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14.75 14 14.75L10 14.75C9.30964 14.75 8.75 15.3096 8.75 16V17.6304ZM4 12C4 7.58172 7.58172 4 12 4C16.4183 4 20 7.58172 20 12C20 16.4183 16.4183 20 12 20C7.58172 20 4 16.4183 4 12ZM14 10C14 11.1046 13.1046 12 12 12C10.8954 12 10 11.1046 10 10C10 8.89543 10.8954 8 12 8C13.1046 8 14 8.89543 14 10Z" /> </svg></span><span class="newspack-reader__account-link__label">Sign In</span></a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="sticky-bg"></div> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <section id="primary" class="content-area category-art tag-portugal"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <header class="entry-header"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://hyperallergic.com/category/art/" rel="category tag">Art</a></span> <h1 class="entry-title entry-title--with-subtitle"> What’s Under the Bejeweled Clothes of a Catacomb Saint? </h1> <div class="newspack-post-subtitle"> The 1,000-year-old skeleton of Saint Aurelius, dressed in 18th-century finery, gets an elaborate makeover at the Center for Art Conservation and Restoration of the Catholic University of Portugal. </div> <div class="entry-subhead"> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"><img data-perfmatters-preload alt='Avatar photo' src='https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/rafaela-ferraz.jpg?fit=200%2C200&quality=100&ssl=1' srcset='https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/rafaela-ferraz.jpg?fit=200%2C200&quality=100&ssl=1 2x' class='avatar avatar-80 photo' height='80' width='80' /></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://hyperallergic.com/author/rafaela-ferraz/">Rafaela Ferraz</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2019-01-22T12:28:45-05:00">January 22, 2019</time><time class="updated" datetime="2019-01-22T18:02:43-05:00">January 22, 2019</time></span> </div> </div> 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Image © Joana Palmeirão, in “<a href="https://repositorio.ucp.pt/handle/10400.14/18900">Imagem-relicário de Santo Aurélio mártir pertencente à Sé Catedral do Porto</a>” (Master’s Thesis, 2015)</p></div><p>Dressed up in Roman-style regalia and a flower crown, lounging next to a vial of his own blood, Saint Aurelius is the prettiest skeleton I’ve ever seen. (And I’ve seen a few, because you’re never far from a body part in a Portuguese church.)</p><p>We meet just off the cloisters of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Cathedral">Cathedral of Porto</a>, in a storage room so dark it takes the harsh glow of a smartphone screen to light the way. These aren’t the Saint’s usual chambers, the sexton explains as we squeeze in along the gilded glass tomb, but he’s been recently moved to accommodate renovation work elsewhere in the cathedral. Soon, Saint Aurelius will be back in his beautifully tiled chapel.</p><aside class="scaip scaip-1 "><style>@media ( min-width: 320px ){.newspack_global_ad.scaip-1{min-height: 100px;}}@media ( min-width: 640px ){.newspack_global_ad.scaip-1{min-height: 100px;}}@media ( min-width: 960px ){.newspack_global_ad.scaip-1{min-height: 100px;}}</style> <div class='newspack_global_ad scaip-1 fixed-height'> <div id='div-gpt-ad-00293110d7-0'></div> </div> </aside><div id="attachment_478689" style="width: 730px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-478689" class="wp-image-478689 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/002-720x274.jpeg?resize=720%2C274&quality=90&ssl=1" alt="" width="720" height="274" srcset="https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/002-720x274.jpeg 720w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/002-600x228.jpeg 600w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/002-1080x410.jpeg 1080w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/002-360x137.jpeg 360w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/002.jpeg 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px"><p id="caption-attachment-478689" class="wp-caption-text">Saint Aurelius. Image © Joana Palmeirão, in<a href="https://repositorio.ucp.pt/handle/10400.14/18900"> Imagem-relicário de Santo Aurélio mártir pertencente à Sé Catedral do Porto</a> (Master’s Thesis, 2015)</p></div><aside> <div class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden newspack-inline-popup " role="button" tabindex="0" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#000" id="id_882262" data-segments="64266,64249" data-frequency="0,0,3,day" > <div class="wp-block-group alignfull"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><p class="has-text-align-center has-small-font-size"><strong>Get the latest art news, reviews and opinions from Hyperallergic.</strong></p> <div class="wp-block-newspack-newsletters-subscribe newspack-newsletters-subscribe is-style-modern multiple-lists" data-success-message="Thank you for signing up!" > <form id="newspack-subscribe-2" data-newspack-recaptcha="newspack_newsletter_signup"> <input type="hidden" name="newspack_newsletters_subscribe" value="1" /> <input name="newspack_popup_id" type="hidden" value="882262" /> <div class="newspack-newsletters-lists"> <ul> <li> <span class="list-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" name="lists[]" value="2" id="newspack-newsletters-96629-list-checkbox-2" checked /> </span> <span class="list-details"> <label for="newspack-newsletters-96629-list-checkbox-2"> <span class="list-title">Daily</span> </label> </span> </li> <li> <span class="list-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" name="lists[]" value="3" id="newspack-newsletters-96629-list-checkbox-3" checked /> </span> <span class="list-details"> <label for="newspack-newsletters-96629-list-checkbox-3"> <span class="list-title">Weekly</span> </label> </span> </li> <li> <span class="list-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" name="lists[]" value="4" id="newspack-newsletters-96629-list-checkbox-4" checked /> </span> <span class="list-details"> <label for="newspack-newsletters-96629-list-checkbox-4"> <span class="list-title">Opportunities</span> </label> </span> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="newspack-newsletters-email-input"> <input id="newspack-newsletters-subscribe-block-input-96629-email" type="email" name="npe" autocomplete="email" placeholder="Email Address" value="" /> <button class="submit-button has-background-color"type="submit" style="background-color: #1e1e1e;"> <span class="submit">Sign up</span> </button> </div> </form> <div class="newspack-newsletters-subscribe__response"> <div class="newspack-newsletters-subscribe__icon"></div> <div class="newspack-newsletters-subscribe__message"> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </aside><p>For now, however, he’s a hand’s breadth from me, all decked out in golden chainmail and floral brocade and looking as relaxed as only thousand-year-old skeletons in 18th century finery can be. Sitting on my haunches between him and his carbon copy, Saint Pacificus, I’m intrigued by their longevity — which is the same as saying I’m intrigued by all the people whose conservation efforts have made it possible for us to meet. It takes a village, sometimes literally, to bring a skeleton saint like Aurelius unharmed into the 21st century.</p><p>Though he is less ostentatious than his central European cousins, the lavishly bejeweled ancient skeletons <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-most-beautiful-dead-photographs-of-jeweled-skeletons">rescued from oblivion in 2013</a> by art historian <a href="https://thamesandhudson.com/heavenly-bodies-cult-treasures-spectacular-saints-from-the-catacombs-9780500251959">Paul Koudounaris’ book </a><em><a href="https://thamesandhudson.com/heavenly-bodies-cult-treasures-spectacular-saints-from-the-catacombs-9780500251959">Heavenly Bodies</a></em>, Aurelius shares their essential origin story: he, too, was dug up by the Vatican from the Roman catacombs, at some point after the 16th century Protestant Reformation, and brought to a faraway altar to serve as a Catholic saint.</p><p>This phenomenon served a particular purpose in central Europe, where Protestant raids had systematically stripped Catholic altars of their iconography and relics. In response, the Vatican launched a desperate search for new saints, digging far into the catacombs under the streets of Rome, where it was believed that many Early Christian martyrs had been buried in the first to fourth centuries. The Vatican’s diggers began to unearth a seemingly endless cache of potential new saints to deploy in retaliation to the Protestant threat; eventually, thousands of skeletons were exhumed, dusted off and dressed up, then shipped off to exude Catholic glamour in churches all over Europe.</p><div id="attachment_478687" style="width: 730px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-478687" class="wp-image-478687 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/007-720x480.jpeg?resize=720%2C480&quality=90&ssl=1" alt="" width="720" height="480" srcset="https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/007-720x480.jpeg 720w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/007-600x400.jpeg 600w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/007-1080x720.jpeg 1080w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/007-360x240.jpeg 360w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/007.jpeg 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px"><p id="caption-attachment-478687" class="wp-caption-text"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Inscriptions found inside the sole of the Saint’s sandals suggest he may have been assembled in Italy. </span>Image © Joana Palmeirão, in <a href="https://repositorio.ucp.pt/handle/10400.14/18900">Imagem-relicário de Santo Aurélio mártir pertencente à Sé Catedral do Porto</a> (Master’s Thesis, 2015)</p></div><p>And so it was that Saint Aurelius, accompanied by <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/BqdfUfqHdh1/">his near-twin Saint Pacificus</a>, arrived in blissfully perma-Catholic Portugal in the mid-1700s. By 1789, both saints were lounging peacefully on either side of the altar of the Porto cathedral. A century later, however, they were gone<strong>.</strong> <strong> </strong>As the Church snapped out of that Reformation-induced state of calamity, it came to view catacomb saints as bejeweled impostors with little believable claim to sainthood, bootleg saints dug up in an embarrassing fit of institutionalized grave-robbing. Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, this mindset evolved into the active destruction of countless catacomb saints, whose jewel-encrusted brocades now seemed decadent and out of place. The lucky ones, like Aurelius and Pacificus, were simply ushered into storage and conveniently forgotten. <em>Out of sight, out of mind.</em></p><p>Fortunately for the pair, history rolled gently forwards, and by 2012 the Porto Cathedral decided to wheel them back out — but not before giving them a makeover at the Center for Art Conservation and Restoration of the Catholic University of Portugal. Aurelius, in particular, fell under the protection of <a href="https://repositorio.ucp.pt/handle/10400.14/18900">grad student </a><a href="https://repositorio.ucp.pt/handle/10400.14/18900">Joana Palmeirão</a>, now a full-fledged researcher of catacomb saints.</p><div id="attachment_478688" style="width: 730px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-478688" class="wp-image-478688 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/048-720x230.jpeg?resize=720%2C230&quality=90&ssl=1" alt="" width="720" height="230" srcset="https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/048-720x230.jpeg 720w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/048-600x192.jpeg 600w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/048-1080x346.jpeg 1080w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/048-360x115.jpeg 360w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/048.jpeg 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px"><p id="caption-attachment-478688" class="wp-caption-text">Image © Stefan Alves, in <a href="https://repositorio.ucp.pt/handle/10400.14/18900">Imagem-relicário de Santo Aurélio mártir pertencente à Sé Catedral do Porto</a>, by Joana Palmeirao (2015)</p></div><p>“Some people thought he was a mummy, they actually believed he had organs and skin,” Palmeirão tells me, referring back to the beginning of her time with Aurelius. The period he’d spent in storage had severely eroded the collective memory of him, to the point where church officials were no longer sure of <em>what</em> he was. Some, familiar with the incorrupt (i.e. non-decomposed, usually mummified) saints of northern Portugal, took Aurelius for one; others, Palmeirão and her team included, took him for a sculpture.</p><p>“It was my supervisor, a trained archaeologist, who first noticed the bones,” she continues. The discovery was nothing short of bizarre, as it brought a team of art restorers to the realization that they’d be working on a dead man rather than a simulacrum of one, but Palmeirão took it in stride. The fact that Aurelius’ identity as a skeleton saint had eluded detection for so long, she tells me, was simply proof of a generalized lack of knowledge regarding these bygone manifestations of Catholic devotion.</p><aside class="scaip scaip-2 "><style>@media ( min-width: 320px ){.newspack_global_ad.scaip-2{min-height: 100px;}}@media ( min-width: 640px ){.newspack_global_ad.scaip-2{min-height: 100px;}}@media ( min-width: 960px ){.newspack_global_ad.scaip-2{min-height: 100px;}}</style> <div class='newspack_global_ad scaip-2 fixed-height'> <div id='div-gpt-ad-06dd10ce2b-0'></div> </div> </aside><div id="attachment_478693" style="width: 730px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-478693" class="wp-image-478693 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/038-720x461.jpeg?resize=720%2C461&quality=90&ssl=1" alt="" width="720" height="461" srcset="https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/038-720x461.jpeg 720w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/038-600x384.jpeg 600w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/038-1080x691.jpeg 1080w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/038-360x230.jpeg 360w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/038.jpeg 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px"><p id="caption-attachment-478693" class="wp-caption-text">Covered in painted canvas, the Saint’s face had begun to develop wrinkles prior to the restoration. Image © Joana Palmeirão, in <a href="https://repositorio.ucp.pt/handle/10400.14/18900">Imagem-relicário de Santo Aurélio mártir pertencente à Sé Catedral do Porto</a> (Master’s Thesis, 2015)</p></div><p>(It also didn’t help that Aurelius was, stylistically speaking, a very modest saint. Unlike his central European cousins, whose costumes made a point to show a glimpse of bone here and there, Aurelius was fully dressed. Even his skull was covered by a piece of painted canvas, an unconventional solution Palmeirão suspects may have been implemented in the 19th century, as a possible attempt to hide Aurelius’s catacumbal origins.)</p><p>One of Palmeirão’s first tasks was to make sure that, now that they’d been detected, Aurelius’ bones were all present and accounted for. Together with a medical examiner and a forensic anthropologist, she subjected the saint to the impropriety of an x-ray machine and discovered that this was not quite the case: his pelvis was upside down and all his ribs were missing, as were his sternum, left scapula, every single finger, both ankles, and both heels. He was human-like, but not formally so, assembled by nuns rather than anatomists, for faithful pilgrims rather than medical students.</p><p>Hints of the life he’d led before ending up in the Roman catacombs were written on his bones: his right calf bone showed evidence of a half-mended fracture, while his neck vertebrae showed signs of wear often associated with old age. He wasn’t a young man, back when he died in the first to fourth centuries, but maybe he wasn’t even a man at all: the curious positioning of his pelvis prevented the forensic anthropologist from making any guesses towards his sex.</p><div id="attachment_478692" style="width: 730px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-478692" class="wp-image-478692 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/058-720x890.jpeg?resize=720%2C890&quality=90&ssl=1" alt="" width="720" height="890" srcset="https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/058-720x890.jpeg 720w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/058-600x742.jpeg 600w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/058-1080x1335.jpeg 1080w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/058-360x445.jpeg 360w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/058.jpeg 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px"><p id="caption-attachment-478692" class="wp-caption-text">The Saint’s fingers are made to mimic the appearance of bone. Image © Joana Palmeirão, in <a href="https://repositorio.ucp.pt/handle/10400.14/18900">Imagem-relicário de Santo Aurélio mártir pertencente à Sé Catedral do Porto</a> (Master’s Thesis, 2015)</p></div><p>Of course, it doesn’t really matter who Saint Aurelius was pre-Reformation. It matters that he is among us now, thanks to the ever-growing series of unlikely events that brought him all the way from Rome to Porto, all the way from the hands of whoever buried him in the first century (or the fourth) to those of Joana Palmeirão’s in the 21st. Other catacomb saints haven’t been as lucky, or as pampered, but Early Christians were nothing if not a resilient bunch–and Palmeirão, for her part, believes their time has yet to come.</p><p>“There are dozens of saints in Portugal whose bodies were brought from the Roman catacombs,” she tells me, with the conviction of someone who intends to make contact with a considerable number of them. When I probe her further (surely we’d have noticed by now if we had that many holy skeletons!), she reminds me of how Aurelius and Pacificus flew so gently under the radar, camouflaged as they were by intricate layers of canvas and gold thread. The fact is I’ve been to church, to many churches, and I see her point: in a country so densely populated by all manner of lifesize sculptures of saints, it doesn’t sound all that implausible that some of them could be harboring bones on the inside. “Some catacomb saints are bound to be even better disguised than Saint Aurelius,” Palmeirão concludes, upping the ante, “wearing more complete costumes, or wax masks and limbs over the bones, which is likely to complicate their detection.”</p><p>Joana Palmeirão will keep her eyes peeled for catacomb saints wherever she goes now, and so will I. Here’s to hoping, <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/meet-the-fantastically-bejeweled-skeletons-of-catholicisms-forgotten-martyrs-284882/">as Paul Koudounaris did</a>, that they will come out of hiding.</p><div id="attachment_478683" style="width: 730px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-478683" class="wp-image-478683 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/053-720x1075.jpeg?resize=720%2C1075&quality=90&ssl=1" alt="" width="720" height="1075" srcset="https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/053-720x1075.jpeg 720w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/053-600x896.jpeg 600w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/053-1080x1613.jpeg 1080w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/053-360x538.jpeg 360w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/053.jpeg 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px"><p id="caption-attachment-478683" class="wp-caption-text">Saint Aurelius has no hair, but his skull is covered by gauze and an elaborate flower crown. Image © Joana Palmeirão, in <a href="https://repositorio.ucp.pt/handle/10400.14/18900">Imagem-relicário de Santo Aurélio mártir pertencente à Sé Catedral do Porto</a> (Master’s Thesis, 2015)</p></div><div id="attachment_478691" style="width: 730px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-478691" class="wp-image-478691 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/141-720x526.jpeg?resize=720%2C526&quality=90&ssl=1" alt="" width="720" height="526" srcset="https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/141-720x526.jpeg 720w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/141-600x438.jpeg 600w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/141-1080x788.jpeg 1080w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/141-360x263.jpeg 360w, https://hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/01/141.jpeg 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px"><p id="caption-attachment-478691" class="wp-caption-text">After a painstaking restoration work, Saint Aurelius was put back on display, looking prettier than ever. Image © Joana Palmeirão, in <a href="https://repositorio.ucp.pt/handle/10400.14/18900">Imagem-relicário de Santo Aurélio mártir pertencente à Sé Catedral do Porto</a> (Master’s Thesis, 2015)</p></div><aside> <div class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden newspack-inline-popup newspack-lightbox-no-border " role="button" tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f3fbff;color:#000" id="id_942621" data-segments="64266,64264,64249" data-frequency="0,0,0,month" > <div style="border: 1px solid #00adef; padding: 5px 5px 25px 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p class="has-secondary-variation-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-786413ac9fc2bec63d7a3a1186f281b9" style="padding-top:10px;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0; font-family: var(--newspack-theme-font-body); padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50); padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);">We hope you enjoyed this article! 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She blogs at rafaelaferraz.com, conducts research on the collection and display of... <a class="author-link" href="https://hyperallergic.com/author/rafaela-ferraz/" rel="author"> More by Rafaela Ferraz </a> </p> </div> </div> </article> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <div class="comments-title-wrap"> <h2 class="comments-title"> Join the Conversation </h2> <div class="discussion-meta"> <p class="discussion-meta-info"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><path d="M21.99 4c0-1.1-.89-2-1.99-2H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v12c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14l4 4-.01-18z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg> <span>2 Comments</span> </p> </div> </div> <div id="comments-wrapper" class="comments-wrapper comments-hide" [class]="showComments ? 'comments-wrapper' : 'comments-wrapper comments-hide'"> <ol class="comment-list"> <li id="comment-265352" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-265352" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/763cda17105adea1ff65b7e0c321d3b8?s=60&d=blank&r=x' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/763cda17105adea1ff65b7e0c321d3b8?s=120&d=blank&r=x 2x' class='avatar avatar-60 photo' height='60' width='60' decoding='async'/><b class="fn">sittingbytheriver</b> <span class="screen-reader-text says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://hyperallergic.com/478674/whats-under-the-bejeweled-clothes-of-a-catacomb-saint/#comment-265352"> <time datetime="2019-01-23T21:05:27-05:00" title="January 23, 2019 at 9:05 pm"> January 23, 2019 at 9:05 pm </time> </a> </div> </footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>It says his skull is covered by gauze, but it looks more like lace to me. I have bought the book Heavenly Bodies and can’t wait to read it. wow.</p> </div> </article> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://hyperallergic.com/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fhyperallergic.com%2F478674%2Fwhats-under-the-bejeweled-clothes-of-a-catacomb-saint%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </li> <li id="comment-265357" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-265357" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d7684159c586910d8dcfa4af34281a9d?s=60&d=blank&r=x' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d7684159c586910d8dcfa4af34281a9d?s=120&d=blank&r=x 2x' class='avatar avatar-60 photo' height='60' width='60' decoding='async'/><b class="fn">Sarah Bond</b> <span class="screen-reader-text says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://hyperallergic.com/478674/whats-under-the-bejeweled-clothes-of-a-catacomb-saint/#comment-265357"> <time datetime="2019-01-24T08:13:06-05:00" title="January 24, 2019 at 8:13 am"> January 24, 2019 at 8:13 am </time> </a> </div> </footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Thank you so much for this article. I did want to note that those reading this who would like to know more should definitely purchase the aforementioned Paul Koudounaris’ splendid (and well illustrated) tome on <i>Heavenly Bodies</i>, but for more background on the Vatican’s use of corpisantari (handlers of saintly bodies) who cleaned out the Roman catacombs in the early middle ages and then sold off relics for the church, I’d go with Nicola Denzey Lewis’ The Bone Gatherers: The Lost Worlds of Early Christian Women. The relic market is a fascinating area of study–and one that extends back into antiquity.</p> </div> </article> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://hyperallergic.com/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fhyperallergic.com%2F478674%2Fwhats-under-the-bejeweled-clothes-of-a-catacomb-saint%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </li> </ol> </div> <button class="comments-toggle" id="comments-toggle" on="tap:AMP.setState({showComments: !showComments})"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.41 7.41L14 6l-6 6 6 6 1.41-1.41L10.83 12z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg><span [text]="showComments ? 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https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2024/12/2024_07_11_Argenis_Apolinario_SVA_MFA_Precarity_Possibility_Opening_4455.jpg?zoom=2&resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1 2400w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2024/12/2024_07_11_Argenis_Apolinario_SVA_MFA_Precarity_Possibility_Opening_4455.jpg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1&w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 600px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <div class="cat-links "> <a href="https://hyperallergic.com/category/announcement/">Announcement</a> </div> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://hyperallergic.com/991028/sva-low-residency-interdisciplinary-mfa-art-practice-nyc-2025/" rel="bookmark">Apply for SVA’s Low-Residency, Interdisciplinary MFA Art Practice in NYC</a></h2> <p>The MFA Art Practice program at SVA redefines artmaking through a collaborative, cross-disciplinary approach that welcomes non-traditional applicants.</p> </div> </article> </div> </div></section><section id="block-9" class="above-footer widget widget_block"><div class="wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles recirc wpnbha show-image image-alignleft ts-5 is-2 is-landscape mobile-stack recirc has-text-align-left" style="" > <div data-posts data-current-post-id="478674"> <article data-post-id="991915" class="tag-new-york category-art type-post post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://hyperallergic.com/991915/five-new-york-city-art-shows-to-see-right-now-feb-24-2025/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="900" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/Sleigh-1.jpg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-landscape-large size-newspack-article-block-landscape-large wp-post-image" alt="Five New York City Art Shows to See Right Now" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/Sleigh-1.jpg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/Sleigh-1.jpg?resize=800%2C600&quality=90&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/Sleigh-1.jpg?resize=600%2C450&quality=90&ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/Sleigh-1.jpg?resize=400%2C300&quality=90&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/Sleigh-1.jpg?resize=200%2C150&quality=90&ssl=1 200w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/Sleigh-1.jpg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1&w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 600px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://hyperallergic.com/991915/five-new-york-city-art-shows-to-see-right-now-feb-24-2025/" rel="bookmark">Five New York City Art Shows to See Right Now</a></h2> <p>Sylvia Sleigh, Kenneth Tam, Christine Sun Kim, Paul Gardère, and Rudy Burckhardt are ideal for anyone who desires a glimpse into an artist’s personal life and worldview.</p> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"> <span class="author-prefix">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://hyperallergic.com/author/natalie-haddad/">Natalie Haddad</a></span>, <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://hyperallergic.com/author/hrag/">Hrag Vartanian</a></span>, <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://hyperallergic.com/author/lisa-zhang/">Lisa Yin Zhang</a></span> and <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://hyperallergic.com/author/john-yau/">John Yau</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </article> <article data-post-id="991987" class="tag-reviews category-art type-post post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://hyperallergic.com/991987/men-undressing-for-women-and-other-contemporary-takes-on-the-old-masters-sylvia-sleigh/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="900" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/DSC02891.jpeg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-landscape-large size-newspack-article-block-landscape-large wp-post-image" alt="Men Undressing for Women and Other Contemporary Takes on the Old Masters " data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/DSC02891.jpeg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/DSC02891.jpeg?resize=800%2C600&quality=90&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/DSC02891.jpeg?resize=600%2C450&quality=90&ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/DSC02891.jpeg?resize=400%2C300&quality=90&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/DSC02891.jpeg?resize=200%2C150&quality=90&ssl=1 200w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/DSC02891.jpeg?zoom=2&resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1 2400w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/DSC02891.jpeg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1&w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 600px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://hyperallergic.com/991987/men-undressing-for-women-and-other-contemporary-takes-on-the-old-masters-sylvia-sleigh/" rel="bookmark">Men Undressing for Women and Other Contemporary Takes on the Old Masters </a></h2> <p>Sylvia Sleigh challenged the traditions of portraiture by letting those she adored be their glorious selves.</p> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"> <span class="author-prefix">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://hyperallergic.com/author/hrag/">Hrag Vartanian</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></section><section id="block-14" class="above-footer widget widget_block"><div class="wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles recirc wpnbha show-image image-alignleft ts-5 is-2 is-landscape mobile-stack recirc has-text-align-left" style="" > <div data-posts data-current-post-id="478674"> <article data-post-id="990063" class="tag-elon-musk tag-protest-art tag-street-art category-art category-news type-post post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://hyperallergic.com/990063/street-artist-winston-tseng-behind-viral-anti-elon-musk-ads/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="900" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/USAID_3x2_v1.jpg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-landscape-large size-newspack-article-block-landscape-large wp-post-image" alt="The Street Artist Behind the Viral “Anti-Elon Musk” Ads" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/USAID_3x2_v1.jpg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/USAID_3x2_v1.jpg?resize=800%2C600&quality=90&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/USAID_3x2_v1.jpg?resize=600%2C450&quality=90&ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/USAID_3x2_v1.jpg?resize=400%2C300&quality=90&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/USAID_3x2_v1.jpg?resize=200%2C150&quality=90&ssl=1 200w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/USAID_3x2_v1.jpg?zoom=2&resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1 2400w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/USAID_3x2_v1.jpg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1&w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 600px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://hyperallergic.com/990063/street-artist-winston-tseng-behind-viral-anti-elon-musk-ads/" rel="bookmark">The Street Artist Behind the Viral “Anti-Elon Musk” Ads</a></h2> <p>Winston Tseng’s satirical ad falsely attributed to USAID at a bike dock in Washington, DC, elicited frenzied responses from Republican Senator Thom Tillis. </p> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"> <span class="author-prefix">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://hyperallergic.com/author/rhea-nayyar/">Rhea Nayyar</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </article> <article data-post-id="991885" class="tag-aldrich-contemporary-art-museum tag-reviews category-art type-post post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://hyperallergic.com/991885/artists-find-power-care-and-resistance-in-the-garden-aldrich-contemporary-art-museum/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="900" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/qGo7t-scaled.jpeg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-landscape-large size-newspack-article-block-landscape-large wp-post-image" alt="Artists Find Power, Care, and Resistance in the Garden" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/qGo7t-scaled.jpeg?w=2560&quality=90&ssl=1 2560w, 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srcset="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/the-bell-kulien-creuzet.jpg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/the-bell-kulien-creuzet.jpg?resize=800%2C600&quality=90&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/the-bell-kulien-creuzet.jpg?resize=600%2C450&quality=90&ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/the-bell-kulien-creuzet.jpg?resize=400%2C300&quality=90&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/the-bell-kulien-creuzet.jpg?resize=200%2C150&quality=90&ssl=1 200w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/the-bell-kulien-creuzet.jpg?zoom=2&resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1 2400w, 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On view at Brown University.</p> </div> </article> </div> </div></section><section id="block-13" class="above-footer widget widget_block"><div class="wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles is-style-default recirc wpnbha show-image image-alignleft ts-5 is-2 is-landscape mobile-stack is-style-default recirc has-text-align-left" style="" > <div data-posts data-current-post-id="478674"> <article data-post-id="991222" class="tag-reviews category-film type-post post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://hyperallergic.com/991222/universal-language-brings-tim-hortons-to-tehran/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="900" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/UNIVERSAL-LANGUAGE_PHOTO_2.webp?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-landscape-large size-newspack-article-block-landscape-large wp-post-image" alt="Universal Language Brings Tim 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90vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://hyperallergic.com/991222/universal-language-brings-tim-hortons-to-tehran/" rel="bookmark"><i>Universal Language</i> Brings Tim Hortons to Tehran</a></h2> <p>Centered on an Iranian community in a fictional Winnipeg-Tehran hybrid, the absurdist comedy is a joyous depiction of emphatically unalienated people.</p> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"> <span class="author-prefix">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://hyperallergic.com/author/nolan-kelly/">Nolan Kelly</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </article> <article data-post-id="991572" class="tag-inca tag-peru tag-vandalism category-news type-post post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://hyperallergic.com/991572/inca-stone-monument-irreparably-damaged-in-cusco/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="900" src="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/image.jpeg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-landscape-large size-newspack-article-block-landscape-large wp-post-image" alt="Inca Stone Monument “Irreparably” Damaged in Cusco" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/image.jpeg?resize=1200%2C900&quality=90&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/image.jpeg?resize=800%2C600&quality=90&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/image.jpeg?resize=600%2C450&quality=90&ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/image.jpeg?resize=400%2C300&quality=90&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/hyperallergic-newspack.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2025/02/image.jpeg?resize=200%2C150&quality=90&ssl=1 200w, 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