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vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Ireland&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Republic_of_Ireland" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Ireland&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DRepublic_of_Ireland%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DRepublic_of_Ireland%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-protectedpagetext"><div class="mw-parser-output"> <div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1099782930">.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat h2{margin-top:1em;border-bottom:0;font-size:130%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.15em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-submit{list-style:none;display:inline;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:2em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat>div{flex:1 1 400px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238441935">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}</style><table id="mw-protectedpagetext" class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation" style="border-style:none;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-protection" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/60px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/80px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:130%;"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div style="text-align: center;">This page is currently semi-protected so that only <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">registered users</a> can edit it.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="pptext-whywhat"> <div class="pptext-why"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Why_is_the_page_protected?"><span id="Why_is_the_page_protected.3F"></span>Why is the page protected?</h2></div> <ul> <li>While most articles can be edited by anyone, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Semi-protection" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">semi-protection</a> is sometimes necessary to prevent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">vandalism</a> to popular pages.</li> <li>The reason for protection can be found in the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=protect&page=Republic+of+Ireland">protection log</a>. If there are no relevant entries in the protection log, the page may have been moved after being protected. </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pptext-what"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="What_can_I_do?"><span id="What_can_I_do.3F"></span>What can I do?</h2></div> <ul> <li>If you have a user account, <a href="/wiki/Special:UserLogin" title="Special:UserLogin">log in</a> first. If you do not yet have an account, you may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&type=signup&campaign=semiprotectednotice">create one</a>; after <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">4 days and 10 edits</a>, you will be able to edit semi-protected pages.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Talk:Republic_of_Ireland" title="Talk:Republic of Ireland">Discuss this page</a> with others.</li> <li>For move-protected pages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">requested moves</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Current_requests_for_reduction_in_protection_level" title="Wikipedia:Requests for page protection">Request that the page's protection level be reduced</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Find out more about how to get started editing Wikipedia</a>.</li> <li>If you have noticed an error or have a suggestion for a <b>simple, non-controversial change</b>, you can submit an edit request by clicking the button below and following the instructions. An <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established user</a> may then make the change on your behalf. Please check <a href="/wiki/Talk:Republic_of_Ireland" title="Talk:Republic of Ireland">the talk page</a> first in case the issue is already being discussed.</li> <li class="pptext-submit"><div> <p><span class="plainlinks clickbutton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ARepublic_of_Ireland&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+semi-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Semi-protected+edit+request+on+28+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+semi-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Republic+of+Ireland"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Submit an edit request</span></a></span> </p> </div></li> <li>If you wrote any text, please save it temporarily to your device until you can edit this page.</li> </ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. 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Higgins]] | leader_title2 = [[Taoiseach]] | leader_name2 = [[Simon Harris]] | leader_title3 = [[Tánaiste]] | leader_name3 = [[Micheál Martin]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Ireland|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Donal O'Donnell]] | legislature = [[Oireachtas]] | upper_house = [[Seanad Éireann|Seanad]] | lower_house = [[Dáil Éireann|Dáil]] | area_km2 = 70,273 | area_sq_mi = 27,133 | area_rank = 118th  | percent_water = 2.0% | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 5,380,300<ref name="Pop.Ireland">{{cite web |title=Population and Migration Estimates, April 2024 |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-pme/populationandmigrationestimatesapril2024/ |publisher=[[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)]] - CSO |website=www.cso.ie |date=27 August 2024 |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = April 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 122nd | population_census = 5,149,139<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=Remote work up, Catholic numbers down in Census data |url = https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2023/0530/1386438-cso-census/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530192914/https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2023/0530/1386438-cso-census/ |archive-date=30 May 2023 |website=rte.ie}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 5380300/70273 round 1}} | population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr: 5380300/27133 round 1}}  | population_density_rank = 113th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $691.904&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.IE">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=178,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Ireland) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 40th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $127,750<ref name="IMFWEO.IE" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 3rd | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $560.566&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.IE" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 30th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $103,500<ref name="IMFWEO.IE" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 2nd | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = increase  | Gini = 27.9 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> | HDI_year = 2022 | HDI_change = increase  | HDI = 0.950  | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|page=288|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 7th | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Republic of Ireland|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Proclamation of the Irish Republic|Proclamation]] | established_date1 = 24 April 1916 | established_event2 = [[Irish Declaration of Independence|Declaration]] | established_date2 = 21 January 1919 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Anglo-Irish Treaty]]}} | established_date3 = 6 December 1921 | established_event4 = [[Constitution of the Irish Free State|1922 constitution]] | established_date4 = 6 December 1922 | established_event5 = [[Constitution of Ireland|1937 constitution]] | established_date5 = 29 December 1937 | established_event6 = [[The Republic of Ireland Act 1948|Republic Act]] | established_date6 = 18 April 1949 | currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]]){{Efn|name=currency}} | currency_code = EUR | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | time_zone_DST = [[Time in the Republic of Ireland|IST]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland|+353]] | cctld = [[.ie]]{{Efn|name=tld}} }}  '''Ireland''' ({{langx|ga|[[Éire]]}} {{IPA-ga|ˈeːɾʲə||Eire_pronunciation.ogg}}), also known as the '''Republic of Ireland''' ({{lang|ga|Poblacht na hÉireann}}),{{Efn|name=nomenclature}} is a country in north-western [[Europe]] consisting of 26 of the 32 [[Counties of Ireland|counties]] of the island of [[Ireland]], with a population of about 5.4&nbsp;million.<ref name="Pop.Ireland"/> The [[capital city|capital]] and largest city is [[Dublin]], on the eastern side of the island, with a population of about 1.5&nbsp;million.<ref name="Pop.Ireland"/> The [[sovereign state]] shares its only land border with [[Northern Ireland]], which is [[Countries of the United Kingdom|part of the United Kingdom]]. It is otherwise surrounded by the [[Atlantic Ocean]], with the [[Celtic Sea]] to the south, [[St George's Channel]] to the south-east and the [[Irish Sea]] to the east. It is a [[Unitary state|unitary]], [[parliamentary republic]].<ref>{{citation|title=Constitutional Law of 15 EU Member States|author1=L. Prakke|author2=C. A. J. M. Kortmann|author3=J. C. E. van den Brandhof|publisher=Kluwer|location=Deventer|page=429|quote=Since 1937 Ireland has been a parliamentary republic, in which ministers appointed by the president depend on the confidence of parliament|year=2004|isbn=9013012558}}</ref> The legislature, the {{lang|ga|[[Oireachtas]]|italic=no}}, consists of a [[lower house]], {{lang|ga|[[Dáil Éireann]]|italic=no}}; an [[upper house]], {{lang|ga|[[Seanad Éireann]]|italic=no}}; and an elected [[President of Ireland|president]] ({{lang|ga|Uachtarán}}) who serves as the largely ceremonial [[head of state]], but with some important powers and duties. The [[head of government]] is the {{lang|ga|[[Taoiseach]]|italic=no}} (prime minister, {{Lit|chief}}), elected by the Dáil and appointed by the president, who appoints other government ministers. The [[Irish Free State]] was created with [[Dominion]] status in 1922, following the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]]. In 1937, a [[Constitution of Ireland|new constitution]] was adopted, in which the state was named "Ireland" and effectively became a republic, with an elected [[Head of state#Non-executive model|non-executive president]]. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following [[The Republic of Ireland Act 1948]]. Ireland became a member of the [[United Nations]] in 1955. It joined the [[European Communities]] (EC), the predecessor of the [[European Union]] (EU), in 1973. The state had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the 20th century, but the 1980s and 1990s saw the British and Irish governments working with Northern Irish parties to resolve the conflict that had become known as [[the Troubles]]. Since the signing of the [[Good Friday Agreement]] in 1998, the [[Government of Ireland|Irish government]] and [[Northern Ireland Executive|Northern Irish government]] have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the [[North/South Ministerial Council]] created by the Agreement. Ireland is a [[developed country]] with a [[quality of life]] that ranks amongst the highest in the world; after [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index|adjustments for inequality]], the 2021 [[Human Development Index]] listing ranked it the sixth-highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hdr.undp.org/inequality-adjusted-human-development-index#/indicies/IHDI | title=Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index | accessdate = 8 September 2022 }}</ref> It also ranks highly in [[healthcare]], [[List of countries by economic freedom|economic freedom]] and [[Press Freedom Index|freedom of the press]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Human Development Report 2020|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=29 January 2022|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|pages=343|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Henry|first=Mark|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1276861968|title=In Fact An Optimist's Guide to Ireland at 100.|date=2021|publisher=Gill Books|isbn=978-0-7171-9039-3|location=Dublin|oclc=1276861968|access-date=29 January 2022|archive-date=25 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825190413/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1276861968|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a member of the EU and a founding member of the [[Council of Europe]] and the [[OECD]]. The Irish government has followed a policy of [[Neutral country|military neutrality]] through non-alignment since before [[World War II]], and the country is consequently not a member of [[NATO]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/nato_countries.htm|title=NATO – Member countries|publisher=NATO|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-date=24 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924014819/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/nato_countries.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> although it is a member of [[Partnership for Peace]] and [[Permanent Structured Cooperation#Neutral states|certain aspects of PESCO]]. Ireland's economy is advanced,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland is world's eighth-most 'inclusive' advanced economy |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-world-s-eighth-most-inclusive-advanced-economy-1.3364436 |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> with one of Europe's major financial hubs being centred on Dublin. It ranks among the top five wealthiest countries in the world in terms of both [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP]] and [[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita|GNI]] per capita.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Comparison: GDP&nbsp;– per capita (PPP) |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html?countryName=Ireland&countryCode=ei&regionCode=eur&rank=27#ei |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=29 August 2011 |archive-date=19 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119060620/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html?countryName=Ireland&countryCode=ei&regionCode=eur&rank=27#ei |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-13/-leprechaun-economics-earn-ireland-ridicule-443-million-bill|title='Leprechaun Economics' Earn Ireland Ridicule, $443 Million Bill|date=13 July 2016|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=14 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714155406/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-13/-leprechaun-economics-earn-ireland-ridicule-443-million-bill|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gabriel Zucman |author-link=Gabriel Zucman |last2=Thomas Torslov |last3=Ludvig Wier |date=June 2018 |title=The Missing Profits of Nations |url=http://gabriel-zucman.eu/missingprofits/ |publisher=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]], Working Papers |page=31 |quote=Appendix Table 2: Tax Havens |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610071636/http://gabriel-zucman.eu/missingprofits/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2018 |title=Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401 |quote=New Gabriel Zucman study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228022815/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401 |url-status=live }}</ref> After joining the EC, the country's government enacted a series of liberal economic policies that helped to boost economic growth between 1995 and 2007, a time now often referred to as the [[Celtic Tiger]] period. A recession and reversal in growth then followed during the [[Great Recession]], which was exacerbated by the bursting of the [[Irish property bubble]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Nicoll |first=Ruaridh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/10/ireland-financial-crisis-emigration |title=Ireland: As the Celtic Tiger roars its last |date=16 May 2009 |work=The Guardian|access-date=30 March 2010 |location=London |archive-date=6 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906140624/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/10/ireland-financial-crisis-emigration |url-status=live }}</ref> The Great Recession lasted until 2014, and was followed by a new period of strong economic growth.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/doing-the-maths-how-real-is-irelands-economic-growth-34331206.html|title=Doing the maths: how real is Ireland's economic growth?|newspaper=Irish Independent|date=3 January 2016}}</ref> ==Name== {{Main|Names of the Irish state}} The Irish name for Ireland is {{lang|ga|[[Éire]]}}, deriving from {{lang|ga|[[Ériu]]}}, a goddess in Irish mythology.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 August 2021|title=Where does the name Ireland come from?|url=http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/where-does-the-name-ireland-come-from|access-date=13 September 2021|website=IrishCentral.com|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902070224/https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/where-does-the-name-ireland-come-from|url-status=live}}</ref> The state created in 1922, comprising 26 of the 32 [[counties of Ireland]], was "styled and known as the Irish Free State" ({{lang|ga|Saorstát Éireann}}).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coleman|first1=Marie|title=The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317801467|page=230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BeMkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT230|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209160642/https://books.google.com/books?id=BeMkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT230|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Constitution of Ireland]], adopted in 1937, says that "the name of the State is ''Éire'', or, in the English language, Ireland". Section 2 of the [[Republic of Ireland Act 1948]] states, "It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland." The 1948 Act does not ''name'' the state "Republic of Ireland", because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution.<ref>Gallagher, Michael, "The changing constitution", in {{cite book|editor1-last=Gallagher|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Coakley|editor2-first=John|title=Politics in the Republic of Ireland|date=2010|publisher=0415476712|isbn=978-0415476713|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g84ajJ-1Yi4C&pg=PA76|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209160637/https://books.google.com/books?id=g84ajJ-1Yi4C&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref> The government of the United Kingdom used the name "Eire" (without the [[diacritic]]) and, from 1949, "Republic of Ireland", for the state.<ref>Oliver, J.D.B., ''What's in a Name'', in {{cite book|editor1-last=Tiley|editor1-first=John|title=Studies in the History of Tax Law|date=2004|publisher=Hart Publishing|isbn=1841134732|pages=181–3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9FGwkXiIS0C&pg=PA181|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101034152/https://books.google.com/books?id=f9FGwkXiIS0C&pg=PA181|url-status=live}} Note: the author uses "Éire", with the diacritic.</ref> It was not until the 1998 [[Good Friday Agreement]], when the state dropped its [[Ireland–United Kingdom relations#Articles 2 and 3 and the name Ireland|claim to Northern Ireland]], that it began calling the state "Ireland".<ref>Oliver (2004), p. 178; Daly (2007), p. 80</ref><ref name="Daly 2007">{{cite journal | last=Daly | first=Mary E. | title=The Irish Free State/Éire/Republic of Ireland/Ireland: "A Country by Any Other Name"? | journal=Journal of British Studies | volume=46 | issue=1 | date=2007 | issn=0021-9371 | doi=10.1086/508399 | pages=72–90}}</ref> The state is also informally called "the Republic", "Southern Ireland" or "the South";<ref>{{cite book|last1=Acciano|first1=Reuben|title=Western Europe|date=2005|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=1740599276|page=616|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Enrkj9PsKGwC&pg=PA616|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209160641/https://books.google.com/books?id=Enrkj9PsKGwC&pg=PA616|url-status=live}}</ref> especially when distinguishing the state from the island or when discussing [[Northern Ireland]] ("the North"). [[Irish republicans]] reserve the name "Ireland" for the whole island<ref name="Daly 2007"/> and often refer to the state as "the Free State", "the 26 Counties",<ref name="Daly 2007"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=M.L.R|title=Fighting for Ireland?: The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1134713975|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EH-FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209160637/https://books.google.com/books?id=EH-FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|url-status=live}}</ref> or "the South of Ireland".<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGreevy |first1=Ronan |title=Why Sinn Féin will not call the State by its name |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/why-sinn-fein-will-not-call-the-state-by-its-name-1.4182195 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=24 February 2020 |access-date=24 August 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825190413/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/why-sinn-fein-will-not-call-the-state-by-its-name-1.4182195 |url-status=live }}</ref> This is a "response to the [[Partitionism|partitionist]] view [...] that Ireland stops at the border".<ref>{{cite web |title=Dáil Éireann debate – Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1999 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2000-04-13/speech/74/ |publisher=[[Oireachtas]] |date=13 April 2000 |access-date=24 August 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825190418/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2000-04-13/5/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==History== {{Main|History of the Republic of Ireland}} {{For|the history of the entire island|History of Ireland}} ===Home-rule movement=== {{Main|Irish Home Rule movement}} [[File:Charles Stewart Parnell at meeting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Charles Stewart Parnell]] (1846–1891) addressing a meeting. The [[Irish Parliamentary Party]] was formed in 1882 by Parnell.]] From the [[Act of Union 1800|Act of Union]] on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, the island of Ireland was part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. During the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]], from 1845 to 1849, the island's population of over 8&nbsp;million fell by 30%. One million Irish died of starvation and disease and another 1.5&nbsp;million emigrated, mostly to the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mokyr |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Mokyr |title=New Developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850 |journal=Irish Economic and Social History |volume=XI |pages=101–121 |year=1984 |hdl=10197/1406 |url=http://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/1406/1/wp83_17.pdf |access-date=19 September 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924160733/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/1406/1/wp83_17.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This set the pattern of emigration for the century to come, resulting in constant population decline up to the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://census.ie/in-history/population-of-ireland-1841-2006/ | publisher = [[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|CSO]] | title = Population of Ireland 1841–2011 | access-date = 6 September 2018 | archive-date = 6 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195419/http://census.ie/in-history/population-of-ireland-1841-2006/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/famine/demographics_pre.html | publisher = Wesleyjohnston.com | first1 = Wesley | last1 = Johnston | first2 = Patrick | last2 = Abbot | title = Prelude to the Irish Famine – Demographics | access-date = 6 September 2018 | archive-date = 7 July 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190707111107/http://wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/famine/demographics_pre.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2017/Chapter_1_Population_change_and_historical_perspective.pdf |title = Population Change and Historical Perspective |access-date = 6 September 2018 |publisher = CSO |archive-date = 17 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190417022844/https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2017/Chapter_1_Population_change_and_historical_perspective.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> From 1874, and particularly under [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] from 1880, the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]] gained prominence. This was firstly through widespread agrarian agitation via the [[Irish Land League]], which won [[land reforms]] for tenants in the form of the [[Irish Land Acts]], and secondly through its attempts to achieve [[Irish Home Rule Movement|Home Rule]], via two unsuccessful bills which would have granted Ireland limited national autonomy. These led to "grass-roots" control of national affairs, under the [[Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898|Local Government Act 1898]], that had been in the hands of landlord-dominated [[grand juries]] of the [[Protestant Ascendancy]]. Home Rule seemed certain when the [[Parliament Act 1911]] abolished the veto of the [[House of Lords]], and [[John Redmond]] secured the [[Home Rule Act 1914|Third Home Rule Act]] in 1914. However, the [[Unionism in Ireland|Unionist movement]] had been growing since 1886 among Irish Protestants after the introduction of the first home rule bill, fearing discrimination and loss of economic and social privileges if [[Irish Catholics]] achieved real political power. In the late 19th and early 20th-century unionism was particularly strong in parts of [[Ulster]], where industrialisation was more common in contrast to the more agrarian rest of the island, and where the Protestant population was more prominent, with a majority in four counties.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A History of Ulster |last=Bardon |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Bardon |year=1992 |publisher=Blackstaff Press |isbn=0856404985 |pages=402, 405}}</ref> Under the leadership of the Dublin-born [[Edward Carson|Sir Edward Carson]] of the [[Irish Unionist Party]] and the Ulsterman [[James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon|Sir James Craig]] of the [[Ulster Unionist Party]], unionists became strongly militant, forming [[Ulster Volunteers]] in order to oppose "the Coercion of Ulster".<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zWgfwHuOCHYC&q=%22the+Coercion+of+Ulster%22+craig&pg=PA128 | title = Ireland in the 20th Century | last = Coogan | first = Tim Pat | date = 2009 | publisher = Random House | pages = 127–128 | isbn = 9781407097213 | access-date = 19 November 2020 | archive-date = 5 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210705090337/https://books.google.com/books?id=zWgfwHuOCHYC&q&pg=PA128 | url-status = live }}</ref> After the Home Rule Bill passed parliament in May 1914, to avoid rebellion with Ulster, the British Prime Minister [[H. H. Asquith]] introduced an [[Irish Parliamentary Party#Home Rule succeeds|Amending Bill]] reluctantly conceded to by the Irish Party leadership. This provided for the temporary exclusion of Ulster from the workings of the bill for a trial period of six years, with an as yet undecided new set of measures to be introduced for the area to be temporarily excluded. ===Revolution and steps to independence=== [[File:The shell of the G.P.O. on Sackville Street after the Easter Rising (6937669789).jpg|thumb|Damage in Dublin city centre following the 1916 [[Easter Rising]]]] Though it received the [[Royal Assent]] and was placed on the statute books in 1914, the implementation of the [[Home Rule Act 1914|Third Home Rule Act]] was suspended until after the [[World War I|First World War]] which defused the threat of civil war in Ireland. With the hope of ensuring the implementation of the Act at the end of the war through [[Ireland and World War I|Ireland's engagement in the war]], Redmond and the Irish [[National Volunteers]] supported the UK and its [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. 175,000 men joined [[Irish regiment]]s of the [[10th (Irish) Division (United Kingdom)|10th (Irish)]] and [[16th (Irish) Division|16th (Irish)]] divisions of the [[Kitchener's Army|New British Army]], while Unionists joined the [[36th (Ulster) Division|36th (Ulster)]] divisions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Irish Soldiers in the First World War |url=http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Taoiseach_and_Government/History_of_Government/1916_Commemorations/Irish_Soldiers_in_the_First_World_War.html |work=1916 Commemorations |publisher=Department of the Taoiseach |access-date=29 August 2011 |year=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810192700/http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Taoiseach_and_Government/History_of_Government/1916_Commemorations/Irish_Soldiers_in_the_First_World_War.html |archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The remainder of the [[Irish Volunteers]], who refused Redmond and opposed any support of the UK, launched an armed insurrection against British rule in the 1916 [[Easter Rising]], together with the [[Irish Citizen Army]]. This commenced on 24 April 1916 with the [[Irish Declaration of Independence|declaration of independence]]. After a week of heavy fighting, primarily in Dublin, the surviving rebels were forced to surrender their positions. The majority were imprisoned, with fifteen of the prisoners (including most of the leaders) were executed as traitors to the UK. This included [[Patrick Pearse]], the spokesman for the rising and who provided the signal to the volunteers to start the rising, as well as [[James Connolly]], socialist and founder of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] union and both the Irish and Scottish Labour movements. These events, together with the [[Conscription Crisis of 1918]], had a profound effect on changing public opinion in Ireland against the British Government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waterfordmuseum.ie/exhibit/web/Display/article/283/1/The_Hay_Plan__Conscription_In_Ireland_During_WW1_Introduction.html |title=The Hay Plan & Conscription in Ireland During WW1 |last1=Hennessy |first1=Dave |publisher=Waterford County Museum |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225080831/http://www.waterfordmuseum.ie/exhibit/web/Display/article/283/1/The_Hay_Plan__Conscription_In_Ireland_During_WW1_Introduction.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 1919, after the December [[1918 Irish general election|1918 general election]], 73 of Ireland's 105 [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) elected were [[History of Sinn Féin|Sinn Féin]] members who were elected on a platform of [[abstentionism]] from the [[British House of Commons]]. In January 1919, they set up an Irish parliament called [[Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)|Dáil Éireann]]. This [[first Dáil]] issued a [[declaration of independence]] and proclaimed an [[Irish Republic]]. The declaration was mainly a restatement of the [[Proclamation of the Irish Republic|1916 Proclamation]] with the additional provision that Ireland was no longer a part of the United Kingdom. The Irish Republic's [[Ministry of Dáil Éireann]] sent a delegation under {{lang|ga|[[Ceann Comhairle]]|italic=no}} (Head of Council, or Speaker, of the Daíl) [[Seán T. O'Kelly]] to the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] of 1919, but it was not admitted. [[File:Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg|thumb|[[Leinster House]], Dublin. In 1922 a new parliament called the [[Oireachtas of the Irish Free State|Oireachtas]] was established, of which [[Dáil Éireann]] became the [[lower house]].]] After the [[Irish War of Independence|War of Independence]] and truce called in July 1921, representatives of the [[British government]] and the five Irish treaty delegates, led by [[Arthur Griffith]], [[Robert Barton]] and [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]], negotiated the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] in London from 11 October to 6 December 1921. The Irish delegates set up headquarters at [[Hans Place]] in [[Knightsbridge]], and it was here in private discussions that the decision was taken on 5 December to recommend the treaty to Dáil Éireann. On 7 January 1922, the [[Second Dáil]] [[Anglo-Irish Treaty Dáil vote|ratified]] the Treaty by 64 votes to 57.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-01-07/2/|website = [[Oireachtas]]|title = Dáil Éireann debates, 7 January 1922: Debate on Treaty|access-date = 28 September 2019|archive-date = 28 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190928094536/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-01-07/2/|url-status = live}}</ref> In accordance with the treaty, on 6 December 1922 the entire island of Ireland became a self-governing [[Dominion]] called the Irish Free State (''Saorstát Éireann''). Under the [[Constitution of the Irish Free State]], the [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] had the option to leave the Irish Free State one month later and return to the United Kingdom. During the intervening period, the powers of the [[Parliament of the Irish Free State]] and [[Executive Council of the Irish Free State]] did not extend to Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland exercised its right under the treaty to leave the new Dominion and rejoined the United Kingdom on 8 December 1922. It did so by making an address to the King requesting, "that the powers of the Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall no longer extend to Northern Ireland."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk/stormontpapers/pageview.html?volumeno=2&pageno=1145#bak-2-1149 |title=Northern Ireland Parliamentary Report, 7&nbsp;December 1922 |publisher=Stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk |date=7 December 1922 |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415143605/http://stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk/stormontpapers/pageview.html?volumeno=2&pageno=1145#bak-2-1149 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Irish Free State was a [[constitutional monarchy]] [[personal union|sharing a monarch]] with the United Kingdom and other Dominions of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]]. The country had a [[Governor-General of the Irish Free State|governor-general]] (representing the monarch), a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] parliament, a cabinet called the "Executive Council", and a prime minister called the [[President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State|President of the Executive Council]]. ===Irish Civil War=== {{Main|Irish Civil War}} [[File:The Long Fellow (10570624475).jpg|thumb|right|[[Éamon de Valera]], Irish political leader, pictured outside Ennis Courthouse in 1917. He would later be involved in introducing the 1937 [[Constitution of Ireland]].]] The Irish Civil War (June 1922 – May 1923) was the consequence of the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the creation of the Irish Free State.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199846719/obo-9780199846719-0149.xml | publisher = Oxford University Press | website = oxfordbibliographies | title = Literature of the Irish Civil War | date = 25 October 2018 | accessdate = 27 April 2021 | doi = 10.1093/OBO/9780199846719-0149 | last1 = Ward | first1 = Brian | archive-date = 27 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210427164828/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199846719/obo-9780199846719-0149.xml | url-status = live }}</ref> Anti-treaty forces, led by [[Éamon de Valera]], objected to the fact that acceptance of the treaty abolished the [[Irish Republic]] of 1919 to which they had sworn loyalty, arguing in the face of public support for the settlement that the "people have no right to do wrong".<ref>{{cite book |title=De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CFlCwAAQBAJ&q=de+valera+%22people+have+no+right+to+do+wrong%22&pg=PT499 |chapter=21 de Valera Stands Tall |first=Tim Pat |author-link=Tim Pat Coogan |year=1993 |last=Coogan | publisher=Head of Zeus |isbn=9781784975371 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320174331/https://books.google.com/books?id=5CFlCwAAQBAJ&q=de+valera+%22people+have+no+right+to+do+wrong%22&pg=PT499 |url-status=live }}</ref> They objected most to the fact that the state would remain part of the [[British Empire]] and that members of the [[Oireachtas of the Irish Free State|Free State Parliament]] would have to swear what the anti-treaty side saw as an oath of fidelity to the British king. Pro-treaty forces, led by [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]], argued that the treaty gave "not the ultimate freedom that all nations aspire to and develop, but the freedom to achieve it".<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=[[Dáil Éireann]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721130127/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.T.192112190002.html |url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.T.192112190002.html |title=Dáil Éireann – Volume T – 19 December, 1921 (Debate on Treaty)}}</ref> At the start of the war, the [[Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)|Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) split into two opposing camps: a pro-treaty IRA and an [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|anti-treaty IRA]]. The pro-treaty IRA disbanded and joined the new [[National Army (Ireland)|National Army]]. However, because the anti-treaty IRA lacked an effective command structure and because of the pro-treaty forces' defensive tactics throughout the war, Michael Collins and his pro-treaty forces were able to build up an army with many tens of thousands of World War I veterans from the 1922 disbanded [[Irish regiments#Irish regiments of the British Army|Irish regiments]] of the British Army, capable of overwhelming the anti-treatyists. British supplies of artillery, aircraft, machine-guns and ammunition boosted pro-treaty forces, and the threat of a return of Crown forces to the Free State removed any doubts about the necessity of enforcing the treaty. Lack of public support for the anti-treaty forces (often called the Irregulars) and the determination of the government to overcome the Irregulars contributed significantly to their defeat.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} ===Constitution of Ireland 1937=== [[File:IFS Constitution Committee Darrell F's book2.jpg|thumb|[[Constitution of the Irish Free State|The Constitution Committee meeting]] at the [[Shelbourne Hotel]], Dublin.]] Following a national plebiscite in July 1937, the new [[Constitution of Ireland]] (''Bunreacht na hÉireann'') [[adoption of the Constitution of Ireland|came into force]] on 29 December 1937.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html | publisher = Irish Statute Book | title = Constitution of Ireland, 1 July, 1937 | access-date = 6 September 2018 | archive-date = 3 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190503055502/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html | url-status = live }}</ref> This replaced the [[Constitution of the Irish Free State]] and declared that the name of the state is {{lang|ga|Éire}}, or "Ireland" in the English language.<ref>T. Garvin, ''1922: the birth of Irish democracy'', Gill & Macmillan: Dublin, 2005.<br />{{cite book |title=The Irish Civil War 1922–23 |first=Peter |last=Cottrell |page=85 |isbn=978-1-84603-270-7 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2008 |quote=Irish voters approved a new constitution, ''Bunreacht na hÉireann'', in 1937 renaming the country Éire or simply Ireland.}}<br />{{cite web |title=Guide to Irish Law |first=Darius |last=Whelan |date=June 2005 |url=http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Ireland.htm |access-date=11 September 2009 |quote=This Constitution, which remains in force today, renamed the state ''Ireland'' (Article 4) and established four main institutions&nbsp;– the President, the Oireachtas (Parliament), the Government and the Courts. |archive-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905133724/http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Ireland.htm |url-status=live }}<br />John T. Koch, Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO: Santa Barbara, 2006.</ref> While [[Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland|Articles 2 and 3]] of the Constitution defined the national territory to be the whole island, they also confined the state's jurisdiction to the area that had been the Irish Free State. The former Irish Free State government had abolished the Office of [[Governor-General of the Irish Free State|Governor-General]] in December 1936. Although the constitution established the office of [[President of Ireland]], the question over whether Ireland was a republic remained open. Diplomats were accredited to the king, but the president exercised all internal functions of a head of state.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Daly |first=Mary E. |author-link=Mary E. Daly |date=January 2007|title=The Irish Free State/Éire/Republic of Ireland/Ireland: "A Country by Any Other Name"?|journal=Journal of British Studies|volume=46|issue=1|pages=72–90|doi=10.1086/508399|jstor=10.1086/508399|quote=After the enactment of the 1936 External Relations Act and the 1937 Constitution, Ireland's only remaining link with the crown had been the accreditation of diplomats. The president of Ireland was the head of state. When opposition deputies asked de Valera whether Ireland was a republic—a favorite pastime in the mid-1940s—he tended to resort to dictionary definitions showing that Ireland had all the attributes of a republic.|doi-access=free |issn = 0021-9371 }}</ref> For instance, the President gave assent to new laws with his own authority, without reference to King [[George VI]] who was only an "organ", that was provided for by statute law. [[Irish neutrality during World War II|Ireland remained neutral]] during World War II, a period it described as [[The Emergency (Ireland)|The Emergency]].<ref>{{cite book | title = The Emergency: Neutral Ireland 1939–45 |last=Girvin |first= Brian |publisher = Pan | date = 2007 | isbn = 9780330493291}}</ref> Ireland's [[Dominion]] status was terminated with the passage of [[The Republic of Ireland Act 1948]], which came into force on 18 April 1949 and declared that the state was a republic.<ref>{{cite ISB |name=The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 (Commencement) Order 1949 |year=1949 |number=27 |type=si |nothe=1|date=4 February 1949}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Whyte |first1=J. H. |author-link1=John Henry Whyte |editor1-last=Hill |editor1-first=J. R. |title=A New History of Ireland |volume=VII: Ireland, 1921–84 |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0191615597 |page=277 (footnote 20) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfFXarIhGqEC&pg=PA277 |access-date=6 August 2019 |chapter=Economic crisis and political cold war, 1949-57 |quote=The Republic of Ireland Act, 1948...repealed the external relations act, and provided for the declaration of a republic, which came into force on 18 Apr. 1949, when Ireland left the commonwealth. |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115091428/https://books.google.com/books?id=PfFXarIhGqEC&pg=PA277 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time, a declaration of a republic terminated Commonwealth membership. This rule was changed 10 days after Ireland declared itself a republic, with the [[London Declaration]] of 28 April 1949. Ireland did not reapply when the rules were altered to permit republics to join. Later, the [[Crown of Ireland Act 1542]] was repealed in Ireland by the [[Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act 1962]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1962/act/29/enacted/en/html | publisher = Irish Statute Book | title = Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act, 1962 | access-date = 6 September 2018 | archive-date = 5 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180905111820/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1962/act/29/enacted/en/html | url-status = live }}</ref> ===Recent history=== [[File:Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (081).jpg|thumb|In 1973 Ireland joined the [[European Economic Community]] along with the United Kingdom and Denmark. The country signed the [[Lisbon Treaty]] in 2007.]] Ireland became a member of the [[United Nations]] in December 1955, after having been denied membership because of its [[Irish neutrality during World War II|neutral stance]] during the Second World War and not supporting the [[Allies of World War II|Allied cause]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/books/review-ireland-at-the-un-memories-of-the-early-years-by-noel-dorr-26673946.html |title=Ireland at the UN |work=Irish Independent|date=22 August 2010 |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-date=16 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113300/http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/books/review-ireland-at-the-un-memories-of-the-early-years-by-noel-dorr-26673946.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time, joining the UN involved a commitment to using force to deter aggression by one state against another if the UN thought it was necessary.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/books/a-frank-account-of-irelands-un-affairs-26663319.html |title=Ireland's UN affairs |work=Irish Independent|date=26 June 2010 |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-date=16 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716123540/http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/books/a-frank-account-of-irelands-un-affairs-26663319.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Interest towards membership of the [[European Communities]] (EC) developed in Ireland during the 1950s, with consideration also given to membership of the [[European Free Trade Area]]. As the United Kingdom intended on EC membership, Ireland applied for membership in July 1961 due to the substantial economic linkages with the United Kingdom. The founding EC members remained sceptical regarding Ireland's economic capacity, neutrality, and unattractive [[protectionist]] policy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.ie/topics/EU/eu.htm |title=National Archives – Ireland and European Unity |publisher=Nationalarchives.ie |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-date=1 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101084325/http://nationalarchives.ie/topics/EU/eu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Many Irish economists and politicians realised that economic policy reform was necessary. The prospect of EC membership became doubtful in 1963 when French President General [[Charles de Gaulle]] stated that France opposed Britain's accession, which ceased negotiations with all other candidate countries. In 1969 his successor, [[Georges Pompidou]], was not opposed to British and Irish membership. Negotiations began and in 1972 the [[Treaty of Accession 1972|Treaty of Accession]] was signed. A [[Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|referendum was held later that year]] which confirmed Ireland's entry into the bloc, and it finally joined the EC as a member state on 1 January 1973.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/ireland/ireland_in_the_eu/index1_en.htm |title=Joining the European Community |publisher=European Commission |date=31 July 1961 |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-date=6 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606010430/http://ec.europa.eu/ireland/ireland_in_the_eu/index1_en.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The economic crisis of the late 1970s was fuelled by the [[Fianna Fáil]] government's budget, the abolition of the car tax, excessive borrowing, and global economic instability including the [[1979 oil crisis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/TEP/1998/985.pdf|title=Taxations And savings in Ireland|last=O'Toole|first=Francis|author2=Warrington|work=Trinity Economic Papers Series|publisher=Trinity College Dublin|page=19|access-date=17 June 2008|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624202457/http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/TEP/1998/985.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There were significant policy changes from 1989 onwards, with economic reform, tax cuts, welfare reform, an increase in competition, and a ban on borrowing to fund current spending. This policy began in 1989–1992 by the Fianna Fáil/[[Progressive Democrats]] government, and continued by the subsequent Fianna Fáil/[[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour]] government and [[Fine Gael]]/Labour/[[Democratic Left (Ireland)|Democratic Left]] government. Ireland became one of the world's fastest growing economies by the late 1990s in what was known as the [[Celtic Tiger]] period, which lasted until the [[Great Recession]]. Since 2014, Ireland has experienced increased economic activity.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-nie/nie2017/summary/ | publisher = CSO | title = National Income and Expenditure 2017 (Figure 1.1 Growth Rates) | access-date = 6 September 2018 | archive-date = 6 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195352/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-nie/nie2017/summary/ | url-status = live }}</ref> In the Northern Ireland question, the British and Irish governments started to seek a peaceful resolution to the violent conflict involving many [[Paramilitary|paramilitaries]] and the [[British Army]] in Northern Ireland known as "[[The Troubles]]". A peace settlement for Northern Ireland, known as the [[Good Friday Agreement]], was approved in 1998 in referendums north and south of the border. As part of the peace settlement, the territorial claim to Northern Ireland in [[Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland]] was removed by referendum. In its white paper on [[Brexit]] the United Kingdom government reiterated its commitment to the Good Friday Agreement. With regard to Northern Ireland's status, it said that the UK Government's "clearly-stated preference is to retain Northern Ireland's current constitutional position: as part of the UK, but with strong links to Ireland".<ref>{{cite report| work = Cm 9417 | publisher = HM Government | title = The United Kingdom's exit from and new partnership with the European Union | date = February 2017}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Ireland}} [[File:Ireland (47474631822).jpg|thumb|The [[Cliffs of Moher]] on the Atlantic coast]] [[File:Panamora of Cnoc na Peiste and Loch Cummeenapeasta.jpg|thumb|[[MacGillycuddy's Reeks]], Ireland's highest mountain range]] The state extends over an area of about five-sixths ({{convert|70273|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) of the island of [[Ireland]] ({{convert|84421|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), with [[Northern Ireland]] constituting the remainder. The island is bounded to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the northeast by the [[North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)|North Channel]]. To the east, the [[Irish Sea]] connects to the Atlantic Ocean via [[St George's Channel]] and the [[Celtic Sea]] to the southwest. The western landscape mostly consists of rugged cliffs, hills and mountains. The central lowlands are extensively covered with glacial deposits of clay and sand, as well as significant areas of [[bogland]] and several lakes. The highest point is [[Carrauntoohil]] ({{convert|1038.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), located in the [[MacGillycuddy's Reeks]] mountain range in the southwest. [[River Shannon]], which traverses the central lowlands, is the longest river in Ireland at {{convert|386|km|mi|disp=or}} in length. The west coast is more rugged than the east, with numerous islands, [[peninsula]]s, [[headland]]s and [[bay]]s. Ireland is one of the least forested countries in Europe.<ref>[https://www.teagasc.ie/crops/forestry/advice/general-topics/history-of-forestry-in-ireland/ "History of Forestry in Ireland"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053644/https://www.teagasc.ie/crops/forestry/advice/general-topics/history-of-forestry-in-ireland/ |date=30 January 2019 }}. [[Teagasc]].</ref> Until the end of the [[Middle Ages]], the land was heavily forested. Native species include [[deciduous]] trees such as [[oak]], [[Fraxinus excelsior|ash]], [[Corylus avellana|hazel]], [[birch]], [[Alnus glutinosa|alder]], [[willow]], [[Populus tremula|aspen]], [[Wych elm|elm]], [[Sorbus aucuparia|rowan]] and [[Crataegus monogyna|hawthorn]], as well as [[evergreen]] trees such [[Scots pine]], [[Taxus baccata|yew]], [[Ilex aquifolium|holly]] and [[Arbutus unedo|strawberry trees]].<ref>[https://www.treecouncil.ie/native-irish-trees Native Species] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409023345/https://www.treecouncil.ie/native-irish-trees |date=9 April 2022 }}. [[Tree Council of Ireland]].</ref> The growth of [[blanket bog]] and the extensive clearing of woodland for farming are believed to be the main causes of [[deforestation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forestryservices.ie/history|title=History of Forestry in Ireland|access-date=15 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111183448/http://www.forestryservices.ie/history|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> Today, only about 10% of Ireland is woodland,<ref name="forest">{{cite web |url=https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/forestry/forestservicegeneralinformation/ForestStatisticsIreland2017090318.pdf |title=Forest Statistics – Ireland 2017 |publisher=[[Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine]] |access-date=29 January 2019 |pages=3, 63 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020021739/https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/forestry/forestservicegeneralinformation/ForestStatisticsIreland2017090318.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> most of which is non-native [[conifer]] [[plantation]]s, and only 2% of which is native woodland.<ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/native-trees-cover-just-2-of-ireland-how-can-this-be-increased-1.3553824 "Native trees cover just 2% of Ireland. How can this be increased?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304164603/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/native-trees-cover-just-2-of-ireland-how-can-this-be-increased-1.3553824 |date=4 March 2020 }}. ''[[The Irish Times]]'', 6 July 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/ireland-s-native-woodlands-are-quietly-disappearing-1.3529317 "Ireland's native woodlands are quietly disappearing"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216190001/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/ireland-s-native-woodlands-are-quietly-disappearing-1.3529317 |date=16 February 2019 }}. ''[[The Irish Times]]'', 19 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2019.</ref> The average woodland cover in European countries is over 33%.<ref name="forest" /> According to ''[[Coillte]]'', a state-owned forestry business, the country's climate gives Ireland one of the fastest growth rates for forests in Europe.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.coillte.ie/our-business/our-divisions/forestry/ | website = coillte.ie | publisher = Coillte | title = Forestry – Did you know? | access-date = 3 December 2019 | quote = Ireland has an ideal climate for forestry with one of the fastest growth rates of trees in Europe | archive-date = 9 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200409123308/https://www.coillte.ie/our-business/our-divisions/forestry/ | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Hedgerows]], which are traditionally used to define land boundaries, are an important substitute for woodland habitat, providing refuge for native wild flora and a wide range of insect, bird and mammal species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noticenature.ie/Hedgerow.html|title=Hedgerows|access-date=15 June 2011|archive-date=26 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726134733/http://www.noticenature.ie/Hedgerow.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is home to two terrestrial ecoregions: [[Celtic broadleaf forests]] and [[North Atlantic moist mixed forests]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Agriculture]] accounts for about 64% of the total land area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teagasc.ie/agrifood |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991004065905/http://www.teagasc.ie/agrifood/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 1999 |title=Agriculture in Ireland |publisher=Teagasc.ie |access-date=12 November 2010}}</ref> This has resulted in limited land to preserve natural habitats, in particular for larger wild mammals with greater territorial requirements.<ref>{{cite web |title = Land cover and land use |publisher = Environmental Protection Agency |year = 2000 |url = http://www.epa.ie/whatwedo/assessment/land/ |access-date = 30 July 2007 |archive-date = 16 September 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080916125736/http://www.epa.ie/whatwedo/assessment/land/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> The long history of agricultural production coupled with modern agricultural methods, such as [[pesticide]] and [[fertiliser]] use, has placed pressure on [[biodiversity]].<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ireland/ |work=The World Factbook |title=Ireland |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=28 August 2011 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109164445/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ireland/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Climate=== {{Main|Climate of Ireland}} [[File:View over Lough Tay, Wicklow Mountains - geograph.org.uk - 5029923.jpg|thumb|[[Wicklow Mountains National Park]]]] The [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the warming influence of the [[Gulf Stream]] affect weather patterns in Ireland.<ref name="climate">{{cite web|url=http://www.met.ie/climate/climate-of-ireland.asp|publisher=Met.ie|title=Climate in Ireland|access-date=22 October 2009|archive-date=9 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209072328/http://www.met.ie/climate/climate-of-ireland.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Temperatures differ regionally, with central and eastern areas tending to be more extreme. However, due to a [[temperate climate|temperate]] [[oceanic climate]], temperatures are seldom lower than {{convert|-5|°C|°F}} in winter or higher than {{convert|26|°C|°F}} in summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelinireland.com/general-information/climate/the-ireland-climate-and-what-to-wear.html|publisher=TravelInIreland.com|title=The Ireland Climate and What to Wear|access-date=22 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919170239/http://www.travelinireland.com/general-information/climate/the-ireland-climate-and-what-to-wear.html|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The highest temperature recorded in Ireland was {{convert|33.3|°C|°F}} on 26 June 1887 at [[Kilkenny Castle]] in Kilkenny, while the lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|-19.1|°C|°F}} at [[Markree Castle]] in Sligo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp |publisher=Met.ie |title=Temperature in Ireland |access-date=22 October 2009 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228220515/http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Rainfall is more prevalent during winter months and less so during the early months of summer. Southwestern areas experience the most rainfall as a result of south westerly winds, while [[Dublin]] receives the least. Sunshine duration is highest in the southeast of the country.<ref name="climate" /> The far north and west are two of the windiest regions in Europe, with great potential for [[wind energy]] generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.met.ie/climate/wind.asp|publisher=Met.ie|title=Wind over Ireland|access-date=22 October 2009|archive-date=8 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508021532/http://www.met.ie/climate/wind.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland normally gets between 1100 and 1600 hours of sunshine each year, most areas averaging between 3.25 and 3.75 hours a day. The sunniest months are May and June, which average between 5 and 6.5 hours per day over most of the country. The extreme southeast gets most sunshine, averaging over 7 hours a day in early summer. December is the dullest month, with an average daily sunshine ranging from about 1 hour in the north to almost 2 hours in the extreme southeast. The sunniest summer in the 100 years from 1881 to 1980 was 1887, according to measurements made at the Phoenix Park in Dublin; 1980 was the dullest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/sunshine.asp |publisher=Met.ie |title=Sunshine and Solar Radiation |access-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235105/https://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/sunshine.asp |archive-date=22 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Politics== {{Main|Politics of the Republic of Ireland}} {{multiple image | total_width = 300 | align = right | caption_align = center | image1 = Sergio Mattarella Michael D. Higgins sideline of 2021 Arraiolos meeting (3) (cropped).jpg | alt1 = Michael D. Higgins | caption1 = [[Michael D. Higgins]]<br />[[President of Ireland|President]] | image2 = Simon Harris, April 2024 01 (cropped).jpg | alt2 = Simon Harris | caption2 = [[Simon Harris]]<br />[[Taoiseach]] }} Ireland is a constitutional republic with a [[parliamentary system]] of government. The {{lang|ga|[[Oireachtas]]|italic=no}} is the [[bicameral]] national parliament composed of the [[President of Ireland]] and the two Houses of the Oireachtas: {{lang|ga|[[Dáil Éireann]]|italic=no}} (House of Representatives) and {{lang|ga|[[Seanad Éireann]]|italic=no}} (Senate).<ref>Article 15.2 of the Constitution of Ireland.</ref> [[Áras an Uachtaráin]] is the [[official residence]] of the President of Ireland, while the houses of the Oireachtas meet at [[Leinster House]] in [[Dublin]]. The President serves as [[head of state]], is elected for a seven-year term, and may be re-elected once. The President is primarily a [[figurehead (metaphor)|figurehead]], but is entrusted with certain constitutional powers with the advice of the [[Council of State (Ireland)|Council of State]]. The office has absolute discretion in some areas, such as referring a bill to the Supreme Court for a judgment on its constitutionality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.president.ie/en/the-president/constitutional-role |title=Office of the President – Powers and Functions |access-date=4 January 2011 |archive-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407175921/http://www.president.ie/en/the-president/constitutional-role |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Michael D. Higgins]] became the ninth President of Ireland on 11 November 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/president-michael-d-promises-seven-years-of-new-ideas-26791169.html |title=President Michael D promises seven years of new ideas |access-date=11 November 2011 |work=Irish Independent |date=11 November 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309070500/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/president-michael-d-promises-seven-years-of-new-ideas-26791169.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The {{lang|ga|[[Taoiseach]]|italic=no}} (Prime Minister) serves as the [[head of government]] and is appointed by the President upon the nomination of the {{lang|ga|Dáil|italic=no}}. Most {{lang|ga|Taoisigh|italic=no}} have served as the leader of the political party that gains the most seats in national elections. It has become customary for [[Coalition government|coalitions]] to form a government, as there has not been a single-party government since 1989.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McGrath|first1=Conor|first2=Eoin|last2=O'Malley|title=Irish political studies reader: key contributions|editor=Conor McGrath, Eoin O'Malley|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|page=54|isbn=978-0-415-44648-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_fcNWfZ7hIC&q=%22in+1989+Haughey+called+a+snap+general+election+in+the+hope+of+gaining+an+overall+majority%22&pg=PA54|access-date=15 March 2011|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705090440/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_fcNWfZ7hIC&q=%22in+1989+Haughey+called+a+snap+general+election+in+the+hope+of+gaining+an+overall+majority%22&pg=PA54|url-status=live}}</ref> The {{lang|ga|Dáil|italic=no}} has 160 members ({{lang|ga|[[Teachta Dála|Teachtaí Dála]]|italic=no}}) elected to represent multi-seat [[Dáil constituencies|constituencies]] under the system of [[proportional representation]] by means of the [[single transferable vote]]. The {{lang|ga|Seanad|italic=no}} is composed of sixty members, with eleven [[nominated members of Seanad Éireann|nominated by]] the {{lang|ga|Taoiseach|italic=no}}, six elected by two [[university constituencies]], and 43 elected by public representatives from panels of candidates established on a vocational basis. The [[Government of Ireland|government]] is constitutionally limited to fifteen members. No more than two members can be selected from the {{lang|ga|Seanad|italic=no}}, and the {{lang|ga|Taoiseach|italic=no}}, {{lang|ga|[[Tánaiste]]|italic=no}} (deputy prime minister) and [[Minister for Finance (Ireland)|Minister for Finance]] must be members of the {{lang|ga|Dáil|italic=no}}. The Dáil must be dissolved within five years of its first meeting following the previous election,<ref>{{cite ISB |year=1992 |number=23 |section=33 |name=Electoral Act 1992 |date=5 November 1992 |stitle=Maximum duration of Dáil}}</ref> and a general election for members of the Dáil must take place no later than thirty days after the dissolution. In accordance with the [[Constitution of Ireland]], parliamentary elections must be held at least every seven years, though a lower limit may be set by statute law. The current government is a coalition of [[Fianna Fáil]], [[Fine Gael]], and the [[Green Party (Ireland)|Green Party]] with [[Simon Harris]] of Fine Gael as Taoiseach and [[Micheál Martin]] of Fianna Fáil as Tánaiste. Opposition parties in the current {{lang|ga|Dáil|italic=no}} are [[Sinn Féin]], the [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]], [[People Before Profit–Solidarity]], [[Social Democrats (Ireland)|Social Democrats]], [[Aontú]], as well as a number of [[Independent politician (Ireland)|independents]]. Ireland has been a [[member state of the European Union]] since 1973. Citizens of the United Kingdom can freely enter the country without a passport due to the [[Common Travel Area]], which is a passport-free zone comprising the islands of Ireland, Great Britain, the [[Isle of Man]] and the [[Channel Islands]]. However, some identification is required at airports and seaports. ===Local government=== {{Main|Local government in the Republic of Ireland}} {{Multiple image | caption_align = center | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = Irishgovbuildings.JPG | image2 = Dáil Chamber.jpg | caption1 = [[Government Buildings|Government Buildings Dublin]] | caption2 = [[Dáil Éireann]], [[lower house]] Chamber }} The [[Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898]] was the founding statute of the present system of local government, while the [[Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|Twentieth Amendment to the constitution]] of 1999 provided for its constitutional recognition. The twenty-six traditional [[counties of Ireland]] are the basis of the local government areas, with the traditional counties of [[County Cork|Cork]], [[County Dublin|Dublin]] and [[County Galway|Galway]] containing two or more local government areas. The [[Local Government Act 2001]], as amended by the [[Local Government Reform Act 2014]],<ref name="LocalGovReform2014">{{cite ISB|year=2014|number=1|name=[[Local Government Reform Act 2014]]|date=27 January 2014}}</ref> provides for a system of [[Local government in the Republic of Ireland|thirty-one local authorities]] – twenty-six county councils, two city and county councils, and three city councils.<ref name="LocalGovReform2014" /> Counties (with the exception of the three counties in Dublin) are divided into [[municipal district]]s. A second local government tier of [[town council (Ireland)|town councils]] was abolished in 2014. {| style="margin: 1em auto;" |- | valign="top" | {| style="margin:auto;" cellpadding="10" |- | [[File:Ireland Administrative Counties.svg|250px|right]] |style="font-size: 85%; font-weight:bold;"| # [[Fingal County Council|Fingal]] # [[Dublin City Council|Dublin City]] # [[Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council|Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown]] # [[South Dublin County Council|South Dublin]] # [[Wicklow County Council|Wicklow]] # [[Wexford County Council|Wexford]] # [[Carlow County Council|Carlow]] # [[Kildare County Council|Kildare]] # [[Meath County Council|Meath]] # [[Louth County Council|Louth]] # [[Monaghan County Council|Monaghan]] # [[Cavan County Council|Cavan]] # [[Longford County Council|Longford]] # [[Westmeath County Council|Westmeath]] # [[Offaly County Council|Offaly]] # [[Laois County Council|Laois]] |style="font-size: 85%; font-weight:bold;"| <ol start=17> <li>[[Kilkenny County Council|Kilkenny]]</li> <li>[[Waterford City and County Council|Waterford]]</li> <li>[[Cork City Council|Cork City]]</li> <li>[[Cork County Council|Cork]]</li> <li>[[Kerry County Council|Kerry]]</li> <li>[[Limerick City and County Council|Limerick]]</li> <li>[[Tipperary County Council|Tipperary]]</li> <li>[[Clare County Council|Clare]]</li> <li>[[Galway County Council|Galway]]</li> <li>[[Galway City Council|Galway City]]</li> <li>[[Mayo County Council|Mayo]]</li> <li>[[Roscommon County Council|Roscommon]]</li> <li>[[Sligo County Council|Sligo]]</li> <li>[[Leitrim County Council|Leitrim]]</li> <li>[[Donegal County Council|Donegal]]</li> </ol> |} |} Local authorities are responsible for matters such as planning, local roads, sanitation, and libraries. The breaching of county boundaries should be avoided as far as practicable in drawing [[Dáil constituencies]]. Counties with greater populations have multiple constituencies, some of more than one county, but generally do not cross county boundaries. The counties are grouped into three [[Regions of the Republic of Ireland|regions]], each with a Regional Assembly composed of members delegated by the various county and city councils in the region. The regions do not have any direct administrative role as such, but they serve for planning, coordination and statistical purposes. ===Law=== {{Main|Law of the Republic of Ireland|Courts of the Republic of Ireland|Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland}} [[File:Dublin four courts.JPG|thumb|The [[Four Courts]], completed in 1802, is the principal building for civil courts.]] Ireland has a [[common law]] [[legal system]] with a written constitution that provides for a [[parliamentary democracy]]. The court system consists of the [[Supreme Court of Ireland|Supreme Court]], the [[Court of Appeal (Ireland)|Court of Appeal]], the [[High Court (Ireland)|High Court]], the [[Circuit Court (Ireland)|Circuit Court]] and the [[District Court (Ireland)|District Court]], all of which apply the [[Law of the Republic of Ireland|Irish law]] and hear both civil and criminal matters. Trials for serious offences must usually be held before a [[jury]]. The High Court, Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court have authority, by means of [[Judicial review in the Republic of Ireland|judicial review]], to determine the compatibility of laws and activities of other institutions of the state with the constitution and the law. Except in exceptional circumstances, court hearings must occur in public.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article34_1 | title = Constitution of Ireland – The Courts – Article 34.1 | website = irishstatutebook.ie | publisher = Attorney General | quote = Justice shall be administered in courts [...] and, save in such special and limited cases as may be prescribed by law, shall be administered in public | access-date = 28 July 2020 | archive-date = 3 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190503055502/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article34_1 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = https://www.ijsj.ie/assets/uploads/6.%20Clare%20Craven-Barry.pdf | journal = Irish Judicial Studies Journal | volume = 3 | year = 2019 | last = Craven-Barry | first = Clare | title = Transparency in Family And Child Law Proceedings: Disentangling The Statutory Techniques And Terminology | access-date = 28 July 2020 | archive-date = 28 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200728205214/https://www.ijsj.ie/assets/uploads/6.%20Clare%20Craven-Barry.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:CriminalCourtofJusticeDublin.jpg|thumb|The [[Criminal Courts of Justice, Dublin|Criminal Courts of Justice]] is the principal building for criminal courts.]] The [[Garda Síochána]] (''lit.'' Guardians of the Peace), more commonly referred to as the Gardaí, is the state's civilian police force. The force is responsible for all aspects of civil policing, both in terms of territory and infrastructure. It is headed by the Garda Commissioner, who is appointed by the Government. Most uniformed members do not routinely carry [[Firearms legislation in Ireland|firearms]]. Standard policing is traditionally carried out by uniformed officers equipped only with a [[baton (law enforcement)|baton]] and [[pepper spray]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://jrnl.ie/169075 |title=Poll: Should the Garda Síochána be armed? |date=4 July 2011 |newspaper=TheJournal.ie |access-date=20 November 2012 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922125603/https://www.thejournal.ie/poll-should-the-garda-siochana-be-armed-169075-Jul2011/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Military Police Corps (Ireland)|Military Police]] is the corps of the [[Irish Army]] responsible for the provision of policing service personnel and providing a military police presence to forces while on exercise and deployment. In wartime, additional tasks include the provision of a traffic control organisation to allow rapid movement of military formations to their mission areas. Other wartime roles include control of [[prisoners of war]] and refugees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rdf.ie/corps/military-police.html |title=The Defence Forces |publisher=Rdf.ie |access-date=12 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606053238/http://www.rdf.ie/corps/military-police.html |archive-date=6 June 2009}}</ref> Ireland's [[Irish nationality law|citizenship laws]] relate to "the island of Ireland", including islands and seas, thereby extending them to [[Northern Ireland]], which is part of the United Kingdom. Therefore, anyone born in Northern Ireland who meets the requirements for being an Irish citizen, such as birth on the island of Ireland to an Irish or British citizen parent or a parent who is entitled to live in Northern Ireland or the Republic without restriction on their residency,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/moving_country/irish_citizenship/irish_citizenship_through_birth_or_descent.html |title=Irish citizenship through birth or descent |publisher=Citizens Information |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-date=12 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112220125/http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/moving_country/irish_citizenship/irish_citizenship_through_birth_or_descent.html |url-status=live }}</ref> may exercise an entitlement to Irish citizenship, such as an [[Irish passport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://revisedacts.lawreform.ie/eli/1956/act/26/revised/en/html|title=Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 1956 |website=[[Law Reform Commission (Ireland)|Law Reform Commission]] }}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Ireland}} {{See also|Ireland–NATO relations}} [[File:P20230317AS-2347 (52777500991).jpg|thumb|upright= 1.0|left|Taoiseach [[Leo Varadkar]] and [[US President]] [[Joe Biden]], at the [[White House]], [[Washington, D.C.]], on 17 March 2023]] Foreign relations are substantially influenced by membership of the European Union, although bilateral relations with the United Kingdom and United States are also important.<ref>See Michael J. Geary, ''An Inconvenient Wait: Ireland's Quest for Membership of the EEC, 1957–73'' (Institute of Public Administration, 2009) ({{ISBN|978-1-904541-83-7}})</ref> It held the [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union]] on six occasions, most recently from January to June 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:001:0011:0012:EN:PDF |title=Official Journal of the European Union |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-date=7 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407200152/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:001:0011:0012:EN:PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> Ireland tends towards independence in foreign policy; thus the country is not a member of [[NATO]] and has a [[The Emergency (Ireland)#Neutrality|longstanding]] policy of military neutrality. This policy has led to the [[Irish Defence Forces]] contributing to peace-keeping missions with the United Nations since 1960, including during the [[Congo Crisis]] and subsequently in [[Cyprus]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.ie/overseas/index.htm |title=Ireland and the United Nations |access-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414031723/http://www.military.ie/overseas/index.htm |archive-date=14 April 2010}}</ref> Despite [[Irish neutrality during World War II]], Ireland had more than 50,000 [[Participants in World War II#Ireland|participants in the war]] through enlistment in the British armed forces. During the [[Cold War]], Irish military policy, while ostensibly neutral, was biased towards NATO.<ref>{{cite web|last = Kennedy|first = Michael|title = Ireland's Role in Post-War Transatlantic Aviation and Its Implications for the Defence of the North Atlantic Area|publisher = Royal Irish Academy|date = 8 October 2014|url = http://www.histech.nl/Shot2004/programma/txt/kennedy.asp?file=kennedy|access-date = 10 October 2007|archive-date = 17 November 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071117075026/http://www.histech.nl/Shot2004/programma/txt/kennedy.asp?file=kennedy|url-status = dead}}</ref> During the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], [[Seán Lemass]] authorised the search of Cuban and Czechoslovak aircraft passing through Shannon and passed the information to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2007/1228/1198509920335.html Irish Times, 28 December 2007 p. 1] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707012005/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2007/1228/1198509920335.html |date=7 July 2012}}.</ref> Ireland's air facilities were used by the United States military for the delivery of military personnel involved in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] through [[Shannon Airport]]. The airport had previously been used for the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan]] in 2001, as well as the [[Gulf War|First Gulf War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Private Members' Business. – Foreign Conflicts: Motion (Resumed) – Dáil Éireann (29th Dáil) |website=Houses of the Oireachtas |date=30 January 2003 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2003-01-30/5/ |access-date=15 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511091051/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0560/D.0560.200301300005.html |archive-date=11 May 2011 }} – [[Tony Gregory]] speaking in [[Dáil Éireann]]</ref> Since 1999, Ireland has been a member of NATO's [[Partnership for Peace]] (PfP) program and NATO's [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] (EAPC), which is aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/state-joins-partnership-for-peace-on-budget-day-1.255246 |title=State joins Partnership for Peace on Budget day |first=Patrick |last=Smyth |date=29 November 1999 |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=6 May 2008 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903232010/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/state-joins-partnership-for-peace-on-budget-day-1.255246 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_82584.htm |title=Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document |publisher=NATO website |date=21 April 2008 |access-date=6 May 2008 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320221141/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_82584.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Military=== {{Main|Defence Forces (Ireland)}} {{See also|Irish neutrality}} [[File:Soldiers from 41 Inf Gp on Parade 1 (4446682116).jpg|thumb|upright= 1.0|[[Irish Army]] soldiers as part of [[Kosovo Force]], 2010]] Ireland is a [[neutral country]],<ref>{{harvnb|Gilland|2001|p=143}}.</ref> and has "triple-lock" rules governing the participation of Irish troops in conflict zones, whereby approval must be given by the UN, the [[Dáil]] and Government.<ref>{{cite web |title =Minister for Defence, Mr. Willie O'Dea TD secures formal Cabinet approval today for Ireland's participation in an EU Battlegroup |publisher =Department of Defense |url =http://www.defence.ie/WebSite.nsf/Release+ID/6D9B93944C2A59FE802572270057FB57?OpenDocument |access-date =26 August 2008 |archive-date =19 November 2007 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071119092047/http://www.defence.ie/WebSite.nsf/Release+ID/6D9B93944C2A59FE802572270057FB57?OpenDocument |url-status =live }}</ref> Accordingly, its military role is limited to national self-defence and participation in [[United Nations peacekeeping]]. The Irish Defence Forces ({{lang|ga|Óglaigh na hÉireann}}) are made up of the [[Irish Army|Army]], [[Irish Naval Service|Naval Service]], [[Irish Air Corps|Air Corps]] and [[Reserve Defence Forces|Reserve Defence Force]]. It is small but well equipped, with almost 10,000 full-time military personnel and over 2,000 in reserve.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lally |first=Conor |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/numbers-in-defence-forces-hit-40-year-low-1.777800 |title=Numbers in Defence Forces hit 40-year low |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=25 November 2009 |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903232010/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/numbers-in-defence-forces-hit-40-year-low-1.777800 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2016-01-13/section/445/ | website=Houses of the Oireachtas | title=Written Replies Nos. 437 to 450 – Defence Forces Reserve | date=13 January 2016 | access-date=27 July 2016 | archive-date=11 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011004946/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail2016011300092?opendocument#WRFF02150 | url-status=live }}</ref> Daily deployments of the Defence Forces cover [[Military aid to the civil power|aid to civil power]] operations, protection and patrol of Irish territorial waters and [[EEZ]] by the Irish Naval Service, and UN, EU and [[Partnership for Peace|PfP]] peace-keeping missions. By 1996, over 40,000 Irish service personnel had served in international UN peacekeeping missions.<ref>{{cite book|last=United States. National Archives and Records Administration, United States. Office of the Federal Register|title=Weekly compilation of Presidential documents, Volume 32, Issue 2|year=1996|publisher=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration|page=1050|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-BKAQAAIAAJ&q=irish+defense+forces+un+40,+000|access-date=29 August 2012|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705090624/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-BKAQAAIAAJ&q=irish+defense+forces+un+40%2C+000|url-status=live}}</ref> The Irish Air Corps is the air component of the Defence Forces and operates sixteen fixed wing aircraft and eight helicopters. The Irish Naval Service is Ireland's navy, and operates six [[patrol ship]]s, and smaller numbers of inflatable boats and training vessels, and has armed boarding parties capable of seizing a ship and a special unit of [[frogman|frogmen]]. The military includes the Reserve Defence Forces ([[Army Reserve (Ireland)|Army Reserve]] and [[Naval Service Reserve]]) for part-time reservists. Ireland's special forces include the [[Army Ranger Wing]], which trains and operates with international special operations units. The President is the formal Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces, but in practice these Forces answer to the Government via the [[Minister for Defence (Ireland)|Minister for Defence]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/security_and_emergency_services/defence_forces.html | website = citizensinformation.ie | publisher = Citizens Information Board | title = Defence Forces | access-date = 28 July 2020 | archive-date = 29 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200729013557/https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/security_and_emergency_services/defence_forces.html | url-status = live }}</ref> In 2017, Ireland signed the United Nations [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of the Republic of Ireland}} Ireland is an open economy and ranks first for "high-value" [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) flows.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-named-best-country-for-high-value-fdi-for-sixth-year-in-a-row-1.3204594|title=Ireland named best country for high-value FDI for sixth year in a row|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=31 August 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134403/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-named-best-country-for-high-value-fdi-for-sixth-year-in-a-row-1.3204594|url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland ranks 5th of 187 (IMF) and 6th of 175 ([[World Bank]]) in [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP per capita]] as well as ranking in the top ten for [[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita|GNI per capita]]. An alternative metric, known as [[Modified gross national income|modified Gross National Income (GNI)]], was created by the [[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|Central Statistics Office]] and is used by the Irish government to give a view of activity in the domestic economy after stripping out large multinational export movements which can often relate to intangible assets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/csolatestnews/pressreleases/2017pressreleases/pressstatementmacroeconomicreleasesyear2016andquarter12017/|title=Press Statement Macroeconomic Releases Year 2016 and Quarter 1 2017 – CSO – Central Statistics Office|website=cso.ie|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821160454/https://www.cso.ie/en/csolatestnews/pressreleases/2017pressreleases/pressstatementmacroeconomicreleasesyear2016andquarter12017/|url-status=live}}</ref> This is particularly relevant in Ireland's economy, as GDP disproportionately includes income from non-Irish owned companies, which often flows out of Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-nie/nie2017/mgni/|title=Modified Gross National Income – CSO – Central Statistics Office|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821160504/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-nie/nie2017/mgni/|url-status=live}}</ref> Foreign multinationals are the main driver of Ireland's economy, employing a quarter of the private sector workforce,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/investment/IRELAND-trade-investment-statistical-country-note.pdf|title=IRELAND Trade and Statistical Note 2017|publisher=OECD|year=2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201752/http://www.oecd.org/investment/IRELAND-trade-investment-statistical-country-note.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and paying 80% of Irish corporate taxes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2017/0621/884543-corporation/|title=20 multinationals paid half of all Corporation tax paid in 2016|publisher=RTÉ News|date=21 June 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621192623/https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2017/0621/884543-corporation/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fora.ie/multinational-tax-ireland-2767900-May2016/|title=Most of Ireland's huge corporate tax haul last year came from foreign firms|publisher=sunday Business Post FORA|date=14 May 2016|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517014005/https://fora.ie/multinational-tax-ireland-2767900-May2016/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.revenue.ie/en/corporate/documents/research/corporation-tax-returns-2016.pdf|title=An Analysis of 2015 Corporation Tax Returns and 2016 Payments|publisher=Revenue Commissioners|date=April 2017|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=28 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128143457/https://revenue.ie/en/corporate/documents/research/corporation-tax-returns-2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 14 of Ireland's top 20 firms (by 2017 turnover) are US-based multinationals<ref name="itimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.top1000.ie/companies|title=Ireland's Top 1000 Companies|newspaper=The Irish Times|year=2018|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917165911/https://www.top1000.ie/companies|url-status=live}}</ref> and 80% of foreign multinationals in Ireland are from the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idaireland.com/docs/publications/ida_strategy_final|title=Winning FDI 2015–2019 Strategy|publisher=IDA Ireland|date=March 2015|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915015432/https://www.idaireland.com/docs/publications/ida_strategy_final|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idaireland.com/newsroom/publications/ireland-s-economic-and-competitiveness-update-q1|title=IDA Ireland Competitiveness|publisher=IDA Ireland|date=March 2018|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405153100/https://www.idaireland.com/newsroom/publications/ireland-s-economic-and-competitiveness-update-q1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="itimes"/> [[File:BlueEurozone.svg|thumb|Ireland is part of the EU (dark blue & light blue) and [[Eurozone]] (dark blue).]]  Ireland adopted the euro currency in 2002 along with eleven other [[Member states of the European Union|EU member states]].<ref name="CIA"/> As of January 2023 there are 20 EU member states using the euro currency with Croatia the most recent member to join on 1 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Croatia set to join the euro area on 1 January 2023: Council adopts final required legal acts |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/07/12/croatia-set-to-join-the-euro-area-on-1-january-2023-council-adopts-final-required-legal-acts/ |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=consilium.europa.eu|archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725212627/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/07/12/croatia-set-to-join-the-euro-area-on-1-january-2023-council-adopts-final-required-legal-acts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the [[Great Recession]] and the bursting of the [[Irish property bubble]], the country officially exited recession in 2010, driven by a growth in exports from US multinationals in Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fottrell |first=Quentin |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703426004575338433422665358?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748703426004575338433422665358.html |work=The Wall Street Journal |title=Ireland Officially Exits Recession |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405045115/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703426004575338433422665358?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748703426004575338433422665358.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, due to a rise in the cost of public borrowing due to government guarantees of private banking debt, the Irish government accepted an €85&nbsp;billion programme of assistance from the EU, [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom, Sweden and Denmark.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland-to-receive-85-billion-bailout-at-5-8-interest-rate-1.868001 |title=Ireland to receive €85&nbsp;billion bailout at 5.8% interest rate |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=28 November 2010 |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518062057/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland-to-receive-85-billion-bailout-at-5-8-interest-rate-1.868001 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following three years of contraction, the economy grew by 0.7% in 2011 and 0.9% in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/business/2013/0321/377718-gdp-growth-cso/ |title=Irish economy grew by 0.9% in 2012 – CSO |publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann |date=21 March 2013 |access-date=30 May 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203042221/http://www.rte.ie/news/business/2013/0321/377718-gdp-growth-cso/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The unemployment rate was 14.7% in 2012, including 18.5% among recent immigrants.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/irish-anti-immigrant-attitudes-growing-report-shows-1.1442460 |title=Irish anti-immigrant attitudes growing, report shows |first=Judith |last=Crosbie |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=26 June 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212112759/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/irish-anti-immigrant-attitudes-growing-report-shows-1.1442460 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2016 the [[unemployment rate]] was reported by the [[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|CSO]] to be 8.6%, down from a peak unemployment rate of 15.1% in February 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/er/mue/monthlyunemploymentmarch2016//#.UOIU2GeKBLM,|title=Monthly Unemployment March 2016 – CSO – Central Statistics Office|website=cso.ie|date=5 April 2016 |access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731064048/http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/er/mue/monthlyunemploymentmarch2016//#.UOIU2GeKBLM,|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to unemployment, net emigration from Ireland between 2008 and 2013 totalled 120,100,<ref name="Financial Times">{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d27e950a-10bf-11e3-b291-00144feabdc0.html |title=One Irish person emigrates every six minutes |newspaper=Financial Times|location=London |date=29 August 2010 |access-date=2 May 2015 |archive-date=14 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414141357/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d27e950a-10bf-11e3-b291-00144feabdc0.html |url-status=live }}</ref> or some 2.6% of the total population according to the [[Census of Ireland 2011]]. One-third of the emigrants were aged between 15 and 24.<ref name="Financial Times"/> As of November 2022, unemployment had fallen back to 4.4%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monthly Unemployment November 2022 – CSO – Central Statistics Office |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-mue/monthlyunemploymentnovember2022/ |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=CSO |date=30 November 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208155846/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-mue/monthlyunemploymentnovember2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2023}} Ireland exited its EU-IMF bailout programme on 15 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/dec/13/ireland-first-country-exit-eurozone-bailout|title=Ireland becomes first country to exit eurozone bailout programme|first=Henry|last=McDonald|date=13 December 2013|access-date=30 July 2017|work=The Guardian|location=London|archive-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720150945/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/dec/13/ireland-first-country-exit-eurozone-bailout|url-status=live}}</ref> Having implemented budget cuts, reforms and sold assets, Ireland was again able to access debt markets. Since then, Ireland has been able to sell long term bonds at record rates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbonds.com/news/item/696585|title=Republic of Ireland raises €3.75&nbsp;billion from sale of new 10-year benchmark bond|website=cbonds.com|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525195931/http://cbonds.com/news/item/696585|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the stabilisation of the Irish credit bubble required a large transfer of debt from the private sector balance sheet (highest OECD leverage), to the public sector balance sheet (almost unleveraged, pre-crisis), via Irish bank bailouts and public deficit spending.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/51a2e9bf-f654-333c-8ae8-b5155eea9ea0|title=Irish government debt four times pre-crisis level, NTMA says|newspaper=Financial Times|location=London|date=10 July 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011023003/https://www.ft.com/content/51a2e9bf-f654-333c-8ae8-b5155eea9ea0|url-status=live|last1=Boland|first1=Vincent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/42-of-europes-banking-crisis-paid-by-ireland-219703.html|title=42% of Europe's banking crisis paid by Ireland|date=16 January 2013|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118025227/https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/42-of-europes-banking-crisis-paid-by-ireland-219703.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The transfer of this debt means that Ireland, in 2017, still has one of the highest levels of both public sector indebtedness, and private sector indebtedness, in the EU-28/OECD.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/who-owes-more-money-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.2236034|title=Who owes more money – the Irish or the Greeks?|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=4 June 2015|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731231102/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/who-owes-more-money-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.2236034|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/why-do-the-irish-still-owe-more-than-the-greeks-1.3001026|title=Why do the Irish still owe more than the Greeks?|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=7 March 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707161122/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/why-do-the-irish-still-owe-more-than-the-greeks-1.3001026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/business/personal-finance/latest-news/irelands-colossal-level-of-indebtedness-leaves-any-new-government-with-precious-little-room-for-manoeuvre-34633087.html|title=Ireland's colossal level of indebtedness leaves any new government with precious little room for manoeuvre|newspaper=Irish Independent|date=16 April 2016|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116085125/https://www.independent.ie/business/personal-finance/latest-news/irelands-colossal-level-of-indebtedness-leaves-any-new-government-with-precious-little-room-for-manoeuvre-34633087.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiscalcouncil.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Fiscal-Assessment-Report-June-2017-Presentation.pdf|title=Irish public debt levels 4th highest in EU28 June 2017 FAR Slide 7|publisher=Irish Fiscal Advisory Council|date=June 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023214019/http://www.fiscalcouncil.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Fiscal-Assessment-Report-June-2017-Presentation.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/irish-household-debt-falls-but-still-among-highest-in-europe-1.3216828?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Firish-household-debt-falls-but-still-among-highest-in-europe-1.3216828|title=Irish household debt still amongst the highest in Europe|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=11 September 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116024148/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/irish-household-debt-falls-but-still-among-highest-in-europe-1.3216828?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Firish-household-debt-falls-but-still-among-highest-in-europe-1.3216828|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/national-debt-now-44000-per-head-35904197.html|title=Net National debt now €44000 per head, 2nd highest in the World|newspaper=Irish Independent|date=7 July 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=14 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114065147/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/national-debt-now-44000-per-head-35904197.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland became one of the main destinations for US pharmaceutical [[Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland#Corporate tax inversions|corporate tax inversions]] from 2009 to 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/tax-inversion-tracker/|title=Tracking Tax Runaways|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=1 March 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617014206/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/tax-inversion-tracker/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/pfizer-pulls-out-of-140bn-irish-allergan-merger-34603518.html|title=Pfizer pulls out of €140bn Irish Allergan merger|newspaper=Irish Independent|date=6 April 2016|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708104847/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/pfizer-pulls-out-of-140bn-irish-allergan-merger-34603518.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The country has also became the largest foreign location for large US technology multinationals (i.e. Apple, Google, Microsoft, Facebook), which delivered a GDP growth rate of 26.3% (and GNP growth rate of 18.7%) in 2015. This growth was subsequently shown to be due to Apple restructuring its "[[double Irish]]" subsidiary (Apple Sales International, currently under threat of a [[EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland|€13bn EU "illegal state aid" fine]] for preferential tax treatment). ===Taxation policy=== The transformation of Ireland's tax policy started with the creation of a 10% low-tax "[[special economic zone]]", called the [[International Financial Services Centre, Dublin|International Financial Services Centre]] (or "IFSC"), in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finance-magazine.com/display_article.php?i=2300&pi=142|title=Dermot Desmond on the IFSC past and future|publisher=Finance Dublin|year=2003|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323030751/http://www.finance-magazine.com/display_article.php?i=2300&pi=142|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, the entire country was effectively "turned into an IFSC" with the reduction of Irish corporation tax from 32% to 12.5%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.budget.gov.ie/Budgets/2015/Documents/EY_Historical_Dev_International_Context_Irish_%20Corporation_Tax.pdf |title=History of the Irish Corporate Tax System |publisher=Ernst and Young |year=2014 |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010024636/http://budget.gov.ie/Budgets/2015/Documents/EY_Historical_Dev_International_Context_Irish_%20Corporation_Tax.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/committees/finance/Report---Global-Corporate-Taxation-Final.pdf |title=Report on Ireland's Relationship with Global Corporate Taxation Architecture |publisher=Department of Finance |year=2014 |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=9 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509004309/https://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/committees/finance/Report---Global-Corporate-Taxation-Final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This accelerated the later stages of Ireland's transition from a predominantly agricultural economy into a [[knowledge economy|knowledge]] and [[service economy]] initially focused on property and construction and later focused on attracting mainly US multinationals from high-tech, life sciences, and financial services industries seeking to avail of Ireland's low corporation tax rates and favourable [[Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland|corporate tax system]]. The multinational tax schemes foreign firms use in Ireland materially distort Irish economic statistics. This reached a climax with the "[[leprechaun economics]]" GDP/GNP growth rates of 2015 (as Apple restructured its Irish subsidiaries in 2015). The [[Central Bank of Ireland]] introduced a new statistic, Modified gross national income, to remove these distortions. GNI* is 30% below GDP (or, GDP is 143% of GNI).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/cso-paints-a-very-different-picture-of-irish-economy-with-new-measure-1.3155462|title=CSO paints a very different picture of Irish economy with new measure|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=15 July 2017|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=21 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121164330/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/cso-paints-a-very-different-picture-of-irish-economy-with-new-measure-1.3155462|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/new-economic-leprechaun-on-loose-as-rate-of-growth-plunges-35932663.html|title=New economic Leprechaun on loose as rate of growth plunges|work=Irish Independent|date=15 July 2017|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025081035/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/new-economic-leprechaun-on-loose-as-rate-of-growth-plunges-35932663.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/newsevents/documents/reportoftheeconomicstatisticsreviewgroup/ESRG_Presentation_-_Press_Briefing.pdf|title=ESRG Presentation and CSO Response|publisher=Central Statistics Office|date=4 February 2017|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=5 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205233009/http://cso.ie/en/media/csoie/newsevents/documents/reportoftheeconomicstatisticsreviewgroup/ESRG_Presentation_-_Press_Briefing.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/analysis-and-comment/2017/0204/850115-leprechaun-economics/|title=Leprechaun-proofing economic data|publisher=RTÉ News|date=4 February 2017|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204124457/https://www.rte.ie/news/analysis-and-comment/2017/0204/850115-leprechaun-economics/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/en/csolatestnews/eventsconferencesseminars/resrg/|title=Report on the ESRG Review Group on GNI*|publisher=Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|date=February 2017|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330191755/http://www.cso.ie/en/csolatestnews/eventsconferencesseminars/resrg/|url-status=live}}</ref> From the creation of the [[International Financial Services Centre, Dublin|IFSC]], the country experienced strong and sustained economic growth which fuelled a dramatic rise in Irish consumer borrowing and spending, and Irish construction and investment, which became known as the [[Celtic Tiger]] period.<ref name="aw"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esri.ie/irish_economy |title=ESRI – Irish Economy |publisher=Esri.ie |access-date=30 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624030442/http://www.esri.ie/irish_economy/ |archive-date=24 June 2011 }}</ref> By 2007, Ireland had the highest private sector debt in the OECD with a household debt-to-disposable income ratio of 190%. Global capital markets, who had financed Ireland's build-up of debt in the [[Celtic Tiger]] period by enabling Irish banks to borrow in excess of the domestic deposit base (to over 180% at peak<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/business/banks-continue-to-grow-deposits-as-loan-books-shrink-215666.html|title=Irish Banks continue to grow deposits as loan books shrink|work=Irish Examiner|date=December 2012|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082058/https://www.irishexaminer.com/business/banks-continue-to-grow-deposits-as-loan-books-shrink-215666.html|url-status=live}}</ref>), withdrew support in the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008]]. Their withdrawal from the over-borrowed Irish credit system would precipitate a deep Irish property correction which then led to the [[Post-2008 Irish banking crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2016/cr16258.pdf|title=Ireland Financial System Stability Assessment 2016 |publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=July 2016|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329130553/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2016/cr16258.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aw">{{cite web|url=https://www.socialeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/p_imk_wp_175_2017.pdf|title=Crisis Recovery in a Country with a High Presence of Foreign Owned Companies|publisher=IMK Institute, Berlin|date=January 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219202558/https://www.socialeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/p_imk_wp_175_2017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland's successful "low-tax" economy opens it to accusations of being a "corporate [[tax haven]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/oxfam-tax-haven-3133714-Dec2016/|title=Ireland named world's 6th worst corporate tax haven|publisher=journal.ie|date=12 December 2016|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326202524/http://www.thejournal.ie/oxfam-tax-haven-3133714-Dec2016/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = The United States' new view of Ireland: 'tax haven'|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/the-united-states-new-view-of-ireland-tax-haven-1.2896469?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fabroad%2Fthe-united-states-new-view-of-ireland-tax-haven-1.2896469|newspaper = The Irish Times|date = January 2017|access-date = 11 April 2018|archive-date = 9 April 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180409234949/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/the-united-states-new-view-of-ireland-tax-haven-1.2896469?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fabroad%2Fthe-united-states-new-view-of-ireland-tax-haven-1.2896469|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/europe-points-finger-at-ireland-over-tax-avoidance-1.3417948|title=Europe points finger at Ireland over tax avoidance|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=7 March 2018|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=7 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307095256/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/europe-points-finger-at-ireland-over-tax-avoidance-1.3417948|url-status=live}}</ref> and led to it being "blacklisted" by Brazil.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ireland-brazil-funds/blacklisted-by-brazil-dublin-funds-find-new-ways-to-invest-idUSL8N1MK2NX|title=Blacklisted by Brazil, Dublin funds find new ways to invest|work=Reuters|date=20 March 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121655/https://www.reuters.com/article/ireland-brazil-funds/blacklisted-by-brazil-dublin-funds-find-new-ways-to-invest-idUSL8N1MK2NX|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/ireland-no-tax-haven-us-authorities-told-35565554.html|title=Oregon Department of Revenue made a recommendation that Ireland be included as a 'listed jurisdiction' or tax haven|work=Irish Independent|date=26 March 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121653/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/ireland-no-tax-haven-us-authorities-told-35565554.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2017 study ranks Ireland as the 5th largest global [[Conduit and Sink OFCs|Conduit OFC]], which legally route funds to [[tax havens]]. A serious challenge is the passing of the US [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017]] (whose FDII and GILTI regimes target Ireland's multinational tax schemes).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/trump-s-us-tax-reform-a-significant-challenge-for-ireland-1.3310866|title=Trump's US tax reform a significant challenge for Ireland|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=30 November 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213509/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/trump-s-us-tax-reform-a-significant-challenge-for-ireland-1.3310866|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = US corporations could be saying goodbye to Ireland|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/us-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fus-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050|newspaper = The Irish Times|date = 17 January 2018|access-date = 4 July 2021|archive-date = 9 April 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180409233616/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/us-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fus-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/donald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdonald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149|title=Donald Trump singles out Ireland in tax speech|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=29 November 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403112427/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/donald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdonald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://hbr.org/ideacast/2017/12/breaking-down-the-new-u-s-corporate-tax-law|title=Breaking Down the New U.S. Corporate Tax Law|magazine=Harvard Business Review|date=26 December 2017|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722112253/https://hbr.org/ideacast/2017/12/breaking-down-the-new-u-s-corporate-tax-law|url-status=live}}</ref> The EU's 2018 Digital Sales Tax (DST)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20180309IPR99422/meps-approve-new-eu-corporate-tax-plan-which-embraces-digital-presence|title=MEPs approve new EU corporate tax plan which embraces 'digital presence'|publisher=European Parliament|date=15 March 2018|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316171804/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20180309IPR99422/meps-approve-new-eu-corporate-tax-plan-which-embraces-digital-presence|url-status=live}}</ref> (and desire for a [[Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base|CCCTB]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/eu-digital-tax-ireland-2-2-3918628-Mar2018/|title=What the EU's new taxes on the tech giants mean – and how they would hurt Ireland|work=TheJournal.ie|date=24 March 2018|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=29 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329085428/http://www.thejournal.ie/eu-digital-tax-ireland-2-2-3918628-Mar2018/|url-status=live}}</ref>) is also seen as an attempt to restrict Irish "[[Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland#Multinational tax schemes|multinational tax schemes]]" by US technology firms.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.ie/business/brexit/shakeup-of-eu-tax-rules-a-more-serious-threat-to-ireland-than-brexit-36130545.html |title=Shake-up of EU tax rules a 'more serious threat' to Ireland than Brexit |work=Irish Independent |date=14 September 2017 |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116015310/https://www.independent.ie/business/brexit/shakeup-of-eu-tax-rules-a-more-serious-threat-to-ireland-than-brexit-36130545.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/why-ireland-faces-a-fight-on-the-corporate-tax-front-1.3426080|title=Why Ireland faces a fight on the corporate tax front|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=14 March 2018|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330093554/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/why-ireland-faces-a-fight-on-the-corporate-tax-front-1.3426080|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/eu-digital-levy-could-hit-tech-fdi-and-tax-revenue-here-36725944.html|title=EU digital levy could hit tech FDI and tax revenue here|work=Irish Independent|date=21 March 2018|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626090803/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/eu-digital-levy-could-hit-tech-fdi-and-tax-revenue-here-36725944.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Trade=== [[File:La Touche House, Dublin ( DSC6350).jpg|thumb|The [[International Financial Services Centre, Dublin|International Financial Services Centre]] in Dublin]] Although [[multinational corporation]]s dominate Ireland's export sector, exports from other sources also contribute significantly to the national income. The activities of multinational companies based in Ireland have made it one of the largest exporters of pharmaceutical agents, medical devices and software-related goods and services in the world. Ireland's exports also relate to the activities of large Irish companies (such as [[Ryanair]], [[Kerry Group]] and [[Smurfit Kappa]]) and exports of mineral resources including zinc and lead concentrates. The country also has significant deposits of [[gypsum]] and smaller quantities of copper, silver, gold, [[barite]], and [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]].<ref name="CIA"/> [[Tourism in Ireland]] contributes about 4% of GDP and is a significant source of employment. Other goods exports include agri-food, cattle, beef, dairy products, and aluminum. Ireland's major imports include data processing equipment, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, and clothing. [[Financial services]] provided by multinational corporations based at the [[Irish Financial Services Centre]] also contribute to Irish exports. The difference between exports (€89.4&nbsp;billion) and imports (€45.5&nbsp;billion) resulted an annual trade surplus of €43.9&nbsp;billion in 2010,<ref name="CSO">{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/statistics/botmaintrpartners.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013201019/http://cso.ie/statistics/botmaintrpartners.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2011 |title=CSO – Main Trading Partners 2010 |publisher=Cso.ie }}</ref> which is the highest trade surplus relative to GDP achieved by any EU member state. The EU is by far the country's largest trading partner, accounting for 57.9% of exports and 60.7% of imports. Prior to [[Brexit]], the United Kingdom was the most important trading partner within the EU, accounting for 15.4% of exports and 32.1% of imports. Outside the EU, the United States accounted for 23.2% of exports and 14.1% of imports in 2010.<ref name="CSO"/> ===Energy=== {{Main|Energy in Ireland}} [[File:IMG WindfarmKilmuck1920.jpg|thumb|A wind farm in [[County Wexford]]]] [[ESB Electric Ireland|ESB]], [[Bord Gáis Energy]] and [[Airtricity]] are the three main electricity and gas suppliers in Ireland. There are 19.82&nbsp;billion cubic metres of proven reserves of gas.<ref name="CIA"/><ref>Bord Gáis (2006). [http://www.bgeuk.ie/corporate/index.jsp?1nID=93&2nID=97&3nID=354&nID=364 Natural Gas In Ireland.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227055815/http://www.bgeuk.ie/corporate/index.jsp?1nID=93&2nID=97&3nID=354&nID=364 |date=27 February 2012}} Gas and the Environment. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</ref> Natural gas extraction previously occurred at the [[Kinsale Head gas field|Kinsale Head]] until its exhaustion. The [[Corrib gas field]] was due to come on stream in 2013/14. In 2012, the [[Barryroe]] field was confirmed to have up to 1.6&nbsp;billion barrels of oil in reserve, with between 160 and 600&nbsp;million recoverable.<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/finance/2012/0726/1224320827565.html Providence hits high as potential oil yield revised]. ''The Irish Times '' (26 July 2012). Retrieved 16 July 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221061641/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/finance/2012/0726/1224320827565.html |date=21 December 2012}}</ref> That could provide for Ireland's entire energy needs for up to 13 years, when it is developed in 2015/16. There have been significant efforts to increase the use of renewable and sustainable forms of energy in Ireland, particularly in [[Wind power in the Republic of Ireland|wind power]], with 3,000 MegaWatts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/solar-energy-ireland-2-2709329-Apr2016/|title=Ireland's state power supplier is planning a major leap into solar energy |website=TheJournal.ie|date=11 April 2016 |access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731024852/http://www.thejournal.ie/solar-energy-ireland-2-2709329-Apr2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> of [[wind farm]]s being constructed, some for the purpose of export.<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0717/329463-wind-farm-firm-to-create-2-000-jobs-by-2018/ Wind farm firm to create 2,000 jobs by 2018 – RTÉ News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022054906/http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0717/329463-wind-farm-firm-to-create-2-000-jobs-by-2018/ |date=22 October 2014 }}. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Retrieved 16 July 2013.</ref> The [[Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland]] (SEAI) has estimated that 6.5% of Ireland's 2011 energy requirements were produced by renewable sources.<ref>{{citation|title=Renewable Energy in Ireland 2011|work=Energy Policy Statistical Support Unit, 2012 Report|page=3|publisher=Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland|date=June 2012|url= http://www.seai.ie/Publications/Statistics_Publications/Renewable_Energy_in_Ireland_2011.pdf|access-date=5 August 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131115181705/http://www.seai.ie/Publications/Statistics_Publications/Renewable_Energy_in_Ireland_2011.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The SEAI has also reported an increase in energy efficiency in Ireland with a 28% reduction in carbon emissions per house from 2005 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ireland on course to meet Kyoto emissions targets|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/energy-and-resources/Ireland-on-course-to-meet-Kyoto-emissions-target-1.1631207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219214200/http://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/energy-and-resources/ireland-on-course-to-meet-kyoto-emissions-targets-1.1631207|url-status=dead|author=Mark Paul|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=18 December 2013|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> As of 2021, Ireland was the 24th largest wind energy producer in the world and the 3rd ranked in 2020 on a per capita basis.<ref>{{cite web |title=RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |website=irena.org |access-date=31 December 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411111224/https://irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in Ireland|Rail transport in Ireland|Roads in Ireland}} The country's three main [[international airport]]s at [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]], [[Shannon Airport|Shannon]] and [[Cork Airport|Cork]] serve many European and intercontinental routes with scheduled and [[Air charter|chartered]] flights. The London to Dublin air route is the ninth busiest international air route in the world, and also the busiest international air route in Europe, with 14,500 flights between the two in 2017.<ref name="second-busiest"/><ref>{{cite news |archive-date=10 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110130714/https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/dublin-london-named-europes-busiest-11827578 |url-status=live |date=10 January 2018 |title=Dublin to London named Europe's busiest air route in new OAG report |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/dublin-london-named-europes-busiest-11827578 |access-date=30 January 2018 |first=Anita |last=McSorley |work=[[Irish Mirror]]}}</ref> In 2015, 4.5&nbsp;million people took the route, at that time, the world's second-busiest.<ref name="second-busiest">{{cite news|last1=O'Halloran|first1=Barry|title=Dublin-London second-busiest route in world|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/transport-and-tourism/dublin-london-second-busiest-route-in-world-1.2508617|access-date=18 January 2018|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=25 January 2016|archive-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604175949/http://www.irishtimes.com/business/transport-and-tourism/dublin-london-second-busiest-route-in-world-1.2508617|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Aer Lingus]] is the flag carrier of Ireland, although [[Ryanair]] is the country's largest airline. Ryanair is Europe's largest low-cost carrier,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/04/16/business-eu-iceland-volcano-ryanair_7521491.html?boxes=Homepagebusinessnews |title=Ash makes Ryanair cancel flights until Monday |archive-date=19 April 2010 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] |work=[[Forbes]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419141444/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/04/16/business-eu-iceland-volcano-ryanair_7521491.html?boxes=Homepagebusinessnews |date=16 April 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 January 2018}}</ref> the second largest in terms of passenger numbers, and the world's largest in terms of international passenger numbers.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[International Air Transport Association]] |year=2008 |title=WATS Scheduled Passengers Carried 53rd Edition |url=http://www.iata.org/ps/publications/wats-passenger-carried.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323213100/http://www.iata.org/ps/publications/wats-passenger-carried.htm |archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref> [[File:Trains, Heuston Railway Station - geograph.org.uk - 4947840.jpg|thumb|[[Iarnród Éireann]] trains at [[Dublin Heuston railway station|Heuston station]]]] Railway services are provided by [[Iarnród Éireann]] (Irish Rail), which operates all internal [[InterCity (Irish Rail)|intercity]], [[commuter]] and [[freight]] railway services in the country. Dublin is the centre of the network with two main stations, [[Dublin Heuston railway station|Heuston station]] and [[Dublin Connolly railway station|Connolly station]], linking to the country's cities and main towns. The [[Enterprise (train)|Enterprise]] service, which runs jointly with [[Northern Ireland Railways]], connects Dublin and [[Belfast]]. The whole of Ireland's mainline network operates on track with a [[Track gauge in Ireland|gauge of {{convert|5|ft|3|in|mm|abbr=on}}]], which is unique in Europe and has resulted in distinct rolling stock designs. Dublin's public transport network includes the [[Dublin Area Rapid Transit|DART]], [[Luas]], [[Dublin Bus]], and [[dublinbikes]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eu2013.ie/ireland-and-the-presidency/about-ireland/welcometoireland/travellingarounddublinandireland/ | work = Ireland and the EU Presidency | publisher = eu2013.ie | title = Travelling around Dublin and Ireland | access-date = 28 July 2020 | archive-date = 28 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200728205851/http://eu2013.ie/ireland-and-the-presidency/about-ireland/welcometoireland/travellingarounddublinandireland/ | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Motorways in the Republic of Ireland|Motorways]], [[national primary road]]s and [[national secondary road]]s are managed by [[Transport Infrastructure Ireland]], while [[regional road (Ireland)|regional roads]] and [[Local roads in Ireland|local roads]] are managed by the local authorities in each of their respective areas. The road network is primarily focused on the capital, but motorways connect it to other major Irish cities including Cork, Limerick, Waterford and Galway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transport21.ie/What_Is_Transport_21/Transport_21/What_is_Transport_21.html |title=Transport 21 Website – What is Transport 21? |publisher=Transport21.ie |access-date=30 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628025059/http://www.transport21.ie/What_Is_Transport_21/Transport_21/What_is_Transport_21.html |archive-date=28 June 2011}}</ref> Dublin is served by major infrastructure such as the [[East-Link (Dublin)|East-Link]] and [[West-Link]] toll-bridges, as well as the [[Dublin Port Tunnel]]. The [[Jack Lynch Tunnel]], under the [[River Lee (Ireland)|River Lee]] in Cork, and the [[Limerick Tunnel]], under the [[River Shannon]], were two major projects outside Dublin.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://constructionnews.ie/80-iconic-construction-projects-celebrate-cifs-eight-decades/ | magazine = Construction Magazine | via = constructionnews.ie | title = 80 Iconic Irish Construction Projects | year = 2015 | access-date = 3 December 2019 | archive-date = 3 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200803142823/https://constructionnews.ie/80-iconic-construction-projects-celebrate-cifs-eight-decades/ | url-status = live }}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of the Republic of Ireland}} {{See also|Historical population of Ireland}} [[File:Population of Ireland 1951-2011.png|thumb|Population of Ireland since 1951]] Genetic research suggests that the earliest settlers migrated from [[Iberia]] following the most recent [[Quaternary glaciation|ice age]].<ref>[http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/mythsofbritishancestry/ "Myths of British ancestry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030165740/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/mythsofbritishancestry |date=30 October 2019 }} ''Prospect'' magazine</ref> After the [[Mesolithic]], [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]], migrants introduced a [[Celt]]ic language and culture. Migrants from the two latter eras still represent the genetic heritage of most [[Irish people]].<ref>''Origins of the British'', Stephen Oppenheimer, 2006</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 1182057 | pmid=15309688 | doi=10.1086/424697 | volume=75 | issue=4 | title=The Longue Durée of genetic ancestry: multiple genetic marker systems and Celtic origins on the Atlantic facade of Europe | date=October 2004 | journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. | pages=693–702 | last1 = McEvoy | first1 = B | last2 = Richards | first2 = M | last3 = Forster | first3 = P | last4 = Bradley | first4 = DG}}</ref> [[Gaels|Gaelic]] tradition expanded and became the dominant form over time. Irish people are a combination of Gaelic, [[North Germanic peoples|Norse]], [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]], French, and British ancestry. The population of Ireland stood at 5,149,139 in 2022, an increase of 8% since 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=Census of Population 2022 – Summary Results |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpsr/censusofpopulation2022-summaryresults/ |publisher=Central Statistics Office Ireland}}</ref> {{As of|2011}}, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per 1,000 of population).<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20797166 Ireland continues to have highest birth rate in the European Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213064356/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20797166 |date=13 February 2019 }}. BBC News. (20 December 2012). Retrieved 16 July 2013.</ref> In 2014, 36.3% of births were to unmarried women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-vsys/vitalstatisticsyearlysummary2014/|title=Vital Statistics Yearly Summary 2014 – CSO – Central Statistics Office|website=cso.ie|date=29 May 2015 |access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711172822/http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-vsys/vitalstatisticsyearlysummary2014/|url-status=live}}</ref> Annual population growth rates exceeded 2% during the 2002–2006 intercensal period, which was attributed to high rates of [[natural increase]] and immigration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/mheykfauqlmh/ |title=Ireland's population still fastest-growing in EU |publisher=Thomas Crosbie Media |date=18 December 2007 |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211090803/http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/mheykfauqlmh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006–2011 intercensal period, with an average annual percentage change of 1.6%. The [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) in 2017 was estimated at 1.80 children born per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.2 children born per woman in 1850.<ref>{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?tab=chart&year=1849&country=IRL|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|first=Max|last=Roser|year=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=7 May 2019|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717171707/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?tab=chart&year=1849&country=IRL|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018 the [[median age]] of the Irish population was 37.1 years.<ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ireland/|title=World Factbook EUROPE : IRELAND|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=12 July 2018|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118202615/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ireland/|url-status=live}} }}</ref> At the time of the 2022 census, the number of non-Irish nationals was recorded at 631,785. This represents an 8% increase from the [[2016 census of Ireland|2016 census]] figure of 535,475.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=Census of Population 2022 – Summary Results |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpsr/censusofpopulation2022-summaryresults/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |publisher=Central Statistics Office}}</ref> The five largest sources of non-Irish nationals were Poland (93,680), the UK (83,347), India (45,449), Romania (43,323), Lithuania (31,177), and Latvia (27,338) respectively. The non-Irish nationalities which saw the largest increase from 2016 were India (+33,984), Romania (+14,137), Brazil (+13,698), Ukraine (+10,006). The non-Irish nationalities which saw the largest decrease from 2016 were Poland (−28,835), UK (−19,766), Lithuania (−5,375), Latvia (−1,633), and Slovakia (−1,117).<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=Population Usually Resident and Present in the State |url=https://data.cso.ie/table/FY017 |access-date=2 July 2023 |publisher=Central Statistics Office}}</ref> {{See also|List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland}} {| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center; width:97%; margin-right:10px; font-size:90%" |+Largest [[List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland]] by population (2022 census)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.cso.ie/table/F1013 |title=Population Density and Area Size F1013 |publisher=[[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|Central Statistics Office]] |date=29 June 2023|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> |- !rowspan=30| [[File:Dublin city Luftbild (21951181938).jpg|150px]]<br /><small>[[Dublin]]</small><br />[[File:View over Cork from St. Anne's Church, Cork - panoramio (5).jpg|150px]]<br /><small>[[Cork (city)|Cork]]</small><br /> ! style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"| <small>#</small> ! style="text-align:left; background:#f5f5f5;"| Settlement ! style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"| Population ! style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"| <small>#</small> ! style="text-align:left; background:#f5f5f5;"| Settlement ! style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"| Population !rowspan=21| [[File:Limerick - Shannon River.JPG|150px]]<br /><small>[[Limerick]]</small><br />[[File:Galway (6254037166).jpg|150px]]<br /><small>[[Galway]]</small> |- | style="background:#f0f0f0"| 1 ||align=left | '''[[Dublin]]''' || 1,263,219 || 11 ||align=left | '''[[Ennis]]''' || 27,923 |- | style="background:#f0f0f0"| 2 ||align=left | '''[[Cork (city)|Cork]]''' || 222,526 || 12 ||align=left | '''[[Carlow]]''' || 27,351 |- | style="background:#f0f0f0"| 3 ||align=left | '''[[Limerick]]''' || 102,287 || 13 ||align=left | '''[[Kilkenny]]''' || 27,184 |- | style="background:#f0f0f0"| 4 ||align=left | '''[[Galway]]''' || 85,910 || 14 ||align=left | '''[[Naas]]''' || 26,180 |- | style="background:#f0f0f0"| 5 ||align=left | '''[[Waterford]]''' || 60,079 || 15 ||align=left | '''[[Tralee]]''' || 26,079 |- | style="background:#f0f0f0"| 6 ||align=left | '''[[Drogheda]]''' || 44,135 || 16 ||align=left | '''[[Newbridge, County Kildare|Newbridge]]''' || 24,366 |- | style="background:#f0f0f0"| 8 ||align=left | '''[[Dundalk]]''' || 43,112 || 17 ||align=left | '''[[Balbriggan]]''' || 24,322 |- | style="background:#f0f0f0"| 7 ||align=left | '''[[Swords, Dublin|Swords]]''' || 40,776 || 18 ||align=left | '''[[Portlaoise]]''' || 23,494 |- | style="background:#f0f0f0"| 9 ||align=left | '''[[Navan]]''' || 33,886 || 19 ||align=left | '''[[Athlone]]''' || 22,869 |- | style="background:#f0f0f0"| 10 ||align=left | '''[[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]]''' || 33,512 || 20 ||align=left | '''[[Mullingar]]''' || 22,667 |} {{Clear}} ===Languages=== {{Main|Languages of Ireland|Irish language|Hiberno-English|Mid Ulster English}} [[File:Percentage stating they speak Irish daily outside the education system in the 2011 census.png|thumb|Percentage of population speaking Irish daily (outside the education system) in the [[2011 census of Ireland|2011 census]]]] The Irish Constitution describes Irish as the "national language" and the "first official language", but English (the "second official language") is the dominant language. In the [[2016 census of Ireland|2016 census]], about 1.75 million people (40% of the population) said they were able to speak Irish but, of those, under 74,000 spoke it on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite web |title=Irish Language and the Gaeltacht (within Census of Population 2016 – Profile 10 Education, Skills and the Irish Language) |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/ |website=Central Statistics Office |publisher=Government of Ireland |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208225214/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Irish is spoken as a community language only in a small number of rural areas mostly in the west and south of the country, collectively known as the [[Gaeltacht]]. Except in Gaeltacht regions, road signs are usually bilingual.<ref>{{cite ISB |year=1970|type=si|number=164 |name=Road Traffic (Signs) (Amendment) Regulations 1970 |date=16 July 1970 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=3 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503221548/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1970/en/si/0164.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Most public notices and print media are in English only. While the state is officially bilingual, citizens can often struggle to access state services in Irish and most government publications are not available in both languages, even though citizens have the right to deal with the state in Irish. Irish language media include the TV channel [[TG4]], the radio station [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta]] and online newspaper [[Tuairisc.ie]]. In the [[Irish Defence Forces]], all foot and arms drill commands are given in the Irish language. As a result of immigration, [[Polish language|Polish]] is the most widely spoken language in Ireland after English, with Irish as the third most spoken.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0329/315449-divorce-rate-up-150-since-2002-census/|title=Irish is third most used language – Census|date=29 March 2012|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann|access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230185533/https://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0329/315449-divorce-rate-up-150-since-2002-census/|url-status=live}}</ref> Several other Central European languages (namely Czech, Hungarian and Slovak), as well as [[Baltic languages]] (Lithuanian and Latvian) are also spoken on a day-to-day basis. Other languages spoken in Ireland include [[Shelta]], spoken by Irish Travellers, and a dialect of [[Ulster Scots dialects|Scots]] is spoken by some [[Ulster Scots people]] in Donegal.<ref>[http://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/what-is-ulster-scots/language/ An introduction to the Ulster-Scots Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901151749/http://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/what-is-ulster-scots/language/ |date=1 September 2011 }}, Ulster-Scots Agency.</ref> Most secondary school students choose to learn one or two foreign languages. Languages available for the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate include French, German, Italian and Spanish; Leaving Certificate students can also study Arabic, Japanese and Russian. Some secondary schools also offer [[Ancient Greek]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Latin]]. The study of Irish is generally compulsory for Leaving Certificate students, but some may qualify for an exemption in some circumstances, such as learning difficulties or entering the country after age 11.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.education.ie/robots/view.jsp?pcategory=17216&language=EN&ecategory=42741&link=link001&doc=38941 |title=Pupils exempt from the study of the Irish language (per ''Circular M10/94 – Revision of Rule 46 of the "Rules and Programme for Secondary Schools" in relation to exemption from Irish'') |publisher=Department of Education and Skills |access-date=27 October 2010 |archive-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124031052/http://www.education.ie/robots/view.jsp?pcategory=17216&language=EN&ecategory=42741&link=link001&doc=38941 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Healthcare=== {{Main|Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland}} [[File:R.C.S.I Disease Research Centre.jpg|thumb|[[RCSI]] Disease and Research Centre at [[Beaumont Hospital, Dublin|Beaumont Hospital]] in [[Dublin]]]] Healthcare in Ireland is provided by both public and private healthcare providers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/moving_country/moving_to_ireland/introduction_to_the_irish_system/health_care_in_ireland.html|title=Health care|publisher=Irish Citizens Information Board|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102004014/http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/moving_country/moving_to_ireland/introduction_to_the_irish_system/health_care_in_ireland.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Minister for Health (Ireland)|Minister for Health]] has responsibility for setting overall health service policy. Every resident of Ireland is entitled to receive health care through the public health care system, which is managed by the [[Health Service Executive]] and funded by general taxation. A person may be required to pay a subsidised fee for certain health care received; this depends on income, age, illness or disability. All maternity services are provided free of charge and children up to the age of 6 months. Emergency care is provided to patients who present to a hospital emergency department. However, visitors to emergency departments in non-emergency situations who are not referred by their [[general practitioner|GP]] may incur a fee of €100. In some circumstances this fee is not payable or may be waived.<ref>{{citation|title=Charges for hospital services |publisher=Citizens Information board |date=26 July 2011}}</ref> Anyone holding a [[European Health Insurance Card]] is entitled to free maintenance and treatment in public beds in Health Service Executive and voluntary hospitals. Outpatient services are also provided for free. However, the majority of patients on median incomes or above are required to pay subsidised hospital charges. Private health insurance is available to the population for those who want to avail of it. The average [[life expectancy]] in Ireland in 2021 was 82.4 years ([[List of countries by life expectancy#OECD_(2022)|OECD list]]), with 80.5 years for men and 84.3 years for women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth |url=https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm |website=OECD |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/Ireland/|title=OECD Better Life Index|website=oecdbetterlifeindex.org|access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=21 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721180308/http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/ireland/|url-status=live}}</ref> It has the highest birth rate in the EU (16.8 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to an EU average of 10.7)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland-has-eu-s-highest-birth-rate-1.861676 |title=Ireland has EU's highest birth rate |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=7 July 2010 |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903232010/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland-has-eu-s-highest-birth-rate-1.861676 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a very low infant mortality rate (3.5 per 1,000 [[Live birth (human)|live births]]). The Irish healthcare system ranked 13th out of 34 European countries in 2012 according to the European Health Consumer Index produced by [[Health Consumer Powerhouse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/files/Report-EHCI-2012.pdf|title=Euro Health Consumer Index 2012|publisher=[[Health Consumer Powerhouse]]|date=15 May 2012|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525195728/http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/files/Report-EHCI-2012.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The same report ranked the Irish healthcare system as having the 8th best health outcomes but only the 21st most accessible system in Europe. ===Education=== {{Main|Education in the Republic of Ireland}} [[File:University-College-Cork-Panorama-2012.JPG|thumb|[[University College Cork]] was founded in 1845 and is a ''constituent university'' of the [[National University of Ireland]].]] Ireland has three levels of education: primary, secondary and higher education. The education systems are largely under the direction of the Government via the [[Minister for Education (Ireland)|Minister for Education]]. Recognised primary and secondary schools must adhere to the curriculum established by the relevant authorities. Education is compulsory between the ages of six and fifteen years, and all children up to the age of eighteen must complete the first three years of secondary, including one sitting of the [[Junior Certificate]] examination.<ref>Education (Welfare) Act, 2000 [http://193.178.1.79/ZZA22Y2000S17.html (Section 17)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015328/http://193.178.1.79/ZZA22Y2000S17.html |date=30 September 2007}}</ref> There are approximately 3,300 primary schools in Ireland.<ref>{{cite web | title=Minister Hanafin announces intention to pilot new additional model of Primary School Patronage | date=17 February 2007 | access-date=7 September 2010 | url=http://www.education.ie/robots/view.jsp?pcategory=10861&language=EN&ecategory=41296&link=link001&doc=34229 | publisher=Department of Education and Skills | archive-date=26 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926034331/http://www.education.ie/robots/view.jsp?pcategory=10861&language=EN&ecategory=41296&link=link001&doc=34229 | url-status=live }}</ref> The vast majority (92%) are under the patronage of the Catholic Church. Schools run by religious organisations, but receiving public money and recognition, cannot discriminate against pupils based upon religion or lack thereof. A sanctioned system of preference does exist, where students of a particular religion may be accepted before those who do not share the ethos of the school, in a case where a school's quota has already been reached. [[File:Long Room Interior, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland - Diliff.jpg|thumb|The longroom at the [[Trinity College Library]]]] The [[Irish Leaving Certificate|Leaving Certificate]], which is taken after two years of study, is the final examination in the secondary school system. Those intending to pursue higher education normally take this examination, with access to third-level courses generally depending on results obtained from the best six subjects taken, on a competitive basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.educationireland.ie/irish-education/secondary-education/leaving-certificate.html |title=Education Ireland – Leaving Certificate |publisher=Educationireland.ie |access-date=12 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029070824/http://educationireland.ie/irish-education/secondary-education/leaving-certificate.html |archive-date=29 October 2010}}</ref> Third-level education awards are conferred by at least 38 Higher Education Institutions – this includes the constituent or linked colleges of seven universities, plus other designated institutions of the Higher Education and Training Awards Council. According to the 2022 US News rankings, Ireland is among the top twenty best countries for education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Countries for Education |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=US News |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116042125/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Programme for International Student Assessment]], coordinated by the [[OECD]], currently ranks Ireland as having the fourth highest reading score, ninth highest science score and thirteenth highest mathematics score, among OECD countries, in its 2012 assessment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Irish teens perform significantly above average in maths, reading and science – OECD |work=Education |publisher=[[RTÉ News]] |date=3 December 2013 |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2013/1203/490592-oecd |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903232010/http://www.rte.ie/news/2013/1203/490592-oecd/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, Irish students aged 15 years had the second highest levels of reading literacy in the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-mip/measuringirelandsprogress2013/education/education-education/#d.en.75179 |title=CSO – Measuring Ireland's Progress 2013 |publisher=[[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|Central Statistics Office]] |year=2014 |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903232010/http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-mip/measuringirelandsprogress2013/education/education-education/#d.en.75179 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ireland also has 0.747 of the World's top 500 Universities per capita, which ranks the country in 8th place in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_uni_top_500_percap-universities-top-500-per-capita |title=World's top 500 Universities per capita |publisher=Nationmaster.com |access-date=30 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623192352/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_uni_top_500_percap-universities-top-500-per-capita |archive-date=23 June 2011}}</ref> Primary, secondary and higher (university/college) level education are all free in Ireland for all EU citizens.<ref>{{cite web|title=Third-level student fees|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/education/third_level_education/fees_and_supports_for_third_level_education/fees.html|work=Free fees|publisher=Citizens Information Board|access-date=25 July 2010|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418150529/https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/education/third_level_education/fees_and_supports_for_third_level_education/fees.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There are charges to cover student services and examinations. In addition, 37 percent of Ireland's population has a university or [[college degree]], which is among the highest percentages in the world.<ref>Michael B. Sauter and Alexander E. M. Hess, [http://247wallst.com/special-report/2012/09/21/the-most-educated-countries-in-the-world/ The Most Educated Countries in the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104104554/http://247wallst.com/special-report/2012/09/21/the-most-educated-countries-in-the-world/ |date=4 November 2015 }}, 24/7 Wall St., 21 September 2012</ref><ref>Samantha Grossman, [https://newsfeed.time.com/2012/09/27/and-the-worlds-most-educated-country-is/ And the World's Most Educated Country Is...] , ''Time'', 27 September 2012</ref> ===Religion=== {{Main|Religion in the Republic of Ireland}} {{bar box |title= Religion in the Republic of Ireland<ref name="REL">{{cite web | date = 30 May 2023 | title = Population Usually Resident and Present in the State| url=https://data.cso.ie/table/FY032| publisher = CSO.ie | agency = Central Statistics Office | access-date = 2 June 2023}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Catholic Church in Ireland|Catholic Church]]|DarkGreen|69.1}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion in the Republic of Ireland|Non-religious]]|Blue|14.5}} {{bar percent|[[Protestantism in the Republic of Ireland|Protestant]]|Violet|4.0}} {{bar percent|[[Islam in the Republic of Ireland|Muslim]]|Black|1.6}} {{bar percent|Not Stated|Pink|6.7}} {{bar percent|Other|Orange|4.1}} }} Religious freedom is constitutionally provided for in Ireland, and the country's constitution has been [[secular state|secular]] since 1973. [[Christianity in Ireland|Christianity]] is the predominant religion, and while Ireland remains a predominantly Catholic country, the percentage of the population who identified as Catholic on the census fell sharply from 84.2 percent in the [[2011 census of Ireland|2011 census]] to 78.3 percent in 2016 and 69 percent in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Statement Census 2016 Results Profile 8 - Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion - CSO - Central Statistics Office |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/csolatestnews/pressreleases/2017pressreleases/pressstatementcensus2016resultsprofile8-irishtravellersethnicityandreligion/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.cso.ie |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-26 |title=Religion - CSO - Central Statistics Office |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpp5/census2022profile5-diversitymigrationethnicityirishtravellersreligion/religion/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.cso.ie |language=en}}</ref> Other results from the [[2016 census of Ireland|2016 census]] were: 4.2% [[Protestantism|Protestant]], 1.3% Orthodox, 1.3% as Muslim, and 9.8% as having no religion.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://static.rasset.ie/documents/news/census-2016-summary-results-part-1-full.pdf |title= Census 2016 Summary Results – Part 1 |date= 6 April 2017 |access-date= 6 April 2017 |archive-date= 5 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190805070538/https://static.rasset.ie/documents/news/census-2016-summary-results-part-1-full.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> According to a [[Georgetown University]] study, before 2000 the country had one of the highest rates of regular [[Mass in the Catholic Church|mass]] attendance in the [[Western world]].<ref>Weekly Mass Attendance of Catholics in Nations with Large Catholic Populations, 1980–2000 – [[World Values Survey]] (WVS)</ref> While daily attendance was 13% in 2006, there was a reduction in weekly attendance from 81% in 1990 to 48% in 2006; the decline was reported as stabilising, though.<ref>[http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=44521 Irish Mass attendance below 50%] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503190240/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=44521 |date=3 May 2011 }} ''Catholic World News'' 1 June 2006</ref> In 2011, it was reported that weekly mass attendance in Dublin was 18% and even lower among younger generations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/fewer-than-one-in-five-attend-sunday-mass-in-dublin-1.585731 |title=Fewer than one in five attend Sunday Mass in Dublin' |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=30 May 2011 |access-date=30 June 2011 |first=Jamie |last=Smyth |archive-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108154007/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/fewer-than-one-in-five-attend-sunday-mass-in-dublin-1.585731 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:St. Mary’s Pro-Cathedral, Dublin 2023 (2).jpg|thumb|[[St Mary's Pro-Cathedral]] is the seat of the Catholic Church in [[Dublin]].]] [[File:Dublin St. Patrick's Cathedral Exterior North Side 02.jpg|thumb|[[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin]], is the national Cathedral of the [[Church of Ireland]].]] The [[Church of Ireland]], at 2.7% of the population, is the second largest Christian denomination. Membership declined throughout the twentieth century but experienced an increase early in the 21st century alongside other Christian denominations. Other significant Protestant denominations are the [[Presbyterian Church in Ireland|Presbyterian Church]] and [[Methodist Church in Ireland|Methodist Church]]. Immigration has contributed to a growth in [[Hinduism in the Republic of Ireland|Hindu]] and Muslim populations. In percentage terms, as of the 2006 census, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] and [[Islam]] were the fastest growing religions with increases of 100% and 70% respectively.<ref>{{cite book|title=Final Principal Demographic Results 2006 |url=http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/Final%20Principal%20Demographic%20Results%202006.pdf |access-date=20 June 2010 |year=2007 |publisher=Central Statistics Office |isbn=978-0-7557-7169-1 |pages=31 (Table Q) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325005303/http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/Final%20Principal%20Demographic%20Results%202006.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref> Ireland's patron saints are [[Saint Patrick]], [[Brigid of Kildare|Saint Bridget]], and [[Columba|Saint Columba]]; Saint Patrick is commonly recognised as the primary patron saint.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.galwaytourism.ie/a-history-of-st-patrick-patron-saint-of-ireland/ | website = galwaytourism.ie | title = A history of St Patrick, patron saint of Ireland | date = March 2024 | accessdate = 5 July 2024 }}</ref> [[Saint Patrick's Day]] is celebrated on 17 March in Ireland and abroad as the Irish national day with parades and other celebrations. As with other traditionally Catholic European states, such as Spain and Italy,<ref>{{cite book | title = Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millenium - A Sociological Profile | editor-first = Andrew M. | editor-last = Greeley | isbn = 9780765808219 | date = 2004 | publisher = Routledge | page = 208 }}</ref> Ireland underwent a period of legal secularisation in the late twentieth century. In 1972, the article of the Constitution naming specific religious groups was deleted by the [[Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|Fifth Amendment]] in a referendum. Article 44 remains in the Constitution: "The State acknowledges that the homage of public worship is due to Almighty God. It shall hold His Name in reverence, and shall respect and honour religion." The article also establishes freedom of religion, prohibits endowment of any religion, prohibits the state from religious discrimination, and requires the state to treat religious and non-religious schools in a non-prejudicial manner. Although most [[Denominational education in the Republic of Ireland|schools in Ireland are patronised by religious organisations]], government policy has been to "transfer" some schools to non-denominational or multi-denominational patronage,<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/education/2023/12/28/parents-to-be-polled-next-year-on-multi-denominational-education-in-effort-to-accelerate-school-choice/ | website = Irish Times | title = Parents to be polled next year on multi-denominational education in effort to 'accelerate' school choice | date = 27 December 2023 | accessdate = 5 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Irish poll shows parents no longer want to force religion on to children|url=http://www.secularism.org.uk/irishpollshowsparentsnolongerwan.html|publisher=National Secular Society|access-date=29 August 2011|location=United Kingdom|date=13 April 2007|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927164507/http://www.secularism.org.uk/irishpollshowsparentsnolongerwan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and a secularist trend is occurring among younger generations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Daniszewski|first=John|title=Catholicism Losing Ground in Ireland|url=https://latimes.com/news/la-fg-ireland17apr17-story.html#page=1|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=29 August 2011|date=17 April 2005|archive-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321102705/http://www.latimes.com/news/la-fg-ireland17apr17-story.html#page=1|url-status=live}} {{cite news|last=Lawler|first=Phil|title=Ireland threatened by secularism, Pope tells new envoy|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=53564|access-date=29 August 2011|newspaper=Catholic World News|date=17 September 2007|archive-date=10 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610073112/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=53564|url-status=live}} </ref> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Ireland}} Ireland's culture was for centuries predominantly [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic]], and it remains one of the six principal [[Celtic nations]]. Following the [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] invasion in the 12th century, and gradual British conquest and colonisation beginning in the 16th century, Ireland became influenced by English and Scottish culture. Subsequently, Irish culture, though distinct in many aspects, shares characteristics with the rest of the [[Anglosphere]], [[Catholic Europe]], and other Celtic regions. The [[Irish diaspora]], one of the world's largest and most dispersed, has contributed to the globalisation of Irish culture, producing many prominent figures in art, music, and science. ===Literature=== {{Main|Irish literature}} [[File:Jonathan Swift by Charles Jervas detail.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jonathan Swift]] (1667–1745)]] Ireland has made a significant contribution to world literature in both the English and Irish languages. Modern [[Irish fiction]] began with the publishing of the 1726 novel ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' by [[Jonathan Swift]]. Other writers of importance during the 18th century and their most notable works include [[Laurence Sterne]] with the publication of ''[[The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman]]'' and [[Oliver Goldsmith]]'s ''[[The Vicar of Wakefield]]''. Numerous [[List of Irish novelists|Irish novelists]] emerged during the 19th century, including [[Maria Edgeworth]], [[John Banim]], [[Gerald Griffin]], [[Charles Kickham]], [[William Carleton]], [[George A. Moore|George Moore]], and [[Somerville and Ross]]. [[Bram Stoker]] is best known as the author of the 1897 novel ''[[Dracula]]''. [[James Joyce]] (1882–1941) published his most famous work ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' in 1922, which is an interpretation of the ''[[Odyssey]]'' set in Dublin. [[Edith Anna Somerville|Edith Somerville]] continued writing after the death of her partner [[Violet Florence Martin|Martin Ross]] in 1915. Dublin's [[Annie M. P. Smithson]] was one of several authors catering for fans of romantic fiction in the 1920s and 1930s. After the Second World War, popular novels were published by, among others, Brian O'Nolan, who published as [[Flann O'Brien]], [[Elizabeth Bowen]], and [[Kate O'Brien (novelist)|Kate O'Brien]]. During the final decades of the 20th century, [[Edna O'Brien]], [[John McGahern]], [[Maeve Binchy]], [[Joseph O'Connor]], [[Roddy Doyle]], [[Colm Tóibín]], and [[John Banville]] came to the fore as novelists. [[File:Yeats Boughton.jpg|thumb|upright|[[W. B. Yeats]] (1865–1939)]] [[Patricia Lynch]] was a prolific children's author in the 20th century, while [[Eoin Colfer]]'s works were [[New York Times Best Seller|NYT Best Sellers]] in this genre in the early 21st century.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/eoin-colfer-signs-artemis-fowl-spin-off-series-deal-1.3457107 | newspaper = The Irish Times | title = Eoin Colfer signs Artemis Fowl spin-off series deal | date = 11 April 2018 | access-date = 5 September 2018 | quote = Colfer is The New York Times best-selling author of eight books in the Artemis Fowl series, with sales in excess of 25&nbsp;million copies | archive-date = 9 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025541/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/eoin-colfer-signs-artemis-fowl-spin-off-series-deal-1.3457107 | url-status = live }}</ref> In the genre of the short story, which is a form favoured by many Irish writers, the most prominent figures include [[Seán Ó Faoláin]], [[Frank O'Connor]] and [[William Trevor]]. Well known Irish poets include [[Patrick Kavanagh]], [[Thomas McCarthy (poet)|Thomas McCarthy]], [[Dermot Bolger]], and [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] laureates [[W. B. Yeats|William Butler Yeats]] and [[Seamus Heaney]] (born in Northern Ireland but resided in Dublin). Prominent writers in the Irish language are [[Pádraic Ó Conaire]], [[Máirtín Ó Cadhain]], [[Séamus Ó Grianna]], and [[Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill]]. The history of [[Irish theatre]] begins with the expansion of the English administration in Dublin during the early 17th century, and since then, Ireland has significantly contributed to English drama. In its early history, theatrical productions in Ireland tended to serve political purposes, but as more theatres opened and the popular audience grew, a more diverse range of entertainments were staged. Many Dublin-based theatres developed links with their London equivalents, and British productions frequently found their way to the Irish stage. However, most Irish playwrights went abroad to establish themselves. In the 18th century, [[Oliver Goldsmith]] and [[Richard Brinsley Sheridan]] were two of the most successful playwrights on the London stage at that time. At the beginning of the 20th century, theatre companies dedicated to the staging of Irish plays and the development of writers, directors and performers began to emerge, which allowed many Irish playwrights to learn their trade and establish their reputations in Ireland rather than in Britain or the United States. Following in the tradition of acclaimed practitioners, principally [[Oscar Wilde]], Literature Nobel Prize laureates [[George Bernard Shaw]] (1925) and [[Samuel Beckett]] (1969), playwrights such as [[Seán O'Casey]], [[Brian Friel]], [[Sebastian Barry]], [[Brendan Behan]], [[Conor McPherson]] and [[Billy Roche]] have gained popular success.<ref>{{cite book|last =Houston|first =Eugenie|title =Working and Living in Ireland|publisher =Working and Living Publications|year =2001|isbn =0-9536896-8-9|url-access =registration |url =https://archive.org/details/workinglivingini00euge |page=299}}</ref> Other Irish playwrights of the 20th century include [[Denis Johnston]], [[Thomas Kilroy]], [[Tom Murphy (playwright)|Tom Murphy]], [[Hugh Leonard]], [[Frank McGuinness]], and [[John B. Keane]]. ===Music and dance=== {{Main|Irish music|Irish dance}} {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 320 | image1 = Enya - The Orlando Sentinel (1989) (cropped).jpg | alt1 = Enya | caption1 = [[Enya]]; Ireland's best–selling solo artist<ref>{{cite web |last1=English |first1=Eoin |title=Hark! The herald Enya sings in historic Cork chapel |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-20431919.html |website=Irish Examiner |access-date=17 August 2024 |language=en |date=23 November 2016}}</ref> | image2 = U2 performing at Sphere in Las Vegas on Feb 15 2024 by Jerome Krailiger (2).jpg | alt2 = U2 | caption2 = [[U2]]; best–selling Irish group in history<ref>{{cite web |title=Bono: The missionary - People, News - The Independent |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article364606.ece |access-date=17 August 2024 |date=10 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010121100/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article364606.ece |archive-date=10 October 2008 }}</ref> | footer = }} [[Folk music of Ireland|Irish traditional music]] has remained vibrant, despite globalising cultural forces, and retains many traditional aspects. It has influenced various music genres, such as American country and roots music, and to some extent modern rock. It has occasionally been blended with styles such as rock and roll and punk rock. Ireland has also produced many internationally known artists in other genres, such as rock, pop, jazz, and blues. Ireland's best selling musical act is the rock band [[U2]], who have sold 170&nbsp;million copies of their albums worldwide since their formation in 1976.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/u2-what-theyre-still-looking-for/3/|title=U2: What they're still looking for|publisher=[[CBS News]]|first=Anthony|last=Mason|date=24 May 2015|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-date=1 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601203109/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/u2-what-theyre-still-looking-for/3/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are a number of classical music ensembles around the country, such as the [[RTÉ Performing Groups]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmc.ie/links/index.html |title=Contemporary Music Ireland |publisher=Contemporary Music Centre – Links |access-date=9 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224073202/http://www.cmc.ie/links/index.html |archive-date=24 February 2009 }}</ref> Ireland also has two opera organisations: [[Irish National Opera]] in Dublin, and the annual [[Wexford Festival Opera|Wexford Opera Festival]], which promotes lesser-known operas, takes place during October and November. Ireland has participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] since 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/ten/2001/0404/mooreb.html |title=Showband legend Butch Moore dies |publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] |date=4 April 2001 |access-date=9 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811173736/http://www.rte.ie/ten/2001/0404/mooreb.html |archive-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> Its first win was in 1970, when [[Dana Rosemary Scallon|Dana]] won with ''[[All Kinds of Everything]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rte.ie/tv/thedailyshow/2011/0307/dana107.html |title=Dana |work=The Daily Show: Celebrity Guests |publisher=[[RTÉ Television]] |date=11 March 2011 |access-date=9 February 2012 |archive-date=11 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811024144/http://www.rte.ie/tv/thedailyshow/2011/0307/dana107.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It has subsequently won the competition [[Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest|six more times]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurovisioncovers.co.uk/stats.htm |title=Eurovision Song Contest Statistics |publisher=eurovisioncovers.co.uk |year=2011 |access-date=9 February 2012 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102232747/http://www.eurovisioncovers.co.uk/stats.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rte.ie/tv/programmes/a_little_bit_eurovision.html |title=A Little Bit Eurovision |publisher=[[RTÉ Television]] |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=9 February 2012 |archive-date=19 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230315/http://www.rte.ie/tv/programmes/a_little_bit_eurovision.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the highest number of wins by any competing country. The phenomenon ''[[Riverdance]]'' originated as an interval performance during the [[1994 Eurovision Song Contest|1994 contest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/radio1/stephensday/1030324.html |title=On The Road with Riverdance |publisher=[[RTÉ Radio 1]] |date=1 December 2004 |access-date=9 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124221048/http://www.rte.ie/radio1/stephensday/1030324.html |archive-date=24 November 2012}}</ref> Irish dance can broadly be divided into [[social dance]] and [[performance dance]]. Irish social dance can be divided into ''céilí'' and set dancing. Irish [[set dance]]s are [[quadrilles]], danced by 4 couples arranged in a square, while [[Ceili dance|céilí dances]] are danced by varied [[Formation dance|formations]] of couples of 2 to 16 people. There are also many stylistic differences between these two forms. Irish social dance is a living tradition, and variations in particular dances are found across the country. In some places dances are deliberately modified and new dances are choreographed. Performance dance is traditionally referred to as [[step dance|stepdance]]. [[Irish stepdance]], popularised by the show ''[[Riverdance]]'', is notable for its rapid leg movements, with the body and arms being kept largely stationary. The solo stepdance is generally characterised by a controlled but not rigid upper body, straight arms, and quick, precise movements of the feet. The solo dances can either be in "soft shoe" or "hard shoe". ===Architecture=== {{Main|Architecture of Ireland}} {{Multiple image | caption_align = center | align = right | direction = vertical | image2 = Powerscourt, County Wicklow, Ireland - geograph.org.uk - 2534787.jpg | image1 = Dublin Custom House South Side 6.jpg | caption2 = [[Powerscourt Estate]], near [[Enniskerry]] in [[County Wicklow]], was built in the 18th century | caption1 = The [[The Custom House|Dublin Custom House]] is a [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] building from the late 18th century. }} Ireland has a wealth of structures,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.megalithomania.com/|publisher=Megalithomania|title=The Megalithic Monuments of Ireland|access-date=19 November 2011|archive-date=6 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206210335/http://www.megalithomania.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> surviving in various states of preservation, from the [[Neolithic]] period, such as ''[[Brú na Bóinne]]'', [[Poulnabrone dolmen]], [[Castlestrange stone]], [[Turoe stone]], and [[Drombeg stone circle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goireland.about.com/od/historyculture/qt/prehistoric.htm|publisher=About.com|title=The Prehistoric Monuments of Ireland|access-date=19 October 2009|archive-date=25 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625143144/http://goireland.about.com/od/historyculture/qt/prehistoric.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> As Ireland was never a part of the [[Roman Empire]], ancient architecture in [[Greco-Roman]] style is extremely rare, in contrast to most of Western Europe. The country instead had an extended period of [[Iron Age]] architecture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/ireland/AD43-410 |publisher=WorldTimelines.org.uk |title=AD 43–410 Roman Iron Age |access-date=19 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013012557/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/ireland/AD43-410 |archive-date=13 October 2010 }}</ref> The [[Irish round tower]] originated during the [[Early Medieval]] period. Christianity introduced simple [[List of monastic houses in Ireland|monastic houses]], such as [[Clonmacnoise]], [[Skellig Michael]] and [[Scattery Island Cathedral and Monastery|Scattery Island]]. A stylistic similarity has been remarked between these [[double monastery|double monasteries]] and those of the [[Copts]] of Egypt.<ref>{{harvnb|Meinardus|2002|p=130}}.</ref> Gaelic kings and aristocrats occupied [[ringfort]]s or ''[[crannóg]]s''.<ref name="vikperiod">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/ireland/AD410-1066 |publisher=WorldTimelines.org.uk |title=AD 410–1066 Early medieval |access-date=19 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012042003/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/ireland/AD410-1066 |archive-date=12 October 2010 }}</ref> Church reforms during the 12th century via the [[Cistercians]] stimulated continental influence, with the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] styled [[Mellifont Abbey|Mellifont]], [[Boyle Abbey|Boyle]] and [[Tintern Abbey (County Wexford)|Tintern]] abbeys.<ref>{{harvnb|Moody|2005|p=735}}.</ref> Gaelic settlement had been limited to the Monastic proto-towns, such as [[Kells, County Meath|Kells]], where the current street pattern preserves the original circular settlement outline to some extent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://udprism01.ucd.ie/TalisPrism/browseResults.do?&expandedWorkID=0.12&browse_action=9057&rootRSetId=12c1e70947c00000&browse_RootRSetId=12c1e70947c00000&displayRowPath=0&pageSize=10&displaySearchAsText=false&openRowPathSet=0:1 |title=Altman 2007 Unpublished thesis |access-date=5 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022752/http://udprism01.ucd.ie/TalisPrism/browseResults.do?&expandedWorkID=0.12&browse_action=9057&rootRSetId=12c1e70947c00000&browse_RootRSetId=12c1e70947c00000&displayRowPath=0&pageSize=10&displaySearchAsText=false&openRowPathSet=0%3A1 |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref> Significant urban settlements only developed following the period of Viking invasions.<ref name="vikperiod" /> The major Hiberno-Norse [[Longphort]]s were located on the coast, but with minor inland fluvial settlements, such as the eponymous [[Longford]]. [[File:Monasterboice (52364039739).jpg|thumb|left|The ruins of [[Monasterboice]] in [[County Louth]] are of early Christian settlements.]] Castles were built by the [[Anglo-Normans]] during the late 12th century, such as [[Dublin Castle]] and [[Kilkenny Castle]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientfortresses.org/irish-castles.htm|publisher=Castles.me.uk|title=Irish Castles|access-date=19 October 2009|archive-date=1 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701173522/http://www.ancientfortresses.org/irish-castles.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and the concept of the planned walled trading town was introduced, which gained legal status and several rights by grant of a [[Charter]] under [[Feudalism]]. These charters specifically governed the design of these towns.<ref>Butlin RA (1977): ''The Development of the Irish Town'', Croom Helm</ref> Two significant waves of planned town formation followed, the first being the 16th- and 17th-century plantation towns, which were used as a mechanism for the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] English kings to suppress local insurgency, followed by 18th-century landlord towns.<ref>Butlin RA: ''op cit''</ref> Surviving Norman founded planned towns include [[Drogheda]] and [[Youghal]]; plantation towns include [[Portlaoise]] and [[Portarlington, County Laois|Portarlington]]; well-preserved 18th-century planned towns include [[Westport, County Mayo|Westport]] and [[Ballinasloe]]. These episodes of planned settlement account for the majority of present-day towns throughout the country. [[File:Georgian Dublin. Merrion Square - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Brick architecture of multi-storey buildings in [[Merrion Square]], Dublin]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] cathedrals, such as [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St Patrick's]], were also introduced by the Normans.<ref>{{harvnb|Greenwood|2003|p=813}}.</ref> [[Franciscan]]s were dominant in directing the abbeys by the Late Middle Ages, while elegant tower houses, such as [[Bunratty Castle]], were built by the Gaelic and Norman aristocracy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/architecture/Architecture/historical-periods-1/the-later-middle-ages/|publisher=AskAboutIreland.ie|title=The Later Middle Ages: 1350 to 1540|access-date=19 October 2009|archive-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114180510/http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/architecture/Architecture/historical-periods-1/the-later-middle-ages/|url-status=live}}</ref> Many religious buildings were ruined with the [[dissolution of the monasteries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/architecture/Architecture/historical-periods-1/the-later-middle-ages/|publisher=AskAboutIreland.ie|title=Early Tudor Ireland: 1485 to 1547|access-date=19 October 2009|archive-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114180510/http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/architecture/Architecture/historical-periods-1/the-later-middle-ages/|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the Restoration, [[palladianism]] and [[rococo]], particularly [[country houses]], swept through Ireland under the initiative of [[Edward Lovett Pearce]], with the [[Irish Houses of Parliament|Houses of Parliament]] being the most significant.<ref name="greenwood">{{harvnb|Greenwood|2003|p=815}}.</ref> With the erection of buildings such as [[The Custom House]], [[Four Courts]], [[General Post Office (Dublin)|General Post Office]] and [[King's Inns]], the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] and [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] styles flourished, especially in [[Georgian Dublin|Dublin]].<ref name="greenwood" /> Georgian townhouses produced streets of singular distinction, particularly in [[Dublin]], [[Limerick]] and [[Cork (city)|Cork]]. Following [[Catholic Emancipation]], cathedrals and churches influenced by the French [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] emerged, such as [[Cobh Cathedral|St Colman's]] and [[Saint Finbarre's Cathedral|St Finbarre's]].<ref name="greenwood" /> Ireland has long been associated with [[thatched roof]] cottages, though these are nowadays considered quaint.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ballybegvillage.com/thatching.html|publisher=BallyBegVillage.com|title=Thatching in Ireland|access-date=19 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011005154/http://www.ballybegvillage.com/thatching.html|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Capital dock.jpg|thumb|right|[[Capital Dock]] in [[Dublin]] is the tallest building in the Republic of Ireland.]] Beginning with the American designed [[art deco]] church at [[Turners Cross, Cork|Turner's Cross]], [[Cork (city)|Cork]] in 1927, Irish architecture followed the international trend towards modern and sleek building styles since the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|title = Exterior of Church of Christ the King, Turner's Cross|publisher = Parish of Turner's Cross|url = http://turnerscross.com/architecture/building-description/|access-date = 9 November 2008|archive-date = 13 December 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213055932/http://turnerscross.com/architecture/building-description/|url-status = live}}</ref> Other developments include the regeneration of [[Ballymun]] and an urban extension of Dublin at [[Adamstown, Dublin|Adamstown]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sdcc.ie/services/planning/strategic-development-zones/adamstown?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=203 |title=About Adamstown |publisher=South Dublin County Council |access-date=13 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903232010/http://www.sdcc.ie/services/planning/strategic-development-zones/adamstown?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=203 |archive-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> Since the establishment of the [[Dublin Docklands Development Authority]] in 1997, the [[Dublin Docklands]] area underwent large-scale redevelopment, which included the construction of the [[Convention Centre Dublin]] and [[Grand Canal Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ddda.ie/index.jsp?p=99&n=138 |title=Docklands Authority – About Us |access-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154054/http://www.ddda.ie/index.jsp?p=99&n=138 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Completed in 2018, [[Capital Dock]] in Dublin is the tallest building in the Republic of Ireland achieving {{convert|79|m|ft|abbr=off}} in height (the [[Obel Tower]] in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]] being the tallest in Ireland). The [[Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland]] regulates the practice of architecture in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riai.ie/about_the_riai |title=About the RIAI |access-date=17 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928211424/http://www.riai.ie/about_the_riai |archive-date=28 September 2010}}</ref> ===Media=== {{Main|Media of the Republic of Ireland}} {{Lang|ga|[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]|italic=no}} (RTÉ) is Ireland's [[public service broadcaster]], funded by a [[television licence fee]] and advertising.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rte.ie/about |title=About RTÉ |publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=23 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823212854/http://www.rte.ie/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref> RTÉ operates two national television channels, [[RTÉ One]] and [[RTÉ Two]]. The other independent national television channels are [[Virgin Media One]], [[Virgin Media Two]], [[Virgin Media Three]] and [[TG4]], the latter of which is a public service broadcaster for speakers of the Irish language. All these channels are available on [[Saorview]], the national [[free-to-air]] [[digital terrestrial television]] service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saorview.ie/what-is-saorview/ |title=What is Saorview? |publisher=Saorview official website |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=29 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829045735/http://www.saorview.ie/what-is-saorview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additional channels included in the service are [[RTÉ News Now]], [[RTÉjr]], and RTÉ One +1. Subscription-based television providers operating in Ireland include [[Virgin Media Ireland|Virgin Media]] and [[Sky Ireland|Sky]]. The [[BBC]]'s [[BBC Northern Ireland|Northern Irish division]] is widely available in Ireland. [[BBC One Northern Ireland]] and [[BBC Two Northern Ireland]] are available in pay television providers including Virgin and Sky as well as via [[signal overspill]] by [[Freeview (UK)|Freeview]] in border counties. Supported by the [[Irish Film Board]], the Irish film industry grew significantly since the 1990s, with the promotion of indigenous films as well as the attraction of international productions like ''[[Braveheart]]'' and ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''.<ref name="Media Landscape">{{cite web|url=http://www.ejc.net/media_landscape/article/ireland |title=Media landscape: Ireland |publisher=European Journalism Centre |date=5 November 2010 |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824215241/http://www.ejc.net/media_landscape/article/ireland/ |archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> A large number of regional and local radio stations are available countrywide. A survey showed that a consistent 85% of adults listen to a mixture of national, regional and local stations on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bai.ie/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011.07.28-JNLR-Results-July-2010-Jun2011.pdf |title=Listenership 2011/1 Summary Results |publisher=JNLR/Ipsos MRB |date=28 July 2011 |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=22 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122145316/http://www.bai.ie/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011.07.28-JNLR-Results-July-2010-Jun2011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[RTÉ Radio]] operates four national stations, [[RTÉ Radio 1|Radio 1]], [[RTÉ 2fm|2fm]], [[RTÉ lyric fm|Lyric fm]], and [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta|RnaG]]. It also operates four national DAB radio stations. There are two independent national stations: [[Today FM]] and [[Newstalk]]. Ireland has a traditionally competitive print media, which is divided into daily national newspapers and weekly regional newspapers, as well as national Sunday editions. The strength of the British press is a unique feature of the Irish print media scene, with the availability of a wide selection of British published newspapers and magazines.<ref name="Media Landscape"/> [[Eurostat]] reported that 82% of Irish households had Internet access in 2013 compared to the [[European Union|EU]] average of 79% but only 67% had broadband access.<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/technology/Ireland-still-lags-behind-eu-counterparts-in-access-to-broadband-1.1631826 Ireland still lags behind EU counterparts in access to broadband] The Irish Times, 18 December 2013 (accessed on 19 December 2013) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229050021/http://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/technology/Ireland-still-lags-behind-eu-counterparts-in-access-to-broadband-1.1631826 |date=29 December 2013}}</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{see also|Irish cuisine|List of Irish dishes}} [[File:J'ai commencé ma visite de Dublin... (8777546507).jpg|thumb|right|A [[pint]] of [[Guinness]]]] Irish cuisine was traditionally based on meat and dairy products, supplemented with vegetables and seafood. Examples of popular Irish cuisine include [[boxty]], [[colcannon]], [[coddle]], [[Irish stew|stew]], and [[bacon and cabbage]]. Ireland is known for the [[Full breakfast|full Irish breakfast]], which involves a fried or grilled meal generally consisting of rashers, egg, sausage, white and black pudding, and fried tomato. Apart from the influence by European and international dishes, there has been an emergence of a new Irish cuisine based on traditional ingredients handled in new ways.<ref name="irelandlogue">{{cite web |url=http://www.irelandlogue.com/food-drink |title=Food & Drink in Ireland |access-date=19 January 2011 |archive-date=24 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124024517/http://www.irelandlogue.com/food-drink |url-status=live }}</ref> This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish, oysters, mussels and other shellfish, and the wide range of hand-made cheeses that are now being produced across the country. Shellfish have increased in popularity, especially due to the high quality shellfish available from the [[List of Irish counties by coastline|country's coastline]]. The most popular fish include [[salmon]] and [[cod]]. Traditional breads include [[soda bread]] and [[wheaten bread]]. [[Barmbrack]] is a [[yeast]]ed [[bread]] with added [[sultana (grape)|sultanas]] and [[raisin]]s, traditionally eaten on [[Halloween]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McElwain |first1=Aoife |title=Now we know ... What's so spooky about barmbrack? |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/now-we-know-what-s-so-spooky-about-barmbrack-1.3267009 |access-date=15 September 2018 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=28 October 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915155048/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/now-we-know-what-s-so-spooky-about-barmbrack-1.3267009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Popular everyday beverages among the Irish include [[Irish breakfast tea|tea]] and [[Irish coffee|coffee]]. Alcoholic drinks associated with Ireland include [[Poitín]] and the world-famous [[Guinness]], which is a [[dry stout]] that originated in the brewery of [[Arthur Guinness]] at [[St. James's Gate]] in Dublin. [[Irish whiskey]] is also popular throughout the country and comes in various forms, including single malt, single grain, and blended whiskey.<ref name="irelandlogue"/> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Ireland}} [[File:Croke Park panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Croke Park]] stadium is the headquarters of the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]].]] [[Gaelic football]] and [[hurling]] are the traditional sports of Ireland as well as popular [[spectator sports]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaa.ie/gaa-news-and-videos/daily-news/3/2107111732-gaa-attendances-hold-firm |title=GAA attendances hold firm |publisher=GAA official website |date=21 July 2011 |access-date=28 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230062255/http://www.gaa.ie/gaa-news-and-videos/daily-news/3/2107111732-gaa-attendances-hold-firm |archive-date=30 December 2011 }}</ref> They are administered by the [[Gaelic Athletics Association]] on an [[all-Ireland]] basis. Other [[Gaelic games]] organised by the association include [[Gaelic handball]] and [[rounders]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaa.ie/about-the-gaa |title=About the GAA |publisher=GAA official website |access-date=28 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827084718/http://www.gaa.ie/about-the-gaa/ |archive-date=27 August 2011 }}</ref> [[Association football in the Republic of Ireland|Association football]] (soccer) is the third most popular spectator sport and has the highest level of participation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esri.ie/pdf/BKMNINT180_Main%20Text_Social%20and%20Economic%20Value%20of%20Sport.pdf |title=Social and Economic Value of Sport in Ireland |access-date=5 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712134834/http://www.esri.ie/pdf/BKMNINT180_Main%20Text_Social%20and%20Economic%20Value%20of%20Sport.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2015 }}</ref> Although the [[League of Ireland]] is the national league, the English [[Premier League]] is the most popular among the public.<ref>{{cite book|last=Whelan|first=Daire|title=Who Stole Our Game?|publisher=Gill & Macmillan Ltd|year=2006|isbn=0-7171-4004-0}}</ref> The [[Republic of Ireland national football team]] plays at international level and is administered by the [[Football Association of Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fai.ie/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=75&Itemid=139|title=About FAI|publisher=FAI official website|access-date=28 August 2011|archive-date=26 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926064431/http://www.fai.ie/index.php?option=com_content|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Irish Rugby Football Union]] is the governing body of [[Rugby union in Ireland|rugby union]], which is played at local and international levels on an all-Ireland basis, and has produced players such as [[Brian O'Driscoll]] and [[Ronan O'Gara]], who were on the team that won the [[Grand Slam (rugby union)|Grand Slam]] in [[2009 Six Nations Championship|2009]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishrugby.ie/rugby/fixturesandresults/5715.php/ |title=Ireland Are Grand Slam Champions! |publisher=IRFU |date=21 March 2009 |access-date=23 February 2015 |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223164446/http://www.irishrugby.ie/rugby/fixturesandresults/5715.php/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The success of the [[Irish Cricket Team]] in the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] has led to an increase in the popularity of [[cricket in Ireland|cricket]], which is also administered on an all-Ireland basis by [[Cricket Ireland]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2011/mar/17/ireland-cricket-more-elite-matches|title=Ireland is learning to love cricket and deserves more visits from the elite|work=The Guardian|date=17 March 2011|access-date=28 August 2011|location=London|first=Mike|last=Selvey|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108023437/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2011/mar/17/ireland-cricket-more-elite-matches|url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland are one of [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|the twelve Test playing members]] of the [[International Cricket Council]], having been granted [[Test cricket|Test status]] in 2017. [[Cricket in Ireland#Domestic cricket|Professional domestic matches]] are played between the major cricket unions of [[Leinster Cricket Union|Leinster]], [[Munster Cricket Union|Munster]], [[Northern Cricket Union of Ireland|Northern]], and [[North West Cricket Union|North West]]. [[Netball]] is represented by the [[Republic of Ireland national netball team|Ireland national netball team]]. [[Golf]] is another popular sport in Ireland, with over 300 courses countrywide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldgolf.com/courses/ireland|title=Golf courses of Ireland|publisher=WorldGolf|access-date=28 August 2011|archive-date=4 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104131025/http://www.worldgolf.com/courses/ireland/|url-status=live}}</ref> The country has produced several internationally successful golfers, such as [[Pádraig Harrington]], [[Shane Lowry (golfer)|Shane Lowry]] and [[Paul McGinley]]. [[Horse racing]] has a large presence, with influential breeding and racing operations in the country. Racing takes place at courses at [[The Curragh Racecourse]] in [[County Kildare]], [[Leopardstown Racecourse]] just outside Dublin, and [[Galway]]. Ireland has produced champion horses such as [[Galileo (horse)|Galileo]], [[Montjeu]], and [[Sea the Stars]]. [[Boxing]] is Ireland's most successful sport at an Olympic level. Administered by the [[Irish Athletic Boxing Association]] on an all-Ireland basis, it has gained in popularity as a result of the international success of boxers such as [[Bernard Dunne]], [[Andy Lee (boxer)|Andy Lee]] and [[Katie Taylor]]. Some of Ireland's highest performers in [[sport of athletics|athletics]] have competed at the [[Olympic Games]], such as [[Eamonn Coghlan]] and [[Sonia O'Sullivan]]. The annual [[Dublin Marathon]] and [[Dublin Women's Mini Marathon]] are two of the most popular athletics events in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dublinmarathon.ie/general_history.php |title=A long and winding road |publisher=Dublin Marathon official website |access-date=28 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810093228/http://dublinmarathon.ie/general_history.php |archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> [[Rugby league]] is represented by the [[Ireland national rugby league team]] and administered by [[Rugby League Ireland]] (who are full member of the [[Rugby League European Federation]]) on an all-Ireland basis. The team compete in the [[European Cup (rugby league)]] and the [[Rugby League World Cup]]. Ireland reached the quarter-finals of the [[2000 Rugby League World Cup]] as well as reaching the semi-finals in the [[2008 Rugby League World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyleagueplanet.com/rlp-nations/ireland/502-rugby-league-planet-ireland |title=Ireland rugby league nation overview |publisher=Rugby League Planet |access-date=28 August 2011 |archive-date=6 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306004553/http://www.rugbyleagueplanet.com/rlp-nations/ireland/502-rugby-league-planet-ireland |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Irish Elite League]] is a domestic competition for rugby league teams in Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www1.skysports.com/rugby-league/news/12196/6907954/irish-eye-super-league |title=Irish Eye Super League |publisher=Sky Sports |access-date=2 September 2011 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024002121/http://www1.skysports.com/rugby-league/news/12196/6907954/Irish-eye-Super-League |url-status=live }}</ref> While [[Australian rules football in Ireland]] has a limited following, a series of [[International rules football]] games (constituting a hybrid of the Australian and Gaelic football codes) takes place annually between teams representing Ireland and Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Rules |url=https://www.afl.com.au/international-rules |publisher=AFL |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428105551/https://www.afl.com.au/international-rules |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Baseball in Ireland|Baseball]] and [[basketball]] are also emerging sports in Ireland, both of which have an international team representing the island of Ireland. Other sports which retain a following in Ireland include [[cycle sport|cycling]], [[greyhound racing]], [[horse riding]], and [[motorsport]]. ===Society=== {{See also|Abortion in the Republic of Ireland|LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland}} Ireland [[Global Gender Gap Report|ranks fifth]] in the world in terms of [[gender equality]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Iceland 'best country for gender equality'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11517459|access-date=12 October 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=12 October 2010|archive-date=12 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012045420/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11517459|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most [[Charity (practice)|charitable]] country in Europe, and second most charitable in the world.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ireland 'most charitable' country in Europe|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/1220/310115-charity/|access-date=20 December 2010|publisher=RTÉ News|date=20 December 2010|archive-date=5 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205204543/http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/1220/310115-charity/|url-status=live}}</ref> Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979, however, the receding influence of the [[Catholic Church in Ireland|Catholic Church]] has led to an increasingly [[Secularism|secularised]] society.<ref>{{cite ISB|name=Health (Family Planning) Act 1979|date=23 July 1979|year=1979|number=20|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=18 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918111313/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1979/act/20/enacted/en/html|url-status=live}}</ref> A constitutional ban on [[divorce]] was lifted following a [[Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|referendum]] in 1995. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages (0.7 divorced people per 1,000 population in 2011) while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average (4.6 marriages per 1,000 population per year in 2012). [[Abortion in the Republic of Ireland|Abortion]] had been banned throughout the period of the Irish state, first through provisions of the [[Offences Against the Person Act 1861]] and later by the [[Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013]]. The right to life of the unborn was protected in the constitution by the [[Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|Eighth Amendment]] in 1983; this provision was removed following a [[Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|referendum]], and replaced it with a provision allowing legislation to regulate the termination of pregnancy. The [[Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018]] passed later that year provided for abortion generally during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, and in specified circumstances after that date.<ref>{{cite ISB|name=[[Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018]]|date=20 December 2018|year=2018|number=31|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=21 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121050905/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/31/enacted/en/html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Capital punishment]] is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion, race or membership of the travelling community is illegal. The legislation which outlawed homosexual acts was repealed in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|title = NORRIS v. IRELAND – 10581/83 [1988] ECHR 22|date = 26 October 2007|publisher = European Court of Human Rights|url = http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1988/22.html|access-date = 7 June 2007|archive-date = 15 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234525/http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1988/22.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>Senator [[David Norris (politician)|David Norris]] successfully challenged the law in the [[European Court of Human Rights]] in 1988, but Irish Government did not introduce and pass legislation to rectify the issue until 1993.</ref> The [[Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010]] permitted civil partnerships between same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10484404 |title=Civil partnership bill backed by Irish politicians |publisher=BBC News |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=11 July 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202104003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10484404 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Carl |last1=O'Brien |title='Historic advance' for equality as Civil Partnership Bill passed |newspaper=The Irish Times |place=Dublin, Ireland |date=2 July 2010 |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2010/act/24/enacted/en/html|title=Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010|date=19 July 2010|access-date=28 September 2019|website=[[Irish Statute Book]]|archive-date=28 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928094542/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2010/act/24/enacted/en/html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Children and Family Relationships Act 2015]] allowed for adoption rights for couples other than married couples, including civil partners and cohabitants, and provided for [[Third-party reproduction|donor-assisted human reproduction]]; however, significant sections of the Act have yet to be [[coming into force|commenced]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/act/9/enacted/en/html|title=Children and Family Relationships Act 2015|date=6 April 2015|access-date=28 September 2019|website=[[Irish Statute Book]]|archive-date=23 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523155602/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2015/en/act/pub/0009/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Following a [[Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|referendum]] held on 23 May 2015, Ireland became the eighteenth country to [[Marriage Act 2015|provide in law]] for [[same-sex marriage]], and the first to do so by popular vote.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/marriage-referendum/ireland-becomes-first-country-to-approve-same-sex-marriage-by-popular-vote-1.2223646 |newspaper= The Irish Times |title= Ireland becomes first country to approve same-sex marriage by popular vote |date= 23 May 2015 |access-date= 23 May 2015 |archive-date= 23 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150723091725/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/marriage-referendum/ireland-becomes-first-country-to-approve-same-sex-marriage-by-popular-vote-1.2223646 |url-status= live }}</ref> Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for [[plastic shopping bag]]s in 2002 and a public [[smoking ban]] in 2004. [[Recycling in Ireland]] is carried out extensively, and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the [[European Union]]. It was the first country in Europe to ban [[Banning of incandescent lightbulbs|incandescent lightbulbs]] in 2008 and the first EU country to ban in-store tobacco advertising and product display in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1010/109039-energy/ |title=Traditional light bulbs to be scrapped |publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann |date=10 October 2008 |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022025444/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1010/109039-energy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0630/119005-tobacco/ |title=Ban on in-store tobacco advertising |publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann |date=30 June 2009 |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022030145/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0630/119005-tobacco/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, Ireland became the second country in the world to introduce [[plain cigarette packaging]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/plain-packaging-for-cigarettes-signed-into-law-in-ireland-1.2134138|title=Plain packaging for cigarettes signed into law in Ireland|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=10 March 2015|first=Mark|last=Hilliard|access-date=13 March 2015|archive-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701072609/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/plain-packaging-for-cigarettes-signed-into-law-in-ireland-1.2134138|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the above measures to discourage tobacco use, smoking rates in Ireland remain at approximately 15.4% as of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smoking Prevalence Tracker 2020 Info – Graph|url=https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/tobaccocontrol/research/smoking-in-ireland-2020.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=28 May 2021|website=[[Health Service Executive]]|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306000019/https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/tobaccocontrol/research/smoking-in-ireland-2020.pdf}}</ref> ===State symbols=== {{Further|Symbols of the Republic of Ireland}} [[File:Seal of the President of Ireland.png|thumb|upright=0.8|The [[seal of the president of Ireland]], incorporating a harp]] The state shares many symbols with the [[island of Ireland]]. These include the colours green and [[St. Patrick's Blue|blue]], animals such as the [[Irish wolfhound]] and [[stag]]s, structures such as [[Irish round tower|round towers]] and [[celtic cross]]es, and designs such as [[Celtic knot]]s and [[Triple spiral|spirals]]. The [[shamrock]], a type of [[clover]], has been a national symbol of Ireland since the 17th century when it became customary to wear it as a symbol on [[St. Patrick's Day]]. These symbols are used by state institutions as well as private bodies in the Republic of Ireland. The [[flag of Ireland]] is a [[tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] of green, white and orange. The flag originates with the [[Young Ireland]] movement of the mid-19th century but was not popularised until its use during the [[Easter Rising]] of 1916.<ref>{{cite web|title=Flags Used in Northern Ireland|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/images/symbols/flags.htm|website=cain.ulst.ac.uk|publisher=Cain Web Service|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=14 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131904/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/images/symbols/flags.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The colours represent the [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic]] tradition (green) and the followers of [[William III of England|William of Orange]] in Ireland (orange), with white representing the aspiration for peace between them.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Flag|url=http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Flag/|website=taoiseach.gov.ie|publisher=Department of the Taoiseach|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=17 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217222424/https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Flag/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was adopted as the flag of the Irish Free State in 1922 and continues to be used as the sole flag and ensign of the state. A [[naval jack]], a green flag with a yellow harp, is set out in Defence Forces Regulations and flown from the bows of warships in addition to the national flag in limited circumstances (e.g. when a ship is not underway). It is based on the unofficial [[green ensign]] of Ireland used in the 18th and 19th centuries and the traditional green flag of Ireland dating from the 16th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ireland: The Naval Service|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ie-naval.html#jack|website=crwflags.com|publisher=CRW Flags|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=25 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025205238/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ie-naval.html#jack|url-status=live}}</ref> Like the national flag, the national anthem, {{lang|ga|[[Amhrán na bhFiann]]}} ({{langx|en|A Soldier's Song}}), has its roots in the Easter Rising, when the song was sung by the rebels. Although originally published in English in 1912,<ref name="sherry">{{cite journal |last=Sherry |first=Ruth |volume=4 |issue=1 |date=Spring 1996 |url=http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/the-story-of-the-national-anthem/ |title=The Story of the National Anthem |journal=History Ireland |location=Dublin |pages=39–43 |access-date=5 November 2014 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104112614/https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/the-story-of-the-national-anthem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the song was translated into Irish in 1923 and the Irish-language version is more commonly sung today.<ref name="sherry" /> The song was officially adopted as the anthem of the Irish Free State in 1926 and continues as the national anthem of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1926-07-20/20/ |title=Ceisteannea—Questions. Oral answers. – Saorstát National Anthem. |date=20 July 1926 |work=Dáil Éireann (4th Dáil) – Vol. 16 No. 21 |access-date=15 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910082950/https://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0016/D.0016.192607200020.html |archive-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> The first four bars of the chorus followed by the last five comprise the [[Honors music|presidential salute]]. The [[arms of Ireland]] originate as the arms of the monarchs of Ireland and was recorded as the arms of the King of Ireland in the 12th century. From the [[union of the crowns]] of [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] in 1603, they have appeared [[Quartering (heraldry)|quartered]] on the [[royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom]]. Today, they are the personal arms of the president of Ireland whilst he or she is in office and are flown as the [[Presidential Standard (Ireland)|presidential standard]]. The harp symbol is used extensively by the state to mark official documents, Irish coinage and on the [[seal of the president of Ireland]]. ==See also== {{Portal|Europe|Ireland}} * [[List of Ireland-related topics]] * [[Outline of the Republic of Ireland]] {{clear right}} ==Notes== {{Notelist|refs= {{Efn|name=nomenclature|[https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#part2 Article 4] of the [[Constitution of Ireland]] declares that the name of the state is ''Ireland''; [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1948/en/act/pub/0022/sec0002.html Section 2] of [[the Republic of Ireland Act 1948]] declares that ''Republic of Ireland'' is "the description of the State".<ref name="Coakley2009">{{cite book |first=John |last=Coakley |title=Politics in the Republic of Ireland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fzFPQ2pZgd0C&pg=PA76 |access-date=2 May 2011 |date=20 August 2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-47672-0 |page=76 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225081937/https://books.google.com/books?id=fzFPQ2pZgd0C&pg=PA76%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} {{Efn|name=national language|[https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#part2 Article 8] of the Constitution states that Irish is "the national language" and "the first official language", and that English is "a second official language".}} {{Efn|name=currency|Prior to 2002, Ireland used the [[Irish pound]] as its circulated currency. The euro was introduced as an accounting currency in 1999.}} {{Efn|name=tld|The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.}} }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliography===  {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Gilland|first=Karin|title=Ireland: Neutrality and the International Use of Force |year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-21804-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Greenwood|first=Margaret|title=Rough guide to Ireland|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1-84353-059-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Mangan|first=James Clarence|title=James Clarence Mangan – His Selected Poems|year=2007|publisher=Read Books|isbn=978-1-4086-2700-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Meinardus|first=Otto Friedrich August|title=Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity|year=2002|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=977-424-757-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Moody|first=Theodore William|title=A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-821737-4}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * [[Constitution of Ireland]] (the 1937 constitution) * ''The Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922'' * J. Anthony Foley and Stephen Lalor (ed), ''Gill & Macmillan Annotated Constitution of Ireland'' (Gill & Macmillan, 1995) ({{ISBN|0-7171-2276-X}}) * {{cite book|first=Michael J.|last=Geary|title=An Inconvenient Wait: Ireland's Quest for Membership of the EEC, 1957–73|publisher=Institute of Public Administration|year=2009|isbn=978-1-904541-83-7}} * FSL Lyons (1 January 1985). ''Ireland Since the Famine''. {{isbn|978-0006860051}}. * {{cite book|first=Alan J.|last=Ward|title=The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1992 |publisher=Irish Academic Press|year=1994|isbn=0-7165-2528-3}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|Ireland|voy=Ireland}} ===Government=== * [http://www.gov.ie/ Irish State] – official governmental portal * [http://www.president.ie/ {{lang|ga|Áras an Uachtaráin}}] – official presidential site * [https://www.gov.ie/en/organisation/department-of-the-taoiseach/ Taoiseach] – official prime ministerial site ===General information=== * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ireland/ Ireland]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ei/ Ireland] – information from the [[United States Department of State]] * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729063507/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/portals.html |date=29 July 2010 |title=Portals to the World}} from the United States [[Library of Congress]] (archived by the WayBackMachine) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821132627/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm Ireland] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17473476 Ireland profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|Ireland}} * {{osmrelation-inline|62273}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IE Key Development Forecasts for Ireland] from [[International Futures]] {{Ireland topics}} {{Navboxes |list1= {{Sovereign states of Europe}} {{Celts}} {{EU members}} {{European Economic Area (EEA)}} {{Council of Europe members}} {{Irish states since 1171}}{{British Isles|British-Irish Council area}} {{British-Irish Council|state=collapsed}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ireland, Republic of}} [[Category:Republic of Ireland| ]] [[Category:Countries in Europe]] [[Category:Island countries]] [[Category:Member states of the European Union]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:OECD members]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union]] [[Category:Republics]]  [[Category:States and territories established in 1949]]  [[Category:1949 establishments in Ireland|Republic of Ireland]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" 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