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</ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Recognition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recognition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Henrietta Lacks</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" > 35 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="هنريتا لاكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنريتا لاكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Laks" title="Henrietta Laks – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Henrietta Laks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacksov%C3%A1" title="Henrietta Lacksová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Henrietta Lacksová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="هنریتا لاکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنریتا لاکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%90%ED%83%80_%EB%9E%99%EC%8A%A4" title="헨리에타 랙스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헨리에타 랙스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Հենրիետա Լաքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրիետա Լաքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="הנרייטה לאקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנרייטה לאקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰენრიეტა ლაქსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰენრიეტა ლაქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Хенриета Лакс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хенриета Лакс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹെൻറിയേറ്റാ ലാക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെൻറിയേറ്റാ ലാക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ヘンリエッタ・ラックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリエッタ・ラックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Лакс, Генриетта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лакс, Генриетта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เฮนเรียตตา แล็กส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮนเรียตตา แล็กส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Генрієтта Лакс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генрієтта Лакс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Henrietta Lacks" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%8E%89%E8%80%B6%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="海莉耶塔·拉克斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海莉耶塔·拉克斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1647793#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lack_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lack (disambiguation)">Lack</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Henrietta Lacks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrietta_Lacks_(1920-1951).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photo of Lacks smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Henrietta_Lacks_%281920-1951%29.jpg/220px-Henrietta_Lacks_%281920-1951%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d7/Henrietta_Lacks_%281920-1951%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="362" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Lacks <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1945–1951.<a href="#cite_note-2">[A]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Loretta Pleasant</div> (1920-08-01)August 1, 1920 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, Virginia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 4, 1951(1951-10-04) (aged 31) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks_Health_and_Bioscience_High_School" title="Henrietta Lacks Health and Bioscience High School">Henrietta Lacks Health and Bioscience High School</a>; <a href="/wiki/Historical_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical marker">historical marker</a> at <a href="/wiki/Clover,_Virginia" title="Clover, Virginia">Clover, Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housewife" title="Housewife">Housewife</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_farmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco farmer">tobacco farmer</a><a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot201016-4">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>approx. 5 ft (150 cm)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot20102-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">David Lacks</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1941)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr></tbody></table> Henrietta Lacks (born Loretta Pleasant; August 1, 1920 – October 4, 1951)<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> was an African-American woman<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">cancer cells</a> are the source of the <a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a> cell line, the first <a href="/wiki/Immortalized_cell_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortalized cell line">immortalized human cell line</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[B]</a> and one of the most important cell lines in <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a>. An immortalized cell line reproduces indefinitely under specific conditions, and the HeLa cell line continues to be a source of invaluable medical data to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Lacks was the unwitting source of these cells from a tumor <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsied</a> during treatment for <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, in 1951. These cells were then <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">cultured</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Otto_Gey" title="George Otto Gey">George Otto Gey</a>, who created the cell line known as HeLa, which is still used for medical research.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> As was then the practice, no consent was required to culture the cells obtained from Lacks's treatment. Neither she nor her family were compensated for the extraction or use of the HeLa cells. Even though some information about the origins of HeLa's immortalized cell lines was known to researchers after 1970, the Lacks family was not made aware of the line's existence until 1975. With knowledge of the cell line's <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> provenance becoming public, its use for medical research and for commercial purposes continues to raise concerns about privacy and patients' rights. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Henrietta Lacks was born Loretta Pleasant on August 1, 1920,<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot201018-11">[9]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, Virginia</a>, to Eliza Pleasant (née Lacks) (1886–1924) and John "Johnny" Randall Pleasant (1881–1969).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot2010-12">[10]</a> She is remembered as having hazel eyes, a small waist, size 6 shoes, and always wearing red nail polish and a neatly pleated skirt.<a href="#cite_note-stan-13">[11]</a> Her family is uncertain how her name changed from Loretta to Henrietta, but she was nicknamed Hennie.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> When Lacks was four years old in 1924, her mother died giving birth to her tenth child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot2010-12">[10]</a> Unable to care for the children alone after his wife's death, Lacks's father moved the family to <a href="/wiki/Clover,_Virginia" title="Clover, Virginia">Clover, Virginia</a>, where the children were distributed among relatives. Lacks ended up with her maternal grandfather, Thomas "Tommy" Henry Lacks, in a two-story log cabin that was once the slave quarters on the plantation that had been owned by Henrietta's white great-grandfather and great-uncle.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> She shared a room with her nine-year-old first cousin and future husband, David "Day" Lacks (1915–2002).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot2010-12">[10]</a> Like most members of her family living in Clover, Lacks worked as a tobacco farmer starting from an early age. She fed the animals, tended the garden, and toiled in the tobacco fields. She attended the designated black school two miles away from the cabin until she had to drop out to help support the family when she was in the sixth grade.<a href="#cite_note-bio-14">[12]</a> When Lacks was 14 years old, she gave birth to a son, Lawrence Lacks (1935–2023).<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> In 1939, her daughter Elsie Lacks (1939–1955) was born. Both children were fathered by Day Lacks. Elsie had <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a><a href="#cite_note-cg-16">[14]</a> and was described by the family as "different" or "deaf and dumb".<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage and family">edit</a>]</div> On April 10, 1941, David "Day" Lacks and Henrietta Lacks were married in <a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_Virginia" title="Halifax County, Virginia">Halifax County, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> Later that year, their cousin, Fred Garrett, convinced the couple to leave the tobacco farm in Virginia and move to Turner Station, near <a href="/wiki/Dundalk,_Maryland" title="Dundalk, Maryland">Dundalk, Maryland</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_County,_Maryland" title="Baltimore County, Maryland">Baltimore County</a>, so Day could work in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" title="Bethlehem Steel">Bethlehem Steel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sparrows_Point,_Maryland" title="Sparrows Point, Maryland">Sparrows Point, Maryland</a>. Not long after they moved to Maryland, Garrett was called to fight in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. With the savings gifted to him by Garrett, Day Lacks was able to purchase a house at 713 New Pittsburgh Avenue in Turner Station. Now part of Dundalk, Turner Station was one of the oldest and largest African-American communities in Baltimore County at that time.<a href="#cite_note-bcrecord-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-aathematic-18">[16]</a> Living in Maryland, Henrietta and Day Lacks had three more children: David "Sonny" Lacks Jr. (1947–2022),<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Deborah Lacks (later known as Deborah Lacks Pullum, 1949–2009), and Joseph Lacks (later known as Zakariyya Bari Abdul Rahman after converting to Islam, 1950–2020).<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Henrietta gave birth to her last child at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore in November 1950, four and a half months before she was diagnosed with cervical cancer.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> Zakariyya believed his birth to be a miracle as he was "fighting off the cancer cells growing all around him". Around the same time, Elsie was placed in the Hospital for the Negro Insane, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Crownsville_Hospital_Center" title="Crownsville Hospital Center">Crownsville Hospital Center</a>, where she died in 1955 at 15 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> Historian Paul Lurz says that it is possible that Elsie was subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Pneumoencephalography" title="Pneumoencephalography">pneumoencephalography</a> procedure, where a hole was drilled into a patient's head to drain fluid from the brain, which was then replaced with oxygen or helium to make it easier to see the patient's brain in X-rays.<a href="#cite_note-cg-16">[14]</a> Both Lacks and her husband were Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness">Illness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Illness">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diagnosis_and_treatment">Diagnosis and treatment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diagnosis and treatment">edit</a>]</div> On January 29, 1951, Lacks went to Johns Hopkins, the only hospital in the area that treated black patients, because she felt a "knot" in her womb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot201013-22">[20]</a> She had previously told her cousins about the "knot" and they assumed correctly that she was pregnant. But after giving birth to Joseph, Lacks had a severe <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a>. Her primary care doctor, William C. Wade,<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> referred her back to Johns Hopkins.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> There, her doctor, <a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Jones" title="Howard W. Jones">Howard W. Jones</a>, took a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> of a mass found on Lacks's <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a> for laboratory testing. Soon after, Lacks was told that she had a malignant <a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">epidermoid carcinoma</a> of the cervix.<a href="#cite_note-26">[C]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot201027-27">[24]</a> In 1970, physicians discovered that she had been misdiagnosed and actually had an <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[D]</a> This was a common mistake at the time, and the treatment would not have differed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot2010172-30">[26]</a> Lacks was treated with <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">radium tube inserts</a> as an inpatient and discharged a few days later with instructions to return for X-ray treatments as a follow-up. During her treatments, two samples were taken from Lacks's cervix without her permission or knowledge; one sample was of healthy tissue and the other was cancerous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot201033-31">[27]</a> These samples were given to <a href="/wiki/George_Otto_Gey" title="George Otto Gey">George Otto Gey</a>, a physician and cancer researcher at Johns Hopkins. The cells from the cancerous sample eventually became known as the <a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a> <a href="/wiki/Immortalised_cell_line" title="Immortalised cell line">immortal cell line</a>, a commonly used <a href="/wiki/Cell_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell line">cell line</a> in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical research">biomedical research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and burial">edit</a>]</div> On August 8, 1951, Lacks, who was 31 years old, went to Johns Hopkins for a routine treatment session and asked to be admitted due to continued severe abdominal pain. She received blood transfusions and remained at the hospital until her death on October 4, 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot201086-32">[28]</a> A partial <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> showed that the cancer had <a href="/wiki/Metastasized" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasized">metastasized</a> throughout her entire body.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baltimore_City_News-33">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacks_Town_Road;_Clover,_VA;_2013-07-14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lacks_Town_Road%3B_Clover%2C_VA%3B_2013-07-14.JPG/220px-Lacks_Town_Road%3B_Clover%2C_VA%3B_2013-07-14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lacks_Town_Road%3B_Clover%2C_VA%3B_2013-07-14.JPG/330px-Lacks_Town_Road%3B_Clover%2C_VA%3B_2013-07-14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lacks_Town_Road%3B_Clover%2C_VA%3B_2013-07-14.JPG/440px-Lacks_Town_Road%3B_Clover%2C_VA%3B_2013-07-14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lacks_Town_Road" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lacks Town Road">Lacks Town Road</a> in Clover, Virginia, near where Lacks grew up and is buried</figcaption></figure> Lacks was buried in an unmarked grave in the family cemetery, in a section of Clover, Virginia, called Lackstown. Lacks's exact burial location is unknown, but the family believes that it is within a few feet of her mother's gravesite, which for decades was the only one in the family to have been marked with a tombstone.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baltimore_City_News-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-JHM2000-34">[30]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Pattillo" title="Roland Pattillo">Roland Pattillo</a>, a faculty member of the <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_School_of_Medicine" title="Morehouse School of Medicine">Morehouse School of Medicine</a> who had worked with George Gey and knew the Lacks family,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot2010page_231-35">[31]</a> donated a headstone for Lacks.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio2-36">[32]</a> This prompted her family to raise money for a headstone for Elsie Lacks as well, which was dedicated on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio2-36">[32]</a> The book-shaped headstone of Henrietta Lacks contains an epitaph written by her grandchildren that reads:<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> <div style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Henrietta Lacks, August 1, 1920 – October 4, 1951  In loving memory of a phenomenal woman, wife and mother who touched the lives of many. Here lies Henrietta Lacks (HeLa). Her immortal  cells will continue to help mankind forever. Eternal Love and Admiration, From Your Family<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> </div></blockquote></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_and_scientific_research">Medical and scientific research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medical and scientific research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cell_culture_(HeLa_cells)_(261_18)_Cell_culture_(HeLa_cells)_-_metaphase,_telophase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cell_culture_%28HeLa_cells%29_%28261_18%29_Cell_culture_%28HeLa_cells%29_-_metaphase%2C_telophase.jpg/220px-Cell_culture_%28HeLa_cells%29_%28261_18%29_Cell_culture_%28HeLa_cells%29_-_metaphase%2C_telophase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cell_culture_%28HeLa_cells%29_%28261_18%29_Cell_culture_%28HeLa_cells%29_-_metaphase%2C_telophase.jpg/330px-Cell_culture_%28HeLa_cells%29_%28261_18%29_Cell_culture_%28HeLa_cells%29_-_metaphase%2C_telophase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cell_culture_%28HeLa_cells%29_%28261_18%29_Cell_culture_%28HeLa_cells%29_-_metaphase%2C_telophase.jpg/440px-Cell_culture_%28HeLa_cells%29_%28261_18%29_Cell_culture_%28HeLa_cells%29_-_metaphase%2C_telophase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3751" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>Dividing HeLa cells in culture. The cells can be seen <a href="/wiki/Metaphase" title="Metaphase">metaphase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telophase" title="Telophase">telophase</a>, different stages of cell division.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a></div> George Otto Gey, the first researcher to study Lacks's cancerous cells, observed that these cells were unusual in that they reproduced at a very high rate and could be kept alive long enough to allow more in-depth examination.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> Until then, cells cultured for laboratory studies survived for only a few days at most, which was not long enough to perform a variety of different tests on the same sample. Lacks's cells were the first to be observed that could be divided multiple times without dying, which is why they became known as "immortal". After Lacks's death, Gey had Mary Kubicek, his lab assistant, take further HeLa samples while Henrietta's body was at Johns Hopkins' autopsy facility.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> The roller-tube technique<a href="#cite_note-41">[E]</a> was the method used to culture the cells obtained from the samples that Kubicek collected.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> Gey was able to start a cell line from Lacks's sample by isolating one specific cell and repeatedly dividing it, meaning that the same cell could then be used for conducting many experiments. They became known as HeLa cells, because Gey's standard method for labeling samples was to use the first two letters of the patient's first and last names.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> The ability to rapidly reproduce HeLa cells in a laboratory setting has led to many important breakthroughs in biomedical research. For example, by 1954, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a> was using HeLa cells in his research to develop the <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baltimore_City_News-33">[29]</a> To test his new vaccine, the cells were mass-produced in the first-ever cell production factory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot201096-43">[38]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Chester_M._Southam" title="Chester M. Southam">Chester M. Southam</a>, a leading virologist, injected HeLa cells into cancer patients, prison inmates, and healthy individuals in order to observe whether cancer could be transmitted as well as to examine if one could become immune to cancer by developing an acquired immune response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot2010128-44">[39]</a> HeLa cells were in high demand and put into mass production. They were mailed to scientists around the globe for "research into <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, the effects of radiation and toxic substances, <a href="/wiki/Gene_mapping" title="Gene mapping">gene mapping</a>, and countless other scientific pursuits".<a href="#cite_note-Baltimore_City_News-33">[29]</a> HeLa cells were the first human cells successfully cloned, in 1955,<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> and have since been used to test human sensitivity to tape, glue, cosmetics, and many other products.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> There are almost 11,000 patents involving HeLa cells.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> In the early 1970s, a large portion of other cell cultures became contaminated by HeLa cells. As a result, members of Henrietta Lacks's family received solicitations for blood samples from researchers hoping to learn about the family's genetics in order to differentiate between HeLa cells and other cell lines.<a href="#cite_note-RitterSeattleTimes-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> Alarmed and confused, several family members began questioning why they were receiving so many telephone calls requesting blood samples. In 1975, the family also learned through a chance dinner-party conversation that material originating in Henrietta Lacks was continuing to be used for medical research.<a href="#cite_note-Baltimore_City_News-33">[29]</a> Prior to this, the family had never discussed Henrietta's illness and death among themselves.<a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consent_issues_and_privacy_concerns">Consent issues and privacy concerns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consent issues and privacy concerns">edit</a>]</div> Neither Henrietta Lacks nor her family had given her physicians permission to harvest her cells. At that time, permission was neither required nor customarily sought.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> The cells were used in medical research and for commercial purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Baltimore_City_News-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-vpbio-3">[2]</a> In the 1980s, family medical records were published without family consent. A similar issue was brought up in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a> case of <a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Moore v. Regents of the University of California">Moore v. Regents of the University of California</a> in 1990. The court ruled that a person's discarded tissue and cells are not their property and can be commercialized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot2010203–206-49">[44]</a> In March 2013, researchers published the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> sequence of the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of a strain of HeLa cells. The Lacks family discovered this when the author <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Skloot" title="Rebecca Skloot">Rebecca Skloot</a> informed them.<a href="#cite_note-RitterSeattleTimes-46">[41]</a> There were objections from the Lacks family about the genetic information that was available for public access. Jeri Lacks Whye, a grandchild of Henrietta Lacks, said to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, "the biggest concern was privacy—what information was actually going to be out there about our grandmother, and what information they can obtain from her sequencing that will tell them about her children and grandchildren and going down the line." That same year another group working on a different HeLa cell line's genome under <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH) funding, submitted it for publication. In August 2013, an agreement was announced between the family and the NIH that gave the family some control over access to the cells' DNA sequence found in the two studies along with a promise of acknowledgement in scientific papers. In addition, two family members will join the six-member committee that will regulate access to the sequence data.<a href="#cite_note-51">[F]</a><a href="#cite_note-RitterSeattleTimes-46">[41]</a> In October 2021, Lacks's estate filed a lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a> for profiting from the HeLa cell line without Lacks's consent,<a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> asking for "the full amount of [Thermo Fisher's] net profits".<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> On July 31, 2023, Thermo Fisher Scientific settled with the Lacks family on undisclosed terms.<a href="#cite_note-apnews_20230801_thermosettlement-55">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recognition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrietta_Lacks_historical_marker;_Clover,_VA;_2013-07-14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Henrietta_Lacks_historical_marker%3B_Clover%2C_VA%3B_2013-07-14.JPG/220px-Henrietta_Lacks_historical_marker%3B_Clover%2C_VA%3B_2013-07-14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Henrietta_Lacks_historical_marker%3B_Clover%2C_VA%3B_2013-07-14.JPG/330px-Henrietta_Lacks_historical_marker%3B_Clover%2C_VA%3B_2013-07-14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Henrietta_Lacks_historical_marker%3B_Clover%2C_VA%3B_2013-07-14.JPG/440px-Henrietta_Lacks_historical_marker%3B_Clover%2C_VA%3B_2013-07-14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Historical_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical marker">historical marker</a> memorializing Henrietta Lacks in Clover, Virginia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrietta_Lacks_Educational_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Henrietta_Lacks_Educational_Park.jpg/220px-Henrietta_Lacks_Educational_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Henrietta_Lacks_Educational_Park.jpg/330px-Henrietta_Lacks_Educational_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Henrietta_Lacks_Educational_Park.jpg/440px-Henrietta_Lacks_Educational_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A park named in honor of Henrietta Lacks in Baltimore, Maryland</figcaption></figure> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_School_of_Medicine" title="Morehouse School of Medicine">Morehouse School of Medicine</a> held its first annual HeLa Women's Health Conference. Led by physician <a href="/wiki/Roland_Pattillo" title="Roland Pattillo">Roland Pattillo</a>, the conference is held to give recognition to Henrietta Lacks, her cell line, and "the valuable contribution made by African Americans to medical research and clinical practice".<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-vpbio2-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FirstYear-57">[51]</a> The mayor of Atlanta declared the date of the first conference, October 11, 1996, "Henrietta Lacks Day".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot2010219-58">[52]</a> Lacks's contributions continue to be celebrated at yearly events in Turner Station.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> At one such event in 1997, then-U.S. Congressman from Maryland, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ehrlich" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Ehrlich">Robert Ehrlich</a>, presented a congressional resolution recognizing Lacks and her contributions to medical science and research.<a href="#cite_note-thomas-61">[55]</a> In 2010, the Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research established the annual Henrietta Lacks Memorial Lecture Series,<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> to honor Henrietta Lacks and the global impact of HeLa cells on medicine and research.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_State_University" title="Morgan State University">Morgan State University</a> in Baltimore granted Lacks a posthumous honorary doctorate in public service.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> Also in 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Public_Schools" title="Evergreen Public Schools">Evergreen School District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver, Washington</a>, named their new high school focused on medical careers the <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks_Health_and_Bioscience_High_School" title="Henrietta Lacks Health and Bioscience High School">Henrietta Lacks Health and Bioscience High School</a>, becoming the first organization to memorialize her publicly by naming a school in her honor.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> In 2014, Lacks was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Maryland Women's Hall of Fame">Maryland Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MSAWHF-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> In 2017, a <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Main_asteroid_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Main asteroid belt">main asteroid belt</a> was named "<a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_359001%E2%80%93360000#401" title="Meanings of minor planet names: 359001–360000">359426 Lacks</a>" in her honor.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> published a belated obituary for her,<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Overlooked_(obituary_feature)" title="Overlooked (obituary feature)">Overlooked</a> history project.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> Also in 2018, the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African-American_History_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of African-American History and Culture">National Museum of African-American History and Culture</a> jointly announced the accession of a portrait of Lacks by <a href="/wiki/Kadir_Nelson" title="Kadir Nelson">Kadir Nelson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> On October 6, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> announced plans to name a research building in honor of Lacks.<a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[69]</a> The announcement was made at the 9th annual Henrietta Lacks Memorial Lecture in the Turner Auditorium in <a href="/wiki/East_Baltimore_Midway,_Baltimore" title="East Baltimore Midway, Baltimore">East Baltimore</a> by Johns Hopkins University President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Daniels" title="Ronald J. Daniels">Ronald J. Daniels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Rothman" title="Paul B. Rothman">Paul B. Rothman</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins Medicine">Johns Hopkins Medicine</a> and dean of the medical faculty of the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine</a>, surrounded by several of Lacks's descendants. "Through her life and her immortal cells, Henrietta Lacks made an immeasurable impact on science and medicine that has touched countless lives around the world," Daniels said. "This building will stand as a testament to her transformative impact on scientific discovery and the ethics that must undergird its pursuit. We at Johns Hopkins are profoundly grateful to the Lacks family for their partnership as we continue to learn from Mrs. Lacks's life and to honor her enduring legacy." The building will adjoin the Berman Institute of Bioethics' Deering Hall, located at the corner of Ashland and Rutland Avenues and "will support programs that enhance participation and partnership with members of the community in research that can benefit the community, as well as extend the opportunities to further study and promote research ethics and community engagement in research through an expansion of the Berman Institute and its work."<a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrietta_Lacks_statue,_Bristol,_RHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Henrietta_Lacks_statue%2C_Bristol%2C_RHS.jpg/220px-Henrietta_Lacks_statue%2C_Bristol%2C_RHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Henrietta_Lacks_statue%2C_Bristol%2C_RHS.jpg/330px-Henrietta_Lacks_statue%2C_Bristol%2C_RHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Henrietta_Lacks_statue%2C_Bristol%2C_RHS.jpg/440px-Henrietta_Lacks_statue%2C_Bristol%2C_RHS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3021" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Henrietta Lacks statue, Bristol</figcaption></figure> In 2020, Lacks was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> In 2021, the Henrietta Lacks Enhancing Cancer Research Act of 2019 became law; it states the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> must complete a study about barriers to participation that exist in cancer clinical trials that are federally funded for populations that have been underrepresented in such trials.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> In October 2021, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> unveiled a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Henrietta_Lacks" title="Statue of Henrietta Lacks">statue of Lacks</a> at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fort_House" title="Royal Fort House">Royal Fort House</a> in the city. The sculpture was created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Wilson-Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Wilson-Roe (page does not exist)">Helen Wilson-Roe</a> and was the first statue of a black woman made by a black woman for a public space in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> On October 13, 2021, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) presented the Director General Award to Lawrence Lacks, the son of Henrietta Lacks, in recognition of her unknowing contribution to science and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-cramer-79">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soumya_Swaminathan" title="Soumya Swaminathan">Soumya Swaminathan</a>, chief scientist at the WHO, said: "I cannot think of any other single cell line or lab reagent that's been used to this extent and has resulted in so many advances."<a href="#cite_note-cramer-79">[73]</a> On March 15, 2022, United States Rep. <a href="/wiki/Kweisi_Mfume" title="Kweisi Mfume">Kwesi Mfume</a> (D-Md) filed legislation to posthumously award the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> to Henrietta Lacks for her distinguished contributions to science. The award is one of the most prestigious civilian honors given by the United States government.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> On December 19, 2022, it was announced that a bronze statue honoring Henrietta Lacks would be erected in <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, Virginia</a>'s Henrietta Lacks Plaza, previously named Lee Plaza after Confederate Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>. A statue of Lee was removed from the site in the wake of the protests following the murder of George Floyd.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> The Lacks statue was unveiled on October 4, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> On June 13, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Loudoun_County_Public_Schools" title="Loudoun County Public Schools">Loudoun County Public Schools</a> Board members approved the name of the new school, Henrietta Lacks Elementary School, in <a href="/wiki/Aldie,_Virginia" title="Aldie, Virginia">Aldie, Virginia</a>. The school will serve 960 students from kindergarten through 2nd grade and is expected to open in August 2024.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> The question of how and whether her race affected her treatment, the lack of obtaining consent, and her relative obscurity continues to be controversial.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> The HeLa cell line's connection to Henrietta Lacks was first brought to popular attention in March 1976 with a pair of articles in the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a><a href="#cite_note-Free_Press-86">[80]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> written by reporter <a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Rogers" title="Michael A. Rogers">Michael Rogers</a>, though Rogers erroneously states her name as Helen Lane.<a href="#cite_note-[Rolling_Stone-87">[81]</a> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Curtis" title="Adam Curtis">Adam Curtis</a> directed a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary about Henrietta Lacks called The Way of All Flesh.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Skloot" title="Rebecca Skloot">Rebecca Skloot</a> documented extensive histories of both the HeLa cell line and the Lacks family in two articles published in 2000<a href="#cite_note-JHM2000-34">[30]</a> and 2001<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> and in her 2010 book <a href="/wiki/The_Immortal_Life_of_Henrietta_Lacks" title="The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks">The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks</a>. Skloot worked with Deborah Lacks, who was determined to learn more about her mother, on the book.<a href="#cite_note-stan-13">[11]</a> She used her first royalty check from the book to start the Henrietta Lacks Foundation, which has provided funds like college tuition and medical procedures for Henrietta's family.<a href="#cite_note-wp-90">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> announced in 2010 that <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ball_(screenwriter)" title="Alan Ball (screenwriter)">Alan Ball</a> were developing a <a href="/wiki/The_Immortal_Life_of_Henrietta_Lacks_(film)" title="The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (film)">film project</a> based on Skloot's book,<a href="#cite_note-vpbio2-36">[32]</a> and in 2016 filming commenced.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> with Winfrey in the leading role of Deborah Lacks, Henrietta's daughter.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> The film <a href="/wiki/The_Immortal_Life_of_Henrietta_Lacks_(film)" title="The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (film)">The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks</a> was released in 2017, with <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Elise_Goldsberry" title="Renée Elise Goldsberry">Renée Elise Goldsberry</a> portraying Lacks. Sons David Lacks Jr. and Zakariyya Rahman and granddaughter Jeri Lacks were consultants for the film. HBO also commissioned Kadir Nelson for an oil painting of Lacks. In 2018, the portrait was jointly acquired by the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a>. The wallpaper in the painting is made up of the "Flower of Life" alluding to the immortality of her cells. The flowers on her dress resemble images of cell structures, and the two missing buttons on her dress symbolize her cells taken without permission.<a href="#cite_note-sm-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithmag-96">[90]</a> NBC's <a href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order" title="Law & Order">Law & Order</a> aired its own fictionalized version of Lacks's story in the 2010 episode "Immortal", which <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a> referred to as "shockingly close to the true story"<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> and the musical groups <a href="/wiki/Jello_Biafra_and_the_Guantanamo_School_of_Medicine" title="Jello Biafra and the Guantanamo School of Medicine">Jello Biafra and the Guantanamo School of Medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeasayer" title="Yeasayer">Yeasayer</a> both released songs about Henrietta Lacks and her legacy.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> Members of the Lacks family wrote their own stories for the first time in 2013, when Lacks's oldest son and his wife, Lawrence and Bobbette Lacks, wrote a short digital memoir called "Hela Family Stories: Lawrence and Bobbette", with first-hand accounts of their memories of Henrietta Lacks while she was alive and of their own efforts to keep the youngest children out of unsafe living environments following their mother's death.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> The HeLa Project, a multimedia exhibition to honor Lacks, opened in 2017 in Baltimore at the <a href="/wiki/Reginald_F._Lewis_Museum_of_Maryland_African_American_History_%26_Culture" title="Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture">Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture</a>. It included a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Kadir_Nelson" title="Kadir Nelson">Kadir Nelson</a> and a poem by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Williams" title="Saul Williams">Saul Williams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> HeLa, a play by Chicago playwright <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Nicole_Brooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Nicole Brooks (page does not exist)">J. Nicole Brooks</a>, was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_in_Chicago" title="List of theaters in Chicago">Sideshow Theatre Company</a> in 2016, with a public staged reading on July 31, 2017. The play was produced by Sideshow at Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Theater_Center" title="Greenhouse Theater Center">Greenhouse Theater Center</a> from November 18 to December 23, 2018. The play uses Lacks's life story as a jumping point for a larger conversation about Afrofuturism, scientific progress, and bodily autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> In the series <a href="/wiki/El_Ministerio_del_Tiempo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Ministerio del Tiempo">El Ministerio del Tiempo</a>, the immortality of her cells in the lab is cited as the precedent for the character Arteche's "extreme resistance to infections, to injuries, and to cellular degeneration. In other words to aging": that his cells are immortal.<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> In the Netflix original movie <a href="/wiki/Project_Power" title="Project Power">Project Power</a> (2020), the case of Henrietta Lacks is cited by one of the villains of the story as an example of unwilling trials giving rise to advances for the greater good.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/JJ_Doom" title="JJ Doom">JJ Doom</a> album <a href="/wiki/Key_to_the_Kuffs" title="Key to the Kuffs">Key to the Kuffs</a> (2012) includes the song "Winter Blues" that contains the lyrics "We could live forever like Henrietta Lacks cells".<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yeasayer" title="Yeasayer">Yeasayer</a> wrote a song about Lacks, entitled "Henrietta," for their 2012 album <a href="/wiki/Fragrant_World" title="Fragrant World">Fragrant World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contaminated_cell_lines" title="List of contaminated cell lines">List of contaminated cell lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Moore v. Regents of the University of California">Moore v. Regents of the University of California</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> This photo is one of the few known photos of Lacks. It was printed in medical literature, its origin is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot20101-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> "In Steve Silberman's Book Review of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (Nature 463, 610; 2010), ... Your lead-in claims that the death of Henrietta Lacks "led to the first immortal cell line", but that distinction belongs to the L929 cell line, which was derived from mouse connective tissue and described almost a decade earlier (W. Earle J. Natl Cancer Inst. 4, 165–212; 1943). As Silberman notes, Lacks's was the first mass-produced human cell line."<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma</a> is a cancer of the squamous cells, a type of epithelial cell, and is the second-most common type of skin cancer. They are found on the neck, head, cervix, and anus, as well as other body sites.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinomas</a> are a type of cancerous tumor or an abnormal growth of epithelial tissue. 10% to 15% of cancers of the cervix are adenocarcinomas, the rest more commonly being squamous cell carcinomas.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-28">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> The roller-tube technique was invented by George Gey in his lab at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>. "And then there was the roller drum, the invention that churned in the enormous incubator room Gey built to keep the cell cultures warm. The huge metal drum with holes covering its inner surface gyrated like a cement mixer 24 hours a day. And tucked within each hole, at the bottom of Gey's home-blown-glass roller tubes, were tiny pieces of tissue bathed in nutrient-rich fluids, gathering the nourishment necessary for survival. As the drum rotated one turn every hour, the cells surfaced, free to breathe and excrete until the liquid bathed them again. If all went well, the cells adhered to the walls of the tubes and began to flourish." – Rebecca Skloot This method of growing tissue cultures was also used in the development of Jonas Salk's polio vaccine and by John Enders in his Nobel prize-winning polio research.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> "The Lacks family and the N.I.H. settled on an agreement: the data from both studies should be stored in the institutes' database of genotypes and phenotypes. Researchers who want to use the data can apply for access and will have to submit annual reports about their research. A so-called HeLa Genome Data Access working group at the N.I.H. will review the applications. Two members of the Lacks family will be members. The agreement does not provide the Lacks family with proceeds from any commercial products that may be developed from research on the HeLa genome."<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkloot20101-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkloot20101_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkloot2010">Skloot 2010</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-vpbio-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vpbio_3-17">r</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBatts2010" class="citation news cs1">Batts, Denise Watson (May 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100513065957/http://hamptonroads.com/2010/05/cancer-cells-killed-her-then-they-made-her-immortal">"Cancer cells killed Henrietta Lacks – then made her immortal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Virginian-Pilot" title="The Virginian-Pilot">The Virginian-Pilot</a>. pp. 1, 12–14. 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Retrieved January 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22JJ+DOOM+-+Winter+Blues%22&rft.pub=Genius&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FJj-doom-winter-blues-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrietta+Lacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.songfacts.com/facts/yeasayer/henrietta">"Henrietta by Yeasayer"</a>. Songfacts.com. Retrieved August 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Songfacts.com&rft.atitle=Henrietta+by+Yeasayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.songfacts.com%2Ffacts%2Fyeasayer%2Fhenrietta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrietta+Lacks" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkloot2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Skloot" title="Rebecca Skloot">Skloot, Rebecca</a> (2010). The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5217-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5217-2"><bdi>978-1-4000-5217-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Immortal+Life+of+Henrietta+Lacks&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5217-2&rft.aulast=Skloot&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrietta+Lacks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Lacks&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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#aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Henrietta Lacks at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Henrietta_Lacks" class="extiw" title="c:category:Henrietta Lacks">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1647793" class="extiw" title="d:Q1647793">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Curtis" title="Adam Curtis">Curtis, Adam</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p08mqggg">Modern Times: The Way of All Flesh (1997) Full documentary</a> available in UK via <a href="/wiki/BBC_iPlayer" title="BBC iPlayer">BBC iPlayer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henriettalacksfoundation.org">The Henrietta Lacks Foundation</a>, a foundation established to, among other things, help provide scholarship funds and health insurance to Henrietta Lacks's family.</li> <li>Michael Rogers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/the-double-edged-helix-231322/">The Double-Edged Helix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> March 25, 1976</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fsADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15">"25 Years after Death, Black Mother's Cells Live for Cancer Study"</a>, Jet Magazine, April 1, 1976</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiolab.org/podcast/91716-henriettas-tumor">"Henrietta's Tumor"</a>, 2010 RadioLab segment featuring Deborah Lacks and audio of Skloot's interviews with her, and original recordings of scenes from the book.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-immortal-henrietta-lacks/">"The Immortal Henrietta Lacks"</a>, February 2010 CBS Sunday Morning segment featuring the Lacks Family, February 2010</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_ethics_cases" title="Template:Medical ethics cases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_ethics_cases" title="Template talk:Medical ethics cases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_ethics_cases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical ethics cases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medical_ethics_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_ethics_cases" title="List of medical ethics cases">Medical ethics cases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Assisted suicide</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_and_George_Coumbias" title="Betty and George Coumbias">Betty and George Coumbias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dax_Cowart" title="Dax Cowart">Dax Cowart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Nuvoli" title="Giovanni Nuvoli">Giovanni Nuvoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Rodriguez" title="Sue Rodriguez">Sue Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Sampedro" title="Ramón Sampedro">Ramón Sampedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piergiorgio_Welby" title="Piergiorgio Welby">Piergiorgio Welby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kevorkian" title="Jack Kevorkian">Jack Kevorkian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Euthanasia/ Withholding treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bedner" title="Andrew Bedner">Andrew Bedner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bland" title="Tony Bland">Tony Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brophy" title="Paul Brophy">Paul Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Carr" title="Carol Carr">Carol Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Doe_Law" title="Baby Doe Law">Baby Doe Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluana_Englaro" title="Eluana Englaro">Eluana Englaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Hartley" title="June Hartley">June Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lambert" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Lambert">Vincent Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Latimer" title="Robert Latimer">Robert Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_M_(Australia)" title="Baby M (Australia)">Baby M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleigh_Poutre" title="Haleigh Poutre">Haleigh Poutre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ann_Quinlan" title="Karen Ann Quinlan">Karen Ann Quinlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Schiavo" class="mw-redirect" title="Terri Schiavo">Terri Schiavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Taylor_(patient)" title="Gloria Taylor (patient)">Gloria Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Medical opinion against parent/patient/guardian</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betancourt_v._Trinitas_Hospital" title="Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital">Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Twitchell" title="Commonwealth v. Twitchell">Commonwealth v. Twitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Dov_Brody" title="Mordechai Dov Brody">Mordechai Dov Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantz_v._Coleman" title="Lantz v. Coleman">Lantz v. Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfie_Evans_case" title="Alfie Evans case">Alfie Evans case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Battersbee_case" title="Archie Battersbee case">Archie Battersbee case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Gard_case" title="Charlie Gard case">Charlie Gard case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhas_Habtegiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhas Habtegiris">Tirhas Habtegiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom_Houben" title="Rom Houben">Rom Houben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Hudson_case" title="Sun Hudson case">Sun Hudson case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_K" title="Baby K">Baby K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashya_King_case" title="Ashya King case">Ashya King case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Koochin" title="Jesse Koochin">Jesse Koochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Maraachli_case" title="Joseph Maraachli case">Joseph Maraachli case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahi_McMath_case" title="Jahi McMath case">Jahi McMath case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Murnaghan_lung_transplant_controversy" title="Sarah Murnaghan lung transplant controversy">Sarah Murnaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Nikolouzos_case" title="Spiro Nikolouzos case">Spiro Nikolouzos case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Shanbaug_case" title="Aruna Shanbaug case">Aruna Shanbaug case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vetter" title="David Vetter">David Vetter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a> to treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Treatment" title="Ashley Treatment">Ashley Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillick_competence" title="Gillick competence">Gillick competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion%27s_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Marion's Case">Marion's Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloendorff_v._Society_of_New_York_Hospital" title="Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital">Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_V%C3%B6lling" title="Christiane Völling">Christiane Völling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_v._Pfizer,_Inc." title="Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.">Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Stevens" title="Albert Stevens">Albert Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kligman" title="Albert Kligman">Albert Kligman's dermatology experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Reimer" title="David Reimer">David Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sleep_therapy" title="Deep sleep therapy">Deep sleep therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_syphilis_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemala syphilis experiment">Guatemala syphilis experiment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_radiation_experiments" title="Human radiation experiments">Human radiation experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Marion_Sims" title="J. Marion Sims">J. Marion Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Gelsinger" title="Jesse Gelsinger">Jesse Gelsinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gilbert_Hamilton" title="Joseph Gilbert Hamilton">Joseph Gilbert Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Moore v. Regents of the University of California">Moore v. Regents of the University of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhouse:_A_Tragic_Tale_of_Megalomania_and_Modern_Medicine" title="Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine">Surgery to try to improve mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Apartheid" title="Medical Apartheid">Medical Experimentation on Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Study" title="Monster Study">Monster Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Radioactive iodine experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_Row_Cancer_Study" title="Skid Row Cancer Study">Skid Row Cancer Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_329" title="Study 329">Study 329</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plutonium_Files" title="The Plutonium Files">Plutonium injections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study" title="Tuskegee Syphilis Study">Tuskegee Syphilis Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willowbrook_State_School" title="Willowbrook State School">Willowbrook State School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenberg_v._Miami_Children%27s_Hospital_Research_Institute" title="Greenberg v. Miami Children's Hospital Research Institute">Greenberg v. Miami Children's Hospital Research Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1647793#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1647793#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1647793#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" 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