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class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasia Tunnel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D9%82_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نفق أوراسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفق أوراسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrasiya_tuneli" title="Avrasiya tuneli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avrasiya tuneli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="ইউরেশিয়া সুড়ঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরেশিয়া সুড়ঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB)" title="Евразия (тунел) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евразия (тунел)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunel_Euroazija" title="Tunel Euroazija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tunel Euroazija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasientunnelen" title="Eurasientunnelen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eurasientunnelen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasien-Tunnel" title="Eurasien-Tunnel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eurasien-Tunnel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAnel_Eurasia" title="Túnel Eurasia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Túnel Eurasia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Eurasia" title="Tunnel Eurasia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tunnel Eurasia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%83%A4_%ED%84%B0%EB%84%90" title="아브라샤 터널 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아브라샤 터널" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terowongan_Eurasia" title="Terowongan Eurasia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Terowongan Eurasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia_Tunnel" title="Eurasia Tunnel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eurasia Tunnel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunela_Ewrasyay%C3%AA" title="Tunela Ewrasyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tunela Ewrasyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Тунел Евроазија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тунел Евроазија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="യൂറേഷ്യ തുരങ്കം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂറേഷ്യ തുരങ്കം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurazi%C3%ABtunnel" title="Euraziëtunnel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Euraziëtunnel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="アブラシャトンネル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブラシャトンネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiatunnelen" title="Eurasiatunnelen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eurasiatunnelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="یوریشیا سرنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوریشیا سرنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAnel_Eurasia" title="Túnel Eurasia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Túnel Eurasia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Евразия (тоннель) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евразия (тоннель)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuneli_i_Euroazis%C3%AB" title="Tuneli i Euroazisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tuneli i Euroazisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predor_Evrazija" title="Predor Evrazija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predor Evrazija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli" title="Avrasya Tüneli – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrasya Tüneli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Євразія (тунель) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євразія (тунель)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="یوریشیا سرنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوریشیا سرنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90%D9%84%D9%89" title="ياۋروئاسىيا تونېلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ياۋروئاسىيا تونېلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93" title="歐亞隧道 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歐亞隧道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eurasia_Tunnel&params=41_00_17_N_28_59_41_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°00′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°59′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.00472°N 28.99472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.00472; 28.99472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Road tunnel in Istanbul, Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Eurasia Tunnel</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasia_Tunnel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two two lane roads depicted. At the bottom left, a car is travelling. At the bottom right, a van parked on diagonally-crossed marked no-entry section. Two lane road on the right splits into a tunnel and a single-lane exit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eurasia_Tunnel2.jpg/220px-Eurasia_Tunnel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eurasia_Tunnel2.jpg/330px-Eurasia_Tunnel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eurasia_Tunnel2.jpg/440px-Eurasia_Tunnel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kumkapı entrance to Eurasia Tunnel</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Avrasya Tüneli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosphorus Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eurasia_Tunnel&params=41_00_17_N_28_59_41_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°00′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°59′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.00472°N 28.99472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.00472; 28.99472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Open</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Route</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/E80-TR.svg/74px-E80-TR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/E80-TR.svg/110px-E80-TR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/E80-TR.svg/147px-E80-TR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="400" /></span></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/D100-TR.svg/89px-D100-TR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="89" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/D100-TR.svg/133px-D100-TR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/D100-TR.svg/177px-D100-TR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="375" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_route_E80" title="European route E80">E80</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_road_D.100_(Turkey)" title="State road D.100 (Turkey)">D.100</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Start</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kumkap%C4%B1" title="Kumkapı">Kumkapı, Fatih (Europe)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">End</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haydarpa%C5%9Fa" title="Haydarpaşa">Haydarpaşa (Asia)</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Operation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Work begun</th><td class="infobox-data">26 February 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opened</th><td class="infobox-data">22 December 2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">Eurasia Tunnel Operation Construction and Investment Inc. (ATAŞ) (until operation period)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Infrastructure_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure (Turkey)">Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure</a> (after operation period)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data">Eurasia Tunnel Operation Construction and Investment Inc. (ATAŞ)<br />Egis Tunnels</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Traffic</th><td class="infobox-data">car, minibus, van, motorcycle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Character</th><td class="infobox-data">Undersea, <a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Double-deck_and_multipurpose_tunnels" title="Tunnel">double-deck tunnel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Toll</th><td class="infobox-data">156 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">TRY</a> for automobiles, 234 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">TRY</a> for minibuses, 60.80 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">TRY</a> for motorcycles<sup id="cite_ref-toll2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toll2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Half toll applies between 00:00-04:59 hours.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Technical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">5.4 km (3.4 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of <a href="/wiki/Lane" title="Lane">lanes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 x 2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operating speed</th><td class="infobox-data">70 km/h (43 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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.locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Istanbul.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Eurasia Tunnel is located in Istanbul"><img alt="Eurasia Tunnel is located in Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Location_map_Istanbul.png/240px-Location_map_Istanbul.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Location_map_Istanbul.png/360px-Location_map_Istanbul.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Location_map_Istanbul.png/480px-Location_map_Istanbul.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.353%;left:57.879%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Eurasia Tunnel"><img alt="Eurasia Tunnel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/AB-Tunnel.svg/8px-AB-Tunnel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/AB-Tunnel.svg/12px-AB-Tunnel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/AB-Tunnel.svg/16px-AB-Tunnel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="12" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Eurasia Tunnel</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Istanbul.png" title="File:Location map Istanbul.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of Eurasia Tunnel in İstanbul, Turkey.</div></div></div> <p>The <b>Eurasia Tunnel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Avrasya Tüneli</i>) is a road tunnel in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, crossing underneath the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus Strait">Bosphorus Strait</a>. The tunnel was officially opened on 20 December 2016<sup id="cite_ref-uc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opened to traffic on 22 December 2016. </p><p>The 5.4 km (3.4 mi) <a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Double-deck_and_multipurpose_tunnels" title="Tunnel">double-deck tunnel</a> connects <a href="/wiki/Kumkap%C4%B1" title="Kumkapı">Kumkapı</a> on the European part and <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kadıköy">Koşuyolu, Kadıköy</a>, on the Anatolian part of Istanbul<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a 14.6 km (9.1 mi) route including the tunnel approach roads.<sup id="cite_ref-h2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It crosses the Bosphorus beneath the seabed at a maximum depth of −106 m (348 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-z1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-h1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eib_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eib-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is about 1 km (0.62 mi) south of the undersea railway tunnel <a href="/wiki/Marmaray_Tunnel" title="Marmaray Tunnel">Marmaray</a>, which was opened on 29 October 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-rg_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journey between the two continents takes about 5 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-h2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-h1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arup_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arup-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toll is collected in both directions. As of 16 August 2024, daytime tariff is <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">₺</a>156 ($4.50 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>) for cars, ₺234 ($6.74 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>) for minibuses and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">₺</a>60.80 ($1.75 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>) for motorcycles. A 50% discount is applied during nighttime hours.<sup id="cite_ref-toll2020_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toll2020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasia_Tunnel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avant-projet-pr%C3%A9ault-tunnel-bosphore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Avant-projet-pr%C3%A9ault-tunnel-bosphore.jpg/220px-Avant-projet-pr%C3%A9ault-tunnel-bosphore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Avant-projet-pr%C3%A9ault-tunnel-bosphore.jpg/330px-Avant-projet-pr%C3%A9ault-tunnel-bosphore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Avant-projet-pr%C3%A9ault-tunnel-bosphore.jpg/440px-Avant-projet-pr%C3%A9ault-tunnel-bosphore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Avant-projet, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Pr%C3%A9ault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Préault (page does not exist)">Simon Préault</a>, 1891</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1891, French railway engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Pr%C3%A9ault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Préault (page does not exist)">Simon Préault</a> presented a preliminary project for an underwater tubular bridge "patented by the Ottoman imperial government", consisting of a submerged bridge supporting a tube where steam trains would run.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conceptual background of Eurasia Tunnel reaches back to the findings of the 1997 Transportation Master Plan undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality">Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality</a>. Based on this plan, a pre-feasibility study had been conducted in 2003 for a new Bosphorus crossing. According to the results of this study, a road tunnel was recommended as the solution that offered the highest degree of feasibility.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rt_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport,_Maritime_and_Communication_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport, Maritime and Communication (Turkey)">Ministry of Transportation, Maritime and Communication</a> of Turkey commissioned a feasibility study by Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. in 2005 to assess route alternatives for a new tunnel crossing. Based on environmental and social criteria, cost and risk factors, the study concluded by supporting the initially proposed route as the preferred option.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus#Crossings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">three current bridges</a> across the Bosphorus were taken into consideration in selecting the tunnel's location, which was put farther south to better balance the distribution of traffic between the crossings. Other selection criteria included the route's lower investment cost due to a shorter tunnel length and the availability of sufficient space for construction sites and operational buildings (toll plaza, administrative units). High level assessments based on corridor alternatives that are comprehensively defined in the feasibility study also support the selection of the proposed route in terms of environmental and social costs and risk factors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investors">Investors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasia_Tunnel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Investors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avrasya Tüneli İşletme İnşaat ve Yatırım A.Ş. (ATAŞ) was founded on 26 October 2009 by the partnership of <a href="/wiki/Yap%C4%B1_Merkezi" title="Yapı Merkezi">Yapı Merkezi</a> from Turkey and <a href="/wiki/SK_Group" title="SK Group">SK E&C</a> from South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rt_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–transfer">build–operate–transfer</a> model adopted at the Eurasia Tunnel, has brought together the private investment dynamism and their project experience, and the support of international financial institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rt_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concession lasts 29 years.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partnership contract includes guaranteed minimum revenue and profit sharing for parts exceeding guaranteed revenue. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (EBRD) is supplying a finance package worth US$150 million. Other components of the US$1.245 billion financing package include a $350 million loan from the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> (EIB) and financing and guarantees from <a href="/wiki/Export-Import_Bank_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Export-Import Bank of Korea">Export-Import Bank of Korea</a> and K-Sure, also with participation from <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Banking_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation">Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered" title="Standard Chartered">Standard Chartered</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Bank" title="Mizuho Bank">Mizuho Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_%C4%B0%C5%9F_Bankas%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Türkiye İş Bankası">Türkiye İş Bankası</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garanti_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Garanti Bank">Garanti Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yap%C4%B1_ve_Kredi_Bankas%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapı ve Kredi Bankası">Yapı ve Kredi Bankası</a>. A hedging facility for the transaction is provided by some of the lenders as well as <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv/150px--Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" height="267" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Avrasya_Tüneli,_Kumkapı'dan_giriş_IMG_4205.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli,_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="1920" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli%2C_Kumkap%C4%B1%27dan_giri%C5%9F_IMG_4205.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Entering the Eurasia Tunnel</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_segments">Project segments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasia_Tunnel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Project segments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The project consists of three main segments: </p> <dl><dt>European side</dt></dl> <p>Construction of five U-turns as underpasses and seven pedestrian crossings as overpasses along Kennedy Street that stretches between Kazlıçeşme and <a href="/wiki/Sarayburnu" title="Sarayburnu">Sarayburnu</a> as a shoreline road beside the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>. Widening of the entire Segment 1, which is approximately 5.4 km (3.4 mi), from 3x2 lanes to 2x4 lanes.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eib_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eib-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rt_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Bosphorus crossing</dt></dl> <p>Construction of a 5.4 km (3.4 mi), two-deck road tunnel with two lanes on each deck, a toll plaza and an administrative building on the western end and ventilation shafts on both ends of the tunnel.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eib_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eib-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Asian side</dt></dl> <p>Widening from 2x3 and 2x4 lanes to 2x4 and 2x5 lanes along an approximately 3.8 km (2.4 mi) stretch of the current D100 road that links at Göztepe to Ankara-İstanbul State Highway, and construction of 2 bridge intersections, 1 overpass and 3 pedestrian bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eib_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eib-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasia_Tunnel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American firm <a href="/wiki/Parsons_Brinckerhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsons Brinckerhoff">Parsons Brinckerhoff</a> was responsible for the design, while the British <a href="/wiki/Arup_Group" title="Arup Group">Arup Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-arup_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arup-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and American <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_Engineering_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobs Engineering Group">Jacobs Engineering Group</a> undertook the technical and traffic studies and <a href="/wiki/HNTB" title="HNTB">HNTB</a> provided independent design verification. The geotechnical survey was by the Dutch consultancy <a href="/wiki/Fugro" title="Fugro">Fugro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fugro_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fugro-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine" title="Tunnel boring machine">tunnel boring machine</a> (TBM) was supplied by the German manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Herrenknecht" title="Herrenknecht">Herrenknecht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian company <a href="/wiki/Italferr" title="Italferr">Italferr</a> was in charge of works management and project review on behalf of Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French company <a href="/wiki/Egis_Group" title="Egis Group">Egis Group</a> will be in charge of the operation and maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TBM section crossing the Bosphorus is 3.4 km (2.1 mi) long while another 2.0 km (1.2 mi) is constructed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Austrian_Tunnelling_method" class="mw-redirect" title="New Austrian Tunnelling method">New Austrian Tunnelling method</a> (NATM) and <a href="/wiki/Cut-and-cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut-and-cover">cut-and-cover</a> method. The tunnel's excavation diameter is 13.7 m (45 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-r1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allows an inner diameter of 12.0 m (39.4 ft) with 60 cm (23.6 in)-thick lining.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eib_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eib-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tunnel alignment is located in a seismically active region, about 17 km (11 mi) to the North Anatolian Fault Zone. To decrease the seismic stresses/strains below the permissible levels, two flexible seismic joints/segments; with displacement limits of ±50 mm (1.97 in) for shear and ±75 mm (2.95 in) for extraction/contraction; were innovated, designed specially, localized through geological/geophysical/geotechnical conditions, tested in laboratory; implemented 'first time' in TBM tunnelling under similar severe conditions. The design earthquake magnitude was specified as moment magnitude of 7.25 and design of functional and safety evaluation earthquakes have a return period of 500 and 2,500 years, respectively. Seismic joint locations defined during design phase were verified through continuous monitoring of cutterhead torques. </p><p>The 3,340 m (3,650 yd) tunnel was excavated and constructed with a 13.7 m (45 ft) diameter Mixshield Slurry TBM exclusively designed and equipped with the latest 19 in (483 mm)} disc cutters (35 pieces monoblock disc cutters, all atmospherically changeable and have individual wearing sensor system), 192 piece cutting knives (only 48 atmospherically changeable), special pressurized locks for divers and material and rescue chamber for all shift members. Slurry Treatment Plant (installed power of 3.5 MW or 4,700 hp which de-silts the bentonite slurry used during excavation and regenerates with 2,800 m<sup>3</sup>/h (99,000 cu ft/h) capacity (approximately equivalent to 20 m/d or 66 ft/d) was installed. The utilized TBM ranks first in the world with its 33 kW/m<sup>2</sup> (4.1 hp/sq ft) cutterhead power, second with its 12.0 bar (1.20 MPa; 174 psi) pressure design; and sixth with its 147 m<sup>2</sup> (1,580 sq ft) excavation area. </p><p>TBM operation was completed within ±5 cm (1.97 in) tolerance in 479 calendar days, resulting in an average advance rate of 7.0 m/d (23 ft/d) (9.0 m/d or 30 ft/d for working days) by three crews 24/7. The maximum advance rate was realized at marine sediment zone with 18.0 m/d (59 ft/d). Spent direct time for excavation and ringbuild were around 3,500 and 1,700 hours, respectively. In Trakya formation, 28 dyke zones were excavated with an average frequency of 90 m (300 ft) and thicknesses were varying between 1 and 120 m (3.3 and 393.7 ft). Furthermore, 440 disc cutters, 85 scrapers and 475 brushes were replaced by TBM crew and four times hyperbaric maintenance operations (total of 45 days) with specially trained divers (max. under 10.8 bar or 1.08 MPa or 157 psi first time in the world) were successfully performed. </p><p>15,048 piece 600 mm (23.62 in)-thick precast segments (1,672 rings) with the high performance (average charge passed is 280 <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">Coulomb</a> (1,000 Coulomb limit) were produced and connected to each other by using 30,765 bolts. Each ring consists of nine segments that had an average 28 day cylinder compressive strength of 70 MPa (10,000 psi) and can resist at least 127 years as a service life against subsea conditions. Only 0.3% of produced segments were found to be deficient due to existence of cracks width more than 0.2 mm (0.008 in). </p><p>On the other hand, twin tunnels (each has approximately 950 m or 3,120 ft length) were completed in 445 calendar days with a cross section of 85 m<sup>2</sup> (910 sq ft) each by classical mining method. These tunnels were excavated in Trakya Formation from four faces with a 1.4 m/d (4.6 ft/d)/face advance rate under a densely populated district with minimum and maximum overburden of 8 and 41 m (26 and 135 ft), respectively. Both tunnels met up each other within ±2 mm (0.079 in) tolerance. The largest converge measured at the tunnel crown was 33 mm (1.30 in) (design tolerance is 50 mm or 1.97 in) with a maximum 10 mm (0.39 in) surface settlement. </p><p>The tunnel is designed so that it has protected emergency areas every 200 m (220 yd) to provide shelter, also escape routes to the other tunnel level. Every 600 m (660 yd) there will be an emergency lane equipped with emergency telephone.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The speed limit in the tunnel route 70 km/h (43 mph). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: the following paragraphs of this article were written in the future tense in anticipation of the opening of the bridge and should be rewritten in the present or past tense to reflect what has happened since the bridge opened.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A daily average of around 120,000 cars and light vehicles was expected to pass through the tunnel after the first year, previous to its inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-arup_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arup-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rt_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of September 2022, the record set for daily vehicles transit was set on September 8 that year, counting up to 67,982 vehicles in a single day, still far from expectations, but being consider a proof of its success.<sup id="cite_ref-recveh_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recveh-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The toll is planned to be Turkish lira equivalent of US$4 plus <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">VAT</a> for cars and US$6 plus VAT for minibuses in each direction. The toll rate will change in accordance with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Consumer_Price_Index" title="United States Consumer Price Index">US Consumer Price Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eib_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eib-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasia_Tunnel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosphorus_Bridge" title="Bosphorus Bridge">Bosphorus Bridge</a>, also called the First Bosphorus Bridge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosphorus_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus Strait">Bosphorus Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge</a>, also called the Second Bosphorus Bridge, located about 5 km north of the Bosphorus Bridge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Istanbul_Tunnel" title="Great Istanbul Tunnel">Great Istanbul Tunnel</a>, a proposed undersea tunnel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Marmaray</a>, undersea rail tunnel, crossing the Bosphorus and connecting the Asian and European sides of Istanbul.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Istanbul" title="Public transport in Istanbul">Public transport in Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Rail transport in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge" title="Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge">Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge</a>, also called the Third Bosphorus Bridge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasia_Tunnel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-toll2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toll2024_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avrasyatuneli.com/en/news-and-announcements/detail/eurasia-tunnel-toll-rates-as-of-16-august-2024">"Eurasia Tunnel Toll Rates as of 16 August 2024"</a>. Avrasya Tüneli. August 16, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurasia+Tunnel+Toll+Rates+as+of+16+August+2024&rft.pub=Avrasya+T%C3%BCneli&rft.date=2024-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avrasyatuneli.com%2Fen%2Fnews-and-announcements%2Fdetail%2Feurasia-tunnel-toll-rates-as-of-16-august-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasia+Tunnel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesut_Altun2016" class="citation news cs1">Mesut Altun (19 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sabah.com.tr/yasam/2016/12/19/150-yilik-ruya-gercek-oluyor">"Son dakika haberi: Avrasya Tüneli yarın açılıyor"</a> [Breaking news: Eurasia Tunnel opens tomorrow]. <i><a href="/wiki/Sabah_(newspaper)" title="Sabah (newspaper)">Sabah</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sabah&rft.atitle=Son+dakika+haberi%3A+Avrasya+T%C3%BCneli+yar%C4%B1n+a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1yor&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.au=Mesut+Altun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.com.tr%2Fyasam%2F2016%2F12%2F19%2F150-yilik-ruya-gercek-oluyor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasia+Tunnel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avrasyatuneli.com/_assets/pdf/avrasya-brosur-en.pdf">Avrasya Tüneli Safety Brochure</a>. Avrasyatuneli.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uc_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uc_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uc_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uc_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uc_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uc_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uc_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uc_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uc_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uc_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uc_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uc_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120170635/http://events.unicredit-cib.eu/uploads/media/Presentation_Basar_Arioglu_Yapi_Merkezi_Insaat.pdf">"Eurasia Tunnel Project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Unicredit" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicredit">Unicredit</a> - Yapı Merkezi, SK EC Joint Venture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://events.unicredit-cib.eu/uploads/media/Presentation_Basar_Arioglu_Yapi_Merkezi_Insaat.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurasia+Tunnel+Project&rft.pub=Unicredit+-+Yap%C4%B1+Merkezi%2C+SK+EC+Joint+Venture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevents.unicredit-cib.eu%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2FPresentation_Basar_Arioglu_Yapi_Merkezi_Insaat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasia+Tunnel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.com.tr/en/economy/istanbuls-13bn-eurasia-tunnel-prepares-to-open/709440">"Istanbul's $1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a>. 19 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Istanbul%27s+%241.3BN+Eurasia+Tunnel+prepares+to+open&rft.pub=Anadolu+Agency&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.com.tr%2Fen%2Feconomy%2Fistanbuls-13bn-eurasia-tunnel-prepares-to-open%2F709440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasia+Tunnel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailysabah.com/business/2016/12/20/eurasia-tunnel-opens-linking-europe-and-asia-in-15-minutes">"Eurasia Tunnel opens, linking Europe and Asia in 15 minutes"</a>. <i>Daily Sabah</i>. 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Eurasia+Tunnel+opens%2C+linking+Europe+and+Asia+in+15+minutes&rft.date=2016-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2F12%2F20%2Feurasia-tunnel-opens-linking-europe-and-asia-in-15-minutes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasia+Tunnel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While, for both directions, the mouth openings of the tunnel on the Asian side are situated in the Haydarpaşa quarter, the access roads begin or end in the adjacent Koşuyolu quarter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/24635985.asp">"Çift katlı Avrasya Tüneli'nde kazı işlemi devam ediyor"</a> [Excavation continues in the double-deck Eurasia Tunnel]. <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a></i> (in Turkish). 2013-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet&rft.atitle=%C3%87ift+katl%C4%B1+Avrasya+T%C3%BCneli%27nde+kaz%C4%B1+i%C5%9Flemi+devam+ediyor&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fekonomi%2F24635985.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasia+Tunnel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-z1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-z1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103191003/http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_avrasya-tunelinin-temeli-atildi_1099470.html">"Avrasya tüneli'nin temeli atıldı"</a> [Foundation of Eurasia tunnel laid]. <i><a href="/wiki/Zaman_(newspaper)" title="Zaman (newspaper)">Zaman</a></i> (in Turkish). 2011-02-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_avrasya-tunelinin-temeli-atildi_1099470.html">the original</a> on 2013-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zaman&rft.atitle=Avrasya+t%C3%BCneli%27nin+temeli+at%C4%B1ld%C4%B1&rft.date=2011-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaman.com.tr%2Fgundem_avrasya-tunelinin-temeli-atildi_1099470.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasia+Tunnel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/26211749.asp">"Dev köstebek boğazın altını delmeye başlıyor"</a> [Giant mole begins to pierce the bottom of the narrows]. <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a></i> (in Turkish). 2014-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Onshore+%26+Offshore+Geotechnics+-+Eurasia+Tunnel+Project&rft.pub=Fugro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geodin.com%2Frelated%2Fenglish%2Fflyers%2Fengineering_geology%2Feurasia_tunnel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasia+Tunnel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radikal.com.tr/ekonomi/basbakan_erdogan_yildirim_bayezidle_avrasya_tunelini_kazmaya_basladi-1187583">"Başbakan Erdoğan, 'Yıldırım Bayezid'le Avrasya Tüneli'ni kazmaya başladı"</a> [Prime Minister Erdoğan started to dig the Eurasia Tunnel with Yıldırım Bayezid]. <i><a href="/wiki/Radikal" title="Radikal">Radikal</a></i> (in Turkish). 2014-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radikal&rft.atitle=Ba%C5%9Fbakan+Erdo%C4%9Fan%2C+%27Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m+Bayezid%27le+Avrasya+T%C3%BCneli%27ni+kazmaya+ba%C5%9Flad%C4%B1&rft.date=2014-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radikal.com.tr%2Fekonomi%2Fbasbakan_erdogan_yildirim_bayezidle_avrasya_tunelini_kazmaya_basladi-1187583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasia+Tunnel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italferr.it/ifer/Media/News/A-Italferr-la-supervisione-lavori-del-Tunnel-Eurasia-e-la-revisione-del-progetto">A Italferr la supervisione lavori del Tunnel Eurasia e la revisione del progetto.</a> (<i>tr. "Italferr supervised the works of the Eurasia Tunnel and reviewed the project"</i>)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512185520/http://www.italferr.it/ifer/Media/News/A-Italferr-la-supervisione-lavori-del-Tunnel-Eurasia-e-la-revisione-del-progetto">Archived</a> 2017-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Italferr</i>, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galante, Grace: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccworldconstruction.com/infrastructure/paper/2016/12/21/109372/the-eurasia-tunnel-under-the-bosphorus-opens-the-public.php">The Eurasia tunnel under the Bosphorus opens to the public.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213010148/http://www.ccworldconstruction.com/infrastructure/paper/2016/12/21/109372/the-eurasia-tunnel-under-the-bosphorus-opens-the-public.php">Archived</a> 2019-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>ccworldconstruction.com</i>, December 21, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recveh-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-recveh_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/record-number-of-vehicles-pass-through-eurasia-tunnel-minister-176915">"BRecord number of vehicles pass through Eurasia Tunnel: Minister"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News" title="Hürriyet Daily News">Daily News</a></i>. 2022-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=BRecord+number+of+vehicles+pass+through+Eurasia+Tunnel%3A+Minister&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Frecord-number-of-vehicles-pass-through-eurasia-tunnel-minister-176915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasia+Tunnel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasia_Tunnel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eurasia_Tunnel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eurasia Tunnel">Eurasia Tunnel</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avrasyatuneli.com/en/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allaround.herrenknecht.com/en/ausgabe-4.html">Connecting Continents.</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></i> In: <i>All Around</i>, No. 4 / <i><a href="/wiki/Herrenknecht_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrenknecht AG">Herrenknecht AG</a></i>, large-screen pics of the tunnel construction</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crossings_of_the_Bosphorus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Crossings_of_the_Bosphorus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Crossings of the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table width="100%"><tbody><tr> <td width="33%"><b>Upstream</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Marmaray_Tunnel" title="Marmaray Tunnel">Marmaray Tunnel</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Marmaray_logo.svg/35px-Marmaray_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Marmaray_logo.svg/53px-Marmaray_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Marmaray_logo.svg/70px-Marmaray_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></td> <td width="34%" style="border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa;border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa;"><b>Eurasia Tunnel</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Tunnel" title="Eurasia Tunnel"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli_logo.svg/40px-Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli_logo.svg/60px-Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli_logo.svg/80px-Avrasya_T%C3%BCneli_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></td> <td width="33%"><b>Downstream</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Marmara_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmara Sea">Marmara Sea</a><br /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Tunnels_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tunnels_in_Turkey" title="Template:Tunnels in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tunnels_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Tunnels in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tunnels_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tunnels in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Tunnels_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Turkey" title="List of tunnels in Turkey">Tunnels in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road tunnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19_May%C4%B1s_Tunnel" title="19 Mayıs Tunnel">19 Mayıs</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/75th_Anniversary_Selatin_Tunnel" title="75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel">75th Anniversary Selatin</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8_A%C4%9Fustos_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8 Ağustos Tunnel (page does not exist)">8 Ağustos</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adnan_Sezgin_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adnan Sezgin Tunnel (page does not exist)">Adnan Sezgin</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altan_Aya%C4%9F_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altan Ayağ Tunnel (page does not exist)">Altan Ayağ</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakl%C4%B1_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Araklı Tunnel (page does not exist)">Araklı</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arhavi_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arhavi Tunnel (page does not exist)">Arhavi</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asarkayas%C4%B1_Tunnel" title="Asarkayası Tunnel">Asarkayası</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslanl%C4%B1_Tunnel" title="Aslanlı Tunnel">Aslanlı</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayran_Tunnel_(motorway)" title="Ayran Tunnel (motorway)">Ayran</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bart%C4%B1n%E2%80%93Amasra_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartın–Amasra Tunnel (page does not exist)">Bartın-Amasra</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayrakl%C4%B1_Tunnels" title="Bayraklı Tunnels">Bayraklı</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramca_Tunnel" title="Bayramca Tunnel">Bayramca</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belkahve_Tunnel" title="Belkahve Tunnel">Belkahve</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Palace_Tunnel" title="Beylerbeyi Palace Tunnel">Beylerbeyi Palace</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fsak_Tunnel" title="Boğsak Tunnel">Boğsak</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boztepe_Tunnel" title="Boztepe Tunnel">Boztepe</a> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buca_Onat_Tunnel" title="Buca Onat Tunnel">Buca Onat</a> (2025)</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buruncuk_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buruncuk Tunnel (page does not exist)">Buruncuk</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cankurtaran_Tunnel" title="Cankurtaran Tunnel">Cankurtaran</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ak%C4%B1t_Tunnel" title="Çakıt Tunnel">Çakıt</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87ayeli_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çayeli Tunnel (page does not exist)">Çayeli</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87iftlik_Tunnel" title="Çiftlik Tunnel">Çiftlik</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demircik%C3%B6y_Tunnel" title="Demirciköy Tunnel">Demirciköy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e%E2%80%93Bomonti_Tunnel" title="Dolmabahçe–Bomonti Tunnel">Dolmabahçe-Bomonti</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dranaz_Tunnel" title="Dranaz Tunnel">Dranaz</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elce%C4%9Fiz_Tunnel" title="Elceğiz Tunnel">Elceğiz</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkenek_Tunnel" title="Erkenek Tunnel">Erkenek</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frulgazi_Tunnel" title="Ertuğrulgazi Tunnel">Ertuğrulgazi</a> (2010)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eurasia</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerze_Tunnel" title="Gerze Tunnel">Gerze</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6cek_Tunnel" title="Göcek Tunnel">Göcek</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCltepe_Tunnel" title="Gültepe Tunnel">Gültepe</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCvenlik_Tunnel" title="Güvenlik Tunnel">Güvenlik</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havza_Tunnel" title="Havza Tunnel">Havza</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereke_Tunnel" title="Hereke Tunnel">Hereke</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honaz_Tunnel" title="Honaz Tunnel">Honaz</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilgaz_15_July_Independence_Tunnel" title="Ilgaz 15 July Independence Tunnel">Ilgaz</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0%C4%9Fdir_Tunnel" title="İğdir Tunnel">İğdir</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu_Tunnel" title="Kadıoğlu Tunnel">Kadıoğlu</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%9F%C4%B1thane%E2%80%93Piyalepa%C5%9Fa_Tunnel" title="Kağıthane–Piyalepaşa Tunnel">Kağıthane–Piyalepaşa</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karahan_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karahan Tunnel (page does not exist)">Karahan</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rkge%C3%A7it_Tunnels" title="Kırkgeçit Tunnels">Kırkgeçit</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%B1y%C4%B1c%C4%B1k_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kıyıcık Tunnel (page does not exist)">Kıyıcık</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lcahamam%E2%80%93%C3%87erke%C5%9F_Tunnel" title="Kızılcahamam–Çerkeş Tunnel">Kızılcahamam–Çerkeş</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1zla%C3%A7_Tunnel" title="Kızlaç Tunnel">Kızlaç</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliseburnu_Tunnel" title="Kiliseburnu Tunnel">Kiliseburnu</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konak_Tunnel" title="Konak Tunnel">Konak</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kopmu%C5%9F_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kopmuş Tunnel (page does not exist)">Kopmuş</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korutepe_Tunnel" title="Korutepe Tunnel">Korutepe</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozb%C3%BCk%C3%BC_Tunnel" title="Kozbükü Tunnel">Kozbükü</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bolu_Tunnel" title="Mount Bolu Tunnel">Mount Bolu</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Ilgar_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Ilgar Tunnel (page does not exist)">Mount Ilgar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kop_Tunnel" title="Mount Kop Tunnel">Mount Kop</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu_Nefise_Ak%C3%A7elik_Tunnel" title="Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel">Ordu Nefise Akçelik</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orhan_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkalp_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orhan Büyükalp Tunnel (page does not exist)">Orhan Büyükalp</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhangazi_Tunnel" title="Orhangazi Tunnel">Orhangazi</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmangazi_Tunnel" title="Osmangazi Tunnel">Osmangazi</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovit_Tunnel" title="Ovit Tunnel">Ovit</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96celi_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Öceli Tunnel (page does not exist)">Öceli</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pazar_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pazar Tunnel (page does not exist)">Pazar</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuncubeli_Tunnel" title="Sabuncubeli Tunnel">Sabuncubeli</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmanka%C5%9F_Tunnel" title="Salmankaş Tunnel">Salmankaş</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarayk%C3%B6y_Tunnels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarayköy Tunnels (page does not exist)">Sarayköy</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1yer%E2%80%93%C3%87ay%C4%B1rba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Tunnel" title="Sarıyer–Çayırbaşı Tunnel">Sarıyer-Çayırbaşı</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7ukgazi_Tunnel" title="Selçukgazi Tunnel">Selçukgazi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Tunnel" title="Selimiye Tunnel">Selimiye</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeler_Tunnel" title="Şehzadeler Tunnel">Şehzadeler</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Foluk_Tunnel" title="Taşoluk Tunnel">Taşoluk</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekkebak_Tunnel" title="Tekkebak Tunnel">Tekkebak</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terzili_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terzili Tunnel (page does not exist)">Terzili</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirebolu-1_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirebolu-1 Tunnel (page does not exist)">Tirebolu-1</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Top%C3%A7am_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topçam Tunnel (page does not exist)">Topçam</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenikent_Tunnel" title="Yenikent Tunnel">Yenikent</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_Emre_Tunnel" title="Yunus Emre Tunnel">Yunus Emre</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigana_Tunnel_(1988)" title="Zigana Tunnel (1988)">Zigana</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigana_Tunnel_(2023)" title="Zigana Tunnel (2023)">Zigana</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Infrastructure_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure (Turkey)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TransportMinistryTR.png/100px-TransportMinistryTR.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TransportMinistryTR.png/150px-TransportMinistryTR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TransportMinistryTR.png/200px-TransportMinistryTR.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway tunnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aya%C5%9F_Tunnel" title="Ayaş Tunnel">Ayaş</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayran_Tunnel_(railway)" title="Ayran Tunnel (railway)">Ayran</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delikta%C5%9F_Tunnel" title="Deliktaş Tunnel">Deliktaş</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1yaka_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karşıyaka Tunnel (page does not exist)">Karşıyaka</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaray_Tunnel" title="Marmaray Tunnel">Marmaray</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nurda%C4%9F%C4%B1_Tunnel" title="Nurdağı Tunnel">Nurdağı</a> (2024)</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=So%C4%9Fucak_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soğucak Tunnel (page does not exist)">Soğucak</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eirinyer_Tunnel" title="Şirinyer Tunnel">Şirinyer</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road-rail tunnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Istanbul_Tunnel" title="Great Istanbul Tunnel">Great Istanbul Tunnel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water tunnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Irrigation_Tunnels" title="Şanlıurfa Irrigation Tunnels">Şanlıurfa Irrigation Tunnels</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Water_Tunnel" title="Bosporus Water Tunnel">Bosporus Water Tunnel</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Horn_Water_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Horn Water Tunnel (page does not exist)">Golden Horn Water Tunnel</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7_Water_Tunnel" title="Suruç Water Tunnel">Suruç Water Tunnel</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tunnel_Project" title="Blue Tunnel Project">Blue Tunnel Project</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical tunnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Bridge" title="Pergamon Bridge">Pergamon Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_Bridge" title="Nysa Bridge">Nysa Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasianus_Titus_Tunnel" title="Vespasianus Titus Tunnel">Vespasianus Titus Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Tunnels in <i>italic</i> are under construction</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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