bhagavata of Vasudeva.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon2005a9502-255">[247]</a> It was supported by the Guptas, suggesting a widespread appeal, in contrast to specific sects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123–124-253">[245]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Heliodorus pillar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Heliodorus_pillar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heliodorus_pillar.jpg/250px-Heliodorus_pillar.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heliodorus_pillar.jpg/375px-Heliodorus_pillar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heliodorus_pillar.jpg/500px-Heliodorus_pillar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a>, India.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Period/culture</th><td class="infobox-data">late 2nd century BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, India.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Present location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a>, India</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:India_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heliodorus pillar is located in India"><img alt="Heliodorus pillar is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/240px-India_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/360px-India_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/480px-India_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.924%;left:33.75%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Heliodorus pillar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Heliodorus pillar</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pancaratra">Pancaratra</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pancaratra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancaratra">Pancaratra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a></div> The Pāñcarātra is the tradition of Narayana-worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121-163">[160]</a> The term pāñcarātra means "five nights," from pañca, "five,"and rātra, "nights,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007321–322-256">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121-163">[160]</a> and may be derived from the "five night sacrifice" as described in the Satapatha Brahmana, which narrates how Purusa-Narayana intends to become the highest being by performing a sacrifice which lasts five nights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121-163">[160]</a> The Narayaniya section of the Mahabharata describes the ideas of the Pāñcarātras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121-163">[160]</a> Characteristic is the description of the manifestation of the Absolute through a series of manifestations, from the vyuha manifestations of Vasudeva and pure creation, through the <a href="/wiki/Tattvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvas">tattvas</a> of mixed creation into impure or material creation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121–122-24">[24]</a> The Pāñcarātra Samhitas developed from the 7th or 8th century onward, and belongs to <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamic</a> or Tantras,<a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122-166">[163]</a> setting them at odds with vedic orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122–123-169">[166]</a> Vishnu worshipers in south India still follow the system of Pancharatra worship as described in these texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122-166">[163]</a> Although the Pāñcarātra originated in north India, it had a strong influence on south India, where it is closely related with the Sri Vaishnava tradition. According to Welbon, "Pāñcarātra cosmological and ritual theory and practice combine with the unique vernacular devotional poetry of the Alvars, and Ramanuja, founder of the Sri Vaishnava tradition, propagated Pāñcarātra ideas."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon2005b9509-258">[250]</a> Ramananda was also influenced by Pāñcarātra ideas through the influence of Sri Vaishnavism, whereby Pāñcarātra re-entered north India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon2005b9509-258">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></div> The Vaikhanasas are associated with the Pāñcarātra, but regard themselves as a Vedic orthodox sect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123-240">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[251]</a> Modern Vaikhanasas reject elements of the Pāñcarātra and Sri Vaishnava tradition, but the historical relationship with the orthodox Vaikhanasa in south India is unclear.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Vaikhanasas may have resisted the incorporation of the devotic elements of the Alvar tradition, while the Pāñcarātras were open to this incorporation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon2005b9509-258">[250]</a> Vaikhanasas have their own foundational text, the Vaikhanasasmarta Sutra, which describes a mixture of Vedic and non-Vedic ritual worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123-240">[235]</a> The Vaikhanasas became chief priests in a lot of south Indian temples, where they still remain influential.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123-240">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_medieval_traditions">Early medieval traditions</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smartism">Smartism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a></div> The Smarta tradition developed during the (early) Classical Period of Hinduism around the beginning of the Common Era, when Hinduism emerged from the interaction between Brahmanism and local traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2013-260">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996-261">[253]</a> According to Flood, Smartism developed and expanded with the <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> genre of literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113-262">[254]</a> By the time of Adi Shankara,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2013-260">[252]</a> it had developed the pancayatanapuja, the worship of five shrines with five deities, all treated as equal, namely <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Devi</a> (Shakti),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113-262">[254]</a> "as a solution to varied and conflicting devotional practices."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2013-260">[252]</a> Traditionally, Sri Adi Shankaracharya (8th century) is regarded as the greatest teacher and reformer of the Smarta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991017-263">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052-264">[256]</a> According to Hiltebeitel, Adi Shankara Acharya established the nondualist interpretation of the Upanishads as the touchstone of a revived smarta tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2013-260">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[note 9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alvars">Alvars</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nammazhwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nammazhwar.jpg/220px-Nammazhwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nammazhwar.jpg/330px-Nammazhwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nammazhwar.jpg/440px-Nammazhwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></div> The Alvars, "those immersed in god," were twelve<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996131-213">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> poet-saints of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> who espoused <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> (devotion) to the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> or his <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> in their songs of longing, ecstasy and service.<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> The Alvars appeared between the 5th century to the 10th century CE, though the Vaishnava tradition regards the Alvars to have lived between 4200 BCE - 2700 BCE. The devotional writings of Alvars, composed during the early medieval period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">Tamil history</a>, are key texts in the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">bhakti movement</a>. They praised the <a href="/wiki/Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">Divya Desams</a>, 108 "abodes" (temples) of the Vaishnava deities.<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a> The collection of their hymns is known as the <a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a>. Their Bhakti-poems has contributed to the establishment and sustenance of a culture that opposed the ritual-oriented Vedic religion and rooted itself in devotion as the only path for salvation.<a href="#cite_note-About_Alvars-268">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_traditions">Contemporary traditions</h3></div> Gavin Flood mentions five most important contemporary Vaishnava orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996135-241">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nimbarka_Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></div> Nimbarka Sampradaya, also called Kumara Sampradaya is one of the four bonafied Vaishnavism tradition. It worship <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> with his chief consort, <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>. The tradition was founded by <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a> around 7th CE-12 CE. Nimbarka's philosphical position is dualistic monism and he centered all his devotion to the unified form of the divine couple <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> in Sakhya bhav.<a href="#cite_note-269">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></div> Sri Vaishnavism is one of the major denomination within Vaishnavism that originated in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, adopting the prefix Sri as an homage to Vishnu's consort, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001-272">[263]</a> The Sri Vaishnava community consists of both Brahmans and non-Brahmans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996137–138-273">[264]</a> It existed along with a larger Purana-based Brahamanical worshippers of Vishnu, and non-Brahmanical groups who worshipped and also adhered by non-Vishnu village deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996137–138-273">[264]</a> The Sri Vaishnavism movement grew with its social inclusiveness, where emotional devotion to the personal god (Vishnu) has been open without limitation to gender or caste.<a href="#cite_note-Bartley2013p1-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[note 10]</a> The most striking difference between Sri Vaishnavas and other Vaishnava groups lies in their interpretation of Vedas. While other Vaishnava groups interpret Vedic deities like Indra, Savitar, Bhaga, Rudra, etc. to be same as their Puranic counterparts, Sri Vaishnavas consider these to be different names/roles/forms of <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>, claiming that the entire Veda is dedicated for Vishnu-worship alone. Sri Vaishnavas have remodelled Pancharatra homas like the Sudarshana homa to include Vedic Suktas in them, thus giving them a Vedic outlook.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sri Vaishnavism developed in <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996135–136-276">[266]</a> It incorporated two different traditions, namely the tantric Pancaratra tradition, and the Puranic Vishnu worship of northern India with their abstract Vedantic theology, and the southern bhakti tradition of the Alvars of Tamil Nadu with their personal devotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996135–136-276">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bartley2013p1-75">[72]</a> The tradition was founded by <a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a> (10th century), who along with <a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a>, combined the two traditions and gave the tradition legitimacy by drawing on the Alvars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996136-243">[238]</a> Its most influential leader was <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> (1017-1137), who developed the <a href="/wiki/Visistadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Visistadvaita">Vishistadvaita</a> ("qualified non-dualism") philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996133,_136-277">[267]</a> Ramanuja challenged the then dominant <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> interpretation of the Upanishads and Vedas, by formulating the Vishishtadvaita philosophy foundations for Sri Vaishnavism from Vedanta.<a href="#cite_note-Bartley2013p1-75">[72]</a> Sri Vaishnava includes the ritual and temple life in the tantra traditions of <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a>, emotional devotion to Vishnu, and the contemplative form bhakti, in the context of householder social and religious duties.<a href="#cite_note-Bartley2013p1-75">[72]</a> The tantric rituals refers to techniques and texts recited during worship, and these include Sanskrit and Tamil texts in South Indian Sri Vaishnava tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007352-274">[265]</a> According to Sri Vaishnavism theology, moksha can be reached by devotion and service to the Lord and detachment from the world. When moksha is reached, the cycle of reincarnation is broken and the soul is united with Vishnu after death, though maintaining their distinctions in <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a>, Vishnu's abode.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996136–137-278">[268]</a> Moksha can also be reached by total surrender and saranagati, an act of grace by the Lord.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996137-279">[269]</a> Ramanuja's Sri Vaishnavism subscribes to videhamukti (liberation in afterlife), in contrast to jivanmukti (liberation in this life) found in other traditions within Hinduism, such as the Smarta and Shaiva traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Kim_Skoog_1996_63–84,_236–239-280">[270]</a> Two hundred years after Ramanuja, the Sri Vaishnava tradition split into the <a href="/wiki/Vadakalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadakalai">Vadakalai</a> (northern art) and <a href="/wiki/Tenkalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenkalai">Tenkalai</a> (southern art) sects. The Vadakalai regard the Vedas as the greatest source of religious authority, emphasising bhakti through devotion to temple-icons, while the Tenkalai rely more on Tamil scriptures and total surrender to God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996137-279">[269]</a> The philosophy of Sri Vaishnavism is adhered to and disseminated by the <a href="/wiki/Iyengar" title="Iyengar">Iyengar</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-281">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sadh_Vaishnavism">Sadh Vaishnavism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sadh_Vaishnavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadh Vaishnavism">Sadh Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></div> Sadh Vaishnavism is one of the major denominations within Vaishnavism that originated in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, adopting the prefix Sadh which means 'true'. Madhvacharya named his Vaishnavism as Sadh Vaishnavism in order to distinguish it from the Sri Vaishnavism of Ramanuja. Sadh Vaishnavism was founded by the thirteenth-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[273]</a> It is a movement in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> that developed during its classical period around the beginning of the Common Era. Philosophically, Sadh Vaishnavism is aligned with <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedanta</a>, and regards <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> as its founder or reformer.<a href="#cite_note-284">[274]</a> The tradition traces its roots to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> texts. The Sadh Vaishnavism or Madhva Sampradaya is also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a>, referring to its traditional origins in the succession of spiritual masters (gurus) have originated from <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[275]</a> In Sadh Vaishnavism, the creator is superior to the creation, and hence <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> comes only from the grace of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, but not from effort alone.<a href="#cite_note-286">[276]</a> Compared to other Vaishnava schools which emphasize only on Bhakti, Sadh Vaishnavism regards <a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">Jnana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya</a> as necessary steps for moksha. So in Sadh Vaishnavism — <a href="/wiki/Jnana_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana Yoga">Jnana Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhakti Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karma_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Karma Yoga">Karma Yoga</a> are equally important in order to attain liberation. The <a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a> movement, a bhakti movement originated from <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> is a sub-branch of Sadh Vaishnavism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000xxxii–xxxiii,_514–516,_539-287">[277]</a> Sadh Vaishnavism worships Vishnu as the highest Hindu deity and regards <a href="/wiki/Madhva" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhva">Madhva</a>, whom they consider to be an incarnation of Vishnu's son, <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a>, as an incarnate saviour.<a href="#cite_note-288">[278]</a> Madhvism regards Vayu as <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>'s agent in this world, and <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> to be his three incarnations; for this reason, the roles of Hanuman in the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and Bhima in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> are emphasised, and Madhvacharya is particularly held in high esteem.<a href="#cite_note-289">[279]</a> Vayu is prominently shown by Madhva in countless texts.<a href="#cite_note-290">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[281]</a> The most striking difference between Sadh Vaishnavas and other Vaishnava groups lies in their interpretation of Vedas and their way of worship. While other Vaishnava groups deny the worship of Vedic deities such as Rudra, Indra etc., Sadh Vaishnavas worship all devatas including Lakshmi, Brahma, Vayu, Saraswati, Shiva (Rudra), Parvati, Indra, Subrahmanya and Ganesha as per "Taratamya". In fact, Madhvacharya in his Tantra Sara Sangraha clearly explained how to worship all devatas. In many of his works Madhvacharya also explained the Shiva Tattva, the procedure to worship Panchamukha <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (Rudra), the <a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Panchakshari Mantra</a> and even clearly explained why everyone should worship Shiva. Many prominent saints and scholars of Sadh Vaishnavism such as <a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a> composed "Laghu Shiva Stuti", <a href="/wiki/Narayana_Panditacharya" title="Narayana Panditacharya">Narayana Panditacharya</a> composed <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a> wrote a commentary on <a href="/wiki/Sri_Rudram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Rudram">Sri Rudram</a> (Namaka Chamaka) in praise of Shiva. Indologist B. N. K. Sharma says These are positive proofs of the fact that Madhvas are not bigots opposed to the worship of Shiva.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000221-292">[282]</a> Sharma says, Sadh Vaishnavism is more tolerant and accommodative of the worship of other gods such as <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Subrahmanya</a> and others of the Hindu pantheon compared to other Vaishnava traditions. This is the reason why <a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a> though under the influence of Tathacharya in his early life did not subscribe wholly to the dogmas of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a> against the worship of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> etc., and later became the disciple of <a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000521-293">[283]</a> The influence of Sadh Vaishnavism was most prominent on the Chaitanya school of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> Vaishnavism, whose devotees later started the devotional movement on the worship of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a>) - known colloquially as the <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna Movement">Hare Krishna Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196222–23-294">[284]</a> It is stated that <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> (1496–1534) was a disciple of Isvara Puri, who was a disciple of Madhavendra Puri, who was a disciple of Lakshmipati Tirtha, was a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a> (1469–1539), of the Sadh Vaishnava Sampradaya of Madhvacharya.<a href="#cite_note-295">[285]</a> The Madhva school of thought also had a huge impact on Gujarat Vaishnava culture.<a href="#cite_note-296">[286]</a> The famous bhakti saint of Vallabha Sampradaya, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Haridas" title="Swami Haridas">Swami Haridas</a> was a direct disciple of <a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a> of Madhva Vaishnavism. Hence Sadh Vaishnavism also have some influence on Vallabha's Vaishnavism as well.<a href="#cite_note-297">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaudiya_Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_Vaishnavism" title="Manipuri Vaishnavism">Manipuri Vaishnavism</a></div> Gaudiya Vaishnavism, also known as Chaitanya Vaishnavism<a href="#cite_note-298">[288]</a> and Hare Krishna, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> (1486–1533) in India. "Gaudiya" refers to the <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauḍa region">Gauḍa region</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) with Vaishnavism meaning "the worship of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>". Its philosophical basis is primarily that of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>. The focus of Gaudiya Vaishnavism is the devotional worship (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, and their many divine <a href="/wiki/Incarnations" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarnations">incarnations</a> as the supreme forms of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a>. Most popularly, this worship takes the form of singing Radha and Krishna's <a href="/wiki/Holy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy">holy</a> names, such as "Hare", "Krishna" and "Rama", most commonly in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna (mantra)</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a>. It sees the many forms of Vishnu or Krishna as expansions or incarnations of the one Supreme God. After its decline in the 18-19th century, it was revived in the beginning of the 20th century due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a>. His son Srila <a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati_Thakura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura</a> founded sixty-four Gaudiya Matha monasteries in India, Burma and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand2004130-299">[289]</a> Thakura's disciple <a href="/wiki/Srila_Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="Srila Prabhupada">Srila Prabhupada</a> went to the west and spread Gaudiya Vaishnavism by the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> (ISKCON). The <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_Vaishnavism" title="Manipuri Vaishnavism">Manipuri Vaishnavism</a> is a regional variant of Gaudiya Vaishnavism with a culture-forming role among the <a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Meitei people</a> in the north-eastern Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004125–132-300">[290]</a> There, after a short period of <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramaism</a> penetration, Gaudiya Vaishnavism spread in the early 18th century, especially from beginning its second quarter. Raja <a href="/wiki/Gharib_Nawaz_(Manipur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)">Gharib Nawaz (Pamheiba)</a> was initiated into the Chaitanya tradition. Most devotee ruler and propagandist of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Narottama_Dasa" title="Narottama Dasa">Natottama Thakura</a>'s disciples, was raja <a href="/wiki/Ching-Thang_Khomba" title="Ching-Thang Khomba">Bhagyachandra</a>, who has visited the holy for the Chaytanyaits <a href="/wiki/Nabadwip" title="Nabadwip">Nabadwip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004128-301">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Warkari_tradition">Warkari tradition</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></div> The Warkari sampradaya is a non-<a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahamanical</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[note 11]</a> bhakti tradition which worships <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a>, also known as Vitthal, who is regarded as a form of Krishna/Vishnu. Vithoba is often depicted as a dark young boy, standing arms akimbo on a brick, sometimes accompanied by his main consort Rakhumai (a regional name of Krishna's wife <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>). The Warkari-tradition is geographically associated with the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlushkova200047–58-303">[292]</a> The Warkari movement includes a duty-based approach towards life, emphasizing moral behavior and strict avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, the adoption of a strict <a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">lacto-vegetarian</a> diet and fasting on <a href="/wiki/Ekadashi" title="Ekadashi">Ekadashi</a> day (twice a month), self-restraint (<a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">brahmacharya</a>) during <a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">student</a> life, equality and humanity for all rejecting discrimination based on the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste system</a> or wealth, the reading of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>, the recitation of the <a href="/wiki/Haripath" title="Haripath">Haripath</a> every day and the regular practice of <a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">bhajan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a>. The most important festivals of Vithoba are held on the eleventh (ekadashi) day of the lunar months" <a href="/wiki/Shayani_Ekadashi" title="Shayani Ekadashi">Shayani Ekadashi</a> in the month of <a href="/wiki/Ashadha" title="Ashadha">Ashadha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prabodhini_Ekadashi" title="Prabodhini Ekadashi">Prabodhini Ekadashi</a> in the month of <a href="/wiki/Kartik_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik (month)">Kartik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlushkova200047–58-303">[292]</a> The Warkari poet-saints are known for their devotional lyrics, the <a href="/wiki/Abhang" title="Abhang">abhang</a>, dedicated to Vithoba and composed in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>. Other devotional literature includes the Kannada hymns of the Haridasa, and Marathi versions of the generic <a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">aarti</a> songs associated with rituals of offering light to the deity. Notable saints and <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">gurus</a> of the Warkaris include <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chokhamela" title="Chokhamela">Chokhamela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a>, all of whom are accorded the title of <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant</a>. Though the origins of both his cult and his main temple are debated, there is clear evidence that they already existed by the 13th century. Various <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indologists</a> have proposed a prehistory for Vithoba worship where he was previously a <a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">hero stone</a>, a pastoral deity, a manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain saint</a>, or even all of these at various times for various devotees. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ramanandi_tradition">Ramanandi tradition</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi Sampradaya</a></div> The Ramanandi Sampradaya, also known as the Ramayats or the Ramavats,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004254-304">[293]</a> is one of the largest and most egalitarian Hindu sects in India, around the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges Plain">Ganges Plain</a>, and Nepal today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurghart1983362-305">[294]</a> It mainly emphasizes the worship of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004254-304">[293]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> directly and other incarnations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwananda198410-306">[295]</a> Most Ramanandis consider themselves to be the followers of <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> saint in medieval India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajHarman2007165-307">[296]</a> Philosophically, they are in the <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> Viśiṣṭādvaita) tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004254-304">[293]</a> Its ascetic wing constitutes the largest Vaishnava <a href="/wiki/Hindu_monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu monasticism">monastic order</a> and may possibly be the largest monastic order in all of India.<a href="#cite_note-308">[297]</a> Rāmānandī ascetics rely upon meditation and strict ascetic practices and believe that the grace of god is required for them to achieve liberation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Sant_tradition">Northern Sant tradition</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a> was a 15th-century Indian <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">sant</a>, whose writings influenced the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>, but whose verses are also found in Sikhism's scripture <a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica_Kabir-249">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tinker1990-309">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-ronaldsikh-310">[299]</a> His early life was in a Muslim family, but he was strongly influenced by his teacher, the Hindu bhakti leader <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a>, he becomes a Vaishnavite with universalist leanings. His followers formed the <a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica_Kabir-249">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ronald-311">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tinker1990-309">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a> (1544—1603) was a poet-sant from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, a religious reformer who spoke against formalism and priestcraft. A group of his followers near <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, Rajasthan, forming a Vaishnavite denomination that became known as the Dadu Panth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_traditions">Other traditions</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Odia_Vaishnavism">Odia Vaishnavism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odia</a> Vaishnavism (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Jagannathism)—the particular cult of the god <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> ''Lord of the Universe'') as the supreme deity, an abstract form of Krishna, the <a href="/wiki/Purushottama" title="Purushottama">Purushottama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Para Brahman</a>—was origined in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981EschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987Guy1992Patnaik2005Miśra2005chapter_9._Jagannāthism-314">[303]</a> Jagannathism was a regional state temple-centered version of <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-315">[304]</a> but can also be regarded as a non-sectarian syncretic Vaishnavite and all-Hindu cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatnaik2005Miśra2005chapter_9._Jagannāthism-316">[305]</a> The notable <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>, Odisha became particularly significant within the tradition since about 800 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139–141-317">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mahanubhava_Sampradaya">Mahanubhava Sampradaya</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></div> The Mahanubhava Sampradaya/Pantha founded in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> during the period of 12-13th century. Sarvajna <a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhar Swami</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a> acharya was the main propagator of this Sampradaya. The Mahanubhavas venere Pancha-<a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> ("five Krishnas"). Mahanubhava Pantha played essential role in the growth of <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhaus1983Hardy1987387–392Dalal2010Mahanubhava-318">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sahajiya_and_Baul_tradition">Sahajiya and Baul tradition</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></div> Since 15th century in Bengal and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> flourished <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> Vaishnava-Sahajiya inspired by Bengali poet <a href="/wiki/Chandidas" title="Chandidas">Chandidas</a>, as well as related to it Baul groups, where Krishna is the inner divine aspect of man and Radha is the aspect of woman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas1988SardellaWong2020part_2-319">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ekasarana_Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></div> The Ekasarana Dharma was propagated by <a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Srimanta Sankardev</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> region of India.It considers <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as the only God.<a href="#cite_note-320">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Satra_(Ekasarana_Dharma)" title="Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)">Satras</a> are institutional centers associated with the Ekasarana dharma.<a href="#cite_note-321">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1966-322">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Radha-vallabha_Sampradaya">Radha-vallabha Sampradaya</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabh Sampradaya</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>-centered Radha Vallabh Sampradaya founded by the <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> bhakti poet-saint <a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu</a> in the 16th century occupies a unique place among other traditions. In its theology, Radha is worshiped as the supreme deity, and Krishna is in a subordinate position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein19985–18Beck2005a65–90-323">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pranami_Sampradaya">Pranami Sampradaya</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pranami" title="Pranami">Pranami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami Sampraday</a></div> The Pranami Sampradaya (Pranami Panth) emerged in the 17th century in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, based on the Radha-Krishna-focussed syncretic Hindu-<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> teachings of Devchandra Maharaj and his famous successor, Mahamati Prannath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010Pranami_PanthToffin2012249–254-324">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Swaminarayan_Sampradaya">Swaminarayan Sampradaya</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan Sampradaya</a></div> The Swaminarayan Sampradaya was founded in 1801 in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> by <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Sahajanand Swami</a> from <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, who is worshipped as <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a>, the supreme manifestation of God, by his followers. The first temple built in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> in 1822.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001-325">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaishnavism_and_other_Hindu_tradition_table">Vaishnavism and other Hindu tradition table</h2></div> The Vaishnavism sampradayas subscribe to various philosophies, are similar in some aspects and differ in others. When compared with Shaivism, Shaktism and Smartism, a similar range of similarities and differences emerge.<a href="#cite_note-JanGondaVandS-326">[315]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Comparison of Vaishnavism with other traditions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th style="background: #ffcc99;">Vaishnava Traditions</th> <th>Shaiva Traditions</th> <th>Shakta Traditions</th> <th>Smarta Traditions</th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Scriptural authority</td> <td>Vedas and Upanishads</td> <td>Vedas and Upanishads</td> <td>Vedas and Upanishads</td> <td>Vedas and Upanishads</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ryanjonesavatar-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhavamony1999p33-124">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Supreme deity</td> <td>Vishnu as <a href="/wiki/Mahavishnu" title="Mahavishnu">Mahavishnu</a> or Krishna as <a href="/wiki/Vishvarupa" title="Vishvarupa">Vishwarupa</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td> <td>Shiva as <a href="/wiki/Parashiva" title="Parashiva">Parashiva</a> ,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td> <td>Devi as <a href="/wiki/Adi_Parashakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Parashakti">Adi Parashakti</a> ,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td> <td>None, Varies</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JanGondaVandS-326">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[316]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Creator</td> <td>Vishnu</td> <td>Shiva</td> <td>Devi</td> <td>Brahman principle</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JanGondaVandS-326">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta201365–71-328">[317]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></td> <td>Key concept</td> <td>Minor</td> <td>Significant</td> <td>Minor</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ryanjonesavatar-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-laiengavatar-329">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhavamony2002p63-330">[319]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Monastic</a> life</td> <td>Accepts</td> <td>Recommends</td> <td>Accepts</td> <td>Recommends</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ryanjonesavatar-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[321]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rituals, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Optional, Varies<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167-333">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[324]</a></td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Optional<a href="#cite_note-336">[325]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-337">[326]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> and Vegetarianism</td> <td>Affirms, Optional, Varies</td> <td>Recommends,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167-333">[322]</a> Optional</td> <td>Optional</td> <td>Recommends, Optional</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-338">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[328]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JanGondaVandS-326">[315]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Metaphysics</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (Vishnu) and <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Soul, Self)</td> <td>Brahman (Shiva), Atman</td> <td>Brahman (Devi), Atman</td> <td>Brahman, Atman</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JanGondaVandS-326">[315]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana</a>)</td> <td><div><ol><li>Perception</li><li>Inference</li><li>Reliable testimony</li></ol></div></td> <td><div><ol><li>Perception</li><li>Inference</li><li>Reliable testimony</li><li>Self-evident<a href="#cite_note-340">[329]</a></li></ol></div></td> <td><div><ol><li>Perception</li><li>Inference</li><li>Reliable testimony</li></ol></div></td> <td><div><ol><li>Perception</li><li>Inference</li><li>Comparison and analogy</li><li>Postulation, derivation</li><li>Negative/ cognitive proof</li><li>Reliable testimony</li></ol></div></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-341">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996225-342">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[332]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philosophy (Darshanam)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> (qualified Non dualism), <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> (Dualism), <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a> (Pure Non Dualism), <a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a> (Dualistic Non Dualism), <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> (Non Dualism), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Achintya Bhedabheda">Achintya Bhedabheda</a> (Non Dualistic Indifferentiation)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, Shakti-Advaita</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-344">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[334]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salvation (<a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a>)</td> <td>Videhamukti, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, champions householder life, Vishnu is soul</td> <td>Jivanmukta, Shiva is soul, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, champions monastic life</td> <td>Bhakti, Tantra, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></td> <td>Jivanmukta, Advaita, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, champions monastic life</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kim_Skoog_1996_63–84,_236–239-280">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[335]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2></div> There is no data available on demographic history or trends for Vaishnavism or other traditions within Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-347">[336]</a> Estimates vary on the relative number of adherents in Vaishnavism compared to other traditions of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-349">[note 12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a> and other scholars estimate Vaishnavism to be the largest Hindu denomination.<a href="#cite_note-350">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson400-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[note 13]</a> The denominations of Hinduism, states Julius Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy, individuals revere gods and goddesses <a href="/wiki/Henotheism#Hinduism" title="Henotheism">polycentrically</a>, with many Vaishnava adherents recognizing Sri (Lakshmi), Shiva, Parvati and others reverentially on festivals and other occasions. Similarly, Shaiva, Shakta and Smarta Hindus revere Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-353">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[341]</a> Vaishnavism is one of the major traditions within Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-355">[342]</a> Large Vaishnava communities exist throughout India, and particularly in Western Indian states, such as western <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and Southwestern <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> .<a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier-228">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valpey2004-229">[226]</a> Other major regions of Vaishnava presence, particularly after the 15th century, are <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">Bengal</a> and northeastern India (<a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>).<a href="#cite_note-356">[343]</a> Dvaita school Vaishnava have flourished in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> where Madhavacharya established temples and monasteries, and in neighboring states, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-357">[344]</a> Substantial presence also exists in <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[345]</a> Krishnaism has a limited following outside of India, especially associated with 1960s counter-culture, including a number of celebrity followers, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>, due to its promulgation throughout the world by the founder-acharya of the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> (ISKCON) <a href="/wiki/A.C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fritz-359">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-DK-360">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig2005Front_Matter-361">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_study">Academic study</h2></div> Vaishnava theology has been a subject of study and debate for many devotees, philosophers and scholars within India for centuries. Vaishnavism has its own academic wing in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a> - Department of Vaishnavism.<a href="#cite_note-362">[349]</a> In recent decades this study has also been pursued in a number of academic institutions in Europe, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Hindu_Studies" title="Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies">Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktivedanta College">Bhaktivedanta College</a>, and Syanandura Vaishnava Sabha, a moderate and progressive Vaishnava body headed by Gautham Padmanabhan in Trivandrum which intends to bring about a single and precise book called Hari-grantha to include all Vaishnava philosophies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hymns">Hymns</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mantras">Mantras</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Bhagavate_Vasudevaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya">Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hails">Hails</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Krishna" title="Jai Shri Krishna">Jai Shri Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhe_Radhe" title="Radhe Radhe">Radhe Radhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Siya_Ram" title="Jai Siya Ram">Jai Siya Ram</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/41px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/54px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabhandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Naalayira Divya Prabhandham">Divya Prabhandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naneghat#Nanaghat_inscriptions" title="Naneghat">Nanaghat Inscription</a> – a 1st-century BCE Vaishnava inscription</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription" title="Vasu Doorjamb Inscription">Vasu Doorjamb Inscription</a> – a 1st-century CE inscription from Vaishnava temple</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDandekar1987">Dandekar 1987</a>, p. 9499: "The origin of Vaiṣṇavism as a theistic sect can by no means be traced back to the Ṛgvedic god Viṣṇu. In fact, Vaiṣṇavism is in no sense Vedic in origin. (...) Strangely, the available evidence shows that the worship of Vāsudeva, and not that of Viṣṇu, marks the beginning of what we today understand by Vaiṣṇavism. This Vāsudevism, which represents the earliest known phase of Vaiṣṇavism, must already have become stabilized in the days of Pāṇini (Seventh to fifth centuries bce)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Klostermaier-Krishna-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier-Krishna_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier-Krishna_37-1">b</a> Klostermaier: "Present day Krishna worship is an amalgam of various elements. According to historical testimonies <a href="/wiki/Krishna-Vasudeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna-Vasudeva">Krishna-Vasudeva</a> worship already flourished in and around <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> several centuries before Christ. Next came the sect of Krishna Govinda. Later the worship of Bala-Krishna, the Divine Child Krishna was added — a quite prominent feature of modern Krishnaism. The last element seems to have been Krishna Gopijanavallabha, Krishna the lover of the Gopis, among whom <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> occupies a special position. In some books Krishna is presented as the founder and first teacher of the Bhagavata religion."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007-36">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Friedhelm Hardy in his "Viraha-bhakti" analyses the history of Krishnaism, specifically all pre-11th-century sources starting with the stories of Krishna and the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thirumal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumal">Mayon</a> mysticism of the Vaishnava <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> saints, Sangam <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a>' Krishna-centred devotion in the <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(theology)" title="Rasa (theology)">rasa</a> of the emotional union and the dating and history of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hardy-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klostermaier-230"><a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier_230-0">^</a> Klostermaier: "<a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, certainly the most popular religious books in the whole of India. Not only was Krsnaism influenced by the identification of Krsna with Vishnu, but also Vaishnavism as a whole was partly transformed and reinvented in the light of the popular and powerful Krishna religion. Bhagavatism may have brought an element of cosmic religion into Krishna worship; Krishna has certainly brought a strongly human element into Bhagavatism [...] The center of Krishna-worship has been for a long time <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Brajbhumi</a>, the district of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> that embraces also Vrindavana, Govardhana, and Gokula, associated with Krishna from time immemorial. Many millions of Krishna bhaktas visit these places ever year and participate in the numerous festivals that reenact scenes from Krshna's life on Earth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007-36">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> (a) Steven Rosen and William Deadwyler III: "the word sampradaya literally means 'a community'."<a href="#cite_note-rosendeadwyler-235">[231]</a> (b) Federico Squarcini traces the semantic history of the word sampradaya, calling it a tradition, and adds, "Besides its employment in the ancient Buddhist literature, the term sampradaya circulated widely in Brahamanic circles, as it became the most common word designating a specific religious tradition or denomination".<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Based on a list of gurus found in Baladeva Vidyabhusana's Govinda-bhasya and Prameya-ratnavali, ISKCON situates Gaudiya Vaishnavism within the Brahma sampradaya, calling it Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya Vaisnava Sampradaya.<a href="#cite_note-rosendeadwyler-235">[231]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Stephen Knapp: "Actually there is some confusion about him, as it seems there have been three Vishnu Svamis: Adi Vishnu Svami (around the 3rd century BCE, who introduced the traditional 108 categories of sannyasa), Raja Gopala Vishnu Svami (8th or 9th century CE), and Andhra Vishnu Svami (14th century)."<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Gavin Flood notes that Jñāneśvar is sometimes regarded as the founder of the Warkari sect, but that Vithoba-worship predates him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996143-247">[240]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Hiltebeitel: "Practically, Adi Shankara Acharya fostered a rapprochement between Advaita and smarta orthodoxy, which by his time had not only continued to defend the <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varnasramadharma</a> theory as defining the path of karman, but had developed the practice of pancayatanapuja ("five-shrine worship") as a solution to varied and conflicting devotional practices. Thus one could worship any one of five deities (Vishnu, Siva, Durga, Surya, Ganesa) as one's istadevata ("deity of choice")."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2013-260">[252]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Vishnu is regionally called by other names, such as Ranganatha at Srirangam temple in Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007352-274">[265]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZelliotBerntsen1988">Zelliot & Berntsen 1988</a>, p. xviii: "Varkari cult is rural and non-Brahman in character.", <a href="#CITEREFSand1990">Sand 1990</a>, p. 34: "the more or less anti-ritualistic and anti-brahmanical attitudes of Warkari sampradaya." </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> Website Adherents.com gives numbers as of year 1999.<a href="#cite_note-348">[337]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> According to Jones and Ryan, "The followers of Vaishnavism are many fewer than those of Shaivism, numbering perhaps 200 million."<a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p474-123">[120]</a>}[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Vaishnavism#Dubious" title="Talk:Vaishnavism">discuss</a>] </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987_1-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDandekar1987">Dandekar 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPratapaditya_Pal1986" class="citation book cs1">Pratapaditya Pal (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC">Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 BCE–700 CE</a>. University of California Press. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05991-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05991-7"><bdi>978-0-520-05991-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Sculpture%3A+Circa+500+BCE%E2%80%93700+CE&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05991-7&rft.au=Pratapaditya+Pal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DclUmKaWRFTkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephan_Schuhmacher1994" class="citation book cs1">Stephan Schuhmacher (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vpP8770qVakC">The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion: Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Zen</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32303-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32303-8"><bdi>978-1-118-32303-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions+in+Figures%3A+An+Introduction+to+International+Religious+Demography&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-32303-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Todd+M.&rft.au=Grim%2C+Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAzizViY30EC%26q%3DTable%2B1.19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf">"Chapter 1 Global Religious Populations"</a> (PDF). 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Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564916-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564916-1"><bdi>978-0-19-564916-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viraha-Bhakti%3A+The+Early+History+of+Krsna+Devotion+in+South+India+%28Oxford+University+South+Asian+Studies+Series%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564916-1&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Friedhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ier.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/23/4/443?ck=nck">"Book review - FRIEDHELM HARDY, Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krishna Devotion in South India. Oxford University Press, Nagaswamy 23 (4): 443 – Indian Economic & Social History Review"</a>. ier.sagepub.com. Retrieved 29 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+review+-+FRIEDHELM+HARDY%2C+Viraha+Bhakti%3A+The+Early+History+of+Krishna+Devotion+in+South+India.+Oxford+University+Press%2C+Nagaswamy+23+%284%29%3A+443+%E2%80%93+Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&rft.pub=ier.sagepub.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fier.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Fpdf_extract%2F23%2F4%2F443%3Fck%3Dnck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonius2005139–149-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonius2005139–149_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonius2005139–149_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonius2005">Monius 2005</a>, pp. 139–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Norman Cutler (1987) Songs of Experience: The Poetics of Tamil Devotion, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&dq=Friedhelm+Hardy+Viraha+Bhakti&pg=PA13">p. 13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mal-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mal_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212183649/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html">"Devotion to Mal (Mayon)"</a>. philtar.ucsm.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html">the original</a> on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devotion+to+Mal+%28Mayon%29&rft.pub=philtar.ucsm.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiltar.ucsm.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Fhindu%2Fascetic%2Fmal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&dq=nalayira+divya+prabandham+history+nathamuni+century&pg=PA617">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</a>. Pearson Education India. p. 617. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=617&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26dq%3Dnalayira%2Bdivya%2Bprabandham%2Bhistory%2Bnathamuni%2Bcentury%26pg%3DPA617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyangar201977–78-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyangar201977–78_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAiyangar2019">Aiyangar 2019</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGANGASHETTY2019" class="citation book cs1">GANGASHETTY, RAMESH (30 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajK6DwAAQBAJ&dq=srirangam+biggest+temple&pg=PT81">THIRTHA YATRA: A GUIDE TO HOLY TEMPLES AND THIRTHA KSHETRAS IN INDIA</a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68466-134-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68466-134-3"><bdi>978-1-68466-134-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THIRTHA+YATRA%3A+A+GUIDE+TO+HOLY+TEMPLES+AND+THIRTHA+KSHETRAS+IN+INDIA&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1-68466-134-3&rft.aulast=GANGASHETTY&rft.aufirst=RAMESH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajK6DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsrirangam%2Bbiggest%2Btemple%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CS-59"><a href="#cite_ref-CS_59-0">^</a> For English summary, see p. 80 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid1997" class="citation journal cs1">Schmid, Charlotte (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401">"Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa?"</a>. Arts Asiatiques. 52: 60–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farasi.1997.1401">10.3406/arasi.1997.1401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+Asiatiques&rft.atitle=Les+Vaiku%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha+gupta+de+Mathura+%3A+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u+ou+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=60-88&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farasi.1997.1401&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Farasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanguli198836-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanguli198836_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGanguli1988">Ganguli 1988</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-HTB98-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HTB98_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTB98_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTB98_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker2020" class="citation book cs1">Bakker, Hans T. 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Barkhuis. pp. 98–99, 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-93194-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-93194-00-7"><bdi>978-94-93194-00-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alkhan%3A+A+Hunnic+People+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=98-99%2C+93&rft.pub=Barkhuis&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.isbn=978-94-93194-00-7&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Hans+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZLnVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014180-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014180_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamnarace2014">Ramnarace 2014</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._M._Srinivasa_Chari1988" class="citation book cs1">S. 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Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 2–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0266-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0266-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0266-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tattva-mukt%C4%81-kal%C4%81pa&rft.pages=2-5&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0266-7&rft.au=S.+M.+Srinivasa+Chari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun1i5icdpdoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier1984" class="citation book cs1">Klaus K. 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The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12256-6"><bdi>978-0-231-12256-6</bdi></a>. 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Pacific Affairs. 34 (3): 317–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2753385">10.2307/2753385</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2753385">2753385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Review+of+India+and+Christendom%3A+The+Historical+Connections+between+Their+Religions&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=317-318&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2753385&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2753385%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Latourette&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan 1986</a>, p. 53. "It becomes clear that the personality of Bhagvan Krishna subordinates to itself the titles and identities of Vishnu, Narayana, Purusha, Ishvara, Hari, Vasudeva, Janardana etc. The pervasive theme, then, of the Bhagavata Puran is the identification of Bhagavan with Krishna." </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Parrinder1996" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Parrinder (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7LsnAAAAYAAJ">Sexual Morality in the World's Religion</a>. Oneword. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-108-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-108-2"><bdi>978-1-85168-108-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Morality+in+the+World%27s+Religion&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Oneword&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-108-2&rft.au=Geoffrey+Parrinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7LsnAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917122404/http://vedabase.net/cc/madhya/20/165/en">"Chaitanya Charitamrita Madhya 20.165"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedabase.net/cc/madhya/20/165/en">the original</a> on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chaitanya+Charitamrita+Madhya+20.165&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.net%2Fcc%2Fmadhya%2F20%2F165%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Thompson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Thompson (June 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104040530/http://content.iskcon.com/icj/1_2/12thompson.html">"Reflections on the Relation Between Religion and Modern Rationalism"</a>. ISKCON Communications Journal. 1 (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.iskcon.com/icj/1_2/12thompson.html">the original</a> on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISKCON+Communications+Journal&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Relation+Between+Religion+and+Modern+Rationalism&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1993-06&rft.au=Richard+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.iskcon.com%2Ficj%2F1_2%2F12thompson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahony1987-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahony1987_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahony,_W.K.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Mahony, W.K. (1987). "Perspectives on Krsna's Various Personalities". History of Religions. 26 (3): 333–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463085">10.1086/463085</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062381">1062381</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164194548">164194548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+Krsna%27s+Various+Personalities&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-335&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164194548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1062381%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463085&rft.au=Mahony%2C+W.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig20053-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweig20053_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchweig2005">Schweig 2005</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen200250-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200250_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen2002">Rosen 2002</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen200252-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200252_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen2002">Rosen 2002</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya-charitamrita" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaitanya-charitamrita">Chaitanya-charitamrita</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedabase.net/cc/adi/4/95/en">Adi-lila 4.95</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080824092217/http://vedabase.net/cc/adi/4/95/en">Archived</a> 24 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin Francis; Bryant, Edwin F., eds. (2007). Krishna: a sourcebook. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514892-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514892-3"><bdi>978-0-19-514892-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+a+sourcebook&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514892-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200449-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200449_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2004">Schwartz 2004</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig200541–42-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweig200541–42_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchweig2005">Schweig 2005</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig200543-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweig200543_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchweig2005">Schweig 2005</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20013–4-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20013–4_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20013–4_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20013–4_117-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley200515-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley200515_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinsley2005">Kinsley 2005</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007339–340-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007339–340_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 339–340. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMircea_EliadeCharles_J._Adams1987" class="citation book cs1">Mircea Eliade; Charles J. Adams (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L74iAAAAYAAJ">The Encyclopedia of Religion</a>. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-909710-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-909710-6"><bdi>978-0-02-909710-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02-909710-6&rft.au=Mircea+Eliade&rft.au=Charles+J.+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL74iAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodallix-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goodallix_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodallix_121-1">b</a> Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20778-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20778-3">978-0-520-20778-3</a>, pp. ix–xliii </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> RC Zaehner (1992), Hindu Scriptures, Penguin Random House, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41078-2">978-0-679-41078-2</a>, pp. 1–11 and Preface </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesRyan2006p474-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p474_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p474_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p474_123-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006" class="citation book cs1">Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. Infobase. p. 474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.au=Constance+Jones&rft.au=James+D.+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhavamony1999p33-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhavamony1999p33_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhavamony1999p33_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhavamony1999p33_124-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony1999" class="citation book cs1">Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC">Hindu Spirituality</a>. Gregorian Press. pp. 32–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7"><bdi>978-88-7652-818-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Spirituality&rft.pages=32-34&rft.pub=Gregorian+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-818-7&rft.au=Mariasusai+Dhavamony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58UZWWzqglMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inden1990p109-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Inden1990p109_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_B._Inden1990" class="citation book cs1">Ronald B. Inden (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxSSdU8btwIC">Imagining India</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 109–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21358-7"><bdi>978-0-253-21358-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+India&rft.pages=109-115&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21358-7&rft.au=Ronald+B.+Inden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxSSdU8btwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2002288–309-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2002288–309_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowler2002">Fowler 2002</a>, pp. 288–309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta20131–12-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta20131–12_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta2013">Gupta 2013</a>, pp. 1–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997a264;_Note:_This_hymn_appears_in_Śatapatha_Brāhmaṇa_as_well-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997a264;_Note:_This_hymn_appears_in_Śatapatha_Brāhmaṇa_as_well_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997a">Deussen 1997a</a>, p. 264; Note: This hymn appears in Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa as well. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Sanskrit original: Quote: दानं यज्ञानां वरूथं दक्षिणा लोके दातार | सर्वभूतान्युपजीवन्ति दानेनारातीरपानुदन्त दानेन | द्विषन्तो मित्रा भवन्ति दाने सर्वं प्रतिष्ठितं तस्माद्दानं परमं वदन्ति ॥ ६॥; Source: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattangadi1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hattangadi, Sunder (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/mahanarayana.pdf">"महानारायणोपनिषत् (Mahanarayana Upanishad)"</a> (PDF) (in Sanskrit). Retrieved 23 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%28Mahanarayana+Upanishad%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hattangadi&rft.aufirst=Sunder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdocuments.org%2Fdoc_upanishhat%2Fmahanarayana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayyangarminor-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ayyangarminor_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayyangarminor_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyangar1941" class="citation book cs1">Ayyangar, TRS (1941). The Vaisnavopanisads. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2006). pp. i–vi, 1–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-986-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-986-4"><bdi>978-0-89581-986-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vaisnavopanisads&rft.pages=i-vi%2C+1-11&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing+Co.+%28Reprint+2006%29&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-986-4&rft.aulast=Ayyangar&rft.aufirst=TRS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions, New York University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3650-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3650-0">978-0-8147-3650-0</a>, pp. 60–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1998" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyupanishadsa00oliv">Upaniṣads</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyupanishadsa00oliv/page/n33">11</a>–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283576-5"><bdi>978-0-19-283576-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upani%E1%B9%A3ads&rft.pages=11-14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283576-5&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyupanishadsa00oliv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pedumont338-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pedumont338_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pedumont338_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumont1940" class="citation journal cs1">Dumont, P. -E (1940). "The Avyakta Upaniṣad". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 60 (3). Translated by Dumont, PE: 338–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F594420">10.2307/594420</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/594420">594420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Avyakta+Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=338-355&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F594420&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F594420%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=P.+-E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand201342-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand201342_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryantEkstrand2013">Bryant & Ekstrand 2013</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-pdeussen247268-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pdeussen247268_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdeussen247268_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdeussen247268_135-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdeussen247268_135-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997a">Deussen 1997a</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC&pg=PA247">247–268 with footnotes</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayyangarvupa-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ayyangarvupa_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayyangarvupa_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyangar1941" class="citation book cs1">Ayyangar, TRS (1941). The Vaisnavopanisads. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2006). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-986-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-986-4"><bdi>978-0-89581-986-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vaisnavopanisads&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing+Co.+%28Reprint+2006%29&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-986-4&rft.aulast=Ayyangar&rft.aufirst=TRS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dorissrini112120-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dorissrini112120_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dorissrini112120_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 112–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes&rft.pages=112-120&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeussen2010" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (2010) [1980]. Sixty Upanisads of the Veda. Vol. 2. Translated by V. M. Bedekar; G. B. Palsule. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 803–805. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1469-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1469-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1469-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanisads+of+the+Veda&rft.pages=803-805&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1469-1&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rlamb191193-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rlamb191193_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rlamb191193_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2002" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Ramdas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dv1nxyOTgN0C">Rapt in the Name</a>. SUNY Press. pp. 191–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5386-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5386-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-5386-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapt+in+the+Name&rft.pages=191-193&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5386-5&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Ramdas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDv1nxyOTgN0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ludvik1994" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ludvik (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C">Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 10–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1122-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanum%C4%81n+in+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+and+the+R%C4%81macaritam%C4%81nasa+of+Tulas%C4%AB+D%C4%81sa&rft.pages=10-13&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1122-5&rft.au=Catherine+Ludvik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCXQN0qoAe0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997b859–864,_879–884-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997b859–864,_879–884_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997b">Deussen 1997b</a>, pp. 859–864, 879–884. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand201335–45-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand201335–45_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryantEkstrand2013">Bryant & Ekstrand 2013</a>, pp. 35–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._V._Tripurari2004" class="citation book cs1">B. V. Tripurari (2004). Gopala-tapani Upanisad. Audarya. pp. xi–xiii, 3–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932771-12-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932771-12-1"><bdi>978-1-932771-12-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gopala-tapani+Upanisad&rft.pages=xi-xiii%2C+3-11&rft.pub=Audarya&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932771-12-1&rft.au=B.+V.+Tripurari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyangar1941" class="citation book cs1">Ayyangar, TRS (1941). The Vaisnavopanisads. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2006). pp. 22–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-986-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-986-4"><bdi>978-0-89581-986-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vaisnavopanisads&rft.pages=22-31&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing+Co.+%28Reprint+2006%29&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-986-4&rft.aulast=Ayyangar&rft.aufirst=TRS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob1887" class="citation journal cs1">Jacob, George (1887). "The Vasudeva and Gopichandana Upanishads". The Indian Antiquary, A Journal of Oriental Research. XVI (March, Part CXCIV).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Antiquary%2C+A+Journal+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Vasudeva+and+Gopichandana+Upanishads&rft.volume=XVI&rft.issue=March%2C+Part+CXCIV&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Jean Varenne (1972), The Garuda Upanishad, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-005872-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-005872-8">978-2-02-005872-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997663–664-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997663–664_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, pp. 663–664. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> DS Babu (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hayagriva014842mbp#page/n3/mode/2up">Hayagriva - the horse headed deity</a>, Oriental Research Institute, Tirupati </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigopoulos1998" class="citation book cs1">Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998). Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity. State University of New York Press. pp. 64–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3696-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-3696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dattatreya%3A+The+Immortal+Guru%2C+Yogin%2C+and+Avatara%3A+A+Study+of+the+Transformative+and+Inclusive+Character+of+a+Multi-faceted+Hindu+Deity&rft.pages=64-77&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7&rft.aulast=Rigopoulos&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiyar1914" class="citation web cs1">Aiyar, Narayanasvami (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft#page/n3/mode/2up">"Thirty minor Upanishads"</a>. Archive Organization. pp. 124–127. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thirty+minor+Upanishads&rft.pages=124-127&rft.pub=Archive+Organization&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Aiyar&rft.aufirst=Narayanasvami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997809–858-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997809–858_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, pp. 809–858. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> James Mulhern (1959) A History of Education: A Social Interpretation p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Edgerton" title="Franklin Edgerton">Franklin Edgerton</a> (1925) The Bhagavad Gita: Or, Song of the Blessed One, India's Favorite Bible <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1guGAfGr6UC&dq=%22bible+of+Krsnaism%22&pg=RA2-PA87">pp. 87-91</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Vaudeville" title="Charlotte Vaudeville">Charlotte Vaudeville</a> has said, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC&dq=%22bible+of+Krsnaism%22&pg=PT119">it is the 'real Bible of Krsnaism'</a>. Quoted in: <a href="#CITEREFMatchett2000">Matchett 2000</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996124–128-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996124–128_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996124–128_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996124–128_155-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 124–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_H._Davis2014" class="citation book cs1">Richard H. Davis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ3rAwAAQBAJ">The "Bhagavad Gita": A Biography</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 4–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5197-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5197-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-5197-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Bhagavad+Gita%22%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=4-8&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5197-3&rft.au=Richard+H.+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQ3rAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Allen_Richardson2014" class="citation book cs1">E. Allen Richardson (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BWQMBAAAQBAJ">Seeing Krishna in America: The Hindu Bhakti Tradition of Vallabhacharya in India and Its Movement to the West</a>. McFarland. pp. 5–6, 11–14, 134–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5973-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5973-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-5973-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+Krishna+in+America%3A+The+Hindu+Bhakti+Tradition+of+Vallabhacharya+in+India+and+Its+Movement+to+the+West&rft.pages=5-6%2C+11-14%2C+134-145&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5973-5&rft.au=E.+Allen+Richardson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBWQMBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996125–126-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996125–126_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis_ClooneyTony_Stewart2004163-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis_ClooneyTony_Stewart2004163_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis_ClooneyTony_Stewart2004163_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis_ClooneyTony_Stewart2004163_159-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancis_ClooneyTony_Stewart2004">Francis Clooney & Tony Stewart 2004</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_H._Davis2014" class="citation book cs1">Richard H. Davis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ3rAwAAQBAJ">The "Bhagavad Gita": A Biography</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 58–59, 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5197-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5197-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-5197-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Bhagavad+Gita%22%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=58-59%2C+170&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5197-3&rft.au=Richard+H.+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQ3rAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_FeuersteinBrenda_Feuerstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Georg Feuerstein; Brenda Feuerstein (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V0exkVFiyvcC">The Bhagavad-Gita</a>. Shambhala Publications. pp. 64–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-893-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-893-6"><bdi>978-1-59030-893-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad-Gita&rft.pages=64-69&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59030-893-6&rft.au=Georg+Feuerstein&rft.au=Brenda+Feuerstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV0exkVFiyvcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996124–125-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996124–125_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121_163-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121_163-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121_163-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121_163-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996121_163-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_L._Beck1995" class="citation book cs1">Guy L. Beck (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC">Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 173–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1261-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1261-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1261-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Theology%3A+Hinduism+and+Sacred+Sound&rft.pages=173-180&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1261-1&rft.au=Guy+L.+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgybmMnWpaUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader197331–49,_79–118-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrader197331–49,_79–118_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrader197331–49,_79–118_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrader1973">Schrader 1973</a>, pp. 31–49, 79–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122_166-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122_166-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122_166-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122_166-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122_166-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader197330,_150–157-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrader197330,_150–157_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrader1973">Schrader 1973</a>, pp. 30, 150–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-HarperBrown2012p133-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarperBrown2012p133_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarperBrown2012p133_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Hudson2012" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Hudson (2012). 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State University of New York Press. pp. 133–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8890-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8890-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-8890-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Tantra&rft.pages=133-156&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8890-4&rft.au=Dennis+Hudson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNtKrbKIOL5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122–123-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122–123_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122–123_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996122–123_169-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeun_GoudriaanSanjukta_Gupta1981" class="citation book cs1">Teun Goudriaan; Sanjukta Gupta (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2q1h7q-JWMC">Hindu Tantric and Śākta Literature</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 105–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02091-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02091-6"><bdi>978-3-447-02091-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Tantric+and+%C5%9A%C4%81kta+Literature&rft.pages=105-111&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02091-6&rft.au=Teun+Goudriaan&rft.au=Sanjukta+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr2q1h7q-JWMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey_P._Alper1989" class="citation book cs1">Harvey P. 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Srinivasa Chari (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC">Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xxviii–xxxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1098-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%3A+Its+Philosophy%2C+Theology%2C+and+Religious+Discipline&rft.pages=xxviii-xxxi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1098-3&rft.au=S.+M.+Srinivasa+Chari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevmiLInyxBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1972" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, H. Daniel (1972). "The three gems of the Pancharatra canon - An appraisal". Vimarsa. 1 (1): 45–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vimarsa&rft.atitle=The+three+gems+of+the+Pancharatra+canon+-+An+appraisal&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-51&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=H.+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> Reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._J._Bleeker1972" class="citation book cs1">C. J. Bleeker, ed. (1972). Ex Orbe Religionum. Brill Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ex+Orbe+Religionum&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjukta_Gupta2000" class="citation book cs1">Sanjukta Gupta (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pENlKmZ4r94C">Lakṣmī Tantra: A Pāñcarātra Text</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xv–xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1735-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1735-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lak%E1%B9%A3m%C4%AB+Tantra%3A+A+P%C4%81%C3%B1car%C4%81tra+Text&rft.pages=xv-xix&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1735-7&rft.au=Sanjukta+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpENlKmZ4r94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader197322–27,_112–114-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrader197322–27,_112–114_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrader1973">Schrader 1973</a>, pp. 22–27, 112–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_MeltonMartin_Baumann2010" class="citation book cs1">J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C">Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</a> (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 1417–1418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=1417-1418&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-204-3&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft.au=Martin+Baumann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2yiyLLOj88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlf_Hiltebeitel2011" class="citation book cs1">Alf Hiltebeitel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lLfHSOWKB-sC">Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata</a>. BRILL. pp. 59–60, 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18566-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18566-1"><bdi>978-90-04-18566-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Fifth+Veda%3A+Studies+on+the+Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata&rft.pages=59-60%2C+308&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18566-1&rft.au=Alf+Hiltebeitel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlLfHSOWKB-sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamashraya_Sharma1986" class="citation book cs1">Ramashraya Sharma (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Vo0OJtO6DQC">A Socio-political Study of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 149–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0078-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0078-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Socio-political+Study+of+the+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0078-6&rft.au=Ramashraya+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Vo0OJtO6DQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshok_Banker2011" class="citation book cs1">Ashok Banker (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpiqv2cs1zYC">Vengeance of Ravana: Book Seven of the Ramayana</a>. Penguin. pp. 270–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306699-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306699-6"><bdi>978-0-14-306699-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vengeance+of+Ravana%3A+Book+Seven+of+the+Ramayana&rft.pages=270-271&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306699-6&rft.au=Ashok+Banker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfpiqv2cs1zYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007113–115-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007113–115_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 113–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200769_with_note_150,_81–82,_95–98,_333–340-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200769_with_note_150,_81–82,_95–98,_333–340_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 69 with note 150, 81–82, 95–98, 333–340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200777–94-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200777–94_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 77–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013162–180-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013162–180_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuptaValpey2013">Gupta & Valpey 2013</a>, pp. 162–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> ML Varadpande (1987), History of Indian Theatre, Vol 1, Abhinav, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5">978-81-7017-221-5</a>, pp. 98–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahony87-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahony87_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahony87_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahony,_William_K.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Mahony, William K. (1987). "Perspectives on Krsna's Various Personalities". History of Religions. 26 (3): 333–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463085">10.1086/463085</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062381">1062381</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164194548">164194548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+Krsna%27s+Various+Personalities&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-335&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164194548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1062381%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463085&rft.au=Mahony%2C+William+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-merriam-186"><a href="#cite_ref-merriam_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Puranas". Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature (1995 ed.). 1995. p. 915. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-877790426" title="Special:BookSources/0-877790426"><bdi>0-877790426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Puranas&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Literature&rft.pages=915&rft.edition=1995&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-877790426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 1–5, 12–21, 79–80, 96–98; "These are the true encyclopedic Puranas. in which detached chapters or sections, dealing with any imaginable subject, follow one another, without connection or transition." </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriel_Glucklich2008" class="citation book cs1">Ariel Glucklich (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC">The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2"><bdi>978-0-19-971825-2</bdi></a>. <q>Quote: The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called mahatmyas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strides+of+Vishnu%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971825-2&rft.au=Ariel+Glucklich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtLScrjrWiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Bailey2001" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Bailey (2001). Oliver Leaman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 437–439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17281-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17281-3"><bdi>978-0-415-17281-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+Philosophy&rft.pages=437-439&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17281-3&rft.au=Gregory+Bailey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Bailey2003" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Bailey (2003). Arvind Sharma (ed.). The Study of Hinduism. The University of South Carolina Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7"><bdi>978-1-57003-449-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=The+University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-449-7&rft.au=Gregory+Bailey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher19861–5,_12–21-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher19861–5,_12–21_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 1–5, 12–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986153-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986153_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-johncort185-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johncort185_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johncort185_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Cort1993" class="citation book cs1">John Cort (1993). Wendy Doniger (ed.). Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts. State University of New York Press. pp. 185–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1382-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1382-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-1382-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purana+Perennis%3A+Reciprocity+and+Transformation+in+Hindu+and+Jaina+Texts&rft.pages=185-204&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1382-1&rft.au=John+Cort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dimmittp5-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dimmittp5_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dimmittp5_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelia_DimmittJ._A._B._van_Buitenen2012" class="citation book cs1">Cornelia Dimmitt; J. A. B. van Buitenen (2012) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC">Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas</a>. Temple University Press. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0464-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0464-0"><bdi>978-1-4399-0464-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Hindu+Mythology%3A+A+Reader+in+the+Sanskrit+Puranas&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4399-0464-0&rft.au=Cornelia+Dimmitt&rft.au=J.+A.+B.+van+Buitenen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dre7CR2jKn3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198635,_185,_199,_239–242-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198635,_185,_199,_239–242_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 35, 185, 199, 239–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986161–164-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986161–164_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 161–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 59–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 158–159 with footnotes, "Among the texts considered to be connected with the Brahmanda, the Adhyatma-ramayana is undoubtedly the most important one". </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitz2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Winternitz, Maurice</a> (2010) [1922 in German, translated 1981 into English]. History of Indian Literature. Vol. 1. Translated by V. Srinivasa Sarma. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 552. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0264-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0264-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=552&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0264-3&rft.aulast=Winternitz&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamdas_Lamb2012" class="citation book cs1">Ramdas Lamb (1 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R51OEErb9g8C">Rapt in the Name</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8856-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-8856-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapt+in+the+Name&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8856-0&rft.au=Ramdas+Lamb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR51OEErb9g8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Barbara Holdrege (2015), Bhakti and Embodiment, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67070-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67070-8">978-0-415-67070-8</a>, pp. 113–114 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Edwin Bryant (2003), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191337-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191337-7">978-0-14-191337-7</a>, pp. 10–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 104–106 with footnotes, "I want to stress the fact that it would be irresponsible and highly misleading to speak of or pretend to describe the religion of the Puranas." </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRukmani1993" class="citation book cs1">Rukmani, T. S. (1993). "Siddhis in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa and in the Yogasutras of Patanjali – a Comparison". In Wayman, Alex (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i1ffdTIbNJkC">Researches in Indian and Buddhist philosophy</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 217–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0994-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0994-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0994-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siddhis+in+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+and+in+the+Yogasutras+of+Patanjali+%E2%80%93+a+Comparison&rft.btitle=Researches+in+Indian+and+Buddhist+philosophy&rft.pages=217-226&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0994-9&rft.aulast=Rukmani&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1ffdTIbNJkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1983" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, C. Mackenzie (1983). 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Anthem Press. pp. 20–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-430-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-430-3"><bdi>978-0-85728-430-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries%2C+Dynamics+and+Construction+of+Traditions+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=20-27&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-430-3&rft.au=Federico+Squarcini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1etcIIqQq9QC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2005a74–77-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2005a74–77_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005a">Beck 2005a</a>, pp. 74–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996134–135-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996134–135_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123_240-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123_240-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996123_240-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996135-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996135_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996135_241-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2005a70–79-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2005a70–79_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005a">Beck 2005a</a>, pp. 70–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996136-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996136_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996136_243-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephen-knapp.com/four_sampradayas.htm">"The Four Sampradayas"</a>. www.stephen-knapp.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stephen-knapp.com&rft.atitle=The+Four+Sampradayas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephen-knapp.com%2Ffour_sampradayas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996143-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996143_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica_Kabir-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_Kabir_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_Kabir_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_Kabir_249-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kabir-Indian-mystic-and-poet">Encyclopædia Britannica, "Kabir"</a> Accessed: 23 April 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst_Trumpp" class="citation book cs1">Ernst Trumpp (ed.). The Ādi-Granth, Or: The Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs. p. 661. <q>On my tongue Vishnu, in my eyes Narayana, in my heart dwells Govinda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C4%80di-Granth%2C+Or%3A+The+Holy+Scriptures+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pages=661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a> IV.XXV.I </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a143-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a143_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002a">Lochtefeld 2002a</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016" class="citation book cs1">Lavanya Vemsani (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ">Krishna in History, Thoughts and Culture</a>. 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OUP Oxford. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-154419-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-154419-4"><bdi>978-0-19-154419-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+India%3A+From+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008-06-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-154419-4&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVhRREAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Diyengar%2Bsri%2Bvaishnava%26pg%3DPA518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_L._Beck2012" class="citation book cs1">Guy L. 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Deep & Deep Publications. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176291552" title="Special:BookSources/9788176291552"><bdi>9788176291552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajasthan+Through+the+Ages%3A+Art%2C+architecture+and+memoirs&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788176291552&rft.au=Suresh+K.+Sharma%2C+Usha+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZrpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagendra_Kr_SinghA._P._Mishra2005" class="citation book cs1">Nagendra Kr Singh; A. P. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610692113" title="Special:BookSources/9781610692113"><bdi>9781610692113</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.isbn=9781610692113&rft.au=Lavanya+Vemsani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000xxxii–xxxiii,_514–516,_539-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2000xxxii–xxxiii,_514–516,_539_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma2000">Sharma 2000</a>, pp. xxxii–xxxiii, 514–516, 539. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U_gWAQAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia Americana: M to Mexico City</a>. 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Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126137404" title="Special:BookSources/9788126137404"><bdi>9788126137404</bdi></a>. <q>The foremost Hindustani Musician Tansen's teacher Swami Haridas was Purnadara Daasa's disciple.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+South+Indian+Literature%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788126137404&rft.au=Madhub%C4%81l%C4%81+Sinh%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6QpAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Encounter/foreword.html">Hindu Encounter with Modernity, by Shukavak N. Dasa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511154723/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Encounter/foreword.html">Archived</a> 11 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> " </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand2004130-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand2004130_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryantEkstrand2004">Bryant & Ekstrand 2004</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004125–132-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2004125–132_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2004">Singh 2004</a>, pp. 125–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004128-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2004128_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2004">Singh 2004</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlushkova200047–58-303">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlushkova200047–58_303-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlushkova200047–58_303-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlushkova2000">Glushkova 2000</a>, pp. 47–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004254-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004254_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004254_304-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004254_304-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurghart1983362-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurghart1983362_305-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurghart1983">Burghart 1983</a>, p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwananda198410-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwananda198410_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTattwananda1984">Tattwananda 1984</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajHarman2007165-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajHarman2007165_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRajHarman2007">Raj & Harman 2007</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia, 1999</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Tinker1990-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tinker1990_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tinker1990_309-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Tinker1990" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Tinker (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink">South Asia: A Short History</a>. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 89–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5"><bdi>978-0-19-534713-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offering+Flowers%2C+Feeding+Skulls&rft.pages=89-91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534713-5&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaeJpIj9SdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_James_Clark2006" class="citation book cs1">Matthew James Clark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DXAAAAMAAJ">The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages Into an Order</a>. Brill. pp. 177–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15211-3"><bdi>978-90-04-15211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Da%C5%9Ban%C4%81m%C4%AB-sa%E1%B9%83ny%C4%81s%C4%ABs%3A+The+Integration+of+Ascetic+Lineages+Into+an+Order&rft.pages=177-225&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15211-3&rft.au=Matthew+James+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3DXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajendra_Prasad2008" class="citation book cs1">Rajendra Prasad (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC">A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals</a>. 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Dankworth; A. David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sijFAgAAQBAJ">Dance Ethnography and Global Perspectives: Identity, Embodiment and Culture</a>. Springer. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00944-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00944-9"><bdi>978-1-137-00944-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+Ethnography+and+Global+Perspectives%3A+Identity%2C+Embodiment+and+Culture&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00944-9&rft.au=L.+Dankworth&rft.au=A.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsijFAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Klostermaier 1998, p. 196 Vaishnavite - devotees of the deity Vishnu, and the largest, numerically, part of mainstream Hinduism, which is divided up into several sects." </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Rosen2006" class="citation book cs1">Steven Rosen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WuVG8PxKq_0C">Essential Hinduism</a>. 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So What's the Difference?. Gospel Light Publications. pp. 180–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8307-1898-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8307-1898-6"><bdi>978-0-8307-1898-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+What%27s+the+Difference%3F&rft.pages=180-181&rft.pub=Gospel+Light+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8307-1898-6&rft.au=RIDENOUR%2C+Fritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DK-360"><a href="#cite_ref-DK_360-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiuliano,_Geoffrey1997" class="citation book cs1">Giuliano, Geoffrey (1997). Dark horse: the life and art of George Harrison. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80747-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80747-3"><bdi>978-0-306-80747-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+horse%3A+the+life+and+art+of+George+Harrison&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80747-3&rft.au=Giuliano%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig2005Front_Matter-361"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweig2005Front_Matter_361-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchweig2005">Schweig 2005</a>, Front Matter. </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unom.ac.in/index.php?route=department/department/deptpage&deptid=73">"Welcome to University of Madras"</a>. www.unom.ac.in. Retrieved 29 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unom.ac.in&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+University+of+Madras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unom.ac.in%2Findex.php%3Froute%3Ddepartment%2Fdepartment%2Fdeptpage%26deptid%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiyangar2019" class="citation book cs1">Aiyangar, Krishnaswami (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PqZ3zQEACAAJ">Early History of Vaishnavism in South India</a>. 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(1971), Nalayira tivviyap pirapantam, VN Tevanatan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nalayira+tivviyap+pirapantam&rft.pub=VN+Tevanatan&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Annangaracariyar&rft.aufirst=P.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2005" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C">Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</a>. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6415-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SJ73GHSCF8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2005a" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. (2005a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czLDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">"Krishna as Loving Husband of God: The Alternative Krishnology of the Rādhāvallabha Sampradaya"</a>. In Guy L. Beck (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C">Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</a>. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 65–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6415-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Krishna+as+Loving+Husband+of+God%3A+The+Alternative+Krishnology+of+the+R%C4%81dh%C4%81vallabha+Sampradaya&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=65-90&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DczLDAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin F., ed. 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The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hare+Krishna+Movement%3A+The+Postcharismatic+Fate+of+a+Religious+Transplant&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Francis&rft.au=Ekstrand%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantEkstrand2013" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin Francis; Ekstrand, Maria (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC">The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50843-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50843-8"><bdi>978-0-231-50843-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hare+Krishna+Movement%3A+The+Postcharismatic+Fate+of+a+Religious+Transplant&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50843-8&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Francis&rft.au=Ekstrand%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBMxPdgrBhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurghart1983" class="citation cs2">Burghart, Richard (May 1983), "Wandering Ascetics of the Rāmānandī Sect", History of Religions, 22 (4): 361–80, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F462930">10.1086/462930</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162304284">162304284</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Wandering+Ascetics+of+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81nand%C4%AB+Sect&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=361-80&rft.date=1983-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F462930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162304284%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burghart&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarney2020" class="citation book cs1">Carney, Gerald T. 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Adyar Library and Research Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-7277-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-7277-1"><bdi>978-0-8356-7277-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+P%C4%81%C3%B1car%C4%81tra+and+the+Ahirbudhnya+Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81&rft.pub=Adyar+Library+and+Research+Centre&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8356-7277-1&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=F.+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmIpAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2004" class="citation cs2">Schwartz, Susan (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rasa00susa">Rasa: performing the divine in India</a>, New York: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13145-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13145-2"><bdi>978-0-231-13145-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rasa%3A+performing+the+divine+in+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13145-2&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frasa00susa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweig2005" class="citation cs2">Schweig, G.M. (2005), Dance of divine love: The Rasa Lila of Krishna from the Bhagavata Purana, India's classic sacred love story, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11446-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11446-0"><bdi>978-0-691-11446-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+of+divine+love%3A+The+Rasa+Lila+of+Krishna+from+the+Bhagavata+Purana%2C+India%27s+classic+sacred+love+story&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11446-0&rft.aulast=Schweig&rft.aufirst=G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweig2013" class="citation cs2">Schweig, G.M. (2013), "Krishna. The IntimateDeity", in Bryant, Edwin; Ekstrand, Maria (eds.), The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant, Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Krishna.+The+IntimateDeity&rft.btitle=The+Hare+Krishna+Movement%3A+The+Postcharismatic+Fate+of+a+Religious+Transplant&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Schweig&rft.aufirst=G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth1962" class="citation cs2">Seth, K.P. (1962), "Bhakti in Alvar Saints", The University Journal of Philosophy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Bhakti+in+Alvar+Saints&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=K.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2000" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, B.N. Krishnamurti (2000) [1961]. History of Dvaita school of Vedanta and its Literature (3rd ed.). Bombay: Motilal Banarasidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1575-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1575-0"><bdi>81-208-1575-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Dvaita+school+of+Vedanta+and+its+Literature&rft.place=Bombay&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarasidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-208-1575-0&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=B.N.+Krishnamurti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan1986" class="citation cs2">Sheridan, Daniel (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C">The Advaitic Theism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa</a>, Columbia, MO: South Asia Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0179-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0179-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0179-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advaitic+Theism+of+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.place=Columbia%2C+MO&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0179-0&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrtYYTjYFY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kunj Bihari (2004) [1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc6GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125">"Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation"</a>. In Rowena Robinson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc6GAwAAQBAJ">Sociology of Religion in India</a>. Themes in Indian Sociology, 3. New Delhi: Sage Publ. India. pp. 125–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-9781-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-9781-4"><bdi>0-7619-9781-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manipur+Vaishnavism%3A+A+Sociological+Interpretation&rft.btitle=Sociology+of+Religion+in+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.series=Themes+in+Indian+Sociology%2C+3&rft.pages=125-132&rft.pub=Sage+Publ.+India&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7619-9781-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kunj+Bihari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMc6GAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1976" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Bardwell L. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7Q3AAAAIAAJ">Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions</a>. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04495-1"><bdi>978-90-04-04495-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+New+Essays+in+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04495-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bardwell+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7Q3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTattwananda1984" class="citation cs2">Tattwananda, Swami (1984), Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (1st rev. ed.), Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaisnava+Sects%2C+Saiva+Sects%2C+Mother+Worship&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.edition=1st+rev.&rft.pub=Firma+KLM+Private+Ltd.&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Tattwananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToffin2012" class="citation book cs1">Toffin, Gérard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuuICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT249">"The Power of Boundaries: Transnational Links among Krishna Pranamis of India and Nepal"</a>. In John Zavos; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuuICwAAQBAJ">Public Hinduisms</a>. New Delhi: SAGE Publ. India. pp. 249–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1696-7"><bdi>978-81-321-1696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Boundaries%3A+Transnational+Links+among+Krishna+Pranamis+of+India+and+Nepal&rft.btitle=Public+Hinduisms&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=249-254&rft.pub=SAGE+Publ.+India&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-321-1696-7&rft.aulast=Toffin&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuuuICwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelbon1987a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Welbon, G. R. (1987a). "Vaiṣṇavism: Bhāgavatas". In <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 14. New York: MacMillan. pp. 9500–9509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-897135-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-897135-3"><bdi>978-0-02-897135-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22International+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3EVai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%3A+Bh%C4%81gavatas%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9500-9509&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02-897135-3&rft.aulast=Welbon&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelbon1987b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Welbon, G. R. (1987b). "Vaiṣṇavism: Pāñcarātras". In <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 14. New York: MacMillan. pp. 9509–9510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-897135-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-897135-3"><bdi>978-0-02-897135-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22International+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3EVai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%3A+P%C4%81%C3%B1car%C4%81tras%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9509-9510&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02-897135-3&rft.aulast=Welbon&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Raymond Brady (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will">An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65279-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65279-0"><bdi>0-521-65279-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Swaminarayan+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-65279-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Brady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontosw0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelliotBerntsen1988" class="citation book cs1">Zelliot, Eleanor; Berntsen, Maxine (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PDr-QF4YmYC&q=Pandharinath+Vithoba&pg=PA170">The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra</a>. SUNY Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-662-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-662-3"><bdi>0-88706-662-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experience+of+Hinduism%3A+Essays+on+Religion+in+Maharashtra&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-88706-662-3&rft.aulast=Zelliot&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft.au=Berntsen%2C+Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PDr-QF4YmYC%26q%3DPandharinath%2BVithoba%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand1992" class="citation cs2">Anand, D. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC">Krishna: The Living God of Braj</a>, Abhinav Pubns, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-280-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-280-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+The+Living+God+of+Braj&rft.pub=Abhinav+Pubns&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-280-2&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEsvSwdUgQYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinski1992" class="citation journal cs1">Brzezinski, J.K. (1992). "Prabodhananda, Hita Harivamsa and the Radharasasudhanidhi". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 55 (3): 472–497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00003669">10.1017/S0041977X00003669</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/620194">620194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161089313">161089313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Prabodhananda%2C+Hita+Harivamsa+and+the+Radharasasudhanidhi&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=472-497&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161089313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F620194%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00003669&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta1987" class="citation cs2">Datta, Amaresh, ed. (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC">Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo</a>, Sahitya Akademi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1803-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1803-1"><bdi>978-81-260-1803-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature%3A+A-Devo&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1803-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObFCT5_taSgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta1992" class="citation cs2">Datta, Amaresh, ed. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-wbAAAAIAAJ">Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot</a>, Sahitya Akademi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-2283-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-2283-2"><bdi>978-0-8364-2283-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature%3A+Sasay+to+Zorgot&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8364-2283-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-wbAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkmanGosvami1986" class="citation cs2">Elkman, S.M.; Gosvami, J. (1986), Jiva Gosvamin's Tattvasandarbha: A Study on the Philosophical and Sectarian Development of the Gaudiya Vaisnava Movement, Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jiva+Gosvamin%27s+Tattvasandarbha%3A+A+Study+on+the+Philosophical+and+Sectarian+Development+of+the+Gaudiya+Vaisnava+Movement&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Elkman&rft.aufirst=S.M.&rft.au=Gosvami%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHacker1978" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hacker, Paul (1978), Lambert Schmithausen (ed.), Zur Entwicklung der Avataralehre (in German), Otto Harrassowitz, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04860-6"><bdi>978-3-447-04860-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zur+Entwicklung+der+Avataralehre&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04860-6&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley2006" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, John Stratton (2006). 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New Delhi: Bharatiya Granth Nikethan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-89211-04-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-89211-04-8"><bdi>81-89211-04-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C5%9Ari-K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+Temple+at+U%E1%B8%8Dupi%3A+The+History+and+Spiritual+Center+of+the+Madhvite+Sect+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Granth+Nikethan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-89211-04-8&rft.aulast=Hebbar&rft.aufirst=B.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSriKrsnaTempleAtUdupi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra1999" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, Baba (1999). "Radha and her contour in Orissan culture". In S. Pradhan (ed.). 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India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1696-7"><bdi>978-81-321-1696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15.+Who+are+the+M%C4%81dhvas%3F+A+Controversy+over+the+Public+Representation+of+the+M%C4%81dhva+Samprad%C4%81ya&rft.btitle=Public+Hinduisms&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sage+Publ.+India&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-321-1696-7&rft.aulast=Okita&rft.aufirst=Kiyokazu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuuuICwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedington1992" class="citation journal cs1">Redington, James D. (1992). "Elements of a Vallabhite Bhakti-synthesis". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 112 (2): 287–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F603707">10.2307/603707</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/603707">603707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Elements+of+a+Vallabhite+Bhakti-synthesis&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=287-294&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F603707&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F603707%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Redington&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1997" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, K.P. (1997). A critique of A.C.Bhaktivedanta. Calcutta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+critique+of+A.C.Bhaktivedanta&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=K.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŚrivastava1981" class="citation cs2">Śrivastava, Vijai Shankar (1981), Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume, Abhinav Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Contours+of+India%3A+Dr.+Satya+Prakash+Felicitation+Volume&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=%C5%9Arivastava&rft.aufirst=Vijai+Shankar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaishnavism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vaishnavism">Encyclopædia Britannica, "Vaishnavism"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaishnavism.info/">Vaishnavism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906063405/https://vaishnavism.info/">Archived</a> 6 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Tradition of Hinduism)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061029151913/http://hinduism.iskcon.com/tradition/1201.htm">Vaishnavism</a> (Heart of Hinduism)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvaita.org/docs/srv_faq.html">Who is Vishnu? 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Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri Sampradaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumara Sampradaya">Kumara Sampradaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra Sampradaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffc569;;width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vishnuism" title="Historical Vishnuism">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Thenkalai_sect_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalais_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadh_Vaishnavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadh Vaishnavism">Sadh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_Vaishnavism" title="Manipuri Vaishnavism">Manipuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha-Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmiki_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balmiki sect">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami" title="Pranami">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffc569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li></ul> 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aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this 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denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vishnu_temples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vishnu_temples" title="Template:Vishnu temples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vishnu_temples" title="Template talk:Vishnu temples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vishnu_temples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vishnu temples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vishnu_temples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> temples</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahobilam" title="Ahobilam">Ahobilam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanarayana_Temple,_Annavaram" title="Satyanarayana Temple, Annavaram">Annavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateswara_Temple,_Tirumala" title="Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala">Tirumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwaraka_Tirumala" title="Dwaraka Tirumala">Dwaraka Tirumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavanarayana_Temple,_Sarpavaram" title="Bhavanarayana Temple, Sarpavaram">Sarpavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Lakshmi_Narasimha_temple,_Simhachalam" title="Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam">Simhachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narasimha_Temple,_Mangalagiri" title="Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Mangalagiri">Mangalagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindaraja_Temple,_Tirupati" title="Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati">Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandarama_Temple,_Tirupati" title="Kodandarama Temple, Tirupati">Kodandarama Temple, Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyana_Venkateswara_Temple,_Srinivasamangapuram" title="Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Srinivasamangapuram">Srinivasamangapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandavya_Narayana_Swamy_Temple" title="Mandavya Narayana Swamy Temple">Mandavya Narayana Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanna_Venkateswara_Temple,_Appalayagunta" title="Prasanna Venkateswara Temple, Appalayagunta">Appalayagunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahaswamy_Temple" title="Varahaswamy Temple">Varahaswamy Temple, Tirumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandarama_Temple,_Vontimitta" title="Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta">Vontimitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyana_Venkateswara_Temple,_Narayanavanam" title="Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Narayanavanam">Narayanavanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanarayana_Temple,_Nagalapuram" title="Vedanarayana Temple, Nagalapuram">Nagalapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venugopalaswamy_Temple,_Karvetinagaram" title="Venugopalaswamy Temple, Karvetinagaram">Karvetinagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konetirayala_Temple,_Keelapatla" title="Konetirayala Temple, Keelapatla">Keelapatla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanathaswamy_temple,_Srikurmam" title="Kurmanathaswamy temple, Srikurmam">Srikurmam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Vishnu" title="Andhra Vishnu">Srikakula Andhra Mahavishnu Temple</a></li> <li>Ranganatha Temple, Nellore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandarama_Temple,_Gollala_Mamidada" title="Kodandarama Temple, Gollala Mamidada">Gollala Mamidada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Konda" title="Narasimha Konda">Narasimha Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penchalakona" title="Penchalakona">Penchalakona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavanarayana_Temple,_Bapatla" title="Bhavanarayana Temple, Bapatla">Bapatla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintalarayaswami_Temple" title="Chintalarayaswami Temple">Chintalarayaswami Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narasimha_Temple,_Antarvedi" title="Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Antarvedi">Antarvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramateertham" title="Ramateertham">Ramateertham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabham" title="Padmanabham">Padmanabham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandarama_Temple,_Buchireddipalem" title="Kodandarama Temple, Buchireddipalem">Buchireddipalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koulutla_Chenna_Kesava_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koulutla Chenna Kesava Temple">Koulutla Chenna Kesava Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narapura_Venkateswara_Temple,_Jammalamadugu" title="Narapura Venkateswara Temple, Jammalamadugu">Jammalamadugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntanatha_Temple,_Therani" title="Vaikuntanatha Temple, Therani">Therani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnupad_Temple,_Gaya" title="Vishnupad Temple, Gaya">Vishnupad Temple, Gaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple" title="Dwarkadhish Temple">Dwarka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Shivanasamudra" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Shivanasamudra">Shivanasamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangapatna" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Sri_Krishna_Matha" title="Udupi Sri Krishna Matha">Udupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melukote" title="Melukote">Melukote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devarayanadurga" title="Devarayanadurga">Devarayanadurga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakara_Temple" title="Thrikkakara Temple">Thirukatkarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumoozhikkulam_Lakshmana_Perumal_Temple" title="Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple">Moozhikkalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreevallabha_Temple" title="Sreevallabha Temple">Tiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikodithanam_Mahavishnu_Temple" title="Thrikodithanam Mahavishnu Temple">Thirukadithanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrichittatt_Maha_Vishnu_Temple" title="Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple">Sengunroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puliyur_Mahavishnu_Temple" title="Puliyur Mahavishnu Temple">Thiruppuliyoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula_Parthasarathy_Temple" title="Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple">Thiruvaaranvilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvanvandoor_Mahavishnu_Temple" title="Thiruvanvandoor Mahavishnu Temple">Thiruvanvandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirunavaya_Navamukunda_Temple" title="Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple">Thirunavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumittakode_Anchumoorthi_Temple" title="Thirumittakode Anchumoorthi Temple">Viththuvakkodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha_Sree_Krishna_Swamy_Temple" title="Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Poornathrayeesa_Temple" title="Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple">Tripunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirunelli_Temple" title="Thirunelli Temple">Thirunelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janardanaswamy_Temple" title="Janardanaswamy Temple">Varkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple" title="Vithoba Temple">Pandharpur</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraha_Kshetra" title="Baraha Kshetra">Baraha Kshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupaduka_(shrine)" title="Bishnupaduka (shrine)">Bishnupaduka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktinath" title="Muktinath">Muktinath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Puri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sathyamurthi_Perumal_Temple" title="Sathyamurthi Perumal Temple">Thirumeyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowmya_Narayana_Perumal_temple" title="Sowmya Narayana Perumal temple">Thirukoshtiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodal_Azhagar_Temple" title="Koodal Azhagar Temple">Koodal Azhagar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallalagar_Temple" title="Kallalagar Temple">Azhagar Kovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumohoor_Kalamegaperumal_temple" title="Thirumohoor Kalamegaperumal temple">Tirumogoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur_Andal_Temple" title="Srivilliputhur Andal Temple">Srivilliputhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninra_Narayana_Perumal_temple" title="Ninra Narayana Perumal temple">Tiruththangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Jagannatha_Perumal_Temple" title="Adi Jagannatha Perumal Temple">Thiruppullani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varadharaja_Perumal_Temple,_Kanchipuram" title="Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram">Tirukkacchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabujakaram" title="Ashtabujakaram">Ashtabujakaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yathothkari_Perumal_Temple" title="Yathothkari Perumal Temple">Tiruvekkaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruththanka" title="Tiruththanka">Tiruththanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvelukkai" title="Tiruvelukkai">Tiruvelukkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakshi_Amman_Temple" title="Kamakshi Amman Temple">Tirukalvanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulagalantha_Perumal_Temple,_Kanchipuram" title="Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram">Tiru oorakam, Tiru neeragam, Tiru kaaragam, Tirukaarvaanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiru_Parameswara_Vinnagaram" title="Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram">Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavalavannam_Temple" title="Pavalavannam Temple">Pavalavannam Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandava_Thoothar_Perumal_Temple" title="Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple">Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilathingal_Thundam_Perumal_temple" title="Nilathingal Thundam Perumal temple">Nilathingal Thundam Perumal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruputkuzhi" title="Thiruputkuzhi">Thiruputkuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthasarathy_Temple,_Chennai" title="Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai">Thiruvallikeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruneermalai_(temple_complex)" title="Thiruneermalai (temple complex)">Thiruneermalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nithyakalyana_Perumal_temple" title="Nithyakalyana Perumal temple">Thiruvidandai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukadalmallai" title="Thirukadalmallai">Thirukadalmallai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktavatsala_Perumal_Temple,_Thirunindravur" title="Bhaktavatsala Perumal Temple, Thirunindravur">Thiruninravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeraraghava_Swamy_Temple" title="Veeraraghava Swamy Temple">Thiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkadigai" title="Thirukkadigai">Thirukkadigai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaadi_Raja_Perumal_temple" title="Devaadi Raja Perumal temple">Thiruvazhunthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parimala_Ranganatha_Perumal_Temple" title="Parimala Ranganatha Perumal Temple">Thiruindaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazheesirama_Vinnagaram" title="Kazheesirama Vinnagaram">Kazheesirama Vinnagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkavalampadi" title="Thirukkavalampadi">Thirukkavalampadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruchsemponsey" title="Thiruchsemponsey">Thiruchsemponsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruarimeya_Vinnagaram" title="Thiruarimeya Vinnagaram">Thiruarimeya Vinnagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvanpurushothamam" title="Thiruvanpurushothamam">Thiruvanpurushothamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvaikunda_Vinnagaram" title="Thiruvaikunda Vinnagaram">Thiruvaikunda Vinnagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumanimadam" title="Thirumanimadam">Thirumanimadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruthevanartthogai" title="Thiruthevanartthogai">Thiruthevanartthogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruthetriyambalam" title="Thiruthetriyambalam">Thiruthetriyambalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumanikkoodam" title="Thirumanikkoodam">Thirumanikkoodam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvellakkulam" title="Thiruvellakkulam">Thiruvellakkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppaarththanpalli" title="Thiruppaarththanpalli">Thiruppaarththanpalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalai_Sanga_Nanmathiyam" title="Thalai Sanga Nanmathiyam">Thalai Sanga Nanmathiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthalasayana_Perumal_Temple,_Tirusirupuliyur" title="Sthalasayana Perumal Temple, Tirusirupuliyur">Thiruchsirupuliyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvali-Thirunagari" title="Thiruvali-Thirunagari">Thiruvali-Thirunagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram#Sri_Govindaraja_Swamy_Shrine" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Thiruccithra kootam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loganatha_Perumal_Temple" title="Loganatha Perumal Temple">Thirukkannangudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundararajaperumal_Temple,_Nagapattinam" title="Soundararajaperumal Temple, Nagapattinam">Thirunagai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjai_Mamani_Koil" title="Thanjai Mamani Koil">Thiru Thanjai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulagalantha_Perumal_Temple,_Tirukoyilur" title="Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur">Tirukkoilur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakath_Rakshaka_Perumal_temple" title="Jakath Rakshaka Perumal temple">Thirukkoodaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajendra_Varadha_Temple" title="Gajendra Varadha Temple">Thiru Kavith Thalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiru_Aadanoor_Temple" title="Thiru Aadanoor Temple">Thiru Adhanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirupullabhoothangudi_Temple" title="Thirupullabhoothangudi Temple">Thirupullabhoothangudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangapani_Temple" title="Sarangapani Temple">Thirukkudandhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saranathan_Temple" title="Saranathan Temple">Tirucherai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Kovil" title="Nathan Kovil">Thirunandipura Vinnagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachiyar_Koil" title="Nachiyar Koil">ThiruNaraiyoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppiliappan_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppiliappan temple">Thiruvinnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Valvill_Ramar_Temple,_Tiruvelliyangudi" title="Kola Valvill Ramar Temple, Tiruvelliyangudi">Thiruvelliyangudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktavatsala_Perumal_temple,_Tirukannamangai" title="Bhaktavatsala Perumal temple, Tirukannamangai">Thirukkanamangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelamegha_Perumal_Temple" title="Neelamegha Perumal Temple">Thirukkkannapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Saabha_Vimocchana_Perumal_Temple" title="Hara Saabha Vimocchana Perumal Temple">Thirukkandiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Srirangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhagiya_Manavala_Perumal_Temple" title="Azhagiya Manavala Perumal Temple">Thirukkozhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthamar_Kovil" title="Uthamar Kovil">Thirukkarambanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundarikakshan_Perumal_Temple" title="Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple">Thiruvellarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundararaja_Perumal_temple,_Tiruchirapalli" title="Sundararaja Perumal temple, Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appakkudathaan_Perumal_Temple" title="Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple">Thirupper Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanathaswamy_temple,_Thiruvanthipuram" title="Devanathaswamy temple, Thiruvanthipuram">Thiruvanthipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanamamalai_Perumal_Temple" title="Vanamamalai Perumal Temple">Thiruvaramangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Nambi_and_Thirukurungudivalli_Nachiar_temple" title="Vaishnava Nambi and Thirukurungudivalli Nachiar temple">Thirukkurungudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivaikuntanathan_Permual_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivaikuntanathan Permual Temple">Srivaikundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvaragunamangai_Perumal_Temple" title="Thiruvaragunamangai Perumal Temple">Thiruvaragunamangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirupuliyangudi_Perumal_Temple" title="Thirupuliyangudi Perumal Temple">Thiruppulingudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwarthirunagari_Permual_Temple" title="Alwarthirunagari Permual Temple">Thirukkurugoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irattai_Thiruppathy" title="Irattai Thiruppathy">Thirutthulaivillimangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaithamanidhi_Perumal_Temple" title="Vaithamanidhi Perumal Temple">Thirukkoloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Perumal_Temple,_Tirukulandhai" title="Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Tirukulandhai">Tirukulandhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makara_Nedunkuzhaikathar_Temple" title="Makara Nedunkuzhaikathar Temple">Thentirupperai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikesava_Perumal_Temple,_Kanyakumari" title="Adikesava Perumal Temple, Kanyakumari">Thiruvattaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvazhmarban_temple" title="Thiruvazhmarban temple">Thiruvanparisaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanna_Venkatachalapathy_Temple" title="Prasanna Venkatachalapathy Temple">Gunaseelam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ramachandraswamy_Temple,_Bhadrachalam" title="Sita Ramachandraswamy Temple, Bhadrachalam">Bhadrachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swamy_Temple,_Yadadri" title="Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Yadadri">Yadadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchadri_Venkateshwara_Swamy_Temple" title="Kuchadri Venkateshwara Swamy Temple">Kuchadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Mandir,_Hyderabad" title="Birla Mandir, Hyderabad">Birla Mandir, Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogananda_Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swamy_Temple" title="Yogananda Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple">Mattapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narasimha_Temple,_Dharmapuri" title="Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Dharmapuri">Dharmapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Naimishnath_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Naimishnath Temple">Naimisaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmasthan_Temple_Complex" title="Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navamohana_Krishna_Temple" title="Navamohana Krishna Temple">Gokul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">Ayodhya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raghunathji_Temple,_Devprayag" title="Raghunathji Temple, Devprayag">Devprayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotir_Math" title="Jyotir Math">Thiruppirithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath_Temple" title="Badrinath Temple">Badrinath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuprayag" title="Vishnuprayag">Vishnuprayag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Prayag" title="Panch Prayag">Panch Prayag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharanga_Kshetrams" title="Pancharanga Kshetrams">Pancharanga Kshetrams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Krishna" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Krishna" title="Template:Krishna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Krishna" title="Template talk:Krishna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Krishna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Krishna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Krishna" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_Krishna" title="Category:Forms of Krishna">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda" title="Govinda">Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Other names</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/100px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/150px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/200px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">Ashtabharya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambavati" title="Jambavati">Jambavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Kalindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnajiti" title="Nagnajiti">Nagnajiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitravinda" title="Mitravinda">Mitravinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)">Lakshmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Bhadra (Krishna's wife)">Bhadra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_wives_of_Krishna" title="Junior wives of Krishna">Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Rohini (Krishna's wife)">Rohini</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(Hinduism)" title="Nanda (Hinduism)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugrasena" title="Ugrasena">Ugrasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_related_to_Krishna" title="Category:People related to Krishna">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vaishnavism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav" title="Gita Mahotsav">Gita Mahotsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Pilgrimage circuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/48_Kos_Parikrama_of_Kurukshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra">48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vraja_Parikrama" title="Vraja Parikrama">Vraja Parikrama</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Holy sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Associated with Krishna's life <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokul" title="Gokul">Gokul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Hill" title="Govardhan Hill">Govardhan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisar" title="Jyotisar">Jyotisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalka" title="Bhalka">Bhalka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other sites: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple,_Pandharpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Krishna_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Udupi Krishna Temple">Udupi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Indian_epigraphy" title="Early Indian epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions">Hathibada Ghosundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription" title="Mora Well Inscription">Mora Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription" title="Vasu Doorjamb Inscription">Vasu Doorjamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Krishna in the Mahabharata">Krishna's role</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Samhita" title="Brahma Samhita">Brahma Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddhava_Gita" title="Uddhava Gita">Uddhava Gita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru%E2%80%93shishya_tradition" title="Guru–shishya tradition">Guru–shishya tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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108.489 1 Template:Navboxes"," 3.19% 103.057 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 2.81% 90.929 1 Template:Short_description"," 2.79% 90.179 1 Template:Langx"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.152","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23579530,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAiyangar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAiyar1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlf_Hiltebeitel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnand1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrea_Nippard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnna_King2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnnangaracariyar1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAriel_Glucklich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshok_Banker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyyangar1941\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFB._N._Krishnamurti_Sharma2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB._V._Tripurari2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharya1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryantBryant2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryantEkstrand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryantEkstrand2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrzezinski1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurghart1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._J._Bartley2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFC._J._Bleeker1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarney2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatherine_Ludvik1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChari1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Partridge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCornelia_DimmittJ._A._B._van_Buitenen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandekar1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandekar1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDatta1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDatta1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Gordon_White2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelmonico2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis_Hudson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeussen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeussen1997a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeussen1997b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeussen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumont1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Allen_Richardson2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEliadeAdams1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElkmanGosvami1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst_Trumpp\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEschmannKulkeTripathi1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF._R._AllchinGeorge_Erdosy1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederico_Squarcini2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldhaus1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_ClooneyTony_Stewart2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederick_J._Simoons1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrykenberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFérdia_J._Stone-Davis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGANGASHETTY2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguli1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin_Flood2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeoffrey_Parrinder1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorg_FeuersteinBrenda_Feuerstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiuliano,_Geoffrey1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlushkova2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonda1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonda1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_Bailey2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_Bailey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuptaValpey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy_L._Beck1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy_L._Beck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacker1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy,_Friedhelm2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarold_Coward1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarold_CowardDaniel_C._Maguire2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey_P._Alper1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHattangadi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHebbar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelmuth_von_Glasenapp1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerzig,_T.Valpey,_K2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltebeitel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHugh_Tinker1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInden2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._A._B._van_Buitenen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Gordon_MeltonMartin_Baumann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacob1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Gonda1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Cort1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonGrim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulius_Lipner1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Sivaraman1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaren_Pechilis_Prentiss2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Skoog1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._DankworthA._David2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLai_Ah_Eng2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatourette1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLisa_KemmererAnthony_J._Nocella2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadhubālā_Sinhā2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahony,_W.K.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahony,_William_K.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatchett2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatchett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_James_Clark2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMircea_EliadeCharles_J._Adams1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiśra2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonius2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullick1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunavalli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagendra_Kr_SinghA._P._Mishra2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkita2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatnaik2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatra2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopular_Prakashan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratapaditya_Pal1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreciado-Solís1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrem_Prakash1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRIDENOUR,_Fritz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakumud_Mookerji1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajHarman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajendra_Prasad2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamashraya_Sharma1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamdas_Lamb2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamkrishna_Gopal_BhandarkarRamchandra_Narayan_Dandekar1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamnarace2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedington1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_H._Davis2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Thompson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigopoulos1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_B._Inden1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenstein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRukmani1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Anees_Siraj2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._M._Dubey1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._M._Srinivasa_Chari1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._M._Srinivasa_Chari1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSand1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanjukta_Gupta2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSardellaWong2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarma1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmid1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchomerMcLeod1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchrader1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweig2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweig2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelengut1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeth1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheridan1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSinha1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStephan_Schuhmacher1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_Rosen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_RosenWilliam_Deadwyler_III1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuresh_K._Sharma,_Usha_Sharma1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTattwananda1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeun_GoudriaanSanjukta_Gupta1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToffin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrsula_King2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValpey,_K.R.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelbon1987a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelbon1987b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_K._Mahony1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson,_BillMcDowell,_Josh1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinternitz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZelliotBerntsen1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŚrivastava1981\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"A.k.a.\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 31,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 169,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Famous Vishnu temples\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 19,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 10,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 7,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 18,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox artifact\"] = 1,\n [\"Krishna\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 26,\n [\"Map/Pilgrimage in Vaishnavism\"] = 1,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Olist\"] = 4,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 14,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 240,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vaishnavism\"] = 1,\n [\"VaisnavaSampradayas\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","520","22.8"],["?","300","13.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","9.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","3.5"],["(for generator)","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","2.6"],["[others]","600","26.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2hwd8","timestamp":"20241122142020","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaishnavism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q45584","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q45584","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-11-10T04:59:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T12:03:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/8\/85\/Vishnu_with_an_adorer.jpg","headline":"Major Hindu tradition that reveres Vishnu as the Supreme Being"}</script> </body> </html>