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id="toc-British_English_versus_American_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_English_versus_American_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>British English versus American English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_English_versus_American_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Postwar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Emergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lower_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lower capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Higher capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mixed systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_and_stop_frequency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_and_stop_frequency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Speed and stop frequency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed_and_stop_frequency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System-wide_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System-wide_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>System-wide considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System-wide_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Light_rail_operating_on_mainline_railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_rail_operating_on_mainline_railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Light rail operating on mainline railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_rail_operating_on_mainline_railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_rail_transit_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_rail_transit_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison to other rail transit modes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_to_other_rail_transit_modes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison to other rail transit modes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_rail_transit_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typical_rolling_stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_rolling_stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Typical rolling stock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_rolling_stock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floor_height" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floor_height"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Floor height</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floor_height-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Track_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Track_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Track gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Track_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Power sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground-level_power_supply_for_trams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground-level_power_supply_for_trams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ground-level power supply for trams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground-level_power_supply_for_trams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_train_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_train_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Automatic train operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_train_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_road_trafic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_road_trafic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Comparison to road trafic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_to_road_trafic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison to road trafic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_road_trafic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_high_capacity_roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_high_capacity_roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Comparison with high capacity roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_high_capacity_roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practical_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Practical considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practical_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_and_operation_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_operation_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Construction and operation costs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction_and_operation_costs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction and operation costs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_operation_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Health impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tram and light rail transit systems worldwide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Light rail</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%81" title="قطار خفيف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطار خفيف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCng%C3%BCl_relsli_sistem" title="Yüngül relsli sistem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yüngül relsli sistem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="লঘু রেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লঘু রেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_lleuger" title="Tren lleuger – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tren lleuger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letbane" title="Letbane – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Letbane" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail_vehicle" title="Light rail vehicle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Light rail vehicle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_ligero" title="Tren ligero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tren ligero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpeza_trajno" title="Malpeza trajno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malpeza trajno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_ligeru" title="Tren ligeru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tren ligeru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قطار سبک شهری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطار سبک شهری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tro_l%C3%A9ger" title="Métro léger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métro léger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_lixeiro" title="Tren lixeiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tren lixeiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC" title="라이트 레일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라이트 레일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laka_gradska_%C5%BEeljeznica" title="Laka gradska željeznica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Laka gradska željeznica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintas_Rel_Terpadu" title="Lintas Rel Terpadu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lintas Rel Terpadu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ttlest" title="Léttlest – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Léttlest" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrotranvia" title="Metrotranvia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metrotranvia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%94" title="רכבת קלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רכבת קלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მეტროტრამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტროტრამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrotranvia" title="Metrotranvia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Metrotranvia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Light rail" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B7_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Брз трамвај – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брз трамвај" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel_ringan" title="Rel ringan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rel ringan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightrail" title="Lightrail – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lightrail" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ライトレール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライトレール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettbane" title="Lettbane – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lettbane" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bybane" title="Bybane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bybane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ہلکی ریل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہلکی ریل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolej_miejska" title="Kolej miejska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolej miejska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C3%ADculo_leve_sobre_trilhos" title="Veículo leve sobre trilhos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Veículo leve sobre trilhos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrou_u%C8%99or" title="Metrou ușor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metrou ușor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Легкорельсовый транспорт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Легкорельсовый транспорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Light rail" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Лаки шински систем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лаки шински систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laka_gradska_%C5%BEeljeznica" title="Laka gradska željeznica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Laka gradska željeznica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikaraitiotie" title="Pikaraitiotie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pikaraitiotie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Light rail" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="இலகு தொடருந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலகு தொடருந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2" title="รถไฟรางเบา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รถไฟรางเบา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafif_rayl%C4%B1_sistem" title="Hafif raylı sistem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hafif raylı sistem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Легкорейковий транспорт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Легкорейковий транспорт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ہلکی ریل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہلکی ریل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E8%BB%8C%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="輕軌鐵路 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="輕軌鐵路" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LRT" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/LRT_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="LRT (disambiguation)">LRT (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Light Rail" and "Light Rail Transit" redirect here. For the Hong Kong system, see <a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_(MTR)" title="Light Rail (MTR)">Light Rail (MTR)</a>. For the Singapore system, see <a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Light Rail Transit (Singapore)">Light Rail Transit (Singapore)</a>. For the Manila (LRT) system, see <a href="/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System" title="Manila Light Rail Transit System">Manila Light Rail Transit System</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_railway" title="Light railway">Light railway</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Light_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Light metro">Light metro</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Line_train_on_East_1st_Street,_July_2017.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gold_Line_train_on_East_1st_Street%2C_July_2017.JPG/220px-Gold_Line_train_on_East_1st_Street%2C_July_2017.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gold_Line_train_on_East_1st_Street%2C_July_2017.JPG/330px-Gold_Line_train_on_East_1st_Street%2C_July_2017.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gold_Line_train_on_East_1st_Street%2C_July_2017.JPG/440px-Gold_Line_train_on_East_1st_Street%2C_July_2017.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="2821" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Los_Angeles" title="Transportation in Los Angeles">expansion of mass transit</a> has been driven in large part by <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail" title="Los Angeles Metro Rail">light rail</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Light rail</b> (or <b>light rail transit</b>, abbreviated to <b>LRT</b>) is a form of passenger <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">urban rail transit</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> technology<sup id="cite_ref-Phil.-1975_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phil.-1975-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while also having some features from heavy <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a>. </p><p>The term was coined in 1972 in the United States as an English equivalent for the German word <i><a href="/wiki/Stadtbahn" title="Stadtbahn">Stadtbahn</a></i>, meaning "city railway".<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different definitions exist in some countries, but in the United States, light rail operates primarily along exclusive <a href="/wiki/Right_of_way#Rail_right_of_way" title="Right of way">rights-of-way</a> and uses either individual tramcars or <a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">multiple units</a> coupled together, with a lower capacity and speed than a long <a href="/wiki/Heavy_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rail">heavy rail</a> passenger train or rapid transit system.<sup id="cite_ref-APTA-def_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APTA-def-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FTA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WILRT?_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WILRT?-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narrowly defined, light rail transit uses <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a> that is similar to that of a traditional tram, while operating at a higher capacity and speed, often on an exclusive right-of-way. In broader use, it includes tram-like operations mostly on streets.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few light rail networks have characteristics closer to rapid transit or even <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a>, yet only when these systems are fully grade-separated are they referred to as <a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">light metros</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/98px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/130px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_company" title="Rail transport company">Company types</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Infrastructure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_infrastructure_manager" title="Railway infrastructure manager">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Railway station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railway track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track#Maintenance" title="Railway track">Maintenance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Service and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">Bogie (truck)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling" title="Railway coupling">Couplings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rail_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail transport">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">Multiple units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">Passenger train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">Railroad cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_undertaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway undertaking">Operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Trains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_train" title="Shuttle train">Shuttle trains</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Special systems</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trams" title="History of trams">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rapid_transit" title="History of rapid transit">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellanea</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rail_accidents" title="Lists of rail accidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railroad_attractions" title="Category:Railroad attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_by_country" title="Rail transport by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">List of high-speed trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_train_services" title="Longest train services">Longest train services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">Modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_museums" title="List of railway museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">Railway speed record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">Terminology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Australian_railway_terms" title="Glossary of Australian railway terms">AU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_North_American_railway_terms" title="Glossary of North American railway terms">NA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_New_Zealand_railway_terms" title="Glossary of New Zealand railway terms">NZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_United_Kingdom_railway_terms" title="Glossary of United Kingdom railway terms">UK</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a></div> <p>The term <i>light rail</i> was coined in 1972 by the U.S. Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA; the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration" title="Federal Transit Administration">Federal Transit Administration</a>) to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Stadtbahn" title="Stadtbahn">Stadtbahn</a></i> (to be distinguished from <i><a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a></i>, which stands for <i>Stadtschnellbahn</i>) was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, which is <i>city rail</i> (the Norwegian term, <i>by bane</i>, means the same). However, UMTA finally adopted the term <i>light rail</i> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Light</i> in this context is used in the sense of "intended for light loads and fast movement", rather than referring to physical weight. The infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Transportation_Association" title="American Public Transportation Association">American Public Transportation Association</a> (APTA), in its Glossary of Transit Terminology, defines light rail as: </p> <blockquote><p>...a mode of transit service (also called streetcar, tramway, or trolley) operating passenger <a href="/wiki/Railcar" title="Railcar">rail cars</a> singly (or in short, usually two-car or three-car, trains) on fixed rails in the right-of-way that is often separated from other traffic for part or much of the way. Light rail vehicles are typically driven electrically with power being drawn from an overhead electric line via a <a href="/wiki/Trolley_pole" title="Trolley pole">trolley [pole]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph (rail)">pantograph</a>; driven by an operator onboard the vehicle; and may have either high platform loading or low-level boarding using steps."<sup id="cite_ref-APTA-def_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APTA-def-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, some diesel-powered transit is designated light rail, such as the <a href="/wiki/O-Train" title="O-Train">O-Train</a> <a href="/wiki/Trillium_Line" title="Trillium Line">Trillium Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa, Ontario</a>, Canada, the <a href="/wiki/River_Line_(NJ_Transit)" title="River Line (NJ Transit)">River Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, United States, and the <a href="/wiki/Sprinter_(rail_service)" title="Sprinter (rail service)">Sprinter</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States, which use <a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">diesel multiple unit (DMU)</a> cars. </p><p><i>Light rail</i> is different from the <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/Light_railway" title="Light railway">light railway</a></i>, long-used to distinguish railway operations carried out under a less rigorous set of regulations using lighter equipment at lower speeds from mainline railways.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Light rail</i> is a generic <a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">international English</a> phrase for types of rail systems using modern streetcars/trams, which means more or less the same thing throughout the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>. <i>Light rail</i> systems can range from trams runnig in streets along with other traffic, to <a href="/wiki/Semi-metro" title="Semi-metro">semi-metro</a> systems having portions of grade separated track.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">People movers</a> are even "lighter", in terms of capacity. <a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a> is a separate technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_English_versus_American_English">British English versus American English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British English versus American English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_North_America" title="Streetcars in North America">Streetcars in North America</a></div> <p>The use of the generic term <i>light rail</i> avoids some serious incompatibilities between <a href="/wiki/List_of_words_having_different_meanings_in_British_and_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="List of words having different meanings in British and American English">British and American English</a>. The word <i>tram</i>, for instance, is generally used in the UK and many former British colonies to refer to what is known in North America as a <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar</a>, but in North America <i>tram</i> can instead refer to an <a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">aerial tramway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Disney_Parks,_Experiences_and_Products#Disney_resorts" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Parks, Experiences and Products">the Disney amusement parks</a>, even a <a href="/wiki/Land_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Land train">land train</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The usual British term for an aerial tramway is <i>cable car</i>, which in the US usually refers to a <a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">ground-level car pulled along by subterranean cables</a>.) The word <a href="/wiki/Trolley_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Trolley (disambiguation)">trolley</a> is often used as a synonym for <i>streetcar</i> in the United States but is usually taken to mean a cart, particularly a shopping cart, in the UK and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many North American transportation planners reserve <i>streetcar</i> for traditional vehicles that operate exclusively in mixed traffic on city streets, while they use <i>light rail</i> to refer to more modern vehicles operating mostly in exclusive rights of way, since they may operate both side-by-side targeted at different passenger groups.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg/220px-SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg/330px-SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg/440px-SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a>'s 101 trolley pulling into <a href="/wiki/69th_Street_Transportation_Center" title="69th Street Transportation Center">69th Street Terminal</a> near <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The difference between British English and American English terminology arose in the late 19th century when Americans adopted the term "street railway", rather than "tramway", with the vehicles being called "streetcars" rather than "trams". Some have suggested that the Americans' preference for the term "street railway" at that time was influenced by German emigrants to the United States<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (who were more numerous than British immigrants in the industrialized Northeast), as it is the same as the German term for the mode, <i>Straßenbahn</i> (meaning "street railway"). A further difference arose because, while Britain abandoned all of its <i>trams</i> after World War II except in <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackpool tramway">Blackpool</a>, eight major North American cities (<a href="/wiki/Toronto_streetcar_system" title="Toronto streetcar system">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston-area_streetcar_lines" title="Boston-area streetcar lines">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEPTA_Subway-Surface_Trolley_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="SEPTA Subway-Surface Trolley Lines">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Municipal_Railway" title="San Francisco Municipal Railway">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Light_Rail" title="Pittsburgh Light Rail">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newark_Light_Rail" title="Newark Light Rail">Newark</a>, <a href="/wiki/RTA_Rapid_Transit" title="RTA Rapid Transit">Cleveland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans">New Orleans</a>) continued to operate large <i>streetcar</i> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it <i>light rail</i> to differentiate it from their existing <i>streetcars</i> since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Since the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, has built all three types of system: a high-capacity <a href="/wiki/MAX_Light_Rail" title="MAX Light Rail">light rail system</a> in dedicated lanes and rights-of-way, a low-capacity <a href="/wiki/Portland_Streetcar" title="Portland Streetcar">streetcar system</a> integrated with street traffic, and an <a href="/wiki/Portland_Aerial_Tram" title="Portland Aerial Tram">aerial tram system</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg/220px-Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg/330px-Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg/440px-Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3739" data-file-height="2814" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a> is the largest light rail system in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The opposite phrase <i>heavy rail</i>, used for higher-capacity, higher-speed systems, also avoids some incompatibilities in terminology between British and American English, for instance in comparing the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>. Conventional rail technologies including <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed</a>, freight, <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> urban transit systems are considered "heavy rail". The main difference between light rail and heavy rail rapid transit is the ability for a light rail vehicle to operate in mixed traffic if the routing requires it.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Trams" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Trams">History of Trams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_rail_in_North_America" title="Light rail in North America">Light rail in North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car (railway)</a>, <a href="/wiki/PCC_car" class="mw-redirect" title="PCC car">PCC car</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StreetCarSRM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/StreetCarSRM.jpg/220px-StreetCarSRM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/StreetCarSRM.jpg/330px-StreetCarSRM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/StreetCarSRM.jpg/440px-StreetCarSRM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Streetcar built by <a href="/wiki/Preston_Car_Company" title="Preston Car Company">Preston Car Company</a> in Ontario<sup id="cite_ref-SRM_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRM-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The world's first electric tram operated in <a href="/wiki/Sestroretsk" title="Sestroretsk">Sestroretsk</a> near <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, invented and operated on an experimental basis by <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Pirotsky" title="Fyodor Pirotsky">Fyodor Pirotsky</a> in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first tramway was the <a href="/wiki/Gross-Lichterfelde_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross-Lichterfelde tramway">Gross-Lichterfelde tramway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lichterfelde_(Berlin)" title="Lichterfelde (Berlin)">Lichterfelde</a> near Berlin in Germany, which opened in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built by <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> who contacted Pirotsky. It initially drew current from the rails, with <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead wire</a> being installed in 1883. The first <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">interurban</a> to emerge in the United States was the Newark and Granville Street Railway in Ohio, which opened in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early example of the light rail concept was the "Shaker Heights Rapid Transit" which started in the 1920s, was renovated in 1980-81 and is now part of <a href="/wiki/RTA_Rapid_Transit" title="RTA Rapid Transit">RTA Rapid Transit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RTiA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTiA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many original tram and <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar systems</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and elsewhere were decommissioned starting in the 1950s as subsidies for the car increased. Britain abandoned its tram systems, except for <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackpool tramway">Blackpool</a>, with the closure of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Corporation_Tramways" title="Glasgow Corporation Tramways">Glasgow Corporation Tramways</a> (one of the largest in Europe) in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J31_425_Bf_General_Savio,_ET_13_(Nachschuss).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/J31_425_Bf_General_Savio%2C_ET_13_%28Nachschuss%29.jpg/220px-J31_425_Bf_General_Savio%2C_ET_13_%28Nachschuss%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/J31_425_Bf_General_Savio%2C_ET_13_%28Nachschuss%29.jpg/330px-J31_425_Bf_General_Savio%2C_ET_13_%28Nachschuss%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/J31_425_Bf_General_Savio%2C_ET_13_%28Nachschuss%29.jpg/440px-J31_425_Bf_General_Savio%2C_ET_13_%28Nachschuss%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5601" data-file-height="3734" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Premetro_(Buenos_Aires)" title="Premetro (Buenos Aires)">Buenos Aires Premetro</a>, built in 1987</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence">Emergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although some traditional trolley or tram systems continued to exist in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_cable_car_system" title="San Francisco cable car system">San Francisco</a> and elsewhere, the term "light rail" has come to mean a different type of rail system as modern light rail technology has primarily post-WWII West German origins. An attempt by <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Vertol" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Vertol">Boeing Vertol</a> to introduce a <a href="/wiki/US_Standard_Light_Rail_Vehicle" title="US Standard Light Rail Vehicle">new American light rail vehicle</a> in the 1970s was proven to have been a technical failure by the following decade. After World War II, the Germans retained many of their streetcar networks and evolved them into model light rail systems (<i><a href="/wiki/Stadtbahn" title="Stadtbahn">Stadtbahnen</a></i>). With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg, Germany">Hamburg</a>, all large and most medium-sized German cities maintain light rail networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Bottoms_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottoms-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of a "limited tramway" was proposed by American transport planner H. Dean Quinby in 1962. Quinby distinguished this new concept in rail transportation from historic streetcar or tram systems as:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>having the capacity to carry more passengers</li> <li>operating with "three-section, articulated" transit vehicles</li> <li>having more doors to facilitate full utilization of the space</li> <li>faster and quieter in operation</li></ul> <p>The term <i>light rail transit</i> was introduced in North America in 1972 to describe this new concept of rail transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to that time the abbreviation "LRT" was used for "<a href="/wiki/Light_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Light metro">Light Rapid Transit</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Light_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Light metro">Light Rail Rapid Transit</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first of the new light rail systems in North America began operation in 1978 when the Canadian city of <a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton, Alberta">Edmonton, Alberta</a>, adopted the German <a href="/wiki/Siemens-Duewag_U2" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens-Duewag U2">Siemens-Duewag U2</a> system, followed three years later by <a href="/wiki/Calgary,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary, Alberta">Calgary, Alberta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego, California</a>. The concept proved popular, with there now being numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_light_rail_systems_by_ridership" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States light rail systems by ridership">light rail systems in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_light_rail_systems_by_ridership" class="mw-redirect" title="List of North American light rail systems by ridership">in North America</a>. </p><p>In Britain, modern light rail systems began to appear in the 1980s, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro" title="Tyne and Wear Metro">Tyne and Wear Metro</a> from 1980 and followed by the <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a> (DLR) in London in 1987, continuing into the 1990s including the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a> in 1992 and the <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Supertram" title="South Yorkshire Supertram">Sheffield Supertram</a> from 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail. A system described as a light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called "light rail" are very similar to <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a>; in recent years, new terms such as <a href="/wiki/Light_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Light metro">light metro</a> have been used to describe these medium-capacity systems. Some "light rail" systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Sprinter_(rail_service)" title="Sprinter (rail service)">Sprinter</a>, bear little similarity to urban rail, and could alternatively be classified as commuter rail or even inter-city rail. In the United States, "light rail" has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems. </p><p>Light rail corridors may constitute a fully segregated corridor, a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (railroad)">right-of-way</a> on a street, an on-street corridor shared with other traffic, a corridor shared with other public transport, or a corridor shared with pedestrians.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_capacity">Lower capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lower capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The most difficult distinction to draw is that between low-floor light rail and streetcar or tram systems. There is a significant amount of overlap between the technologies; similar rolling stock may be used for either, and it is common to classify streetcars or trams as a subcategory of light rail rather than as a distinct type of transportation. However, some distinctions can be made, though systems may combine elements of both.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DulwichGroveStop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/DulwichGroveStop.jpg/220px-DulwichGroveStop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/DulwichGroveStop.jpg/330px-DulwichGroveStop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/DulwichGroveStop.jpg/440px-DulwichGroveStop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_West_Light_Rail" title="Inner West Light Rail">Inner West Light Rail</a> runs on dedicated tracks, mostly along a former heavy rail corridor.</figcaption></figure><p>Low-floor light rail lines tend to follow a reserved right-of-way and with trains receiving priority at intersections, and tend not to operate in mixed traffic, enabling higher operating speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light rail lines tend to have less frequent stops than tramways, and operate over a longer distance.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light rail cars are often coupled into multiple units of two to four cars.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_capacity">Higher capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Higher capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DLR_unit_135_entering_Canary_Wharf_station_bound_for_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DLR_unit_135_entering_Canary_Wharf_station_bound_for_Bank.jpg/220px-DLR_unit_135_entering_Canary_Wharf_station_bound_for_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DLR_unit_135_entering_Canary_Wharf_station_bound_for_Bank.jpg/330px-DLR_unit_135_entering_Canary_Wharf_station_bound_for_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DLR_unit_135_entering_Canary_Wharf_station_bound_for_Bank.jpg/440px-DLR_unit_135_entering_Canary_Wharf_station_bound_for_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">Medium-capacity rail system</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Light rail systems may also exhibit attributes of heavy rail systems, including having downtown subways, as in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Municipal_Railway" title="San Francisco Municipal Railway">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Link_light_rail" title="Link light rail">Seattle</a>. Light rail is designed to address a gap in interurban transportation between heavy rail and bus services, carrying high passenger numbers more quickly than local buses and more cheaply than heavy rail. It serves corridors in which heavy rail is impractical. <a href="/wiki/Light_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Light metro">Light metro</a> systems are essentially hybrids of light rail and rapid transit.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metro trains are larger and faster than light rail trains, with stops being further apart.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_systems">Mixed systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mixed systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many systems have mixed characteristics. Indeed, with proper engineering, a rail line could run along a street, then go underground, and then run along an elevated viaduct. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail" title="Los Angeles Metro Rail">Los Angeles Metro Rail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)" title="A Line (Los Angeles Metro)">A Line</a> "light rail" has sections that could alternatively be described as a tramway, a light metro, and, in a narrow sense, rapid transit. This is especially common in the United States, where there is not a popularly perceived distinction between these different types of urban rail systems. The development of technology for low-floor and catenary-free trams facilitates the construction of such mixed systems with only short and shallow underground sections below critical intersections as the required clearance height can be reduced significantly compared to conventional light rail vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed_and_stop_frequency">Speed and stop frequency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Speed and stop frequency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kusttram2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kusttram2.jpg/300px-Kusttram2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kusttram2.jpg/450px-Kusttram2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kusttram2.jpg/600px-Kusttram2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tram" title="Coast Tram">Coast Tram</a> operates over almost 70 km (43 mi) and connects multiple town centres in Belgium.</figcaption></figure> <p>Reference speed from major light rail systems, including station stop time, is shown below.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>System</th> <th>Average speed (mph)</th> <th>Average speed (km/h) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Baltimore</td> <td>24</td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dallas (Red Line)</td> <td>21</td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dallas (Blue Line)</td> <td>19</td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denver (Alameda-Littleton)</td> <td>38</td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denver (Downtown-Littleton)</td> <td>26</td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Los Angeles (Blue Line)</td> <td>24</td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Los Angeles (Green Line)</td> <td>38</td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salt Lake City</td> <td>24</td> <td>39 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>However, low top speed is not always a differentiating characteristic between light rail and other systems. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Siemens_S70" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens S70">Siemens S70</a> LRVs used in the <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> <a href="/wiki/METRORail" title="METRORail">METRORail</a> and other North American LRT systems have a top speed of 55–71.5 miles per hour (88.51–115.1 km/h) depending on the system, while the trains on the all-underground <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">Montreal Metro</a> can only reach a top speed of 72 kilometres per hour (44.74 mph). <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority">LACMTA</a> light rail vehicles have higher top and average speeds than Montreal Metro or <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> trains.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System-wide_considerations">System-wide considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: System-wide considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GCLR_Set_9_at_Broadwater_Parklands_2014-09-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/GCLR_Set_9_at_Broadwater_Parklands_2014-09-28.jpg/220px-GCLR_Set_9_at_Broadwater_Parklands_2014-09-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/GCLR_Set_9_at_Broadwater_Parklands_2014-09-28.jpg/330px-GCLR_Set_9_at_Broadwater_Parklands_2014-09-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/GCLR_Set_9_at_Broadwater_Parklands_2014-09-28.jpg/440px-GCLR_Set_9_at_Broadwater_Parklands_2014-09-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4727" data-file-height="2202" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast, Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/G:link" title="G:link">G:Link</a> light rail runs on a mix of a dedicated right of way, tunnels, and at grade intersections.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many light rail systems—even fairly old ones—have a combination of both on- and off-road sections. In some countries (especially in Europe), only the latter is described as light rail. In those places, trams running on mixed rights-of-way are not regarded as a light rail but considered distinctly as streetcars or trams. However, the requirement for saying that a rail line is "separated" can be quite low—sometimes just with concrete "buttons" to discourage automobile drivers from getting onto the tracks. Some systems such as <a href="/wiki/Link_light_rail" title="Link light rail">Seattle's Link</a> had on-road mixed sections but were closed to regular road traffic, with light rail vehicles and buses both operating along a common right-of-way (however, Link converted to full separation in 2019). </p><p>Some systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/AirTrain_JFK" title="AirTrain JFK">AirTrain JFK</a> in New York City, the <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">DLR</a> in London, and <a href="/wiki/Kelana_Jaya_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelana Jaya Line">Kelana Jaya Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, have dispensed with the need for an operator. The <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> <a href="/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)" title="SkyTrain (Vancouver)">SkyTrain</a> was an early adopter of driverless vehicles, while the <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_RT" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough RT">Scarborough rapid transit</a> operated the same trains as Vancouver, but used drivers. In most discussions and comparisons, these specialized systems are generally not considered light rail but as <a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">light metro</a> systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_rail_operating_on_mainline_railways">Light rail operating on mainline railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Light rail operating on mainline railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tram_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Tram train">Tram train</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg/220px-Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg/330px-Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg/440px-Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>On the <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Stadtbahn" title="Karlsruhe Stadtbahn">Karlsruhe Stadtbahn</a>, trams sometimes share mainline tracks with heavy rail trains.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carling_O-Train_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Carling_O-Train_Station.jpg/220px-Carling_O-Train_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Carling_O-Train_Station.jpg/330px-Carling_O-Train_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Carling_O-Train_Station.jpg/440px-Carling_O-Train_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trillium_Line" title="Trillium Line">Trillium Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> was built along a freight railway and is still occasionally used by freight traffic overnight.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> in Germany, dual-voltage light rail trains partly use mainline railroad tracks, sharing these tracks with heavy rail trains. In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, this concept was first applied on the <a href="/wiki/RijnGouweLijn" title="RijnGouweLijn">RijnGouweLijn</a>. This allows commuters to ride directly into the city center, rather than taking a mainline train only as far as a central station and then having to change to a tram. In France, similar <a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">tram-trains</a> are planned for Paris, <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>; further projects exist. In some cases, tram trains use previously abandoned or lightly used heavy rail lines in addition to or instead of still in use mainline tracks. In 2022, Spain opened the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Bay_tram-train" title="Cádiz Bay tram-train">Cádiz TramBahia</a>, where trams share track with <a href="/wiki/Cercan%C3%ADas_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cercanías Cádiz">commuter</a> and long-distance trains from the main terminus in the city and curve off to serve cities without a railway connection. </p><p>Some of the issues involved in such schemes are: </p> <ul><li>compatibility of the safety systems</li> <li>power supply of the track to the power used by the vehicles (frequently different voltages, rarely third rail vs overhead wires)</li> <li>width of the vehicles to the position of the <a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">platforms</a></li> <li>height of the platforms</li></ul> <p>There is a history of what would now be considered light rail vehicles operating on heavy rail <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> tracks in the US, especially in the case of <a href="/wiki/Interurban_streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Interurban streetcar">interurban streetcars</a>. Notable examples are <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehigh Valley Transit">Lehigh Valley Transit</a> trains running on the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_and_Western_Railroad" title="Philadelphia and Western Railroad">Philadelphia and Western Railroad</a> high-speed third rail line (now the <a href="/wiki/Norristown_High-Speed_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Norristown High-Speed Line">Norristown High-Speed Line</a>). Such arrangements are almost impossible now, due to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration" title="Federal Railroad Administration">Federal Railroad Administration</a> refusing (for crash safety reasons) to allow non-FRA compliant railcars (i.e., subway and light rail vehicles) to run on the same tracks at the same times as compliant railcars, which includes locomotives and standard railroad passenger and freight equipment. Notable exceptions in the US are the <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit" title="NJ Transit">NJ Transit</a> <a href="/wiki/River_Line_(New_Jersey_Transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Line (New Jersey Transit)">River Line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a> and Austin's <a href="/wiki/Capital_MetroRail" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital MetroRail">Capital MetroRail</a>, which have received exemptions to the provision that light rail operations occur only during daytime hours and <a href="/wiki/Bordentown_Secondary#Today" title="Bordentown Secondary">Conrail</a> freight service only at night, with several hours separating one operation from the other. The <a href="/wiki/O-Train" title="O-Train">O-Train</a> <a href="/wiki/Trillium_Line" title="Trillium Line">Trillium Line</a> in Ottawa also has freight service at certain hours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_other_rail_transit_modes">Comparison to other rail transit modes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comparison to other rail transit modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With its mix of right-of-way types and train control technologies, LRT offers the widest range of latitude of any rail system in the design, engineering, and operating practices. The challenge in designing light rail systems is to realize the potential of LRT to provide fast, comfortable service while avoiding the tendency to overdesign that results in excessive capital costs beyond what is necessary to meet the public's needs.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Alternative </th> <th>Differences </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> </td> <td>Light rail vehicles (LRVs) are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid rail transit</a> (RRT) vehicles by their capability for operation in mixed traffic, generally resulting in a narrower car body and articulation to operate in a street traffic environment. With their large size, large turning radius, and often an electrified <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a>, RRT vehicles cannot operate in the street. Since LRT systems can operate in existing streets, they can often avoid the cost of expensive <a href="/wiki/Grade-separated" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade-separated">grade-separated</a> subway and elevated segments that would be required with RRT. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Streetcars or trams</a> </td> <td>Conversely, LRVs generally outperform traditional streetcars in terms of capacity and top-end speed, and almost all modern LRVs are capable of <a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple-unit operation">multiple-unit operation</a>. The latest generation of LRVs is considerably larger and faster, typically <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>29 metres (95 ft <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) long with a maximum speed of around 105 kilometres per hour (65.2 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcars</a> </td> <td>A variation considered by many cities is to use historic or replica cars on their streetcar systems instead of modern LRVs. A heritage streetcar may not have the capacity and speed of an LRV, but it will add to the ambiance and historic character of its location. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medium_capacity_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium capacity system">Light metro</a> </td> <td>A derivative of LRT is light rail rapid transit (LRRT), also referred to as <i>light metro.</i> Such railways are characterized by exclusive rights of way, advanced train control systems, short headway capability, and floor-level boarding. These systems approach the passenger capacity of full metro systems but can be cheaper to construct due to LRVs generally being smaller in size, turning tighter curves and climbing steeper grades than standard RRT vehicles, and having a smaller station size. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurbans</a> </td> <td>The term <i>interurban</i> mainly refers to rail cars that run through streets like ordinary streetcars (trams), but also between cities or towns, often through rural environments. In the period 1900–1930, interurbans were very common in the US, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>. Some of them, like the <a href="/wiki/Red_Devil_(interurban)" title="Red Devil (interurban)">Red Devils</a>, the J. G. Brill <a href="/wiki/Bullet_(interurban)" title="Bullet (interurban)">Bullets</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Electroliner" title="Electroliner">Electroliners</a>, were the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed railcars</a> of their time, with an in-service speed of up to about 145 km/h (90 mph). In Europe, interurbans are making a comeback as "<a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">tram-trains</a>" (locally known under different names) that operate on both the railway and light rail tracks, often with different voltages. The <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Stadtbahn" title="Karlsruhe Stadtbahn">Karlsruhe Stadtbahn</a> is one well-known example. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_rolling_stock">Typical rolling stock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Typical rolling stock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/BART" class="mw-redirect" title="BART">BART</a> railcar in the following chart is <i>not</i> generally considered to be a "light rail" vehicle (it is a <a href="/wiki/Heavy_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rail">heavy rail</a> vehicle), and is only included for comparison purposes. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <td>Rapid transit (heavy rail)</td> <td>Light rail</td> <td>Tram, or streetcar</td> <td>Heritage streetcar </td></tr> <tr> <th>Manufacturer </th> <td>Rohr</td> <td>Siemens</td> <td>Skoda</td> <td>Gomaco Trolley Co. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Model </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit_rolling_stock#A_and_B_series" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit rolling stock">BART A-Car</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siemens_S70" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens S70">S70</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_10_T" title="Škoda 10 T">10T</a></td> <td>Replica Birney </td></tr> <tr> <th>Width </th> <td>3.2 metres (10 ft 6 in)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.7 metres (8 ft <span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.6 metres (8 ft <span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.62 metres (8 ft <span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Length </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">22.9 metres (75 ft <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">27.7 metres (90 ft <span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) <a href="/wiki/Articulated_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Articulated tram">articulated</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">20.13 metres (66 ft <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) articulated</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">15.16 metres (49 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Weight (empty) </th> <td>63.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>t </td> <td>48.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>t<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>28.8<span class="nowrap"> </span>t </td> <td>23.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>t<sup id="cite_ref-Gomaco_Trolley_Company_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomaco_Trolley_Company-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Capacity </th> <td>150 max.</td> <td>72 seats, 220 max.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>30 seats, 157 max.</td> <td>40 seats, 50 max.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomaco_Trolley_Company_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomaco_Trolley_Company-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Top speed </th> <td>125 km/h (77.7 mph)</td> <td>106 km/h (65.9 mph)</td> <td>70 km/h (43.5 mph)</td> <td>48 km/h (29.8 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Typical consist </th> <td>4–10 vehicles</td> <td>2–5 vehicles</td> <td>1 vehicle</td> <td>1 vehicle </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floor_height">Floor height</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Floor height"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Low_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low floor">Low floor</a></div> <p>Low-floor LRVs have the advantage of a low-floor design, allowing them to load passengers directly from low-rise platforms that can be little more than raised curbs. High-floor light rail systems also exist, featuring larger stations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Track_gauge">Track gauge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Track gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">track gauge</a> has had considerable variations, with <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railways">narrow gauge</a> common in many early systems. However, most light rail systems are now <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bottoms_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottoms-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older standard-gauge vehicles could not negotiate sharp turns as easily as narrow-gauge ones, but modern light rail systems achieve tighter turning radii by using <a href="/wiki/Articulated_car" title="Articulated car">articulated cars</a>. An important advantage of the standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery. Using standard gauges also allows light rail vehicles to be conveniently moved around using the same tracks as freight railways. Additionally, wider gauges (e.g. standard gauge) provide more floor clearance on <a href="/wiki/Low-floor_tram" title="Low-floor tram">low-floor trams</a> that have constricted pedestrian areas at the wheels, which is especially important for wheelchair access, as narrower gauges (e.g. metre gauge) can make it challenging or impossible to pass the tram's wheels. Furthermore, standard-gauge rolling stock can be switched between networks either temporarily or permanently, and both newly built and used standard-gauge rolling stock tends to be cheaper to buy, as more companies offer such vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_sources">Power sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Power sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">Overhead lines</a> supply electricity to the vast majority of light rail systems.<sup id="cite_ref-APTA-def_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APTA-def-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This avoids the danger potentially presented by an electrified <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a> uses an inverted third rail for its electrical power, which allows the electrified rail to be covered and the power drawn from the underside. Trams in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_tramway" title="Bordeaux tramway">Bordeaux</a>, France, use a <a href="/wiki/Ground_level_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground level power supply">special third-rail configuration</a> where the power is only switched on beneath the trams, making it safe on city streets. Several systems in Europe and a few recently opened systems in North America use <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a>-powered trains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground-level_power_supply_for_trams">Ground-level power supply for trams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ground-level power supply for trams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">Ground-level power supply</a></div> <p>When electric streetcars were introduced in the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Conduit_current_collection" title="Conduit current collection">conduit current collection</a> was one of the first ways of supplying power, but it proved to be much more expensive, complicated, and trouble-prone than <a href="/wiki/Overhead_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead wires">overhead wires</a>. When electric street railways became ubiquitous, conduit power was used in those cities that did not permit overhead wires. In Europe, it was used in London, Paris, Berlin, Marseille, Budapest, and Prague. In the United States, it was used in parts of New York City and Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">Third rail</a> technology was investigated for use on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a> of Australia for the <a href="/wiki/G:link" title="G:link">G:link</a> light rail,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though power from <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead lines</a> was ultimately utilized for that system. </p><p>In the French city of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_tramway" title="Bordeaux tramway">tramway network</a> is powered by a <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">third rail</a> in the city center, where the tracks are not always segregated from pedestrians and cars.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third rail (actually two closely spaced rails) is placed in the middle of the track and divided into eight-metre sections, each of which is powered only while it is completely covered by a tram. This minimizes the risk of a person or animal coming into contact with a live rail. In outer areas, the trams switch to conventional <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead wires</a>. The Bordeaux power system costs about three times as much as a conventional overhead wire system and took 24 months to achieve acceptable levels of reliability, requiring the replacement of all the main cables and power supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operating and maintenance costs of the innovative power system still remain high. However, despite numerous service outages, the system was a success with the public, gaining up to 190,000 passengers per day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_train_operation">Automatic train operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Automatic train operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">Automatic train operation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">Automatic train operation</a> is employed on light rail networks, tracking the position and speed of a train and hence adjusting its movement for safety and efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_road_trafic">Comparison to road trafic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comparison to road trafic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_LRT_Circular_Line_at_Gate_of_Kaohsiung_Port_20180621.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kaohsiung_LRT_Circular_Line_at_Gate_of_Kaohsiung_Port_20180621.jpg/220px-Kaohsiung_LRT_Circular_Line_at_Gate_of_Kaohsiung_Port_20180621.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kaohsiung_LRT_Circular_Line_at_Gate_of_Kaohsiung_Port_20180621.jpg/330px-Kaohsiung_LRT_Circular_Line_at_Gate_of_Kaohsiung_Port_20180621.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kaohsiung_LRT_Circular_Line_at_Gate_of_Kaohsiung_Port_20180621.jpg/440px-Kaohsiung_LRT_Circular_Line_at_Gate_of_Kaohsiung_Port_20180621.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Circular_light_rail" title="Circular light rail">Circular light rail</a> in front of the Gate of <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg/220px-A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg/330px-A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg/440px-A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5248" data-file-height="3936" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Mover" title="Crystal Mover">Crystal Mover</a> <a href="/wiki/Automated_people_mover" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated people mover">APM</a> train on boarding</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_high_capacity_roads">Comparison with high capacity roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Comparison with high capacity roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One line of light rail (requires 7.6 m, 25' right of way) has a theoretical capacity of up to 8 times more than one 3.7 m (12 foot) lane on a freeway, excluding busses, during peak times. Roads have ultimate capacity limits that can be determined by <a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">traffic engineering</a>, and usually experience a chaotic breakdown inflow and a dramatic drop in speed (a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic jam">traffic jam</a>) if they exceed about 2,000 vehicles per hour per lane (each car roughly <a href="/wiki/Two-second_rule_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-second rule (road)">two seconds</a> behind another).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since most people who drive to work or on business trips do so alone, studies show that the average car occupancy on many roads carrying commuters is only about 1.5 people per car during the high-demand <a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush hour">rush hour</a> periods of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This combination of factors limits roads carrying only automobile commuters to a maximum observed capacity of about 3,000 passengers per hour per lane. The problem can be mitigated by introducing high-occupancy vehicle (<a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">HOV</a>) lanes and <a href="/wiki/Ride-sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ride-sharing">ride-sharing</a> programs, but in most cases, policymakers have chosen to add more lanes to the roads, despite a small risk that in unfavorable situations an extension of the road network might lead to increased travel times (<a href="/wiki/Downs%E2%80%93Thomson_paradox" title="Downs–Thomson paradox">Downs–Thomson paradox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braess%27s_paradox" title="Braess's paradox">Braess's paradox</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, light rail vehicles can travel in multi-car trains carrying a theoretical ridership up to 20,000 passengers per hour in much narrower <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">rights-of-way</a>, not much more than two car lanes wide for a <a href="/wiki/Double_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Double track">double track</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can often be run through <a href="/wiki/Tramway_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramway tracks">existing city streets and parks</a>, or placed in the <a href="/wiki/Median_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Median (road)">medians of roads</a>. If <a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">run in streets</a>, trains are usually limited by city block lengths to about four 180-passenger vehicles (720 passengers). Operating on two-minute headways using traffic signal progression, a well-designed two-track system can handle up to 30 trains per hour per track, achieving peak rates of over 20,000 passengers per hour in each direction. More advanced systems with separate rights-of-way using <a href="/wiki/Moving_block" title="Moving block">moving block signaling</a> can exceed 25,000 passengers per hour per track.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_considerations">Practical considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Practical considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most light rail systems in the United States are limited by demand rather than capacity (by and large, most American LRT systems carry fewer than 4,000 persons per hour per direction), but Boston's and San Francisco's light rail lines carry 9,600 and 13,100 passengers per hour per track during rush hour.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_2004_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson_2004-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere in North America, the <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> <a href="/wiki/C-Train" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Train">C-Train</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Metro">Monterrey Metro</a> have higher light rail ridership than Boston or San Francisco. Systems outside North America often have much higher passenger volumes. The <a href="/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System" title="Manila Light Rail Transit System">Manila Light Rail Transit System</a> is one of the highest capacity ones, having been upgraded in a series of expansions to handle 40,000 passengers per hour per direction, and having carried as many as 582,989 passengers in a single day on its <a href="/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System_Line_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1">Line 1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It achieves this volume by running four-car trains with a capacity of up to 1,350 passengers each at a frequency of up to 30 trains per hour. However, the Manila light rail system has full grade separation and as a result, has many of the operating characteristics of a metro system rather than a light rail system. A capacity of 1,350 passengers per train is more similar to the heavy rail than light rail. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a> (BRT) is an alternative to LRT and many planning studies undertake a comparison of each mode when considering appropriate investments in transit corridor development. BRT systems can exhibit a more diverse range of design characteristics than LRT, depending on the demand and constraints that exist, and BRT using dedicated lanes can have a theoretical capacity of over 30,000 passengers per hour per direction (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Bus_Rapid_Transit" title="Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit">Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit</a> system operates up to 350 buses per hour per direction). For the effective operation of a bus or BRT system, buses must have priority at traffic lights and have their dedicated lanes, especially as bus frequencies exceed 30 buses per hour per direction. The higher theoretical of BRT relates to the ability of buses to travel closer to each other than rail vehicles and their ability to overtake each other at designated locations allowing express services to bypass those that have stopped at stations. However, to achieve capacities this high, BRT station footprints need to be significantly larger than a typical LRT station. In terms of cost of operation, each bus vehicle requires a single driver, whereas a light rail train may have three to four cars of much larger capacity in one train under the control of one driver, or no driver at all in fully automated systems, increasing the labor costs of BRT systems compared to LRT systems. BRT systems are also usually less fuel-efficient as they use non-electrified vehicles. </p><p>The peak passenger capacity per lane per hour depends on which types of vehicles are allowed on the roads. Typically roadways have 1,900 passenger cars per lane per hour (pcplph).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If only cars are allowed, the capacity will be less and will not increase when the traffic volume increases. </p><p>When there is a bus driving on this route, the capacity of the lane will be higher and will increase when the traffic level increases. And because the capacity of a light rail system is higher than that of a bus, there will be even more capacity when there is a combination of cars and light rail. Table 3 shows an example of peak passenger capacity. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Car</th> <th>Car + bus</th> <th>Car + light rail </th></tr> <tr> <td>Low volume</td> <td>900</td> <td>1,650</td> <td>2,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medium volume</td> <td>900</td> <td>2,350</td> <td>3,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>High volume</td> <td>900</td> <td>3,400</td> <td>4,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"><b>Source:</b> Edson & Tennyson, 2003<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_and_operation_costs">Construction and operation costs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Construction and operation costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Station_Kitchener_Nov_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Central_Station_Kitchener_Nov_2017.jpg/220px-Central_Station_Kitchener_Nov_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Central_Station_Kitchener_Nov_2017.jpg/330px-Central_Station_Kitchener_Nov_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Central_Station_Kitchener_Nov_2017.jpg/440px-Central_Station_Kitchener_Nov_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>The new <a href="/wiki/Ion_rapid_transit" title="Ion rapid transit">Ion</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Region">Waterloo Region</a> spurred massive development along its route before opening.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cost of light rail construction varies widely, largely depending on the amount of tunneling and elevated structures required. A survey of North American light rail projects<sup id="cite_ref-LRNOW_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRNOW-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows that costs of most LRT systems range from $15 million to over $100 million per mile. <a href="/wiki/Link_Light_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Light Rail">Seattle's new light rail system</a> is by far the most expensive in the US, at $179 million per mile, since it includes extensive tunneling in poor soil conditions, elevated sections, and stations as deep as 180 feet (55 m) below ground level.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in costs more typical of subways or rapid transit systems than light rail. At the other end of the scale, four systems (Baltimore, Maryland; Camden, New Jersey; Sacramento, California; and Salt Lake City, Utah) incurred construction costs of less than $20 million per mile. Over the US as a whole, excluding Seattle, new light rail construction costs average about $35 million per mile.<sup id="cite_ref-LRNOW_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRNOW-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By comparison, a freeway lane expansion typically costs $1.0 million to $8.5 million per <a href="/wiki/Lane" title="Lane">lane</a> mile for two directions, with an average of $2.3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, freeways are frequently built in suburbs or rural areas, whereas light rail tends to be concentrated in urban areas, where right of way and property acquisition is expensive. Similarly, the most expensive US highway expansion project was the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Dig" title="Big Dig">Big Dig</a>" in Boston, Massachusetts, which cost $200 million per lane mile for a total cost of $14.6 billion. A light rail track can carry up to 20,000 people per hour as compared with 2,000–2,200 vehicles per hour for one freeway lane.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in Boston and San Francisco, light rail lines carry 9,600 and 13,100 passengers per hour, respectively, in the peak direction during rush hour.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_2004_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson_2004-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Combining highway expansion with LRT construction can save costs by doing both highway improvements and rail construction at the same time. As an example, Denver's <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Expansion_Project" title="Transportation Expansion Project">Transportation Expansion Project</a> rebuilt interstate highways 25 and 225 and added a light rail expansion for a total cost of $1.67 billion over five years.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of 17 miles (27 km) of highway improvements and 19 miles (31 km) of double-track light rail worked out to $19.3 million per highway lane-mile and $27.6 million per LRT track-mile. The project came in under budget and 22 months ahead of schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LRT cost efficiency improves dramatically as ridership increases, as can be seen from the numbers above: the same rail line, with similar capital and operating costs, is far more efficient if it is carrying 20,000 people per hour than if it is carrying 2,400. The <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, Alberta, <a href="/wiki/C-Train" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Train">C-Train</a> used many common light rail techniques to keep costs low, including minimizing underground and elevated trackage, sharing transit malls with buses, leasing rights-of-way from freight railroads, and combining LRT construction with freeway expansion. As a result, Calgary ranks toward the less expensive end of the scale with capital costs of around $24 million per mile.<sup id="cite_ref-McKendrick_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKendrick-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Calgary's LRT ridership is much higher than any comparable US light rail system, at 300,000 passengers per weekday, and as a result, its capital efficiency is also much higher. Its capital costs were one-third those of the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Trolley" title="San Diego Trolley">San Diego Trolley</a>, a comparably sized US system built at the same time, while by 2009 its ridership was approximately three times as high. Thus, Calgary's capital cost per passenger was much lower than that of San Diego. Its operating cost per passenger was also much lower because of its higher ridership. A typical C-Train vehicle costs only <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>163</span> (equivalent to $235 in 2023) per hour to operate, and since it averages 600 passengers per operating hour,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calgary Transit estimates that its LRT operating costs are only 27 cents per ride, versus $1.50 per ride on its buses.<sup id="cite_ref-McKendrick_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKendrick-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to buses, costs can be lower due to lower labor costs per passenger mile, higher ridership (observations show that light rail attracts more ridership than a comparable bus service)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and faster average speed (reducing the number of vehicles needed for the same service frequency). While light rail vehicles are more expensive to buy, they have a longer useful life than buses, sometimes making for lower life-cycle costs. Compared to heavy rail investment costs are lower, however operating costs are higher than heavy rail.<sup id="cite_ref-Vuchic1972_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vuchic1972-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transportation#Trains" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy efficiency in transportation">Energy efficiency</a> for light rail may be 120 passenger miles per gallon of fuel (or equivalent), but variation is great, depending on circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An analysis of data from the 505-page National Transportation Statistics report<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published by the US Department of Transportation shows that light rail fatalities are higher than all other forms of transportation except motorcycle travel (31.5 fatalities per 100 million miles).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> However, the National Transportation Statistics report published by the US Department of Transportation states that:<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Caution must be exercised in comparing fatalities across modes because significantly different definitions are used. In particular, Rail and Transit fatalities include incident-related (as distinct from accident-related) fatalities, such as fatalities from falls in transit stations or railroad employee fatalities from a fire in a workshed. Equivalent fatalities for the Air and Highway modes (fatalities at airports not caused by moving aircraft or fatalities from accidents in automobile repair shops) are not counted toward the totals for these modes. Thus, fatalities not necessarily directly related to in-service transportation are counted for the transit and rail modes, potentially overstating the risk for these modes.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_impact">Health impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Health impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_impact_of_light_rail_systems" title="Health impact of light rail systems">Health impact of light rail systems</a></div><p>Studies have attributed light rail with a number of health impacts. Research has associated light rail positively with increased walking and decreased obesity.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, one electric light rail train produces nearly 99 percent less <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and hydrocarbon emissions per mile than one automobile does.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems_worldwide">Tram and light rail transit systems worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tram and light rail transit systems worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Tram and light rail transit systems">Tram and light rail transit systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" title="List of tram and light rail transit systems">List of tram and light rail transit systems</a></div> <p>Around the world, there are many extant tram and streetcar systems. Some date from the beginning of the 20th century or earlier such as <a href="/wiki/Toronto_streetcar_system" title="Toronto streetcar system">Toronto streetcar system</a>, but many of the original tram and streetcar systems were closed down in the mid-20th century, except for many Eastern European countries. Even though many systems closed down over the years, there are still several tram systems that have been operating much as they did when they were first built over a century ago. Some cities (such as Los Angeles and <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey City">Jersey City</a>) that once closed down their streetcar networks are now restoring, or have already rebuilt, at least some of their former streetcar/tram systems. Most light rail services are currently committed to <a href="/wiki/Articulated_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Articulated vehicles">articulated vehicles</a> like modern LRVs, i.e. trams, except for large underground metro or rapid transit systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several UK cities have substantial light rail networks including the <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Express_Transit" title="Nottingham Express Transit">Nottingham Express Transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Supertram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Supertram">Sheffield Supertram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a>. </p><p>A smaller network between Birmingham and The Black Country (<a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Metro" title="West Midlands Metro">West Midlands Metro</a>), with plans to add 6 new lines and extend out to <a href="/wiki/Stourbridge" title="Stourbridge">Stourbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport" title="Birmingham Airport">Birmingham Airport</a> & Walsall. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Trams" title="Edinburgh Trams">Edinburgh Trams</a> is also a single line route, currently looking to add other lines.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trendelacosta.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tren de la Costa in Greater Buenos Aires"><img alt="The Tren de la Costa in Greater Buenos Aires" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Trendelacosta.JPG/200px-Trendelacosta.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Trendelacosta.JPG/300px-Trendelacosta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Trendelacosta.JPG/400px-Trendelacosta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Tren_de_la_Costa" title="Tren de la Costa">Tren de la Costa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Greater Buenos Aires</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A light-rail vehicle of the Newcastle Light Rail at Honeysuckle, an urban development in Newcastle, New South Wales"><img alt="A light-rail vehicle of the Newcastle Light Rail at Honeysuckle, an urban development in Newcastle, New South Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg/200px-Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg/300px-Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg/400px-Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A light-rail vehicle of the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Light_Rail" title="Newcastle Light Rail">Newcastle Light Rail</a> at <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle,_Newcastle" title="Honeysuckle, Newcastle">Honeysuckle</a>, an urban development in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle, New South Wales</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raitiovaunu_H%C3%A4meenkadulla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A light-rail vehicle on the Hämeenkatu street in Tampere"><img alt="A light-rail vehicle on the Hämeenkatu street in Tampere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raitiovaunu_H%C3%A4meenkadulla.jpg/200px-Raitiovaunu_H%C3%A4meenkadulla.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raitiovaunu_H%C3%A4meenkadulla.jpg/300px-Raitiovaunu_H%C3%A4meenkadulla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raitiovaunu_H%C3%A4meenkadulla.jpg/400px-Raitiovaunu_H%C3%A4meenkadulla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5020" data-file-height="3195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A light-rail vehicle on the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenkatu" title="Hämeenkatu">Hämeenkatu</a> street in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KRMetrotram.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metrotram in Kryvyi Rih (Ukraine) was separated from the streets, but later it was upgraded to be compatible with common tramways."><img alt="Metrotram in Kryvyi Rih (Ukraine) was separated from the streets, but later it was upgraded to be compatible with common tramways." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/KRMetrotram.jpg/200px-KRMetrotram.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/KRMetrotram.jpg/300px-KRMetrotram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/KRMetrotram.jpg/400px-KRMetrotram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Metrotram in <a href="/wiki/Kryvyi_Rih" title="Kryvyi Rih">Kryvyi Rih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) was separated from the streets, but later it was upgraded to be compatible with common tramways.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StreetcarToronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A light-rail vehicle, a part of the TTC streetcar system in Toronto"><img alt="A light-rail vehicle, a part of the TTC streetcar system in Toronto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/StreetcarToronto.jpg/200px-StreetcarToronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/StreetcarToronto.jpg/300px-StreetcarToronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/StreetcarToronto.jpg/400px-StreetcarToronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A light-rail vehicle, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission" title="Toronto Transit Commission">TTC</a> <a href="/wiki/Toronto_streetcar_system" title="Toronto streetcar system">streetcar system</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Viagem_inaugural_do_VLT_carioca_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A light-rail vehicle of the VLT Carioca on Avenida Rio Branco in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"><img alt="A light-rail vehicle of the VLT Carioca on Avenida Rio Branco in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viagem_inaugural_do_VLT_carioca_03.jpg/200px-Viagem_inaugural_do_VLT_carioca_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viagem_inaugural_do_VLT_carioca_03.jpg/300px-Viagem_inaugural_do_VLT_carioca_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viagem_inaugural_do_VLT_carioca_03.jpg/400px-Viagem_inaugural_do_VLT_carioca_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A light-rail vehicle of the <a href="/wiki/VLT_Carioca" class="mw-redirect" title="VLT Carioca">VLT Carioca</a> on <a href="/wiki/Avenida_Rio_Branco" title="Avenida Rio Branco">Avenida Rio Branco</a> in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Changchun_LightRail_Line3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A light-rail vehicle of the Changchun Rail Transit in Changchun, China"><img alt="A light-rail vehicle of the Changchun Rail Transit in Changchun, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Changchun_LightRail_Line3.jpg/200px-Changchun_LightRail_Line3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Changchun_LightRail_Line3.jpg/300px-Changchun_LightRail_Line3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Changchun_LightRail_Line3.jpg/400px-Changchun_LightRail_Line3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A light-rail vehicle of the <a href="/wiki/Changchun_Rail_Transit" title="Changchun Rail Transit">Changchun Rail Transit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Mourouj_line_By_Ma7mix_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The light rail in Tunis, Tunisia, was the first light rail system in Africa"><img alt="The light rail in Tunis, Tunisia, was the first light rail system in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/El_Mourouj_line_By_Ma7mix_-_panoramio.jpg/200px-El_Mourouj_line_By_Ma7mix_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/El_Mourouj_line_By_Ma7mix_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-El_Mourouj_line_By_Ma7mix_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/El_Mourouj_line_By_Ma7mix_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-El_Mourouj_line_By_Ma7mix_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4176" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Tunis_Light_Metro" title="Tunis Light Metro">light rail in Tunis, Tunisia</a>, was the first light rail system in Africa</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See 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dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_streetcar_conspiracy" title="General Motors streetcar conspiracy">General Motors streetcar conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-Bahn" title="H-Bahn">H-Bahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems_by_country" title="History of tram and light rail transit systems by country">History of tram and light rail transit systems by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail_in_North_America" title="Light rail in North America">Light rail in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_tramway_and_light_rail_systems_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of modern tramway and light rail systems in the United Kingdom">List of modern tramway and light rail systems in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rail_transit_systems_in_the_United_States" title="List of rail transit systems in the United States">List of rail transit systems in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems" title="List of town tramway systems">List of town tramway systems</a> (all-time lists)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" title="List of tram and light rail transit systems">List of tram and light rail transit systems</a><br />(operational systems <i>only</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">Medium-capacity rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premetro" title="Premetro">Premetro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Railway electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_tram" title="Rubber-tyred tram">Rubber-tyred tram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_North_America" title="Streetcars in North America">Streetcars in North America</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Phil.-1975-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phil.-1975_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVuchic1975" class="citation journal cs1">Vuchic, V.R. 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">Bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_driver" title="Bus driver">driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buses" title="List of buses">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Express bus service">Express bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit" title="Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit">Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_top_bus" title="Open top bus">Open top bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_replacement_bus_service" title="Rail replacement bus service">Rail replacement bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi/Taxibus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle bus service">Shuttle bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">Transit bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">Elevated railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">Higher-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow-gauge railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">People mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railbus" title="Railbus">Railbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Metro/Rapid Transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">Medium-capacity rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">Suspension railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">Tram-train</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles<br /> for hire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boda_boda" title="Boda boda">Boda boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_bus" title="Combination bus">Combination bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">Demand-responsive transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microtransit" title="Microtransit">Microtransit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">Paratransit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar van">Dollar van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">Dolmuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny_van" title="Nanny van">Nanny van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songthaew" title="Songthaew">Songthaew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Tuk tuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Real-time ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">Vaporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweeb" title="Shweeb">Shweeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bulb" title="Bus bulb">Bus bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">Bus lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">Bus stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">Ferry terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">Park and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_stand" title="Taxi stand">Taxicab stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">Tram stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_fare" title="Exit fare">Exit fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_capping" title="Fare capping">Fare capping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_area" title="Paid area">Paid area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_fare" title="Penalty fare">Penalty fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(public_transit)" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network_analysis" title="Transport network analysis">Transport network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">Night (owl) service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_authority" title="Transportation authority">Transportation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development (TOD)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology<br /> and signage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destination_sign" title="Destination sign">Destination sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_information_system" title="Passenger information system">Passenger information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_display" title="Platform display">Platform display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_transport_smart_cards" title="List of public transport smart cards">Smart cards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIPURSE" title="CIPURSE">CIPURSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(electronic_ticketing_system)" title="Calypso (electronic ticketing system)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_machine" title="Ticket machine">Ticket machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit_creep" title="Bus rapid transit creep">Bus rapid transit creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">Dwell time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_and_ride" title="Hail and ride">Hail and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li> 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