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Совсорг — Википеди

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href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81:%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&amp;returnto=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Шу йиш йу аккаунт кхоьллина системин чудовла, амма иза тӀедожийна дац." class=""><span>Кхолла аккаунт</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81:%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80&amp;returnto=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Кхузахь системин чудовла мега, амма иза тӀедожийна дац. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ЧугӀо</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Дукха таронаш" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Долахь болу гӀирсаш" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Долахь болу гӀирсаш</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Декъашхочун меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=ce.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ce"><span>Википедина гӀо дар</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81:%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&amp;returnto=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Шу йиш йу аккаунт кхоьллина системин чудовла, амма иза тӀедожийна дац."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Кхолла аккаунт</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81:%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80&amp;returnto=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Кхузахь системин чудовла мега, амма иза тӀедожийна дац. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ЧугӀо</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Авторизаци йанза редакторшна агӀонаш <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%BE:%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" aria-label="Хийцамашбарах мадарра"><span>совнаха хаа</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="ХӀокху IP-адресца бина хийцамийн могӀам [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Къинхьегам</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Сан IP адресан дийцарийн агӀо [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Дийцар</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eкъайлайаккха\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"ce\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"mw-empty-elt\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Чулацам" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Чулацам</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">агӀонгара панель тӀе йаккха</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">къайла</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Йуьхь</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Йукъара_хаамаш" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Йукъара_хаамаш"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Йукъара хаамаш</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Йукъара_хаамаш-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Истори" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Истори"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Истори</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Истори-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Билгалдахарш" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Билгалдахарш"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Билгалдахарш</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Билгалдахарш-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Чулацам" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Къайлабаккха/гайта чулацам" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Къайлабаккха/гайта чулацам</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Совсорг</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Кхечу маттахь болу йаззаме хьажа. ТӀекхочу 100 маттахь" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 мотт</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gis" title="Gis — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%BE" title="እርሾ — амхаройн" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እርሾ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхаройн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levaduras" title="Levaduras — арагонойн" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Levaduras" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="خميرة — Ӏаьрбийн" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خميرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Ӏаьрбийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleldu" title="Lleldu — астурийн" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lleldu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="खमीर — авадхи" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="खमीर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="авадхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_g%C3%B6b%C9%99l%C9%99yi" title="Maya göbələyi — азербайджанийн" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maya göbələyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BF%D1%80%D3%99_%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Сүпрә бәшмәктәре — башкирийн" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сүпрә бәшмәктәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ" title="Germ — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Germ" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yeast" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B" title="Дрожджы — белорусийн" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дрожджы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Дрожди — болгарийн" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дрожди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ঈস্ট — бенгалийн" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঈস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goell" title="Goell — бретонийн" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Goell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasci" title="Kvasci — боснийн" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvasci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent" title="Rent — каталонийн" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasinky" title="Kvasinky — чехийн" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvasinky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чехийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Çĕпре — чувашийн" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕпре" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burum" title="Burum — валлийн" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Burum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A6rsvamp" title="Gærsvamp — датхойн" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gærsvamp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датхойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefen" title="Hefen — немцойн" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hefen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немцойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ζυμομύκητες — грекийн" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζυμομύκητες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грекийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast — ингалсан" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Yeast" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ингалсан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisto" title="Gisto — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levadura" title="Levadura — испанхойн" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Levadura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанхойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rmseened" title="Pärmseened — эстонийн" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pärmseened" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legamia" title="Legamia — баскийн" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Legamia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B1" title="مخمر — гӀажарийн" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مخمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="гӀажарийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiivat" title="Hiivat — финнийн" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiivat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финнийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levure" title="Levure — французийн" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Levure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AAst" title="Gêst — малхбузен-фризийн" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gêst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="малхбузен-фризийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giosta" title="Giosta — ирландхойн" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Giosta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландхойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirm" title="Beirm — гэлийн" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beirm" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="гэлийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vedo" title="Lévedo — галисийн" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lévedo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yis" title="Yis — хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yis" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שמרים — жугтийн" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="жугтийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="खमीर — хӀинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खमीर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хӀинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasac" title="Kvasac — хорватийн" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvasac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89leszt%C5%91" title="Élesztő — венгрийн" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élesztő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгрийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խմորասնկեր — эрмалойн" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խմորասնկեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="эрмалойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levatura" title="Levatura — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Levatura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamir" title="Khamir — индонезихойн" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Khamir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезихойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefo" title="Hefo — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hefo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger" title="Ger — исландхойн" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ger" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландхойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lievito" title="Lievito — итальянийн" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lievito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母 — японийн" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酵母" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamir" title="Khamir — яванийн" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Khamir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="საფუარები — гуьржийн" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფუარები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="гуьржийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamtunt" title="Tamtunt — кабилийн" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamtunt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабилийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ашытқылар — кхазакхийн" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ашытқылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="кхазакхийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯೀಸ್ಟ್ — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೀಸ್ಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EB%AA%A8" title="효모 — корейн" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="효모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meya" title="Meya — курдийн" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Meya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ачыткы козу карын — гӀиргӀизойн" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ачыткы козу карын" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="гӀиргӀизойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermento" title="Fermento — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fermento" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%A0t_(f%C3%B3ns)" title="Leàt (fóns) — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Leàt (fóns)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel%C4%97s" title="Mielės — литвахойн" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mielės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литвахойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raugs" title="Raugs — латышийн" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Raugs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragi" title="Ragi — минангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ragi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Квасец — македонхойн" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Квасец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонхойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="യീസ്റ്റ് — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യീസ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="किण्व — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="किण्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yis" title="Yis — малайн" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="တဆေး — бирманийн" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တဆေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирманийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Оргат — эрзянийн" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Оргат" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="эрзянийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gist" title="Gist — голландхойн" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gist" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="голландхойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%A6r" title="Gjær — норвегийн нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gjær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвегийн нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raacitii" title="Raacitii — оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Raacitii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0" title="ਖ਼ਮੀਰ — панджаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਮੀਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dro%C5%BCd%C5%BCe" title="Drożdże — полякийн" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drożdże" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полякийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levedura" title="Levedura — португалихойн" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Levedura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалихойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qunchu" title="Qunchu — кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qunchu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drojdie" title="Drojdie — румынийн" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drojdie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Хаьржина йаззам"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Дрожжи — оьрсийн" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дрожжи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="оьрсийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8vitu" title="Lèvitu — сицилийн" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lèvitu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baurm" title="Baurm — шотландхойн" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Baurm" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландхойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasac" title="Kvasac — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvasac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yeast" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasinka" title="Kvasinka — словакийн" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvasinka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словакийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasovka" title="Kvasovka — словенийн" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvasovka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbiriso" title="Mbiriso — шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mbiriso" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majaja" title="Majaja — албанойн" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Majaja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Квасац — сербийн" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квасац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4st" title="Jäst — шведийн" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jäst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamira" title="Hamira — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hamira" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மதுவம் — тамилхойн" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதுவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилхойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ยีสต์ — тайн" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยีสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(biyoloji)" title="Maya (biyoloji) — туркойн" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maya (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="туркойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%DA%86%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%87" title="ئېچىتقۇ — уйгурийн" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېچىتقۇ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Хаьржина йаззам"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96" title="Дріжджі — украинийн" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дріжджі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="خمیر — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خمیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m_men" title="Nấm men — вьетнамхойн" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm men" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамхойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesse" title="Yesse — валлонойн" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Yesse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валлонойн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libadura" title="Libadura — варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Libadura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="酵母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הייוון — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הייוון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母 — цийн" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="酵母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="цийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0%E2%81%BF-b%C3%BA" title="Kàⁿ-bú — миньнань" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàⁿ-bú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="миньнань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E5%A3%AB" title="依士 — кантонийн" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="依士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонийн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45422#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Меттанийн йукъара хьажоргаш нисйар" class="wbc-editpage">Хьажоргаш нисйар</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ЦӀерийн меттигаш"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Коьрта агӀонга хьажар [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Йаззам</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Коьрта агӀонан дийцар (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Дийцар</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3"><span>Йеша</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;veaction=edit" title="ХӀара агӀо тайар [v]" accesskey="v"><span>БӀаьра нисйан</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;action=edit" title="АгӀонан йуьхьанцара текст нисйан [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Нисйан</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;action=history" title="АгӀонан хийцамаш болу журнал [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Истори</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ГӀирсаш агӀонашна"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" 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title="ХӀара агӀо тайар [v]" accesskey="v"><span>БӀаьра нисйан</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;action=edit" title="АгӀонан йуьхьанцара текст нисйан [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Нисйан</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;action=history"><span>Истори</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Йукъара </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81:%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="ХӀокху агӀонан тӀе хьажийна йолу массо агӀонийн могӀам [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Кхуза хьажоргаш</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81:%D0%9A%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" rel="nofollow" title="ХӀокху агӀонгахь хьажоргаш йолу, агӀонашна бина тӀаьххьара хийцамаш [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Дихкина нисдарш</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Белхан агӀонанийн могӀам [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Леррина агӀонаш</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;oldid=9084561" title="ХӀокху агӀонан версин тӀе цахийцалун хьажорг"><span>Цахийцалун хьажорг</span></a></li><li id="t-info" 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.mbox-textsmall-div{font-size:90%}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(max-width:1366px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin-left:6%;margin-right:6%}}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-div">ХӀокху йаззаман тӀе <b>Википедин кхийолу агӀонашкахь хьажоргаш йац</b>.</div><div class="mbox-textsmall-div hide-when-compact"><span class="hide-when-compact"> Дехар до, хӀиттайе хьажоргаш, кхечу йаззамашкахь хӀокхунна тӀе.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:275px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Парафили (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Полифилетийн</a> тоба</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style=""> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Совсорган клеткаш Saccharomyces cerevisiae"><img alt="Совсорган клеткаш Saccharomyces cerevisiae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg/265px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg/398px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg/530px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1560" /></a></span> <div class="media-caption" style="">Совсорган клеткаш <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> микоскоп&#160;кӀелахь</div></td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;font-size:110%;">ЦӀе</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;font-size:110%;">ЦӀеран статус</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;font-size:110%;">Дай-нанойн таксон</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;font-size:110%;">Гергарнаш</th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background:lightblue;font-size:80%;line-height:140%;;"><table align="center" style="background:lightblue;"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yeast?uselang=ru" title="Сурт Викилармехь"><img alt="Сурт Викилармехь" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td><td class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yeast?uselang=ru">Сурт Викилармехь</a></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" style="background:lightblue;"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ce.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Викидошамехь бу йаззам «совсорг»"><img alt="Викидошамехь бу йаззам «совсорг»" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wiktionary-logo-ru.png/15px-Wiktionary-logo-ru.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wiktionary-logo-ru.png/23px-Wiktionary-logo-ru.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wiktionary-logo-ru.png/30px-Wiktionary-logo-ru.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="135" /></a></span></td><td class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ce.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3">Совсорг Викидошамехь</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Yeast_CalcofluorWhite2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Yeast_CalcofluorWhite2.jpg/220px-Yeast_CalcofluorWhite2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Yeast_CalcofluorWhite2.jpg/330px-Yeast_CalcofluorWhite2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Yeast_CalcofluorWhite2.jpg/440px-Yeast_CalcofluorWhite2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Бепигдархойн совсорган клеткаш, флюоресцентан микроскопи. Босбийриг — калькофлюор кӀайн</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Совсорг</b> — тӀуьна а, ахтӀуьна а хьолехь яха дехьаяларна, органикан хӀуманаш дукха йолу <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Субстрат (биологи) (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">субстраташкахь</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Мицелий (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">мицелийн</a> хӀоттам байна йолу <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Цхьаьна клеткан организмаш (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">цхьаьна клеткан</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ЖӀалин нускалш (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">жӀалин нускалийн</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Таксон (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">таксономин чуьра йоцу</a> тоба. Цхьаьна туху, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Аскомицеташ (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">аскомицетийн</a> а, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Базидиомицеташ (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">базидиомицетийн</a> а <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Дакъа (биологи) (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">дакъош</a> йукъа йоьду, 1500 гергга <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Биологин кеп (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">кеп</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Йукъара_хаамаш"><span id=".D0.99.D1.83.D0.BA.D1.8A.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0_.D1.85.D0.B0.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.88"></span>Йукъара хаамаш</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Нисде дакъа: Йукъара хаамаш" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>бӀаьра нисйан</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="«Йукъара хаамаш» декъаран код нисйан"><span>нисйан</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Тобан дозанаш нисса билгаладаьхна дац: дукхаха долу <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ЖӀаьлин нускалш (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">жӀаьлин нускалш</a>, цхьаьна клеткан кепара <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Вегетативалла (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">вегетативан</a> деба таро йолуш ду, цундела церан идентификаци йо совсорг санна, дахаран циклан кхечу тӀегӀанашкахь кхуллу кхиина <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Мицелий (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">мицелий</a>, ткъа цкъаццӀа макроскопийн стоьман догӀмаш. Молекуляран анализан хьесапаш йукъадовлале иштта жӀаьлин нускалшна лора башха тоба, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Совсоргкепара жӀаьлин нускалш (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">совсоргкепарнаш</a>, амма хӀинца уьш массара а совсоргца цхьаъ лору. <a href="/w/index.php?title=18S_%D1%80%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="18S рРНК (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">18S рРНК</a> талламаша гайтина уллера гергарло совсоргашца кхиа таро йолчу мицелийн кепара бен<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Совсоргийн клеткийн хила беза барам бу <span class="nowrap">3—7 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Микрометр (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">мкм</a></span> диаметрехь, ткъа цхьайолу кепийн таро ю кхиа <span class="nowrap">40 мкм</span><sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> кхаччалц. </p><p>Совсоргаш практикан доккха маьӀна долуш ю, алсама бепиган деш я <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Йийн совсорг (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">йий доккхуш</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>). Цхьайолу кепаш хуьлу факультативан а, билламан а <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Патоген (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">патогенашца</a>. ХӀинца юьззина гучуяьккхина совсоргийн геном <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> (уьш дуьххьарлера <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эукариоташ">эукариоташ</a> хилира, шен <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Геном (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">геноман</a> юьззина <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D1%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Секвенаци яр (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">секвенаци йина</a>) а, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schizosaccharomyces_pombe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schizosaccharomyces pombe (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Schizosaccharomyces pombe</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Истори"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8"></span>Истори</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Нисде дакъа: Истори" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>бӀаьра нисйан</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="«Истори» декъаран код нисйан"><span>нисйан</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Нохчийн дош «совсорг» орам болуш ду «совс», и дош даьлла хандашах «совсо». </p><p>Совсорг, тера ду, уггаре ширачех «цӀера организмех» цхьаъ ю. Эзар шарахь адамаша лелайора уьш <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ферментаци (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">ферментацин</a> а, бепиг деш а. Археологашна <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шира Мисар">ширамисран</a> гӀалийн ширачу саьлнашна йукъахь карийна <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Кохьар (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">кохьар</a> а, пурни а, ткъа иштта пурнихойн а, йийхойн а суьрташ. Ӏилманчашна хетарехь, мисархоша <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Йий">йий</a> даккха долийна <span class="nowrap">вайн эрал 6000 шо хьалха</span>, ткъа <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_XIII_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Вайн эрал XIII бӀешо хьалха (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">вайн эрал 1200 шо хьалха</a></span> Ӏамийна совсорган <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Бепиг">бепиг</a> даттаран технологи<sup id="cite_ref-Бабьева_Чернов_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Бабьева_Чернов-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Керла бод мустбалийта лелабора бисина шираниг. Цуьнан жамӀехь тайп-тайпанчу бахамашкахь бӀешерашкахь совсоргийн <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Селекци (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">селекци</a> хилира, кхоллаелира керла Ӏаламехь йоцу физиологин расаш, дукхахъерш царех юьхьанца дуьйна йийцина шеш йолу кепаш санна. И расаш адаман белхан сурсаташ ду, культурин ораматийн <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Сорт (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">сорташ</a> санна<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg/220px-Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg/330px-Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg/440px-Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Пастер, Луи">Пастер Луи</a> — совсоргийн спирт чохь совсаран роль гучуяьккхина Ӏилманча</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=1680_%D1%88%D0%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1680 шо (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">1680 шарахь</a> голландин Ӏаламхо <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BA,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Левенгук, Антони ван (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">ван Левенгук Антонин</a> дуьххьара гина совсорг <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Оптикан микроскоп (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">оптикан микроскоп</a> чухула, амма лелаш ца хиларе терра ца къаьстина царна йукъахь дийна организмаш<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YeastRef11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1838_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1838 шо">1838 шарахь</a> французийн Ӏаламзиерхо <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B0-%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80,_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Каньяр де Ла-Тур, Шарль (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Каньяр де Ла-Тур Шарла</a> зиерца гайтина, совсорг — еккъа химин хӀуманаш ца хилар, ткъа кхиа а, деба а таро йолу дийна организмаш хилар, цу тӀе схьайовларан хӀумнаш а, реакцин сурсаташ а химин цхьаьнакхетар хилар<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Амма оцу хенахь цуьнан жамӀ къобал ца дира гӀарабевллачу химикаш <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%99%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Берцелиус, Йёнс Якоб (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Й. Берцелиуса</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%85,_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Либих, Юстус (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Ю. Либиха</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Вёлер, Фридрих (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Ф. Вёлера</a>. </p><p>Каньяр де Ла-Тур бакъ хилар чеккхенца тӀечӀагӀдира <a href="/wiki/1857_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1857 шо">1857 шарахь</a> французийн микробиолога <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Пастер, Луи">Пастер Луис</a> «<i>Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoholique</i>» цӀе йолчу шен белхан чохь. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Пастер, Луи">Пастера</a> къийса меттиг ца буьтуш гайтира, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Спирт чохь совсар (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">спирт чохь совсар</a> — хьалха ма-лорура, еккъа <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Химин реакци (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">химин реакци</a> хилла ца Ӏа, ткъа совсоргаш еш биологин процесс ю аьлла<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1881_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1881 шо">1881 шарахь</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Хансен, Эмиль (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Христиан Хансен Эмила</a>, данин <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlsberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlsberg (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Carlsberg</a> компанин лабораторин белхалочо, къастийра совсорган <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ЦӀена культураш (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">цӀена культура</a>, ткъа <a href="/wiki/1883_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1883 шо">1883 шарахь</a> дуьххьара лелийра иза йий доккхуш цхьаьнаэшшара йоцу йатораш метта<sup id="cite_ref-Бабьева_Чернов_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Бабьева_Чернов-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. XIX бӀешо чекхдолуш <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Хансен, Эмиль (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Хансен</a> декъахь волуш йира дуьххьарлера совсоргийн классификаци. XX бӀешо долалуш йукъаевлира совсоргийн культураш билгалйохурш а, коллекцеш а. XX бӀешеран шолгӀачу декъехь совсоргех долчу Ӏилмано (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Зимологи (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">зимологи</a>) практикан болх боцуш, буьйлабелира терго ян совсоргийн <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Экологи">экологин</a> Ӏаламехь, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Цитологи (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">цитологин</a>, генетикан. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Билгалдахарш"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B3.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B4.D0.B0.D1.85.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.88"></span>Билгалдахарш</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Нисде дакъа: Билгалдахарш" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>бӀаьра нисйан</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="«Билгалдахарш» декъаран код нисйан"><span>нисйан</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang QM, Bai FY., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18616607">Molecular phylogeny of basidiomycetous yeasts in the Cryptococcus luteolus lineage (Tremellales) based on nuclear rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence analyses: proposal of Derxomyces gen. nov. and Hannaella gen. nov., and description of eight novel Derxomyces species.</a> FEMS Yeast Res. 2008 Aug;8(5):799-814.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker K, Skelton H, Smith K., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12453301">Cutaneous lesions showing giant yeast forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis.</a>, J Cutan Pathol. 2002 Nov;29(10):616-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Глик Б., Пастернак Дж.</i>&#32;Молекулярная биотехнология.&#160;— 2-е издание.&#160;— <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Мир, 2002.&#160;— С.&#160;27.&#160;— <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81:%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88/5030033289" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-03-003328-9</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Бабьева_Чернов-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Бабьева_Чернов_4-0">1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Бабьева_Чернов_4-1">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Бабьева И. П., Чернов И. Ю.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soil.msu.ru/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=962&amp;Itemid=219">Биология дрожжей</a>. <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Liti G, Carter DM, Moses AM, Warringer J, Parts L et al.</i>&#32;<span lang="en"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7236/full/nature07743.html">Population genomics of domestic and wild yeasts.</a></span>&#160;<span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="ингалсан маттахь">(инг.)</span>.&#32;Nature&#32;(2009 Mar;19;458(7236):337-41)).&#32;ТӀекхочу дата: 2009 шеран 18 май.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/611yALKse?url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7236/full/nature07743.html">Архивйина</a> 2011 шеран 18 августехь </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef11_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html">Yeast, The Contemporry Review (1871), Collected Essays VIII.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cagniard-Latour, " Mémoire sur la fermentation vineuse, présenté à l’Académie des sciences le 12 juin 1837 ", <i>Annales de chimie et de physique</i>, 2×10<sup>{{{1}}}</sup> série, t. 68, 1838, pp. 206—222, consultable sur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.be/books?id=O9k3AAAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=editions:LCCN49052172&amp;lr=&amp;hl=fr#PPA206,M1">Google Books</a>. On lit déjà dans les <i>Comptes rendus de l’Institut</i> de 1836 que Cagniard de Latour considérait la levure de bière comme une substance vivante. (Cagniard de Latour, " Observations sur la fermentation du moût de bière ", <i>L’Institut</i>, 23 novembre 1836, IV, pp. 389—390; voir L. Pasteur, <i>Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique</i>, Œuvres complètes de Pasteur, t. 2, p. 83, consultable sur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7357p/f92.table">Gallica</a>, et P. Pinet, <i>Pasteur et la philosophie</i>, Paris, 2005, p. 51.) En 1787, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adamo_Fabbroni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adamo Fabbroni (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Adamo Fabbroni</a> avait déjà attribué la fermentation à une substance " végéto-animale "; voir citation dans L. Pasteur, <i>Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique</i>, Œuvres complètes de Pasteur, t. 2, p. 80, consultable sur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7357p/f89.table">Gallica</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm">Planets in a Bottle, More about Yeast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104131513/http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm">Архивйина</a> 2009-11-04 — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Wayback Machine</a>, Science@NASA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnett, James A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/149/3/557#R53">Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: the contribution of yeast research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428070118/http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/149/3/557#R53">Архивйина</a> 2007-04-28 — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (иштта агӀо йоцуш йу)">Wayback Machine</a>, Microbiology <b>149</b> (2003), 557—567</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Хьост — «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Совсорг&amp;oldid=9084561">https://ce.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Совсорг&amp;oldid=9084561</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88" title="ГӀирс:Категореш">Категореш</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Категори:ЖӀаьлин нускалш абатца">ЖӀаьлин нускалш абатца</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Категори:Полифилетийн тобанаш">Полифилетийн тобанаш</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Къайлаха йолу категореш: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:Cite_web_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0_webcitation-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2:_deadlink_no)" title="Категори:Википеди:Cite web (хийца webcitation-архив: deadlink no)">Википеди:Cite web (хийца webcitation-архив: deadlink no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF:Webarchive:Wayback_Machine_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Категори:Кеп:Webarchive:Wayback Machine тӀе хьажоргаш">Кеп:Webarchive:Wayback Machine тӀе хьажоргаш</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:ISBN_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Категори:ISBN хьажоргаш лелош йолу агӀонаш">ISBN хьажоргаш лелош йолу агӀонаш</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88/%D0%B1%D0%BE0" title="Категори:Википеди:Байлахь йисина агӀонаш/бо0">Википеди:Байлахь йисина агӀонаш/бо0</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Категори:Викидошам тӀе хьажоргаш йолу йаззамаш">Викидошам тӀе хьажоргаш йолу йаззамаш</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Категори:ЦӀе йоцуш кепаш йолу йаззамаш">ЦӀе йоцуш кепаш йолу йаззамаш</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%8C_%C2%AB%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B52%C2%BB_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Категори:Википеди:Кепан чохь «цӀе2» параметр лелош йолу кепаш">Википеди:Кепан чохь «цӀе2» параметр лелош йолу кепаш</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%8C_%C2%AB%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%B3%C2%BB_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Категори:Википеди:Кепан чохь «куьг» параметр лелош йолу кепаш">Википеди:Кепан чохь «куьг» параметр лелош йолу кепаш</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> ХӀокху агӀонна тӀаьххьара хийцамаш бина терахь: 2023, 9 январь шеран, 20:06.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Йозанна тӀекхачало <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike лицензица</a>, цкъацца лела тарло кхин а биллам. 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