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Yet aside from a recent interest in the works of one particular anatomist, the school's history has been mostly ignored. I examine here the fame of the school in eighteenth-century travel literature, the historic connection between veterinary science and natural history, and the relationship between the school's hospital and its esteemed cabinet. Using the correspondence papers of veterinary administrators, state representatives and competing scientific institutions during the French Revolution, I argue that resource constraints and the management of anatomical and natural history specimens produced new disciplinary boundaries between natural history, veterinary medicine and human medicine, while reinforcing geographic divisions between the local and the foreign in the study of non-human animals. This paper reconstructs the Ancien Régime reasoning that veterinary students would benefit from a global perspective on animality, and the Revolutionary government's rejection of that premise. 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app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>The British Journal for the History of Science</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><a href="/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/issue/686B74EDDD234F5E52C94A6197EF4346" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 51 Issue 2</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><span data-v-3692cf84>A cabinet of the ordinary: domesticating veterinary...</span></li></ul></div></div> <div class="language" data-v-3692cf84><ul class="language-switch" data-v-6b1118dd data-v-3692cf84><li aria-label="English" data-v-6b1118dd><span class="language-option current divider" data-v-6b1118dd>English</span></li><li 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data-v-01274b1d><h2>Article contents</h2> <div id="toc-list-wrapper" class="table-of-content__wrapper"><ul id="toc-list" class="list"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Abstract</span></a></li> <li class="list__item"><a href="#footnotes-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="column__main" data-v-01274b1d><div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div class="column__main__left" data-v-01274b1d><div id="maincontent" class="col" data-v-862424e6 data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>A cabinet of the ordinary: domesticating veterinary education, 1766–1799</h1> </hgroup>     <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>18 April 2018</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=KIT%20HEINTZMAN&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>KIT HEINTZMAN</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce></span></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-2 collapse-link" data-v-99f6eb26><a href="#authors-details" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="authors-details" class="app-link collapsed app-link__text-icon app-link--secondary reverse" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-99f6eb26><img 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Email: kheintzman@fas.harvard.edu.</span> </span></div></dd></div>  <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-2edb8da6></dl></div></div> <div id="app-tabs" class="tabs" data-v-1d90c6ce data-v-01274b1d><div id="app-tabs-wrapper" class="tabs__wrapper" data-v-1d90c6ce><div role="navigation" aria-label="tab navigation" class="container" data-v-1d90c6ce><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#appTabs" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="appTabs" class="tabs__collapse collapsed d-sm-none d-print-none" data-v-1d90c6ce><span data-v-1d90c6ce></span> <span class="tabs-arrow-up" data-v-1d90c6ce></span> <span class="tabs-arrow-down" data-v-1d90c6ce></span></a> <ul id="appTabs" role="tablist" class="nav nav-tabs tabs__list collapse show" data-v-1d90c6ce><li role="none" class="tabs__tab" data-v-1d90c6ce><a aria-selected="true" href="#article-tab" role="tab" aria-controls="article-tab" tabindex="-1" class="active" data-v-1d90c6ce>Article </a></li><li role="none" 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href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=BJH&title=A%20cabinet%20of%20the%20ordinary%3A%20domesticating%20veterinary%20education%2C%201766%E2%80%931799&publicationDate=18%20April%202018&author=KIT%20HEINTZMAN©right=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20British%20Society%20for%20the%20History%20of%20Science%202018%C2%A0&contentID=10.1017%2FS0007087418000274&startPage=239&endPage=260&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=51&issueNum=2&oa=" data-test-id="buttonRightLink" class="app-link rights-link d-print-none app-link__text-icon app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-92ee52a2 data-v-43a4d572><img src="/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon rights" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Rights & Permissions </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> <div class="share-modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-43a4d572></div> <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc" class="scrollspy-content" data-v-43a4d572> <div id="sec0" class="col article-abstract sec" data-v-2fa8b348 data-v-43a4d572><div class="abstract-text-container" data-v-2fa8b348><div lang="en"><h2>Abstract</h2>  <div class="abstract-content"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>In the late eighteenth century, the Ecole vétérinaire d'Alfort was renowned for its innovative veterinary education and for having one of the largest natural history and anatomy collections in France. Yet aside from a recent interest in the works of one particular anatomist, the school's history has been mostly ignored. I examine here the fame of the school in eighteenth-century travel literature, the historic connection between veterinary science and natural history, and the relationship between the school's hospital and its esteemed cabinet. Using the correspondence papers of veterinary administrators, state representatives and competing scientific institutions during the French Revolution, I argue that resource constraints and the management of anatomical and natural history specimens produced new disciplinary boundaries between natural history, veterinary medicine and human medicine, while reinforcing geographic divisions between the local and the foreign in the study of non-human animals. This paper reconstructs the <span class="italic">Ancien Régime</span> reasoning that veterinary students would benefit from a global perspective on animality, and the Revolutionary government's rejection of that premise. Under republicanism, veterinary medicine became domestic.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="abstract-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a></div></div>   </div>    <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Research Article</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>The British Journal for the History of Science </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/volume/7E3AB5BAD8B9D9E010625C0A3861CDFD" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 51 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/issue/686B74EDDD234F5E52C94A6197EF4346" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Issue 2 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161>, June 2018</span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, pp. 239 - 260</span> </div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087418000274" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087418000274 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> <a data-target="crossmark" aria-label="Check for updates" href="#" class="crossmark-widget" data-v-6e32a161><img src="/core/page-component/img/crossmark-logo.61d5da3.svg" alt="Check for updates" data-v-6e32a161></a></div>  </dd></div>   <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Copyright </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161> Copyright © British Society for the History of Science 2018 </div></dd></div></dl> <div id="access-block" class="d-print-none" data-v-43a4d572><div class="access-options"><h2 class="access-options__heading">Access options</h2> <span>Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)</span> <div class="access-options__content access-options__new"> </div></div></div> <div id="content-container" class="content-container" data-v-43a4d572> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="list-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a> <div id="footnotes-list" class="circle-list"><h2>Footnotes</h2> <div data-type="footnote" class="circle-list__item"><div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><div class="fn"><p>I would like to thank the members of the Singer Prize selection committee and <span class="italic">BJHS</span> reviewers and staff for their helpful feedback in developing the article. This paper has benefited from thoughtful comments from my adviser, Janet Browne, and conference participants at the History of Education Society (2015) and the Göttingen Summer School organized by Dominik Hünniger (2016). Dani Inkpen, Yvan Prkachin, Avi Kelman and Carol De Rose have proven to be especially generous and rigorous readers. I am indebted to Lucas Mueller and Jolien de Vuyst for discussions about the nuances of German and Dutch. Research for this project was supported by SSHRC (Canada) and Chateaubriand (France).</p></div></div></div></div><div data-type="footnote" class="circle-list__item"><div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><div class="fn"><p>This essay was awarded the Singer Prize by the British Society for the History of Science for 2016.</p></div></div></div></div> </div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="list-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a> <div id="references-list" class="circle-list"><h2>References</h2> <div id="fn1" aria-flowto="reference-1-content reference-1-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-1-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">1</span> 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See <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref14a" id="ref14a"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Mathiez</span>, <span class="given-names">Albert</span></span>, <span class="source">La révolution et les étrangers: Cosmopolitisme et défense nationale</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">La Renaissance du livre</span>, <span class="year">1918</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for La révolution et les étrangers: Cosmopolitisme et défense nationale' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=La+r%C3%A9volution+et+les+%C3%A9trangers%3A+Cosmopolitisme+et+d%C3%A9fense+nationale&author=Mathiez+Albert&publication+year=1918>Google Scholar</a></span>. 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<span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref18" id="ref18"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Jones</span>, <span class="given-names">Bruce Vivash</span></span>, ‘<span class="article-title">Education: the keystone of the veterinary profession</span>’, <span class="source">Veterinary Record</span> (<span class="year">2011</span>) <span class="volume">169</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">222</span>–<span class="lpage">225</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Education: the keystone of the veterinary profession' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d5433>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Education: the keystone of the veterinary profession' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Education%3A+the+keystone+of+the+veterinary+profession&author=Jones+Bruce+Vivash&publication+year=2011&journal=Veterinary+Record&volume=169&doi=10.1136%2Fvr.d5433&pages=222-225>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Education: the keystone of the veterinary profession' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873392>PubMed</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn11" aria-flowto="reference-11-content reference-11-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 11 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-11-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">11</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref19" id="ref19"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Landes</span>, <span class="given-names">Joan B.</span></span>, ‘<span class="chapter-title">Revolutionary anatomies</span>’, in <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Knoppers</span>, <span class="given-names">Laura Lunger</span></span> and <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Landes</span>, <span class="given-names">Joan B.</span></span> (eds.), <span class="source">Monstrous Bodies/Political Monstrosities in Early Modern Europe</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Ithaca, NY</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Cornell University Press</span>, <span class="year">2004</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">148</span>–<span class="lpage">176</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Monstrous Bodies/Political Monstrosities in Early Modern Europe' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Monstrous+Bodies%2FPolitical+Monstrosities+in+Early+Modern+Europe&author=Landes+Joan+B.&author=Knoppers+Laura+Lunger&author=Landes+Joan+B.&publication+year=2004&pages=148-176>Google Scholar</a></span>; 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Philip Adds), <span class="source">Clinical Anatomy</span> (<span class="year">2010</span>) <span class="volume">23</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">249</span>–<span class="lpage">257</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The celebrated écorchés of Honoré Fragonard, part 1: the classical techniques of preparation of dry anatomical specimens in the 18th century' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.20936>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The celebrated écorchés of Honoré Fragonard, part 1: the classical techniques of preparation of dry anatomical specimens in the 18th century' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+celebrated+%C3%A9corch%C3%A9s+of+Honor%C3%A9+Fragonard%2C+part+1%3A+the+classical+techniques+of+preparation+of+dry+anatomical+specimens+in+the+18th+century&author=Degueurce+Christophe&publication+year=2010&journal=Clinical+Anatomy&volume=23&doi=10.1002%2Fca.20936&pages=249-257>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn12" aria-flowto="reference-12-content reference-12-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 12 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-12-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">12</span> The passage from Rudolphi to which these rumours are attributed is notably a nineteenth-century account, one that circulated after the Terror and after Fragonard's own death. His two-volume technical work on human and veterinary medicine provides much more of an account of the school's significance and contribution than it does of Fragonard. Landes, ‘Revolutionary anatomies’, op. cit. (11), pp. 173–174. <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref25" id="ref25"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Rudolphi</span>, <span class="given-names">Karl Asmund</span></span>, <span class="source">Bemerkungen aus dem Gebiet der Naturgeschichte, Medicin und Thierarzneykunde</span>, <span class="volume">2</span> vols., <span class="publisher-loc">Berlin</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Gottlieb August Lange</span>, <span class="year">1804</span>–1805, vol. 2, pp. <span class="fpage">14</span>–<span class="lpage">34</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Bemerkungen aus dem Gebiet der Naturgeschichte, Medicin und Thierarzneykunde' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bemerkungen+aus+dem+Gebiet+der+Naturgeschichte%2C+Medicin+und+Thierarzneykunde&author=Rudolphi+Karl+Asmund&publication+year=1804&pages=14-34>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn13" aria-flowto="reference-13-content reference-13-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 13 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-13-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">13</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref26" id="ref26"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Sandifort</span>, <span class="given-names">Eduard</span></span>, <span class="source">Natuur- en Genees-kundige Bibliotheek</span>, new edn, <span class="volume">9</span> vols., <span class="publisher-loc">Gravenhage</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Pieter van Cleef</span>, <span class="year">1765</span>–1772, vol. 3, p. <span class="fpage">856</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Natuur- en Genees-kundige Bibliotheek' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Natuur-+en+Genees-kundige+Bibliotheek&author=Sandifort+Eduard&publication+year=1765>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn14" aria-flowto="reference-14-content reference-14-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 14 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-14-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">14</span> <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref27" id="ref27"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">de Hesseln</span>, <span class="given-names">Robert</span></span>, <span class="source">Dictionnaire universel de la France</span>, <span class="volume">6</span> vols., <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Desaint</span>, <span class="year">1771</span>, vol. 5, pp. <span class="fpage">175</span>–<span class="lpage">176</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for de Hesseln, Robert, Dictionnaire universel de la France, 6 vols., Paris: Desaint, 1771, vol. 5, pp. 175–176' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=de+Hesseln,+Robert,+Dictionnaire+universel+de+la+France,+6+vols.,+Paris:+Desaint,+1771,+vol.+5,+pp.+175–176>Google Scholar</a></span>; 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<span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref33" id="ref33">J[acques-]A[ntoine] Dulaure, <span class="source">Nouvelle description des environs de Paris</span>, part 1, <span class="edition">2nd edn</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Lejay</span>, <span class="year">1787</span>, p. <span class="fpage">202</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Nouvelle description des environs de Paris' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J[acques-]A[ntoine]+Dulaure,+Nouvelle+description+des+environs+de+Paris,+part+1,+2nd+edn,+Paris:+Lejay,+1787,+p.+202>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn16" aria-flowto="reference-16-content reference-16-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 16 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-16-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">16</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref34" id="ref34"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Sanders</span>, <span class="given-names">Heinrich</span></span>, <span class="source">Beschreibung seiner Reisen durch Frankreich, die Niederlande, Holland, Deutschland und Italien</span>, part I, <span class="publisher-loc">Leipzig</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Friedrich Gotthold Jacobaer und Sohn</span>, <span class="year">1783</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">266</span>–<span class="lpage">268</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Beschreibung seiner Reisen durch Frankreich, die Niederlande, Holland, Deutschland und Italien' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Beschreibung+seiner+Reisen+durch+Frankreich%2C+die+Niederlande%2C+Holland%2C+Deutschland+und+Italien&author=Sanders+Heinrich&publication+year=1783&pages=266-268>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn17" aria-flowto="reference-17-content reference-17-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 17 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-17-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">17</span> This is consistent with the late eighteenth-century shift in cabinet content described by Katharine Park and Lorraine Daston as the ‘<em class="italic">Enlightenment</em> and the Anti-marvelous’. <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref35" id="ref35"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Park</span>, <span class="given-names">Katharine</span></span> and <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Daston</span>, <span class="given-names">Lorraine</span></span>, <span class="source">Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Zone Books</span>, <span class="year">1998</span>, p. <span class="fpage">329</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Wonders+and+the+Order+of+Nature%2C+1150%E2%80%931750&author=Park+Katharine&author=Daston+Lorraine&publication+year=1998>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn18" aria-flowto="reference-18-content reference-18-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 18 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-18-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">18</span> Dulaure, op. cit. (15), p. 203.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn19" aria-flowto="reference-19-content reference-19-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 19 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-19-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">19</span> Inventoire de la collection de l'Ecole nationale vétérinaire, an III, AN F/10/1294.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn20" aria-flowto="reference-20-content reference-20-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 20 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-20-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">20</span> All translations unless otherwise stated are my own. <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref36" id="ref36"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Thouret</span>, <span class="given-names">Michel-Augustin</span></span>, ‘<span class="chapter-title">Anatomie</span>’, in <span class="source">Encyclopédie méthodique: Médecine</span>, vol. <span class="volume">3</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>, <span class="year">1790</span>, p. <span class="fpage">648</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Encyclopédie méthodique: Médecine' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Encyclop%C3%A9die+m%C3%A9thodique%3A+M%C3%A9decine&author=Thouret+Michel-Augustin&publication+year=1790>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn21" aria-flowto="reference-21-content reference-21-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 21 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-21-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">21</span> A careful examination of Alfort's financial records, AN F/10/1258–1264, reveals explicit reference to purchases for the collection. These include materials involved in preparation such as varnish or pins, as well as animal source material such as calf heads, cow eyes, human cadavers and various organs of local domestic species. Other donation records: 1ETP 300 Items 2534, 2535, 2536 Les Archives départementales du Val-de-Marne (hereafter ADVM). Gilbert, 4 February 1784, Dossier 1787 Projet des réglements, AN F/10/1200.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn22" aria-flowto="reference-22-content reference-22-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 22 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-22-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">22</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref37" id="ref37"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Bourgelat</span>, <span class="given-names">Claude</span></span>, <span class="source">Elemens de l'art vétérinaire</span>, <span class="edition">4th edn</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Librairie vétérinaire de M.R. 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Huzard</span>, <span class="year">1793</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">17</span>–<span class="lpage">18</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Instructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=[Philibert]+Chabert,+[Pierre]+Flandrin+and+[Jean-Baptiste]+Huzard,+Instructions+et+observations+sur+les+maladies+des+animaux+domestiques,+Paris:+Librairie+vétérinaire+de+J.B.+Huzard,+1793,+pp.+17–18>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn24" aria-flowto="reference-24-content reference-24-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 24 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-24-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">24</span> One of Flandrin's trips to England appears to have taken place around September 1783. See Flandrin to Sundersberg, 11 September 1783, Wellcome Trust Ms. 4736; Philibert Chabert on Pierre Flandrin's death, 15 fructidor an IV, Item 1903, ADVM 1ETP 258.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn25" aria-flowto="reference-25-content reference-25-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 25 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-25-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">25</span> <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref39" id="ref39">‘<span class="article-title">Ausländischer Nekrolog: Pierre Flandrin, 1 May 1796</span>’, <span class="source">Intelligenzblatt der Allgem. Literatur-Zeitung</span> (28 September <span class="year">1796</span>) <span class="volume">132</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">1113</span>–<span class="lpage">1115</span>, 1114<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Ausländischer Nekrolog: Pierre Flandrin, 1 May 1796' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=‘Ausländischer+Nekrolog:+Pierre+Flandrin,+1+May+1796’,+Intelligenzblatt+der+Allgem.+Literatur-Zeitung+(28+September+1796)+132,+pp.+1113–1115,+1114>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn26" aria-flowto="reference-26-content reference-26-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 26 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-26-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">26</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref40" id="ref40"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Daston</span>, <span class="given-names">Lorraine</span></span> and <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Vidal</span>, <span class="given-names">Fernando</span></span>, ‘<span class="chapter-title">Doing what comes naturally</span>’, in Daston and Vidal (eds.), <span class="source">The Moral Authority of Nature</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Chicago</span>: <span class="publisher-name">The University of Chicago Press</span>, <span class="year">2004</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">1</span>–<span class="lpage">24</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Moral Authority of Nature' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Moral+Authority+of+Nature&author=Daston+Lorraine&author=Vidal+Fernando&publication+year=2004&pages=1-24>Google Scholar</a></span>. Sahlins, op. cit. (9), pp. 57–63.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn27" aria-flowto="reference-27-content reference-27-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 27 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-27-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">27</span> <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref41" id="ref41"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Osborne</span>, <span class="given-names">Michael</span></span>, ‘<span class="article-title">Acclimatizing the world: a history of the paradigmatic colonial science</span>’, <span class="source">Osiris</span> (<span class="year">2000</span>) <span class="volume">15</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">135</span>–<span class="lpage">151</span>, 137<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Acclimatizing the world: a history of the paradigmatic colonial science' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649323>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Acclimatizing the world: a history of the paradigmatic colonial science' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Acclimatizing+the+world%3A+a+history+of+the+paradigmatic+colonial+science&author=Osborne+Michael&publication+year=2000&journal=Osiris&volume=15&doi=10.1086%2F649323&pages=135-151>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Acclimatizing the world: a history of the paradigmatic colonial science' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11971295>PubMed</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn28" aria-flowto="reference-28-content reference-28-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 28 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-28-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">28</span> <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref42" id="ref42"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Dietz</span>, <span class="given-names">Betinna</span></span>, ‘<span class="article-title">Mobile objects: the space of shells in eighteenth-century France</span>’, <span class="source">BJHS</span> (<span class="year">2006</span>) <span class="volume">39</span>(<span class="issue">3</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">363</span>–<span class="lpage">382</span>, 376<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Mobile objects: the space of shells in eighteenth-century France' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007087406008375>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Mobile objects: the space of shells in eighteenth-century France' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mobile+objects%3A+the+space+of+shells+in+eighteenth-century+France&author=Dietz+Betinna&publication+year=2006&journal=BJHS&volume=39&doi=10.1017%2FS0007087406008375&pages=363-382>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn29" aria-flowto="reference-29-content reference-29-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 29 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-29-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">29</span> Gilbert, op. cit. (21).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn30" aria-flowto="reference-30-content reference-30-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 30 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-30-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">30</span> Review of Vitet's <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref43" id="ref43"><span class="source">Médecine vétérinaire, <em class="italic">in</em> Journal de médecine, chirurgie, pharmacie</span> (October <span class="year">1787</span>) <span class="volume">73</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">322</span>–<span class="lpage">334</span>, 328–329<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Médecine vétérinaire, in Journal de médecine, chirurgie, pharmacie (October 1787) 73, pp. 322–334, 328–329' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Médecine+vétérinaire,+in+Journal+de+médecine,+chirurgie,+pharmacie+(October+1787)+73,+pp.+322–334,+328–329>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn31" aria-flowto="reference-31-content reference-31-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 31 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-31-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">31</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref44" id="ref44"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Leclerc</span>, <span class="given-names">Georges-Louis</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">de Buffon</span>, <span class="given-names">Comte</span></span>, <span class="source">Oeuvres completes de M. le Comte de Buffon</span>, vol. <span class="volume">10</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Imprimerie royale</span>, <span class="year">1775</span>, p. <span class="fpage">371</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Oeuvres completes de M. le Comte de Buffon' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Oeuvres+completes+de+M.+le+Comte+de+Buffon&author=Leclerc+Georges-Louis&author=de+Buffon+Comte&publication+year=1775>Google Scholar</a></span>. Given that the body of the text makes reference to the llama in August of 1777, it would appear that the above date of 1775 was an error, intentional or accidental. On illicit printing see <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref45" id="ref45"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Darnton</span>, <span class="given-names">Robert</span></span>, <span class="source">The Literary Underground of the Old Regime</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Cambridge, MA</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Harvard University Press</span>, <span class="year">1982</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">192</span>–<span class="lpage">193</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Literary Underground of the Old Regime' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Literary+Underground+of+the+Old+Regime&author=Darnton+Robert&publication+year=1982&pages=192-193>Google Scholar</a></span>. For another iteration after 1777 see <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref46" id="ref46"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Leclerc</span>, <span class="given-names">Georges-Louis</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">de Buffon</span>, <span class="given-names">Comte</span></span>, <span class="source">Histoire naturelle générale et particulière: Supplément</span>, <span class="volume">36</span> vols., <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Imprimerie royale</span>, <span class="year">1782</span>, vol. 6, p. <span class="fpage">204</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Histoire naturelle générale et particulière: Supplément' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Histoire+naturelle+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+et+particuli%C3%A8re%3A+Suppl%C3%A9ment&author=Leclerc+Georges-Louis&author=de+Buffon+Comte&publication+year=1782>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn32" aria-flowto="reference-32-content reference-32-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 32 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-32-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">32</span> The name Le Moyne appears on dozens of receipts in the school's financial records for meat for the kitchen. Occasionally he also features in the ‘objet divers’ section with explicit reference to dissection and the cabinet. For specific examples see ‘Chapitre de divers objets du mois d'avril 1770’ and ‘Chapitre de divers objets du mois de janvier 1770’, in F/10/1260, cross-referenced against individual receipts located in the same files, AN F/10/1258–1261.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn33" aria-flowto="reference-33-content reference-33-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 33 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-33-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">33</span> On Alfort's predatory relationship with the Ecole royale vétérinaire de Lyon see <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref47" id="ref47"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Arloing</span>, <span class="given-names">M.S.</span></span>, <span class="source">Le berceau de l'enseignement vétérinaire: Création et évolution de l'Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Lyon, 1761–1889</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Lyon</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Imprimerie Pitrat ainé</span>, <span class="year">1889</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Le berceau de l'enseignement vétérinaire: Création et évolution de l'Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Lyon, 1761–1889' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Le+berceau+de+l'enseignement+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire%3A+Cr%C3%A9ation+et+%C3%A9volution+de+l'Ecole+nationale+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire+de+Lyon%2C+1761%E2%80%931889&author=Arloing+M.S.&publication+year=1889>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn34" aria-flowto="reference-34-content reference-34-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 34 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-34-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">34</span> The former guard to the Polish king and sous-equestrian to the Royal Academy of Nancy, Jean Léonard Larché, advertised that he would be opening a horse hospital in a northern Paris suburb, Villette, in 1763, and by 1767 he had advertised that it had opened, but it seems to have left little mark. See <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref48" id="ref48">‘<span class="article-title">Avis donné au publique par M. Larché</span>’, <span class="source">Gazette du commerce de l'agriculture et des finances</span> (12 May <span class="year">1767</span>) <span class="volume">38</span>, p. <span class="fpage">371</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Avis donné au publique par M. Larché' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=‘Avis+donné+au+publique+par+M.+Larché’,+Gazette+du+commerce+de+l'agriculture+et+des+finances+(12+May+1767)+38,+p.+371>Google Scholar</a></span>. ‘De la gourme des chevaux’, <em class="italic">Journal oeconomique, ou memoires, notes et avis</em> (1763), pp. 311–312.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn35" aria-flowto="reference-35-content reference-35-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 35 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-35-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">35</span> There is an undated advertisement for a veterinary hospital created by the intendant in Saint-Emilion, Saint-Sulpice, quite possibly in response to a devastating epizootic outbreak in the provinces of Guyenne and Gascony in the 1770s. See also s.d., ‘Avis sur la maladies des bestiaux’, Archives départementales de la Haute-Vienne, C24. Passing references to a hospital in that region occur in Archives départementales de la Gironde, C3300.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn36" aria-flowto="reference-36-content reference-36-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 36 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-36-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">36</span> These numbers come from the first veterinary school, which had opened in Lyon. See <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref49" id="ref49"><span class="source">Affiches de Lyon</span> (25 February <span class="year">1762</span>) <span class="volume">8</span>, p. <span class="fpage">31</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Affiches de Lyon (25 February 1762) 8, p. 31' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Affiches+de+Lyon+(25+February+1762)+8,+p.+31>Google Scholar</a></span>. Once Alfort was opened the advertising changed to thirty <em class="italic">sols</em> a day per animal. See <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref50" id="ref50"><span class="source">L'Avantcoureur</span> (19 August <span class="year">1767</span>) <span class="volume">32</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">499</span>–<span class="lpage">500</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for L'Avantcoureur (19 August 1767) 32, pp. 499–500' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=L'Avantcoureur+(19+August+1767)+32,+pp.+499–500>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn37" aria-flowto="reference-37-content reference-37-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 37 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-37-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">37</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref51" id="ref51">[Philbert Chabert, Pierre Flandrin and Jean-Baptiste Huzard], <span class="source">Almanach vétérinaire, ou abrégé de l'histoire des progrès de la médecine des animaux depuis l’établissement des écoles royales vétérinaires</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Veuve Vallat-la-Chapelle</span>, <span class="year">1782</span>, p. <span class="fpage">13</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Almanach vétérinaire, ou abrégé de l'histoire des progrès de la médecine des animaux depuis l’établissement des écoles royales vétérinaires' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=[Philbert+Chabert,+Pierre+Flandrin+and+Jean-Baptiste+Huzard],+Almanach+vétérinaire,+ou+abrégé+de+l'histoire+des+progrès+de+la+médecine+des+animaux+depuis+l’établissement+des+écoles+royales+vétérinaires,+Paris:+Veuve+Vallat-la-Chapelle,+1782,+p.+13>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn38" aria-flowto="reference-38-content reference-38-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 38 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-38-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">38</span> ‘Demandes faite par Monseigneur Iamber à Chabert’ and ‘Produit des hopitaux, de la Pharmacie et des Forges de l'Ecole Royale Vétérinaire de Paris en 1779, 1780, et 1781’, dossier 1787, AN F/10/1200.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn39" aria-flowto="reference-39-content reference-39-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 39 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-39-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">39</span> ‘Observations sur les changemens qu'il a paru convenable d'apporter au Règlement de 1780’, dossier 63, AN F/10/1200.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn40" aria-flowto="reference-40-content reference-40-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 40 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-40-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">40</span> Medical registers, 1767–1771: ADVM 1ETP 400, 401. Financial registers, 1788–1790: AN F/10/96, 97. Though these are asymmetrical sources, both provide a great deal of comparable knowledge about entry duration and mortality.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn41" aria-flowto="reference-41-content reference-41-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 41 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-41-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">41</span> All comments on the hospital from this period of time come from having reconstructed their hospital records out of two separate manuscript registers of 583 and 663 pages respectively. ADVM 1ETP 400 & 401.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn42" aria-flowto="reference-42-content reference-42-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 42 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-42-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">42</span> Not all horses staying approximately a year or longer needed constant medical attention, and some were moved out to the fields to graze as a part of their convalescence. Fols. 141–144, ADVM 1ETP 401; fols. 301–308, 597–601, ADVM, 1ETP 400.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn43" aria-flowto="reference-43-content reference-43-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 43 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-43-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">43</span> There are at least two cases in the register that would indicate that <em class="italic">cheval</em>, though linguistically gendered masculine, did not always denote a male horse, including one case of pregnancy. Fol. 345, ADVM 1ETP 401. It appears as though sex-specific notation stopped being prioritized in the records after 1769, where the first two-thirds of the records contain 90 percent of the female notations. See also <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref52" id="ref52"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Dubois</span>, <span class="given-names">Jean</span></span>, ‘<span class="article-title">Le genre dans les noms d'animaux</span>’, <span class="source">Linx</span> (<span class="year">1989</span>) <span class="volume">21</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">87</span>–<span class="lpage">91</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Le genre dans les noms d'animaux' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.3406/linx.1989.1133>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Le genre dans les noms d'animaux' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Le+genre+dans+les+noms+d'animaux&author=Dubois+Jean&publication+year=1989&journal=Linx&volume=21&doi=10.3406%2Flinx.1989.1133&pages=87-91>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn44" aria-flowto="reference-44-content reference-44-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 44 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-44-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">44</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref53" id="ref53"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Erxleben</span>, <span class="given-names">Johann Christian</span></span>, <span class="source">Theoretischer Unterricht in der Vieharzneykunst</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Göttingen</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Johann Christian Dietrich</span>, <span class="year">1798</span>, p. <span class="fpage">27</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Theoretischer Unterricht in der Vieharzneykunst' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Theoretischer+Unterricht+in+der+Vieharzneykunst&author=Erxleben+Johann+Christian&publication+year=1798>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn45" aria-flowto="reference-45-content reference-45-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 45 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-45-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">45</span> In the eighteenth century, there were two common diagnoses for different manifestations of what is presently understood to be the same disease. When it manifested on the skin it was called <em class="italic">farcin</em> (farcy), and when it manifested in the lungs it was called <em class="italic">morve</em> (glanders). Patients diagnosed with <em class="italic">morve</em> had the highest mortality rate. Both farcy (<em class="italic">farcin</em>) and glanders (<em class="italic">morve</em>) have been combined here. On the difference between them and the difficulties of studying glanders in the pre-germ-theories context see <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref54" id="ref54"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Wilkinson</span>, <span class="given-names">Lise</span></span>, ‘<span class="article-title">Glanders: medicine and veterinary medicine in common pursuit of a contagious disease</span>’, <span class="source">Medical History</span> (<span class="year">1981</span>) <span class="volume">25</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">363</span>–<span class="lpage">384</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Glanders: medicine and veterinary medicine in common pursuit of a contagious disease' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300034876>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Glanders: medicine and veterinary medicine in common pursuit of a contagious disease' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Glanders%3A+medicine+and+veterinary+medicine+in+common+pursuit+of+a+contagious+disease&author=Wilkinson+Lise&publication+year=1981&journal=Medical+History&volume=25&doi=10.1017%2FS0025727300034876&pages=363-384>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Glanders: medicine and veterinary medicine in common pursuit of a contagious disease' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7038356>PubMed</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn46" aria-flowto="reference-46-content reference-46-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 46 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-46-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">46</span> <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref55" id="ref55"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Jones</span>, <span class="given-names">Colin</span></span> and <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Sonenscher</span>, <span class="given-names">Michael</span></span>, ‘<span class="article-title">The social functions of the hospital in eighteenth-century France: the case of the Hôtel-Dieu of Nîmes</span>’, <span class="source">French Historical Studies</span> (<span class="year">1983</span>) <span class="volume">13</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">172</span>–<span class="lpage">214</span>, 175<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The social functions of the hospital in eighteenth-century France: the case of the Hôtel-Dieu of Nîmes' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/286450>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The social functions of the hospital in eighteenth-century France: the case of the Hôtel-Dieu of Nîmes' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+social+functions+of+the+hospital+in+eighteenth-century+France%3A+the+case+of+the+H%C3%B4tel-Dieu+of+N%C3%AEmes&author=Jones+Colin&author=Sonenscher+Michael&publication+year=1983&journal=French+Historical+Studies&volume=13&doi=10.2307%2F286450&pages=172-214>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for The social functions of the hospital in eighteenth-century France: the case of the Hôtel-Dieu of Nîmes' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11616987>PubMed</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn47" aria-flowto="reference-47-content reference-47-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 47 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-47-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">47</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref56" id="ref56"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Weiner</span>, <span class="given-names">Dora B.</span></span>, <span class="source">The Citizen-Patient in Revolutionary and Imperial Paris</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Baltimore</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Johns Hopkins University Press</span>, <span class="year">1993</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">1</span>–<span class="lpage">14</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The Citizen-Patient in Revolutionary and Imperial Paris' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.56021/9780801844836>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Citizen-Patient in Revolutionary and Imperial Paris' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Citizen-Patient+in+Revolutionary+and+Imperial+Paris&author=Weiner+Dora+B.&publication+year=1993&pages=1-14>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn48" aria-flowto="reference-48-content reference-48-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 48 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-48-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">48</span> Dulaure, op. cit. (15), p. 205.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn49" aria-flowto="reference-49-content reference-49-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 49 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-49-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">49</span> [Chabert, Flandrin and Huzard], <em class="italic">Almanach vétérinaire</em>, op. cit. (37), pp. 12–13.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn50" aria-flowto="reference-50-content reference-50-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 50 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-50-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">50</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref57" id="ref57"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Bourgelat</span>, <span class="given-names">Claude</span></span>, <span class="source">Elémens de l'art vétérinaire: Zootomie ou anatomie comparée, a l'usage des Elèves des Ecoles Vétérinaires</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Vallat-la-Chapelle</span>, <span class="year">1766</span>, p. <span class="fpage">92</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Elémens de l'art vétérinaire: Zootomie ou anatomie comparée, a l'usage des Elèves des Ecoles Vétérinaires' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=El%C3%A9mens+de+l'art+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire%3A+Zootomie+ou+anatomie+compar%C3%A9e%2C+a+l'usage+des+El%C3%A8ves+des+Ecoles+V%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaires&author=Bourgelat+Claude&publication+year=1766>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn51" aria-flowto="reference-51-content reference-51-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 51 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-51-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">51</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref58" id="ref58"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Cothenius</span>, <span class="given-names">Christian Andreas</span></span>, ‘<span class="chapter-title">Pensées sur la nécessité d'une Ecole Vétérinaire, avec des projets sur la maniere de l</span>’établir’, <span class="source">Histoire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres, Année MDCCLXVIII</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Berlin</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Haude et Spener</span>, <span class="year">1770</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">42</span>–<span class="lpage">69</span>, 49, 59<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Histoire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres, Année MDCCLXVIII' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Histoire+de+l'Academie+Royale+des+Sciences+et+Belles-Lettres%2C+Ann%C3%A9e+MDCCLXVIII&author=Cothenius+Christian+Andreas&publication+year=1770&pages=42-69>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn52" aria-flowto="reference-52-content reference-52-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 52 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-52-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">52</span> Cothenius, op. cit. (51), p. 52.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn53" aria-flowto="reference-53-content reference-53-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 53 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-53-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">53</span> See records for property owner Victor Sellé: November 1789 and 1 January 1790, AN F/10/97. Cases that bridged two calendar years were often recorded twice.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn54" aria-flowto="reference-54-content reference-54-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 54 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-54-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">54</span> Chaussart, <em class="italic">Le moniteur universel</em>, 9 February 1790, p. 32.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn55" aria-flowto="reference-55-content reference-55-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 55 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-55-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">55</span> Pierre 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class="given-names">Louis</span></span>, ‘<span class="article-title">Description d'une production monstrueuse</span>’, <span class="source">Journal encyclopédique</span> (June <span class="year">1773</span>) <span class="volume">4</span>(<span class="issue">2</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">333</span>–<span class="lpage">336</span>, 336<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Description d'une production monstrueuse' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Description+d'une+production+monstrueuse&author=Bredin+Louis&publication+year=1773&journal=Journal+encyclop%C3%A9dique&volume=4&pages=333-336>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn58" aria-flowto="reference-58-content reference-58-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 58 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-58-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">58</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref61" id="ref61">[François] Rozier (ed.), <span class="source">Cour complet d'agriculture: Théorique, pratique, économique, et de médecine rurale et vétérinaire</span>, vol. <span class="volume">6</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Rue et Hôtel Serpente</span>, <span class="year">1785</span>, p. <span class="fpage">106</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Cour complet d'agriculture: Théorique, pratique, économique, et de médecine rurale et vétérinaire' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=[François]+Rozier+(ed.),+Cour+complet+d'agriculture:+Théorique,+pratique,+économique,+et+de+médecine+rurale+et+vétérinaire,+vol.+6,+Paris:+Rue+et+Hôtel+Serpente,+1785,+p.+106>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn59" aria-flowto="reference-59-content reference-59-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 59 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-59-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">59</span> A jumart is a hybrid species from the combination of a mare and a bull, a jack and a cow, or a bull and a jennet. 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(44), p. 26.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn61" aria-flowto="reference-61-content reference-61-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 61 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-61-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">61</span> Richard, Etat des travaux de la section de Zoologie, 26 messidor an II, AN F/17/1237.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn62" aria-flowto="reference-62-content reference-62-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 62 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-62-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">62</span> Inventoire de la collection de l'Ecole nationale vétérinaire, op. cit. (19), items 2035–2414.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn63" aria-flowto="reference-63-content reference-63-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 63 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-63-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">63</span> Railliet and Moulé, op. cit. (10), p. 42.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn64" aria-flowto="reference-64-content reference-64-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 64 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-64-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">64</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref64" id="ref64"><span class="source">Procès-verbaux de Commission temporaire des arts</span>, vol. <span class="volume">1</span>, pub. and annotated by Louis Tuetey, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Imprimerie nationale</span>, <span class="year">1912</span>, p. <span class="fpage">xxxv</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Procès-verbaux de Commission temporaire des arts' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Procès-verbaux+de+Commission+temporaire+des+arts,+vol.+1,+pub.+and+annotated+by+Louis+Tuetey,+Paris:+Imprimerie+nationale,+1912,+p.+xxxv>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn65" aria-flowto="reference-65-content reference-65-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 65 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-65-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">65</span> Honoré Fragonard, ‘Rapport: L’École Vétérinaire Nationale’, 25 floréal an II, Archives Départementales de Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 6AZ 274.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn66" aria-flowto="reference-66-content reference-66-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 66 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-66-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">66</span> Félix Vicq d'Azyr and Honoré Fragonard, ‘Rapport: Cabinet d'Anatomie de l'Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort’, 5 prairial an II, AN F/17/1237.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn67" aria-flowto="reference-67-content reference-67-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 67 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-67-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">67</span> Chaussart, op. cit. (54); <em class="italic">Le point du jour</em>, 17 August 1790, pp. 129–134; Philippe-Etienne Lafosse, <em class="italic">Mémoire sur l'Ecole royale vétérinaire d'Alfort: Raisons de l'inutilité de cet etablissement, & moyens de le remplacer avec beaucoup d’économie pour l'Etat</em>, 1789; <em class="italic">Journal des décrets de l'Assemblée Nationale, pour les habitans des campagnes</em>, 15 August 1790, pp. 23–24; <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref65" id="ref65"><span class="source">Journal des Etats généraux, convoqués par Louis XVI</span>, le 27 avril <span class="year">1789</span>, vol. <span class="volume">14</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">466</span>–<span class="lpage">467</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Journal des Etats généraux, convoqués par Louis XVI, le 27 avril 1789, vol. 14, pp. 466–467' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Journal+des+Etats+généraux,+convoqués+par+Louis+XVI,+le+27+avril+1789,+vol.+14,+pp.+466–467>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref66" id="ref66"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">de Saint-Pierre</span>, <span class="given-names">Jacques-Bernardin</span></span>, <span class="source">Mémoire sur la nécessité de joindre une ménagerie au jardin des plantes de Paris</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>, <span class="year">1792</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Mémoire sur la nécessité de joindre une ménagerie au jardin des plantes de Paris' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=M%C3%A9moire+sur+la+n%C3%A9cessit%C3%A9+de+joindre+une+m%C3%A9nagerie+au+jardin+des+plantes+de+Paris&author=de+Saint-Pierre+Jacques-Bernardin&publication+year=1792>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn68" aria-flowto="reference-68-content reference-68-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 68 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-68-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">68</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref67" id="ref67"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Dietz</span>, <span class="given-names">Bettina</span></span> and <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Nutz</span>, <span class="given-names">Thomas</span></span>, ‘<span class="chapter-title">Collections curieuses: the aesthetics of curiosity and elite lifestyle in eighteenth-century Paris</span>’, <span class="source">Eighteenth-Century Life</span> (<span class="year">2005</span>) <span class="volume">29</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">44</span>–<span class="lpage">75</span>, 46<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Eighteenth-Century Life' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Eighteenth-Century+Life&author=Dietz+Bettina&author=Nutz+Thomas&publication+year=2005&pages=44-75>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn69" aria-flowto="reference-69-content reference-69-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 69 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-69-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">69</span> Dietz and Nutz, op. cit. (68).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn70" aria-flowto="reference-70-content reference-70-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 70 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-70-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">70</span> For example, in June 1746, the room where the Académie des sciences held its meetings was appraised to hold almost eighty cabinets with rotting wood turning to worm food. The natural history specimens, mostly stones and minerals, were to be subsumed under the Cabinet d'histoire naturelle de sa majesté, to be properly cared for and studied. Buffon, ‘Etat des Cabinets et Tables’, 25 April 1748, Item 492, AN AJ/15/512.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn71" aria-flowto="reference-71-content reference-71-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 71 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-71-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">71</span> Chabert to Commission d'Agriculture, 6 brumaire an III, AN F/10/238.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn72" aria-flowto="reference-72-content reference-72-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 72 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-72-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">72</span> On the importance of <em class="italic">esprit de vin</em> see Baumé, op. cit. (2), pp. 325–327; <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref68" id="ref68"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Cullen</span>, <span class="given-names">Louis M.</span></span>, <span class="source">The Brandy Trade under the Ancien Régime: Regional Specialisation in the Charente</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Cambridge</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Cambridge University Press</span>, <span class="year">2002</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">257</span>–<span class="lpage">259</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Brandy Trade under the Ancien Régime: Regional Specialisation in the Charente' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Brandy+Trade+under+the+Ancien+R%C3%A9gime%3A+Regional+Specialisation+in+the+Charente&author=Cullen+Louis+M.&publication+year=2002&pages=257-259>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref69" id="ref69"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Spary</span>, <span class="given-names">Emma C.</span></span>, <span class="source">Eating Enlightenment: Food and the Sciences in Paris, 1670–1760</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Chicago</span>: <span class="publisher-name">The University of Chicago Press</span>, <span class="year">2012</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Eating Enlightenment: Food and the Sciences in Paris, 1670–1760' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226768885.001.0001>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Eating Enlightenment: Food and the Sciences in Paris, 1670–1760' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Eating+Enlightenment%3A+Food+and+the+Sciences+in+Paris%2C+1670%E2%80%931760&author=Spary+Emma+C.&publication+year=2012>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn73" aria-flowto="reference-73-content reference-73-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 73 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-73-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">73</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref70" id="ref70"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Kafka</span>, <span class="given-names">Ben</span></span>, <span class="source">The Demon of Writing: The Powers and Failures of Paperwork</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Zone Books</span>, <span class="year">2012</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The Demon of Writing: The Powers and Failures of Paperwork' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14gpj6p>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Demon of Writing: The Powers and Failures of Paperwork' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Demon+of+Writing%3A+The+Powers+and+Failures+of+Paperwork&author=Kafka+Ben&publication+year=2012>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn74" aria-flowto="reference-74-content reference-74-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 74 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-74-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">74</span> Commission d'agriculture to Commission du commerce, 6 brumaire an III, AN F/10/238; Commission to Philibert Chabert, 19 frimaire an III, AN F/10/238.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn75" aria-flowto="reference-75-content reference-75-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 75 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-75-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">75</span> Augustin Thouret to Commission d'instruction publique, 27 floréal an III, AN F/17/2280; Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (Muséum nationale d'histoire naturelle) to Commission d'agriculture, 15 fructidor an III, AN F/10/238.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn76" aria-flowto="reference-76-content reference-76-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 76 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-76-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">76</span> Nota, 8 pluviôse an III, AN F/17/2281. Dossier ‘Animaux du Raincy 1794’ and ‘Notes relatives a l’établissement d'une menagerie’ AN AJ/15/844. The Commission temporaire's meeting descriptions contain repeated reference to the museum's acquisition of specimens, base materials, books and living creatures from individuals’ homes and larger collections. In <em class="italic">Procès-verbaux</em>, op. cit. (64).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn77" aria-flowto="reference-77-content reference-77-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 77 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-77-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">77</span> Lamarck and Jussieu, op. cit. (75). On the significance of familial metaphors in the French Revolution see <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref71" id="ref71"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Hunt</span>, <span class="given-names">Lynn</span></span>, <span class="source">The Family Romance of the French Revolution</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Oxon</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Routledge</span>, <span class="year">1992</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Family Romance of the French Revolution' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Family+Romance+of+the+French+Revolution&author=Hunt+Lynn&publication+year=1992>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref72" id="ref72"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Desan</span>, <span class="given-names">Suzanne</span></span>, <span class="source">The Family on Trial in Revolutionary France</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Berkeley</span>: <span class="publisher-name">University of California Press</span>, <span class="year">2004</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Family on Trial in Revolutionary France' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Family+on+Trial+in+Revolutionary+France&author=Desan+Suzanne&publication+year=2004>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref73" id="ref73"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Heuer</span>, <span class="given-names">Jennifer Ngaire</span></span>, <span class="source">The Family and the Nation: Gender and Citizenship in Revolutionary France, 1789–1830</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Ithaca, NY</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Cornell University Press</span>, <span class="year">2005</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Family and the Nation: Gender and Citizenship in Revolutionary France, 1789–1830' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Family+and+the+Nation%3A+Gender+and+Citizenship+in+Revolutionary+France%2C+1789%E2%80%931830&author=Heuer+Jennifer+Ngaire&publication+year=2005>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn78" aria-flowto="reference-78-content reference-78-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 78 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-78-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">78</span> Lamarck and Jussieu, op. cit. (75).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn79" aria-flowto="reference-79-content reference-79-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 79 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-79-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">79</span> Bourgelat, op. cit. (3).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn80" aria-flowto="reference-80-content reference-80-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 80 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-80-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">80</span> Bourgelat, op. cit. (50), p. 284.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn81" aria-flowto="reference-81-content reference-81-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 81 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-81-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">81</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref74" id="ref74">[Philibert] Chabert, <span class="source">Traité de la gale et des dartres des animaux</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Imprimerie royale</span>, <span class="year">1787</span>, p. <span class="fpage">13</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Traité de la gale et des dartres des animaux' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=[Philibert]+Chabert,+Traité+de+la+gale+et+des+dartres+des+animaux,+Paris:+Imprimerie+royale,+1787,+p.+13>Google Scholar</a></span>; Chabert, <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref75" id="ref75">‘<span class="article-title">Extrait d'un mémoire sur la morve, inseré dans le volume de la Société royale de médecine, pour l'année 1779</span>’, <span class="source">Observations et memoires sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle et sur les arts</span> (<span class="year">1783</span>) <span class="volume">23</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">208</span>–<span class="lpage">217</span>, 208<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Extrait d'un mémoire sur la morve, inseré dans le volume de la Société royale de médecine, pour l'année 1779' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=‘Extrait+d'un+mémoire+sur+la+morve,+inseré+dans+le+volume+de+la+Société+royale+de+médecine,+pour+l'année+1779’,+Observations+et+memoires+sur+la+physique,+sur+l'histoire+naturelle+et+sur+les+arts+(1783)+23,+pp.+208–217,+208>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn82" aria-flowto="reference-82-content reference-82-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 82 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-82-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">82</span> The only reference that I have located describing the space as a veterinary cabinet is Sanders's travelogue, op. cit. (16). All other sources move between ‘anatomy’ and ‘natural history’.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn83" aria-flowto="reference-83-content reference-83-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 83 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-83-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">83</span> Gustaf Lenboms's lecture notes (<em class="italic">c.</em>1763), D 1356b, fol. 502, Uppsala Universitetsbibliotek.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn84" aria-flowto="reference-84-content reference-84-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 84 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-84-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">84</span> The shift by which multiple administrators come to describe Alfort's cabinet through the qualifier of ‘natural history’ hit its peak in 1796, when the museum was finally in the process of acquiring the objects to which they'd held claim for more than a year. See Ministère de l’intérieur to Ministère de la guerre, 21 pluviose an IV; Milet-Mureau to Ministère de l’intérieur, 3 ventôse an IV; Chabert to Ministère de l’intérieur, 2 germinal an IV; Petiet to Ministère de l’intérieur, 27 germinal an IV; Petiet to Ministère de l’intérieur, 13 floréal an IV; Ministère de l’intérieur to Dubois, 15 floréal an IV; Ministère de l’intérieur to Ministère de la guerre, 19 floréal an IV; Ministère de l’intérieur to Chabert, 3 prairial an IV. From AN F/10/1203.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn85" aria-flowto="reference-85-content reference-85-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 85 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-85-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">85</span> Responding to Richard Burkhardt, Jessica Riskin has argued that this systematic approach was conflated with the charlatanism of empiricism in the <em class="italic">Ancien Régime</em>. She argues that the ‘spirit of system’ was an epithet under the monarchial government. <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref76" id="ref76"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Burkhardt</span>, <span class="given-names">Richard W.</span></span>, <span class="source">The Spirit of the System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Cambridge, MA</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Harvard University Press</span>, <span class="year">1977</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The Spirit of the System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674731363>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Spirit of the System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Spirit+of+the+System%3A+Lamarck+and+Evolutionary+Biology&author=Burkhardt+Richard+W.&publication+year=1977>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref77" id="ref77"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Riskin</span>, <span class="given-names">Jessica</span></span>, <span class="source">Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Chicago</span>: <span class="publisher-name">The University of Chicago Press</span>, <span class="year">2002</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226720852.001.0001>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Science+in+the+Age+of+Sensibility%3A+The+Sentimental+Empiricists+of+the+French+Enlightenment&author=Riskin+Jessica&publication+year=2002>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn86" aria-flowto="reference-86-content reference-86-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 86 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-86-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">86</span> Augustin Thouret to Pleichard, 10 prairial an III, AN F/17/2281; Extrait du Registre des délibérations de la Commission temporaire des arts, 25 Germinal an III, fol. 36, Carton 123, AN AF/II/17.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn87" aria-flowto="reference-87-content reference-87-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 87 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-87-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">87</span> [Hilaire-François] Gilbert and [Jean-Baptiste] Huzard, ‘Rapport fait au Comité d’Agriculture et des Arts de la Convention Nationale, le 28 Nivose an III’, in <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref78" id="ref78">[Philibert] Chabert, [Pierre] Flandrin and [Jean-Baptiste] Huzard, <span class="source">Instructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Librairie vétérinaire de M.R. Huzard</span>, <span class="year">1795</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">7</span>–<span class="lpage">65</span>, 21<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Instructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=[Philibert]+Chabert,+[Pierre]+Flandrin+and+[Jean-Baptiste]+Huzard,+Instructions+et+observations+sur+les+maladies+des+animaux+domestiques,+Paris:+Librairie+vétérinaire+de+M.R.+Huzard,+1795,+pp.+7–65,+21>Google Scholar</a></span>. Reprinted in full in <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref79" id="ref79"><span class="source">Instructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques</span>, <span class="edition">2nd edn.</span>, vol. <span class="volume">6</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>, <span class="year">1806</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">21</span>–<span class="lpage">22</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Instructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Instructions+et+observations+sur+les+maladies+des+animaux+domestiques,+2nd+edn.,+vol.+6,+Paris,+1806,+pp.+21–22>Google Scholar</a></span>. The veracity of such a claim seems extremely unlikely. The school's competitive exams did come under attack during the French Revolution, but having read dozens of exam descriptions for both Lyon and Alfort, I have found no evidence to suggest that detailed anatomical descriptions of foreign species were a deciding factor in certification.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn88" aria-flowto="reference-88-content reference-88-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 88 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-88-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">88</span> Dufot, ‘Lettre’, in <em class="italic">Journal de médecine, chirurgie, pharmacie, &c.</em>, November 1767, pp. 507–511, 509, reprinted in <em class="italic">Mercure de France</em>, January 1769, p. 157. <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref80" id="ref80"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Diderot</span>, <span class="given-names">Denis</span></span>, ‘<span class="chapter-title">Supplément du voyage de Bougainville, ou dialogue entre A et B</span>’, in <span class="source">Oeuvres complètes de Diderot</span>, vol. <span class="volume">2</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Garner frères</span>, <span class="year">1875</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">193</span>–<span class="lpage">250</span>, 236–237<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Oeuvres complètes de Diderot' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Oeuvres+compl%C3%A8tes+de+Diderot&author=Diderot+Denis&publication+year=1875&pages=193-250>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn89" aria-flowto="reference-89-content reference-89-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 89 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-89-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">89</span> Jean-Baptiste-Jacques Thillaye to Commissaires pour l'organisation de l'Ecole de santé, 26 ventôse an III, AN F/17/2811.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn90" aria-flowto="reference-90-content reference-90-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 90 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-90-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">90</span> Commission d'agriculture to Commission temporaire, 28 ventôse an III, AN F/10/238.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn91" aria-flowto="reference-91-content reference-91-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 91 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-91-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">91</span> Philibert Chabert to Muséum nationale d'histoire naturelle, 26 messidor an II, transcribed in Lamarck and Jussieu, op. cit. (75).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn92" aria-flowto="reference-92-content reference-92-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 92 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-92-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">92</span> Commission d'agriculture to Muséum nationale d'histoire naturelle, 5 jour complémentaire an III, AN F/10/238.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn93" aria-flowto="reference-93-content reference-93-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 93 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-93-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">93</span> Jussieu and Geoffrey to Ministère de l’intérieur, 6 ventôse an IV, AN F/10/1203.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn94" aria-flowto="reference-94-content reference-94-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 94 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-94-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">94</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref81" id="ref81"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Borschberg</span>, <span class="given-names">Peter</span></span>, ‘<span class="chapter-title">The Euro-Asian trade in bezoar stones (approx. 1500 to 1700)</span>’, in <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">North</span>, <span class="given-names">Michael</span></span> (ed.), <span class="source">Artistic and Cultural Exchanges between Europe and Asia, 1400–1900: Rethinking Markets, Workshops and Collections</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Burlington</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Ashgate</span>, <span class="year">2010</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">29</span>–4<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Artistic and Cultural Exchanges between Europe and Asia, 1400–1900: Rethinking Markets, Workshops and Collections' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Artistic+and+Cultural+Exchanges+between+Europe+and+Asia%2C+1400%E2%80%931900%3A+Rethinking+Markets%2C+Workshops+and+Collections&author=Borschberg+Peter&author=North+Michael&publication+year=2010>Google Scholar</a></span>; Chabert, Flandrin and Huzard, <em class="italic">Instructions et observations</em>, op. cit. (87), pp. 79–98; <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref82" id="ref82">‘<span class="chapter-title">Egagropiles</span>’, in <span class="source">Encyclopédie méthodique: Agriculture</span>, vol. <span class="volume">4</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">H. Agasse</span>, <span class="year">1796</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">161</span>–<span class="lpage">166</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Encyclopédie méthodique: Agriculture' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=‘Egagropiles’,+in+Encyclopédie+méthodique:+Agriculture,+vol.+4,+Paris:+H.+Agasse,+1796,+pp.+161–166>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="mixed-citation journal" data-magellan-destination="ref83" id="ref83"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Sigaut</span>, <span class="given-names">François</span></span>, ‘<span class="article-title">Combattre les préjugés sur l'empoisonnement du bétail à la fin du XVIIIe siècle</span>’, <span class="source">Histoire & sociétés rurales</span> (<span class="year">2003</span>) <span class="volume">19</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">241</span>–<span class="lpage">251</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Combattre les préjugés sur l'empoisonnement du bétail à la fin du XVIIIe siècle' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.3917/hsr.019.0241>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Combattre les préjugés sur l'empoisonnement du bétail à la fin du XVIIIe siècle' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Combattre+les+pr%C3%A9jug%C3%A9s+sur+l'empoisonnement+du+b%C3%A9tail+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&author=Sigaut+Fran%C3%A7ois&publication+year=2003&journal=Histoire+%26+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+rurales&volume=19&doi=10.3917%2Fhsr.019.0241&pages=241-251>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn95" aria-flowto="reference-95-content reference-95-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 95 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-95-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">95</span> Gilbert and Huzard, op. cit. (87), p. 32.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn96" aria-flowto="reference-96-content reference-96-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 96 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-96-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">96</span> Gilbert and Huzard, op. cit. (87), p. 33.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn97" aria-flowto="reference-97-content reference-97-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 97 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-97-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">97</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref84" id="ref84"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">van der Willigen</span>, <span class="given-names">Adriaan</span></span>, <span class="source">Parijs in den Aanvang van de Negentiende Eeuw</span>, <span class="volume">3</span> vols., <span class="publisher-loc">Haarlem</span>: <span class="publisher-name">A. Loosjes</span>, <span class="year">1814</span>, vol. 3, pp. <span class="fpage">129</span>–<span class="lpage">130</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Parijs in den Aanvang van de Negentiende Eeuw' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Parijs+in+den+Aanvang+van+de+Negentiende+Eeuw&author=van+der+Willigen+Adriaan&publication+year=1814&pages=129-130>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn98" aria-flowto="reference-98-content reference-98-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 98 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-98-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">98</span> <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref85" id="ref85"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">de Neufchâteau</span>, <span class="given-names">François</span></span>, ‘<span class="chapter-title">Discours prononcé par le Ministre de l'Intérieur à l'Ecole vétérinaire d'Alfort, le 10 Germinal an 7</span>’, in <span class="source">Recueil des lettres circulaires, instructions, programmes, discours, et autres actes publics</span>, <span class="volume">20</span> vols., <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Imprimerie de la république</span>, an VII, vol. 2, pp. <span class="fpage">312</span>–<span class="lpage">317</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Recueil des lettres circulaires, instructions, programmes, discours, et autres actes publics' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=de+Neufchâteau,+François,+‘Discours+prononcé+par+le+Ministre+de+l'Intérieur+à+l'Ecole+vétérinaire+d'Alfort,+le+10+Germinal+an+7’,+in+Recueil+des+lettres+circulaires,+instructions,+programmes,+discours,+et+autres+actes+publics,+20+vols.,+Paris:+Imprimerie+de+la+république,+an+VII,+vol.+2,+pp.+312–317>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn99" aria-flowto="reference-99-content reference-99-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 99 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-99-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">99</span> On animals and the monarchy see also <span class="mixed-citation book" data-magellan-destination="ref86" id="ref86"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Sahlins</span>, <span class="given-names">Peter</span></span>, <span class="source">1668: The Year of the Animal in France</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Zone Books</span>, <span class="year">2017</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for 1668: The Year of the Animal in France' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14gpj0k>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for 1668: The Year of the Animal in France' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=1668%3A+The+Year+of+the+Animal+in+France&author=Sahlins+Peter&publication+year=2017>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div>           <div id="metrics-tab" publication-date="18 April 2018" class="metrics tab-pane" data-v-c41a0c86><div class="app-loader" data-v-c41a0c86></div></div></div></div> </div> <div role="complementary" aria-label="related contents" class="column__main__right" data-v-01274b1d> 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History of Science, Science Center Room 371, 1 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Email: kheintzman@fas.harvard.edu.",email:"kheintzman@fas.harvard.edu"}],isCorresponding:d,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"KIT HEINTZMAN",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=KIT%20HEINTZMAN&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e}]},translators:{contributors:[],label:"Translated by"}},collections:[],publishedDate:"18 April 2018",keywords:[],openPracticeBadges:[],doi:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0007087418000274",value:"10.1017\u002FS0007087418000274"},copyright:{statement:["Copyright © British Society for the History of Science 2018 "],holder:["British Society for the History of Science"],year:[2018]},creativeCommons:e,acceptedManuscript:b,type:"research-article",pageRange:{range:"239 - 260",firstPage:"239",lastPage:"260"},typeDescription:"Research Article",commentsCount:aK,topicsAndSubtopics:e},journal:{id:s,title:l,titleSlug:"the-british-journal-for-the-history-of-science",mnemonic:"BJH",titleHistory:[{productId:"585AB4456E8552518967538F989C5F60",title:"Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science"},{productId:s,title:l}],isFirstView:b,journalSlug:"british-journal-for-the-history-of-science",isCompanion:b,parentCompanionJournalName:l,associatedParentCollection:e,paymentInfo:{prices:{"£":{price:21,sku:o,skuNew:m,currency:"£"},"€":{price:24,sku:o,skuNew:m,currency:"€"},US$:{price:26,sku:o,skuNew:m,currency:"US$"},AU$:{price:41,sku:o,skuNew:m,currency:"AU$"}}},url:aL,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fbritish-journal-for-the-history-of-science\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FBJH_0_0_0\u002Fthe-british-journal-for-the-history-of-science.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fbritish-journal-for-the-history-of-science\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:d,latestTitle:l,latestId:s,hasPastTitle:b,issue:{id:"686B74EDDD234F5E52C94A6197EF4346",number:aM,title:"Issue 2",publishedDate:"June 2018",printPublishTimestamp:1527811200000,url:aN},volume:{id:"7E3AB5BAD8B9D9E010625C0A3861CDFD",number:aO,title:"Volume 51",publishedDate:"December 2018",printPublishTimestamp:1543622400000,url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fbritish-journal-for-the-history-of-science\u002Fvolume\u002F7E3AB5BAD8B9D9E010625C0A3861CDFD"}},abstract:{textAbstracts:[{title:"Abstract",content:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the late eighteenth century, the Ecole vétérinaire d'Alfort was renowned for its innovative veterinary education and for having one of the largest natural history and anatomy collections in France. Yet aside from a recent interest in the works of one particular anatomist, the school's history has been mostly ignored. I examine here the fame of the school in eighteenth-century travel literature, the historic connection between veterinary science and natural history, and the relationship between the school's hospital and its esteemed cabinet. Using the correspondence papers of veterinary administrators, state representatives and competing scientific institutions during the French Revolution, I argue that resource constraints and the management of anatomical and natural history specimens produced new disciplinary boundaries between natural history, veterinary medicine and human medicine, while reinforcing geographic divisions between the local and the foreign in the study of non-human animals. This paper reconstructs the \u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003EAncien Régime\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E reasoning that veterinary students would benefit from a global perspective on animality, and the Revolutionary government's rejection of that premise. Under republicanism, veterinary medicine became domestic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",lang:aP}]},content:{html:a,tableOfContent:[],footnotes:[{content:"\u003Cdiv class=\"fn\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI would like to thank the members of the Singer Prize selection committee and \u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003EBJHS\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E reviewers and staff for their helpful feedback in developing the article. This paper has benefited from thoughtful comments from my adviser, Janet Browne, and conference participants at the History of Education Society (2015) and the Göttingen Summer School organized by Dominik Hünniger (2016). Dani Inkpen, Yvan Prkachin, Avi Kelman and Carol De Rose have proven to be especially generous and rigorous readers. I am indebted to Lucas Mueller and Jolien de Vuyst for discussions about the nuances of German and Dutch. Research for this project was supported by SSHRC (Canada) and Chateaubriand (France).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"},{content:"\u003Cdiv class=\"fn\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis essay was awarded the Singer Prize by the British Society for the History of Science for 2016.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{id:"fn1",displayNumber:aQ,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Philibert Chabert to Commission d'agriculture, 19 fructidor an II, Archives nationales de France (subsequently AN) F\u002F10\u002F238.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn2",displayNumber:aM,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref1\" id=\"ref1\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBaumé\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan 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\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELyon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EJean-Marie Bruyset\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1771\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E168\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Matière médicale raisonnée à l'usage de l'Ecole royale vétérinaire' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Mati%C3%A8re+m%C3%A9dicale+raisonn%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+l'usage+de+l'Ecole+royale+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire&author=Bourgelat+Claude&publication+year=1771\u003EGoogle 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Dhui\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ESung\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBleton\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJean\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHugon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EPaulette\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECadot\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELaure\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETchapla\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAlain\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EUn mystère: La technique de conservation mise en oeuvre par Honoré 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class=\"surname\"\u003EWorboys\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMichael\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EMedicine and species: one medicine, one history?\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EJackson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMark\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed., \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Oxford Handbook to the History of Medicine\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EOxford\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EOxford University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2012\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E561\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E573\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Oxford Handbook to the History of Medicine' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Oxford+Handbook+to+the+History+of+Medicine&author=Kirk+Robert+G.W.&author=Worboys+Michael&author=Jackson+Mark&publication+year=2012&pages=561-573\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref9\" id=\"ref9\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EJones\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ESusan D.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EValuing Animals: Veterinarians and the Patients in Modern America\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBaltimore\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EJohns Hopkins University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link 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class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EEditions Odile Jacob\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1999\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Les maîtres des bêtes: Les vétérinaires dans la société française (XVIIIe–XXe siècle)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Les+ma%C3%AEtres+des+b%C3%AAtes%3A+Les+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaires+dans+la+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+fran%C3%A7aise+(XVIIIe%E2%80%93XXe+si%C3%A8cle)&author=Hubscher+Ronald&publication+year=1999\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref11\" id=\"ref11\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPorter\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERoy\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EMan, animals and medicine at the time of the founding of the Royal Veterinary College\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMichell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.R.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.), \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Advancement of Veterinary Science\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E vols., \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EOxon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ECAB\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1993\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. 3, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Advancement of Veterinary Science' 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class=\"surname\"\u003EDentinger\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERachel Mason\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAnimals and the Shaping of Modern Medicine: One Health and Its Histories\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EPalgrave MacMillan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Animals and the Shaping of Modern Medicine: One Health and Its Histories' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-319-64337-3\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Animals and the Shaping of Modern Medicine: One Health and Its Histories' 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Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+care+of+the+brute+beast%3A+animals+and+the+seventeenth-century+medical+market-place&author=Curth+Louise+Hill&publication+year=2002&journal=Social+History+of+Medicine&volume=15&doi=10.1093%2Fshm%2F15.3.375&pages=375-392",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:bb,jtitle:bc,title:bc,volume:z,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526d9b",spage:"375",epage:"392",date:p,sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:bd,au:a},innerRefId:"ref7",title:bb,pubMedId:"12656099",doi:bd,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fshm\u002F15.3.375",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F12656099"},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Oxford+Handbook+to+the+History+of+Medicine&author=Kirk+Robert+G.W.&author=Worboys+Michael&author=Jackson+Mark&publication+year=2012&pages=561-573",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:A,title:A,atitle:"Medicine and species: one medicine, one history?",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Oxford University Press",date:B,spage:"561",epage:"573",doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref8",title:A,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Valuing+Animals%3A+Veterinarians+and+the+Patients+in+Modern+America&author=Jones+Susan+D.&publication+year=2003",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:C,title:C,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:be,date:bf,tpages:e,doi:bg,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref9",title:C,doi:bg,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.56021\u002F9780801871290",pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Les+ma%C3%AEtres+des+b%C3%AAtes%3A+Les+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaires+dans+la+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+fran%C3%A7aise+(XVIIIe%E2%80%93XXe+si%C3%A8cle)&author=Hubscher+Ronald&publication+year=1999",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:D,title:D,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Editions Odile Jacob",date:"1999",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref10",title:D,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Advancement+of+Veterinary+Science&author=Porter+Roy&author=Michell+A.R.&publication+year=1993&pages=3-9",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:E,title:E,atitle:"Man, animals and medicine at the time of the founding of the Royal Veterinary College",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"CAB",date:bh,spage:aS,epage:bi,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref11",title:E,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Animals+and+the+Shaping+of+Modern+Medicine%3A+One+Health+and+Its+Histories&author=Woods+Abigail&author=Bresalier+Michael&author=Cassidy+Angela&author=Dentinger+Rachel+Mason&publication+year=2018",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:F,title:F,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Palgrave MacMillan",date:"2018",tpages:e,doi:bj,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref12",title:F,doi:bj,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-319-64337-3",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn8",displayNumber:v,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For a discussion of nineteenth-century ‘veterinary arts’ in England and their relation to human medicine see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref13\" id=\"ref13\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWoods\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAbigail\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EFrom one medicine to two: the evolving relationship between human and veterinary medicine in England, 1791–1835\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBulletin of the History of Medicine\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2017\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E91\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E494\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E523\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for From one medicine to two: the evolving relationship between human and veterinary medicine in England, 1791–1835' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1353\u002Fbhm.2017.0058\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for From one medicine to two: the evolving relationship between human and veterinary medicine in England, 1791–1835' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=From+one+medicine+to+two%3A+the+evolving+relationship+between+human+and+veterinary+medicine+in+England%2C+1791%E2%80%931835&author=Woods+Abigail&publication+year=2017&journal=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&volume=91&doi=10.1353%2Fbhm.2017.0058&pages=494-523\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for From one medicine to two: the evolving relationship between human and veterinary medicine in England, 1791–1835' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F29081431\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=From+one+medicine+to+two%3A+the+evolving+relationship+between+human+and+veterinary+medicine+in+England%2C+1791%E2%80%931835&author=Woods+Abigail&publication+year=2017&journal=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&volume=91&doi=10.1353%2Fbhm.2017.0058&pages=494-523",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:bk,jtitle:bl,title:bl,volume:G,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526da1",spage:"494",epage:"523",date:bm,sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:bn,au:a},innerRefId:"ref13",title:bk,pubMedId:"29081431",doi:bn,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1353\u002Fbhm.2017.0058",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F29081431"}]},{id:"fn9",displayNumber:bi,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E To French historians, this argument may seem close to Albert Mathiez's association of the Revolutionary Wars with a departure from \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAncien Régime\u003C\u002Fem\u003E cosmopolitanism. It is not my intention here to reinforce a break in French history where modernity gave rise to xenophobia. Plenty of xenophobia can be found at the Ecole vétérinaire d'Alfort prior to 1793, and I hope that no one perceives any nostalgia within the examples of specimens acquired through networks forged from colonial trade. See \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref14a\" id=\"ref14a\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMathiez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAlbert\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELa révolution et les étrangers: Cosmopolitisme et défense nationale\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ELa Renaissance du livre\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1918\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for La révolution et les étrangers: Cosmopolitisme et défense nationale' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=La+r%C3%A9volution+et+les+%C3%A9trangers%3A+Cosmopolitisme+et+d%C3%A9fense+nationale&author=Mathiez+Albert&publication+year=1918\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. On foreignness in France see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref14\" id=\"ref14\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESahlins\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EPeter\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EUnnaturally French: Foreign Citizens in the Old Regime and After\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIthaca, NY\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ECornell University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2004\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Unnaturally French: Foreign Citizens in the Old Regime and After' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.7591\u002F9781501718489\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Unnaturally French: Foreign Citizens in the Old Regime and After' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Unnaturally+French%3A+Foreign+Citizens+in+the+Old+Regime+and+After&author=Sahlins+Peter&publication+year=2004\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref15\" id=\"ref15\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETozzi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EChristophe J.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EForeign, Black, and Jewish Troops in the French Military, 1715–1831\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ECharlottesville\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EUniversity of Virginia Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Foreign, Black, and Jewish Troops in the French Military, 1715–1831' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Foreign%2C+Black%2C+and+Jewish+Troops+in+the+French+Military%2C+1715%E2%80%931831&author=Tozzi+Christophe+J.&publication+year=2015\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=La+r%C3%A9volution+et+les+%C3%A9trangers%3A+Cosmopolitisme+et+d%C3%A9fense+nationale&author=Mathiez+Albert&publication+year=1918",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:H,title:H,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"La Renaissance du livre",date:"1918",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref14a",title:H,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Unnaturally+French%3A+Foreign+Citizens+in+the+Old+Regime+and+After&author=Sahlins+Peter&publication+year=2004",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:I,title:I,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:J,date:k,tpages:e,doi:bo,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref14",title:I,doi:bo,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.7591\u002F9781501718489",pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Foreign%2C+Black%2C+and+Jewish+Troops+in+the+French+Military%2C+1715%E2%80%931831&author=Tozzi+Christophe+J.&publication+year=2015",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:K,title:K,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"University of Virginia Press",date:bp,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref15",title:K,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn10",displayNumber:"10",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref16\" id=\"ref16\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERailliet\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAlcide-Louis-Joseph\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMoulé\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELéon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EHistoire de l'Ecole d'Alfort\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EAsselin et Houzeau\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Histoire de l'Ecole d'Alfort' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Histoire+de+l'Ecole+d'Alfort&author=Railliet+Alcide-Louis-Joseph&author=Moul%C3%A9+L%C3%A9on&publication+year=1908\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref17\" id=\"ref17\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDunlop\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERobert H.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EBourgelat's vision for veterinary education and the remarkable spread of the veterinary “meme”\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EJournal of Veterinary Medical Education\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2004\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E310\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E314\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Bourgelat's vision for veterinary education and the remarkable spread of the veterinary “meme”' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.3138\u002Fjvme.31.4.310\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Bourgelat's vision for veterinary education and the remarkable spread of the veterinary “meme”' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Bourgelat's+vision+for+veterinary+education+and+the+remarkable+spread+of+the+veterinary+%E2%80%9Cmeme%E2%80%9D&author=Dunlop+Robert+H.&publication+year=2004&journal=Journal+of+Veterinary+Medical+Education&volume=31&doi=10.3138%2Fjvme.31.4.310&pages=310-314\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Bourgelat's vision for veterinary education and the remarkable spread of the 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href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1136\u002Fvr.d5433\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Education: the keystone of the veterinary profession' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Education%3A+the+keystone+of+the+veterinary+profession&author=Jones+Bruce+Vivash&publication+year=2011&journal=Veterinary+Record&volume=169&doi=10.1136%2Fvr.d5433&pages=222-225\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Education: the keystone of the veterinary profession' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F21873392\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Histoire+de+l'Ecole+d'Alfort&author=Railliet+Alcide-Louis-Joseph&author=Moul%C3%A9+L%C3%A9on&publication+year=1908",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:L,title:L,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Asselin et 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class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref19\" id=\"ref19\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELandes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJoan B.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003ERevolutionary anatomies\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKnoppers\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELaura Lunger\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELandes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJoan B.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (eds.), \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMonstrous Bodies\u002FPolitical Monstrosities in Early Modern Europe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIthaca, NY\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ECornell University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2004\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E148\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E176\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Monstrous Bodies\u002FPolitical Monstrosities in Early Modern Europe' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Monstrous+Bodies%2FPolitical+Monstrosities+in+Early+Modern+Europe&author=Landes+Joan+B.&author=Knoppers+Laura+Lunger&author=Landes+Joan+B.&publication+year=2004&pages=148-176\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; Landes, \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref20\" id=\"ref20\"\u003E‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EThe anatomy of artificial life: an eighteenth-century perspective\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERiskin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJessica\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.), \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EGenesis Redux: Essays in the History and Philosophy of Artificial Life\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EChicago\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EThe University of Chicago Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E96\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E118\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Genesis Redux: Essays in the History and Philosophy of Artificial Life' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.7208\u002Fchicago\u002F9780226720838.001.0001\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' 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class=\"volume\"\u003E36\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E63\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E79\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The theatre of anatomy: the anatomical preparations of Honoré Fragonard' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1353\u002Fecs.2002.0066\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The theatre of anatomy: the anatomical preparations of Honoré Fragonard' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+theatre+of+anatomy%3A+the+anatomical+preparations+of+Honor%C3%A9+Fragonard&author=Simon+Jonathan&publication+year=2002&journal=Eighteenth-Century+Studies&volume=36&doi=10.1353%2Fecs.2002.0066&pages=63-79\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref22\" id=\"ref22\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMcTavish\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELianne\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EIntestinal chaos: tapeworms, dead flesh, and reproduction during the eighteenth century\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EStephanson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERaymond\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWagner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EDarren N.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (eds.), \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Secrets of Generation: Reproduction in the Long Eighteenth Century\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EToronto\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EUniversity of Toronto Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E364\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E385\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Secrets of Generation: Reproduction in the Long Eighteenth Century' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Secrets+of+Generation%3A+Reproduction+in+the+Long+Eighteenth+Century&author=McTavish+Lianne&author=Stephanson+Raymond&author=Wagner+Darren+N.&publication+year=2015&pages=364-385\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref23\" id=\"ref23\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EQuinlan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ESean M.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EMonstrous births and medical networks: debates over forensic evidence, generation theory and obstetrical authority in France, ca. 1780–1815\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EEarly Science and Medicine\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2009\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E599\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E629\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Monstrous births and medical networks: debates over forensic evidence, generation theory and obstetrical authority in France, ca. 1780–1815' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1163\u002F138374209X12465448337547\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Monstrous births and medical networks: debates over forensic evidence, generation theory 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href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+celebrated+%C3%A9corch%C3%A9s+of+Honor%C3%A9+Fragonard%2C+part+1%3A+the+classical+techniques+of+preparation+of+dry+anatomical+specimens+in+the+18th+century&author=Degueurce+Christophe&publication+year=2010&journal=Clinical+Anatomy&volume=23&doi=10.1002%2Fca.20936&pages=249-257\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Monstrous+Bodies%2FPolitical+Monstrosities+in+Early+Modern+Europe&author=Landes+Joan+B.&author=Knoppers+Laura+Lunger&author=Landes+Joan+B.&publication+year=2004&pages=148-176",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:N,title:N,atitle:"Revolutionary 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class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The passage from Rudolphi to which these rumours are attributed is notably a nineteenth-century account, one that circulated after the Terror and after Fragonard's own death. His two-volume technical work on human and veterinary medicine provides much more of an account of the school's significance and contribution than it does of Fragonard. Landes, ‘Revolutionary anatomies’, op. cit. (11), pp. 173–174. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref25\" id=\"ref25\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERudolphi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKarl Asmund\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBemerkungen aus dem Gebiet der Naturgeschichte, Medicin und Thierarzneykunde\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E vols., \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerlin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EGottlieb August Lange\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1804\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–1805, vol. 2, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E34\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Bemerkungen aus dem Gebiet der Naturgeschichte, Medicin und 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class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESandifort\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EEduard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ENatuur- en Genees-kundige Bibliotheek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, new edn, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E vols., \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EGravenhage\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EPieter van Cleef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1765\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–1772, vol. 3, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E856\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Natuur- en Genees-kundige Bibliotheek' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Natuur-+en+Genees-kundige+Bibliotheek&author=Sandifort+Eduard&publication+year=1765\u003EGoogle 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en France\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EVeuve Thiboust\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1777\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E234\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Etat de la médecine, chirurgie et pharmacie en Europe et principalement en France' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Etat+de+la+médecine,+chirurgie+et+pharmacie+en+Europe+et+principalement+en+France,+Paris:+Veuve+Thiboust,+1777,+p.+234\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref29\" id=\"ref29\"\u003E[Pierre-Thomas-Nicolas] Hurtaut and [Pierre] Magny, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDictionnaire historique de la ville de Paris et de ses environs\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E vols., \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EMoutard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1779\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. 2, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E714\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Dictionnaire historique de la ville de Paris et de ses environs' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=[Pierre-Thomas-Nicolas]+Hurtaut+and+[Pierre]+Magny,+Dictionnaire+historique+de+la+ville+de+Paris+et+de+ses+environs,+4+vols.,+Paris:+Moutard,+1779,+vol.+2,+p.+714\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref30\" id=\"ref30\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EJournal de Paris\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (12 January \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1781\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E49\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Journal de Paris (12 January 1781) 12, p. 49' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Journal+de+Paris+(12+January+1781)+12,+p.+49\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref31\" id=\"ref31\"\u003E[Luc-Vincent] Thiery, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELe voyageur à Paris\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, part 1, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EHardouin & Gattey\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1788\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E124\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Le voyageur à Paris' 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175–176",doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Etat+de+la+médecine,+chirurgie+et+pharmacie+en+Europe+et+principalement+en+France,+Paris:+Veuve+Thiboust,+1777,+p.+234",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:T,title:T,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Veuve 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class=\"label\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref34\" id=\"ref34\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESanders\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHeinrich\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBeschreibung seiner Reisen durch Frankreich, die Niederlande, Holland, Deutschland und Italien\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, part I, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELeipzig\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EFriedrich Gotthold Jacobaer und Sohn\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1783\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E266\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E268\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Beschreibung seiner Reisen durch Frankreich, die Niederlande, Holland, Deutschland und Italien' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Beschreibung+seiner+Reisen+durch+Frankreich%2C+die+Niederlande%2C+Holland%2C+Deutschland+und+Italien&author=Sanders+Heinrich&publication+year=1783&pages=266-268\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Beschreibung+seiner+Reisen+durch+Frankreich%2C+die+Niederlande%2C+Holland%2C+Deutschland+und+Italien&author=Sanders+Heinrich&publication+year=1783&pages=266-268",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:Y,title:Y,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Friedrich Gotthold Jacobaer und Sohn",date:bT,tpages:"268",doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref34",title:Y,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn17",displayNumber:"17",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E This is consistent with the late eighteenth-century shift in cabinet content described by Katharine Park and Lorraine Daston as the ‘\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEnlightenment\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and the Anti-marvelous’. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref35\" id=\"ref35\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPark\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKatharine\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDaston\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELorraine\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EWonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EZone Books\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1998\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E329\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Wonders+and+the+Order+of+Nature%2C+1150%E2%80%931750&author=Park+Katharine&author=Daston+Lorraine&publication+year=1998\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Wonders+and+the+Order+of+Nature%2C+1150%E2%80%931750&author=Park+Katharine&author=Daston+Lorraine&publication+year=1998",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:Z,title:Z,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:_,date:"1998",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref35",title:Z,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn18",displayNumber:bU,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Dulaure, op. cit. (15), p. 203.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn19",displayNumber:bV,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Inventoire de la collection de l'Ecole nationale vétérinaire, an III, AN F\u002F10\u002F1294.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn20",displayNumber:"20",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E All translations unless otherwise stated are my own. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref36\" id=\"ref36\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EThouret\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMichel-Augustin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EAnatomie\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EEncyclopédie méthodique: Médecine\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1790\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E648\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Encyclopédie méthodique: Médecine' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Encyclop%C3%A9die+m%C3%A9thodique%3A+M%C3%A9decine&author=Thouret+Michel-Augustin&publication+year=1790\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Encyclop%C3%A9die+m%C3%A9thodique%3A+M%C3%A9decine&author=Thouret+Michel-Augustin&publication+year=1790",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:$,title:$,atitle:"Anatomie",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1790",spage:"648",epage:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref36",title:$,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn21",displayNumber:bW,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E A careful examination of Alfort's financial records, AN F\u002F10\u002F1258–1264, reveals explicit reference to purchases for the collection. These include materials involved in preparation such as varnish or pins, as well as animal source material such as calf heads, cow eyes, human cadavers and various organs of local domestic species. Other donation records: 1ETP 300 Items 2534, 2535, 2536 Les Archives départementales du Val-de-Marne (hereafter ADVM). Gilbert, 4 February 1784, Dossier 1787 Projet des réglements, AN F\u002F10\u002F1200.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn22",displayNumber:bX,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref37\" id=\"ref37\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBourgelat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EClaude\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EElemens de l'art vétérinaire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"edition\"\u003E4th edn\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ELibrairie vétérinaire de M.R. Huzard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, an V\u002F\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1797\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E329\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Elemens de l'art vétérinaire' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Elemens+de+l'art+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire&author=Bourgelat+Claude&publication+year=1797\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Elemens+de+l'art+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire&author=Bourgelat+Claude&publication+year=1797",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:aa,title:aa,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:bY,date:"1797",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref37",title:aa,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn23",displayNumber:Q,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref38\" id=\"ref38\"\u003E[Philibert] Chabert, [Pierre] Flandrin and [Jean-Baptiste] Huzard, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EInstructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ELibrairie vétérinaire de J.B. Huzard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1793\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Instructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=[Philibert]+Chabert,+[Pierre]+Flandrin+and+[Jean-Baptiste]+Huzard,+Instructions+et+observations+sur+les+maladies+des+animaux+domestiques,+Paris:+Librairie+vétérinaire+de+J.B.+Huzard,+1793,+pp.+17–18\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=[Philibert]+Chabert,+[Pierre]+Flandrin+and+[Jean-Baptiste]+Huzard,+Instructions+et+observations+sur+les+maladies+des+animaux+domestiques,+Paris:+Librairie+vétérinaire+de+J.B.+Huzard,+1793,+pp.+17–18",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:j,title:j,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Librairie vétérinaire de J.B. Huzard",date:"1793",tpages:bU,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref38",title:j,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn24",displayNumber:bZ,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E One of Flandrin's trips to England appears to have taken place around September 1783. See Flandrin to Sundersberg, 11 September 1783, Wellcome Trust Ms. 4736; Philibert Chabert on Pierre Flandrin's death, 15 fructidor an IV, Item 1903, ADVM 1ETP 258.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn25",displayNumber:b_,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref39\" id=\"ref39\"\u003E‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EAusländischer Nekrolog: Pierre Flandrin, 1 May 1796\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EIntelligenzblatt der Allgem. Literatur-Zeitung\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (28 September \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1796\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E132\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1113\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E1115\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 1114\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Ausländischer Nekrolog: Pierre Flandrin, 1 May 1796' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=‘Ausländischer+Nekrolog:+Pierre+Flandrin,+1+May+1796’,+Intelligenzblatt+der+Allgem.+Literatur-Zeitung+(28+September+1796)+132,+pp.+1113–1115,+1114\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=‘Ausländischer+Nekrolog:+Pierre+Flandrin,+1+May+1796’,+Intelligenzblatt+der+Allgem.+Literatur-Zeitung+(28+September+1796)+132,+pp.+1113–1115,+1114",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:b$,jtitle:ca,title:ca,volume:"132",artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526dbc",spage:"1113",epage:"1115",date:cb,sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref39",title:b$,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn26",displayNumber:"26",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref40\" id=\"ref40\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDaston\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELorraine\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVidal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EFernando\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EDoing what comes naturally\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in Daston and Vidal (eds.), \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Moral Authority of Nature\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EChicago\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EThe University of Chicago Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2004\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Moral Authority of Nature' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Moral+Authority+of+Nature&author=Daston+Lorraine&author=Vidal+Fernando&publication+year=2004&pages=1-24\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Sahlins, op. cit. (9), pp. 57–63.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Moral+Authority+of+Nature&author=Daston+Lorraine&author=Vidal+Fernando&publication+year=2004&pages=1-24",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:ab,title:ab,atitle:"Doing what comes naturally",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:n,date:k,spage:aQ,epage:bZ,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref40",title:ab,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn27",displayNumber:"27",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref41\" id=\"ref41\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EOsborne\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMichael\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EAcclimatizing the world: a history of the paradigmatic colonial science\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EOsiris\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2000\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E135\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E151\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 137\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Acclimatizing the world: a history of the paradigmatic colonial science' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1086\u002F649323\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Acclimatizing the world: a history of the paradigmatic colonial science' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Acclimatizing+the+world%3A+a+history+of+the+paradigmatic+colonial+science&author=Osborne+Michael&publication+year=2000&journal=Osiris&volume=15&doi=10.1086%2F649323&pages=135-151\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Acclimatizing the world: a history of the paradigmatic colonial science' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F11971295\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Acclimatizing+the+world%3A+a+history+of+the+paradigmatic+colonial+science&author=Osborne+Michael&publication+year=2000&journal=Osiris&volume=15&doi=10.1086%2F649323&pages=135-151",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:cc,jtitle:cd,title:cd,volume:z,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526dbe",spage:"135",epage:"151",date:"2000",sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:ce,au:a},innerRefId:"ref41",title:cc,pubMedId:"11971295",doi:ce,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1086\u002F649323",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F11971295"}]},{id:"fn28",displayNumber:"28",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref42\" id=\"ref42\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDietz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EBetinna\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EMobile objects: the space of shells in eighteenth-century France\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBJHS\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E39\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E(\u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E363\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E382\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 376\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Mobile objects: the space of shells in eighteenth-century France' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0007087406008375\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Mobile objects: the space of shells in eighteenth-century France' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Mobile+objects%3A+the+space+of+shells+in+eighteenth-century+France&author=Dietz+Betinna&publication+year=2006&journal=BJHS&volume=39&doi=10.1017%2FS0007087406008375&pages=363-382\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Mobile+objects%3A+the+space+of+shells+in+eighteenth-century+France&author=Dietz+Betinna&publication+year=2006&journal=BJHS&volume=39&doi=10.1017%2FS0007087406008375&pages=363-382",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:cf,jtitle:cg,title:cg,volume:ch,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526dbf",spage:ci,epage:"382",date:"2006",sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:cj,au:a},innerRefId:"ref42",title:cf,doi:cj,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0007087406008375",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn29",displayNumber:ck,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Gilbert, op. cit. (21).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn30",displayNumber:"30",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E30\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Review of Vitet's \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref43\" id=\"ref43\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMédecine vétérinaire, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ein\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Journal de médecine, chirurgie, pharmacie\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (October \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1787\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E73\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E322\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E334\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 328–329\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Médecine vétérinaire, in Journal de médecine, chirurgie, pharmacie (October 1787) 73, pp. 322–334, 328–329' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Médecine+vétérinaire,+in+Journal+de+médecine,+chirurgie,+pharmacie+(October+1787)+73,+pp.+322–334,+328–329\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Médecine+vétérinaire,+in+Journal+de+médecine,+chirurgie,+pharmacie+(October+1787)+73,+pp.+322–334,+328–329",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:e,jtitle:cl,title:cl,volume:cm,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526dc0",spage:"322",epage:"334",date:r,sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref43",title:"Médecine vétérinaire, in Journal de médecine, chirurgie, pharmacie (October 1787) 73, pp. 322–334, 328–329",doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn31",displayNumber:M,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref44\" id=\"ref44\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELeclerc\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EGeorges-Louis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003Ede Buffon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EComte\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EOeuvres completes de M. le Comte de Buffon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EImprimerie royale\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1775\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E371\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Oeuvres completes de M. le Comte de Buffon' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Oeuvres+completes+de+M.+le+Comte+de+Buffon&author=Leclerc+Georges-Louis&author=de+Buffon+Comte&publication+year=1775\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Given that the body of the text makes reference to the llama in August of 1777, it would appear that the above date of 1775 was an error, intentional or accidental. On illicit printing see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref45\" id=\"ref45\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDarnton\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERobert\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Literary Underground of the Old Regime\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ECambridge, MA\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EHarvard University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1982\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E192\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E193\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Literary Underground of the Old Regime' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Literary+Underground+of+the+Old+Regime&author=Darnton+Robert&publication+year=1982&pages=192-193\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. For another iteration after 1777 see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref46\" id=\"ref46\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELeclerc\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EGeorges-Louis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003Ede Buffon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EComte\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EHistoire naturelle générale et particulière: Supplément\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E36\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E vols., \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EImprimerie royale\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1782\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. 6, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E204\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Histoire naturelle générale et particulière: Supplément' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Histoire+naturelle+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+et+particuli%C3%A8re%3A+Suppl%C3%A9ment&author=Leclerc+Georges-Louis&author=de+Buffon+Comte&publication+year=1782\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Oeuvres+completes+de+M.+le+Comte+de+Buffon&author=Leclerc+Georges-Louis&author=de+Buffon+Comte&publication+year=1775",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:ac,title:ac,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:ad,date:"1775",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref44",title:ac,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Literary+Underground+of+the+Old+Regime&author=Darnton+Robert&publication+year=1982&pages=192-193",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:ae,title:ae,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:af,date:"1982",tpages:cn,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref45",title:ae,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Histoire+naturelle+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+et+particuli%C3%A8re%3A+Suppl%C3%A9ment&author=Leclerc+Georges-Louis&author=de+Buffon+Comte&publication+year=1782",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:ag,title:ag,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:ad,date:co,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref46",title:ag,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn32",displayNumber:cp,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E32\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The name Le Moyne appears on dozens of receipts in the school's financial records for meat for the kitchen. Occasionally he also features in the ‘objet divers’ section with explicit reference to dissection and the cabinet. For specific examples see ‘Chapitre de divers objets du mois d'avril 1770’ and ‘Chapitre de divers objets du mois de janvier 1770’, in F\u002F10\u002F1260, cross-referenced against individual receipts located in the same files, AN F\u002F10\u002F1258–1261.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn33",displayNumber:"33",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E33\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E On Alfort's predatory relationship with the Ecole royale vétérinaire de Lyon see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref47\" id=\"ref47\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EArloing\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.S.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELe berceau de l'enseignement vétérinaire: Création et évolution de l'Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Lyon, 1761–1889\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELyon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EImprimerie Pitrat ainé\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1889\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Le berceau de l'enseignement vétérinaire: Création et évolution de l'Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Lyon, 1761–1889' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Le+berceau+de+l'enseignement+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire%3A+Cr%C3%A9ation+et+%C3%A9volution+de+l'Ecole+nationale+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire+de+Lyon%2C+1761%E2%80%931889&author=Arloing+M.S.&publication+year=1889\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Le+berceau+de+l'enseignement+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire%3A+Cr%C3%A9ation+et+%C3%A9volution+de+l'Ecole+nationale+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire+de+Lyon%2C+1761%E2%80%931889&author=Arloing+M.S.&publication+year=1889",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:ah,title:ah,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Imprimerie Pitrat ainé",date:"1889",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref47",title:ah,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn34",displayNumber:bN,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E34\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The former guard to the Polish king and sous-equestrian to the Royal Academy of Nancy, Jean Léonard Larché, advertised that he would be opening a horse hospital in a northern Paris suburb, Villette, in 1763, and by 1767 he had advertised that it had opened, but it seems to have left little mark. See \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref48\" id=\"ref48\"\u003E‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EAvis donné au publique par M. Larché\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EGazette du commerce de l'agriculture et des finances\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (12 May \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1767\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E38\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E371\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Avis donné au publique par M. Larché' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=‘Avis+donné+au+publique+par+M.+Larché’,+Gazette+du+commerce+de+l'agriculture+et+des+finances+(12+May+1767)+38,+p.+371\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. ‘De la gourme des chevaux’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EJournal oeconomique, ou memoires, notes et avis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (1763), pp. 311–312.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=‘Avis+donné+au+publique+par+M.+Larché’,+Gazette+du+commerce+de+l'agriculture+et+des+finances+(12+May+1767)+38,+p.+371",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:cq,jtitle:cr,title:cr,volume:cs,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526dc5",spage:"371",epage:e,date:ct,sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref48",title:cq,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn35",displayNumber:"35",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E35\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E There is an undated advertisement for a veterinary hospital created by the intendant in Saint-Emilion, Saint-Sulpice, quite possibly in response to a devastating epizootic outbreak in the provinces of Guyenne and Gascony in the 1770s. See also s.d., ‘Avis sur la maladies des bestiaux’, Archives départementales de la Haute-Vienne, C24. Passing references to a hospital in that region occur in Archives départementales de la Gironde, C3300.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn36",displayNumber:bB,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E36\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E These numbers come from the first veterinary school, which had opened in Lyon. See \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref49\" id=\"ref49\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAffiches de Lyon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (25 February \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1762\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Affiches de Lyon (25 February 1762) 8, p. 31' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Affiches+de+Lyon+(25+February+1762)+8,+p.+31\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Once Alfort was opened the advertising changed to thirty \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esols\u003C\u002Fem\u003E a day per animal. See \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref50\" id=\"ref50\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EL'Avantcoureur\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (19 August \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1767\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E32\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E499\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E500\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for L'Avantcoureur (19 August 1767) 32, pp. 499–500' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=L'Avantcoureur+(19+August+1767)+32,+pp.+499–500\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Affiches+de+Lyon+(25+February+1762)+8,+p.+31",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:e,jtitle:cu,title:cu,volume:v,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526dc6",spage:M,epage:e,date:aR,sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref49",title:"Affiches de Lyon (25 February 1762) 8, p. 31",doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=L'Avantcoureur+(19+August+1767)+32,+pp.+499–500",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:e,jtitle:cv,title:cv,volume:cp,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526dc7",spage:"499",epage:"500",date:ct,sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref50",title:"L'Avantcoureur (19 August 1767) 32, pp. 499–500",doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn37",displayNumber:"37",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E37\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref51\" id=\"ref51\"\u003E[Philbert Chabert, Pierre Flandrin and Jean-Baptiste Huzard], \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAlmanach vétérinaire, ou abrégé de l'histoire des progrès de la médecine des animaux depuis l’établissement des écoles royales vétérinaires\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EVeuve Vallat-la-Chapelle\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1782\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Almanach vétérinaire, ou abrégé de l'histoire des progrès de la médecine des animaux depuis l’établissement des écoles royales vétérinaires' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=[Philbert+Chabert,+Pierre+Flandrin+and+Jean-Baptiste+Huzard],+Almanach+vétérinaire,+ou+abrégé+de+l'histoire+des+progrès+de+la+médecine+des+animaux+depuis+l’établissement+des+écoles+royales+vétérinaires,+Paris:+Veuve+Vallat-la-Chapelle,+1782,+p.+13\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=[Philbert+Chabert,+Pierre+Flandrin+and+Jean-Baptiste+Huzard],+Almanach+vétérinaire,+ou+abrégé+de+l'histoire+des+progrès+de+la+médecine+des+animaux+depuis+l’établissement+des+écoles+royales+vétérinaires,+Paris:+Veuve+Vallat-la-Chapelle,+1782,+p.+13",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:ai,title:ai,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Veuve Vallat-la-Chapelle",date:co,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref51",title:ai,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn38",displayNumber:cs,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E38\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‘Demandes faite par Monseigneur Iamber à Chabert’ and ‘Produit des hopitaux, de la Pharmacie et des Forges de l'Ecole Royale Vétérinaire de Paris en 1779, 1780, et 1781’, dossier 1787, AN F\u002F10\u002F1200.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn39",displayNumber:ch,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E39\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‘Observations sur les changemens qu'il a paru convenable d'apporter au Règlement de 1780’, dossier 63, AN F\u002F10\u002F1200.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn40",displayNumber:aX,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E40\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Medical registers, 1767–1771: ADVM 1ETP 400, 401. Financial registers, 1788–1790: AN F\u002F10\u002F96, 97. Though these are asymmetrical sources, both provide a great deal of comparable knowledge about entry duration and mortality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn41",displayNumber:"41",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E41\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E All comments on the hospital from this period of time come from having reconstructed their hospital records out of two separate manuscript registers of 583 and 663 pages respectively. ADVM 1ETP 400 & 401.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn42",displayNumber:cw,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E42\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Not all horses staying approximately a year or longer needed constant medical attention, and some were moved out to the fields to graze as a part of their convalescence. Fols. 141–144, ADVM 1ETP 401; fols. 301–308, 597–601, ADVM, 1ETP 400.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn43",displayNumber:"43",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E43\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E There are at least two cases in the register that would indicate that \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Echeval\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, though linguistically gendered masculine, did not always denote a male horse, including one case of pregnancy. Fol. 345, ADVM 1ETP 401. It appears as though sex-specific notation stopped being prioritized in the records after 1769, where the first two-thirds of the records contain 90 percent of the female notations. See also \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref52\" id=\"ref52\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDubois\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJean\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ELe genre dans les noms d'animaux\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELinx\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1989\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E87\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E91\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Le genre dans les noms d'animaux' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.3406\u002Flinx.1989.1133\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Le genre dans les noms d'animaux' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Le+genre+dans+les+noms+d'animaux&author=Dubois+Jean&publication+year=1989&journal=Linx&volume=21&doi=10.3406%2Flinx.1989.1133&pages=87-91\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Le+genre+dans+les+noms+d'animaux&author=Dubois+Jean&publication+year=1989&journal=Linx&volume=21&doi=10.3406%2Flinx.1989.1133&pages=87-91",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:cx,jtitle:cy,title:cy,volume:bW,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526dc9",spage:cz,epage:G,date:"1989",sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:cA,au:a},innerRefId:"ref52",title:cx,doi:cA,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.3406\u002Flinx.1989.1133",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn44",displayNumber:cB,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E44\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref53\" id=\"ref53\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EErxleben\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJohann Christian\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ETheoretischer Unterricht in der Vieharzneykunst\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EGöttingen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EJohann Christian Dietrich\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1798\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Theoretischer Unterricht in der Vieharzneykunst' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Theoretischer+Unterricht+in+der+Vieharzneykunst&author=Erxleben+Johann+Christian&publication+year=1798\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Theoretischer+Unterricht+in+der+Vieharzneykunst&author=Erxleben+Johann+Christian&publication+year=1798",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:aj,title:aj,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Johann Christian Dietrich",date:"1798",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref53",title:aj,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn45",displayNumber:"45",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E45\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In the eighteenth century, there were two common diagnoses for different manifestations of what is presently understood to be the same disease. When it manifested on the skin it was called \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Efarcin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (farcy), and when it manifested in the lungs it was called \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Emorve\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (glanders). Patients diagnosed with \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Emorve\u003C\u002Fem\u003E had the highest mortality rate. Both farcy (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Efarcin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) and glanders (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Emorve\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) have been combined here. On the difference between them and the difficulties of studying glanders in the pre-germ-theories context see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref54\" id=\"ref54\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWilkinson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELise\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EGlanders: medicine and veterinary medicine in common pursuit of a contagious disease\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMedical History\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1981\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E363\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E384\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Glanders: medicine and veterinary medicine in common pursuit of a contagious disease' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0025727300034876\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Glanders: medicine and veterinary medicine in common pursuit of a contagious disease' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Glanders%3A+medicine+and+veterinary+medicine+in+common+pursuit+of+a+contagious+disease&author=Wilkinson+Lise&publication+year=1981&journal=Medical+History&volume=25&doi=10.1017%2FS0025727300034876&pages=363-384\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Glanders: medicine and veterinary medicine in common pursuit of a contagious disease' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F7038356\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Glanders%3A+medicine+and+veterinary+medicine+in+common+pursuit+of+a+contagious+disease&author=Wilkinson+Lise&publication+year=1981&journal=Medical+History&volume=25&doi=10.1017%2FS0025727300034876&pages=363-384",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:cC,jtitle:cD,title:cD,volume:b_,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526dcb",spage:ci,epage:"384",date:"1981",sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:cE,au:a},innerRefId:"ref54",title:cC,pubMedId:"7038356",doi:cE,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0025727300034876",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F7038356"}]},{id:"fn46",displayNumber:"46",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E46\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref55\" id=\"ref55\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EJones\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EColin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESonenscher\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMichael\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EThe social functions of the hospital in eighteenth-century France: the case of the Hôtel-Dieu of Nîmes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EFrench Historical Studies\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1983\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E172\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E214\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 175\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The social functions of the hospital in eighteenth-century France: the case of the Hôtel-Dieu of Nîmes' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.2307\u002F286450\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The social functions of the hospital in eighteenth-century France: the case of the Hôtel-Dieu of Nîmes' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+social+functions+of+the+hospital+in+eighteenth-century+France%3A+the+case+of+the+H%C3%B4tel-Dieu+of+N%C3%AEmes&author=Jones+Colin&author=Sonenscher+Michael&publication+year=1983&journal=French+Historical+Studies&volume=13&doi=10.2307%2F286450&pages=172-214\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for The social functions of the hospital in eighteenth-century France: the case of the Hôtel-Dieu of Nîmes' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F11616987\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+social+functions+of+the+hospital+in+eighteenth-century+France%3A+the+case+of+the+H%C3%B4tel-Dieu+of+N%C3%AEmes&author=Jones+Colin&author=Sonenscher+Michael&publication+year=1983&journal=French+Historical+Studies&volume=13&doi=10.2307%2F286450&pages=172-214",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:cF,jtitle:cG,title:cG,volume:bO,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526dcc",spage:"172",epage:"214",date:"1983",sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:cH,au:a},innerRefId:"ref55",title:cF,pubMedId:"11616987",doi:cH,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.2307\u002F286450",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F11616987"}]},{id:"fn47",displayNumber:"47",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E47\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref56\" id=\"ref56\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWeiner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EDora B.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Citizen-Patient in Revolutionary and Imperial Paris\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBaltimore\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EJohns Hopkins University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1993\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The Citizen-Patient in Revolutionary and Imperial Paris' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.56021\u002F9780801844836\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Citizen-Patient in Revolutionary and Imperial Paris' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Citizen-Patient+in+Revolutionary+and+Imperial+Paris&author=Weiner+Dora+B.&publication+year=1993&pages=1-14\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Citizen-Patient+in+Revolutionary+and+Imperial+Paris&author=Weiner+Dora+B.&publication+year=1993&pages=1-14",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:ak,title:ak,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:be,date:bh,tpages:q,doi:cI,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref56",title:ak,doi:cI,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.56021\u002F9780801844836",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn48",displayNumber:"48",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E48\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Dulaure, op. cit. (15), p. 205.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn49",displayNumber:bR,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E49\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E [Chabert, Flandrin and Huzard], \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAlmanach vétérinaire\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, op. cit. (37), pp. 12–13.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn50",displayNumber:"50",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E50\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref57\" id=\"ref57\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBourgelat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EClaude\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EElémens de l'art vétérinaire: Zootomie ou anatomie comparée, a l'usage des Elèves des Ecoles Vétérinaires\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EVallat-la-Chapelle\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1766\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E92\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Elémens de l'art vétérinaire: Zootomie ou anatomie comparée, a l'usage des Elèves des Ecoles Vétérinaires' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=El%C3%A9mens+de+l'art+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire%3A+Zootomie+ou+anatomie+compar%C3%A9e%2C+a+l'usage+des+El%C3%A8ves+des+Ecoles+V%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaires&author=Bourgelat+Claude&publication+year=1766\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=El%C3%A9mens+de+l'art+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire%3A+Zootomie+ou+anatomie+compar%C3%A9e%2C+a+l'usage+des+El%C3%A8ves+des+Ecoles+V%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaires&author=Bourgelat+Claude&publication+year=1766",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:al,title:al,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Vallat-la-Chapelle",date:"1766",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref57",title:al,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn51",displayNumber:aO,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E51\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref58\" id=\"ref58\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECothenius\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EChristian Andreas\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EPensées sur la nécessité d'une Ecole Vétérinaire, avec des projets sur la maniere de l\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’établir’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EHistoire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres, Année MDCCLXVIII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerlin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EHaude et Spener\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1770\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E42\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E69\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 49, 59\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Histoire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres, Année MDCCLXVIII' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Histoire+de+l'Academie+Royale+des+Sciences+et+Belles-Lettres%2C+Ann%C3%A9e+MDCCLXVIII&author=Cothenius+Christian+Andreas&publication+year=1770&pages=42-69\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Histoire+de+l'Academie+Royale+des+Sciences+et+Belles-Lettres%2C+Ann%C3%A9e+MDCCLXVIII&author=Cothenius+Christian+Andreas&publication+year=1770&pages=42-69",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:am,title:am,atitle:"Pensées sur la nécessité d'une Ecole Vétérinaire, avec des projets sur la maniere de l",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Haude et Spener",date:"1770",spage:cw,epage:cJ,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref58",title:am,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn52",displayNumber:"52",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E52\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cothenius, op. cit. (51), p. 52.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn53",displayNumber:"53",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E53\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See records for property owner Victor Sellé: November 1789 and 1 January 1790, AN F\u002F10\u002F97. Cases that bridged two calendar years were often recorded twice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn54",displayNumber:"54",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E54\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Chaussart, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ELe moniteur universel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 9 February 1790, p. 32.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn55",displayNumber:"55",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E55\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Pierre Flandrin, ‘Description Pathologique et anatomique d'un sarcocèle monstrueux dans un cheval’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EJournal de médecine, chirurgie, pharmacie, &c.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, April 1789, pp. 71–89.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn56",displayNumber:"56",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E56\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref59\" id=\"ref59\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERitvo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHarriet\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Platypus and the Mermaid and Other Figments of the Classifying Imagination\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ECambridge, MA\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EHarvard University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1997\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Platypus and the Mermaid and Other Figments of the Classifying Imagination' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Platypus+and+the+Mermaid+and+Other+Figments+of+the+Classifying+Imagination&author=Ritvo+Harriet&publication+year=1997\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Platypus+and+the+Mermaid+and+Other+Figments+of+the+Classifying+Imagination&author=Ritvo+Harriet&publication+year=1997",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:an,title:an,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:af,date:"1997",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref59",title:an,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn57",displayNumber:aY,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E57\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref60\" id=\"ref60\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBredin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELouis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDescription d'une production monstrueuse\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EJournal encyclopédique\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (June \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1773\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E(\u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E333\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E336\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 336\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Description d'une production monstrueuse' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Description+d'une+production+monstrueuse&author=Bredin+Louis&publication+year=1773&journal=Journal+encyclop%C3%A9dique&volume=4&pages=333-336\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Description+d'une+production+monstrueuse&author=Bredin+Louis&publication+year=1773&journal=Journal+encyclop%C3%A9dique&volume=4&pages=333-336",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:cK,jtitle:cL,title:cL,volume:aU,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526dd1",spage:"333",epage:"336",date:"1773",sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref60",title:cK,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn58",displayNumber:"58",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E58\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref61\" id=\"ref61\"\u003E[François] Rozier (ed.), \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ECour complet d'agriculture: Théorique, pratique, économique, et de médecine rurale et vétérinaire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ERue et Hôtel Serpente\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1785\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E106\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Cour complet d'agriculture: Théorique, pratique, économique, et de médecine rurale et vétérinaire' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=[François]+Rozier+(ed.),+Cour+complet+d'agriculture:+Théorique,+pratique,+économique,+et+de+médecine+rurale+et+vétérinaire,+vol.+6,+Paris:+Rue+et+Hôtel+Serpente,+1785,+p.+106\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=[François]+Rozier+(ed.),+Cour+complet+d'agriculture:+Théorique,+pratique,+économique,+et+de+médecine+rurale+et+vétérinaire,+vol.+6,+Paris:+Rue+et+Hôtel+Serpente,+1785,+p.+106",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:ao,title:ao,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Rue et Hôtel Serpente",date:"1785",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref61",title:ao,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn59",displayNumber:"59",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E59\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E A jumart is a hybrid species from the combination of a mare and a bull, a jack and a cow, or a bull and a jennet. The question whether or not it existed was highly controversial, with many well-established scholars of the Enlightenment disagreeing. Inventoire de la collection de l'Ecole nationale vétérinaire, op. cit. (19), item 1155. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref62\" id=\"ref62\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHartmann\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJohann Georg\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ETraité des haras avec un traité de mulets\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, trans. \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHuzard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJean-Baptiste\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"edition\"\u003E2nd edn\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EThéophile Barrois\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1788\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E289\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E292\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Traité des haras avec un traité de mulets' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Trait%C3%A9+des+haras+avec+un+trait%C3%A9+de+mulets&author=Hartmann+Johann+Georg&author=Huzard+Jean-Baptiste&publication+year=1788&pages=289-292\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref63\" id=\"ref63\"\u003E[Johann] \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHartmann\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EGeorg\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAnleitung zur Verbesserung der Pferdezucht ganzer Länder und einzeler Privatwirthe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ETübingen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EJohann Georg Cotta\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1786\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Anleitung zur Verbesserung der Pferdezucht ganzer Länder und einzeler Privatwirthe' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Anleitung+zur+Verbesserung+der+Pferdezucht+ganzer+L%C3%A4nder+und+einzeler+Privatwirthe&author=Hartmann+Georg&publication+year=1786\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Trait%C3%A9+des+haras+avec+un+trait%C3%A9+de+mulets&author=Hartmann+Johann+Georg&author=Huzard+Jean-Baptiste&publication+year=1788&pages=289-292",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:ap,title:ap,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Théophile Barrois",date:bS,tpages:"292",doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref62",title:ap,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Anleitung+zur+Verbesserung+der+Pferdezucht+ganzer+L%C3%A4nder+und+einzeler+Privatwirthe&author=Hartmann+Georg&publication+year=1786",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:aq,title:aq,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Johann Georg Cotta",date:"1786",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref63",title:aq,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn60",displayNumber:"60",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E60\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Erxleben, op. cit. (44), p. 26.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn61",displayNumber:"61",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E61\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Richard, Etat des travaux de la section de Zoologie, 26 messidor an II, AN F\u002F17\u002F1237.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn62",displayNumber:"62",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E62\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Inventoire de la collection de l'Ecole nationale vétérinaire, op. cit. (19), items 2035–2414.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn63",displayNumber:bC,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E63\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Railliet and Moulé, op. cit. (10), p. 42.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn64",displayNumber:"64",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E64\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref64\" id=\"ref64\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EProcès-verbaux de Commission temporaire des arts\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pub. and annotated by Louis Tuetey, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EImprimerie nationale\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003Exxxv\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Procès-verbaux de Commission temporaire des arts' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Procès-verbaux+de+Commission+temporaire+des+arts,+vol.+1,+pub.+and+annotated+by+Louis+Tuetey,+Paris:+Imprimerie+nationale,+1912,+p.+xxxv\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Procès-verbaux+de+Commission+temporaire+des+arts,+vol.+1,+pub.+and+annotated+by+Louis+Tuetey,+Paris:+Imprimerie+nationale,+1912,+p.+xxxv",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:ar,title:ar,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Imprimerie nationale",date:"1912",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref64",title:ar,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn65",displayNumber:cM,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E65\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Honoré Fragonard, ‘Rapport: L’École Vétérinaire Nationale’, 25 floréal an II, Archives Départementales de Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 6AZ 274.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn66",displayNumber:"66",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E66\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Félix Vicq d'Azyr and Honoré Fragonard, ‘Rapport: Cabinet d'Anatomie de l'Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort’, 5 prairial an II, AN F\u002F17\u002F1237.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn67",displayNumber:"67",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E67\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Chaussart, op. cit. (54); \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ELe point du jour\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 17 August 1790, pp. 129–134; Philippe-Etienne Lafosse, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EMémoire sur l'Ecole royale vétérinaire d'Alfort: Raisons de l'inutilité de cet etablissement, & moyens de le remplacer avec beaucoup d’économie pour l'Etat\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 1789; \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EJournal des décrets de l'Assemblée Nationale, pour les habitans des campagnes\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 15 August 1790, pp. 23–24; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref65\" id=\"ref65\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EJournal des Etats généraux, convoqués par Louis XVI\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, le 27 avril \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1789\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E466\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E467\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Journal des Etats généraux, convoqués par Louis XVI, le 27 avril 1789, vol. 14, pp. 466–467' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Journal+des+Etats+généraux,+convoqués+par+Louis+XVI,+le+27+avril+1789,+vol.+14,+pp.+466–467\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref66\" id=\"ref66\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003Ede Saint-Pierre\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJacques-Bernardin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMémoire sur la nécessité de joindre une ménagerie au jardin des plantes de Paris\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1792\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Mémoire sur la nécessité de joindre une ménagerie au jardin des plantes de Paris' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=M%C3%A9moire+sur+la+n%C3%A9cessit%C3%A9+de+joindre+une+m%C3%A9nagerie+au+jardin+des+plantes+de+Paris&author=de+Saint-Pierre+Jacques-Bernardin&publication+year=1792\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Journal+des+Etats+généraux,+convoqués+par+Louis+XVI,+le+27+avril+1789,+vol.+14,+pp.+466–467",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:e,jtitle:cN,title:cN,volume:q,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526dd6",spage:"466",epage:"467",date:"1789",sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref65",title:"Journal des Etats généraux, convoqués par Louis XVI, le 27 avril 1789, vol. 14, pp. 466–467",doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=M%C3%A9moire+sur+la+n%C3%A9cessit%C3%A9+de+joindre+une+m%C3%A9nagerie+au+jardin+des+plantes+de+Paris&author=de+Saint-Pierre+Jacques-Bernardin&publication+year=1792",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:as,title:as,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1792",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref66",title:as,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn68",displayNumber:"68",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E68\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref67\" id=\"ref67\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDietz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EBettina\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENutz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EThomas\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003ECollections curieuses: the aesthetics of curiosity and elite lifestyle in eighteenth-century Paris\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EEighteenth-Century Life\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E44\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E75\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 46\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Eighteenth-Century Life' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Eighteenth-Century+Life&author=Dietz+Bettina&author=Nutz+Thomas&publication+year=2005&pages=44-75\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Eighteenth-Century+Life&author=Dietz+Bettina&author=Nutz+Thomas&publication+year=2005&pages=44-75",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:at,title:at,atitle:"Collections curieuses: the aesthetics of curiosity and elite lifestyle in eighteenth-century Paris",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:cO,spage:cB,epage:cP,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref67",title:at,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn69",displayNumber:cJ,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E69\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Dietz and Nutz, op. cit. (68).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn70",displayNumber:"70",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E70\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For example, in June 1746, the room where the Académie des sciences held its meetings was appraised to hold almost eighty cabinets with rotting wood turning to worm food. The natural history specimens, mostly stones and minerals, were to be subsumed under the Cabinet d'histoire naturelle de sa majesté, to be properly cared for and studied. Buffon, ‘Etat des Cabinets et Tables’, 25 April 1748, Item 492, AN AJ\u002F15\u002F512.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn71",displayNumber:"71",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E71\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Chabert to Commission d'Agriculture, 6 brumaire an III, AN F\u002F10\u002F238.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn72",displayNumber:"72",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E72\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E On the importance of \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eesprit de vin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E see Baumé, op. cit. (2), pp. 325–327; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref68\" id=\"ref68\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECullen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELouis M.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Brandy Trade under the Ancien Régime: Regional Specialisation in the Charente\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ECambridge\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ECambridge University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2002\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E257\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E259\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Brandy Trade under the Ancien Régime: Regional Specialisation in the Charente' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Brandy+Trade+under+the+Ancien+R%C3%A9gime%3A+Regional+Specialisation+in+the+Charente&author=Cullen+Louis+M.&publication+year=2002&pages=257-259\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; 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Commission to Philibert Chabert, 19 frimaire an III, AN F\u002F10\u002F238.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn75",displayNumber:cP,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E75\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Augustin Thouret to Commission d'instruction publique, 27 floréal an III, AN F\u002F17\u002F2280; Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (Muséum nationale d'histoire naturelle) to Commission d'agriculture, 15 fructidor an III, AN F\u002F10\u002F238.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn76",displayNumber:"76",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E76\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Nota, 8 pluviôse an III, AN F\u002F17\u002F2281. Dossier ‘Animaux du Raincy 1794’ and ‘Notes relatives a l’établissement d'une menagerie’ AN AJ\u002F15\u002F844. The Commission temporaire's meeting descriptions contain repeated reference to the museum's acquisition of specimens, base materials, books and living creatures from individuals’ homes and larger collections. In \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EProcès-verbaux\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, op. cit. (64).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn77",displayNumber:"77",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E77\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Lamarck and Jussieu, op. cit. (75). On the significance of familial metaphors in the French Revolution see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref71\" id=\"ref71\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHunt\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELynn\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Family Romance of the French Revolution\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EOxon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ERoutledge\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Family Romance of the French Revolution' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Family+Romance+of+the+French+Revolution&author=Hunt+Lynn&publication+year=1992\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref72\" id=\"ref72\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDesan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ESuzanne\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Family on Trial in Revolutionary France\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerkeley\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EUniversity of California Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2004\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Family on Trial in Revolutionary France' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Family+on+Trial+in+Revolutionary+France&author=Desan+Suzanne&publication+year=2004\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref73\" id=\"ref73\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHeuer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJennifer Ngaire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Family and the Nation: Gender and Citizenship in Revolutionary France, 1789–1830\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIthaca, NY\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ECornell University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Family and the Nation: Gender and Citizenship in Revolutionary France, 1789–1830' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Family+and+the+Nation%3A+Gender+and+Citizenship+in+Revolutionary+France%2C+1789%E2%80%931830&author=Heuer+Jennifer+Ngaire&publication+year=2005\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Family+Romance+of+the+French+Revolution&author=Hunt+Lynn&publication+year=1992",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:ax,title:ax,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Routledge",date:"1992",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref71",title:ax,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Family+on+Trial+in+Revolutionary+France&author=Desan+Suzanne&publication+year=2004",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:ay,title:ay,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:a_,date:k,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref72",title:ay,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Family+and+the+Nation%3A+Gender+and+Citizenship+in+Revolutionary+France%2C+1789%E2%80%931830&author=Heuer+Jennifer+Ngaire&publication+year=2005",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:az,title:az,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:J,date:cO,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref73",title:az,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn78",displayNumber:"78",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E78\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Lamarck and Jussieu, op. cit. (75).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn79",displayNumber:bD,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E79\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Bourgelat, op. cit. (3).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn80",displayNumber:"80",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E80\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Bourgelat, op. cit. (50), p. 284.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn81",displayNumber:"81",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E81\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref74\" id=\"ref74\"\u003E[Philibert] Chabert, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ETraité de la gale et des dartres des animaux\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EImprimerie royale\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1787\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Traité de la gale et des dartres des animaux' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=[Philibert]+Chabert,+Traité+de+la+gale+et+des+dartres+des+animaux,+Paris:+Imprimerie+royale,+1787,+p.+13\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; Chabert, \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref75\" id=\"ref75\"\u003E‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EExtrait d'un mémoire sur la morve, inseré dans le volume de la Société royale de médecine, pour l'année 1779\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EObservations et memoires sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle et sur les arts\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1783\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E208\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E217\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 208\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Extrait d'un mémoire sur la morve, inseré dans le volume de la Société royale de médecine, pour l'année 1779' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=‘Extrait+d'un+mémoire+sur+la+morve,+inseré+dans+le+volume+de+la+Société+royale+de+médecine,+pour+l'année+1779’,+Observations+et+memoires+sur+la+physique,+sur+l'histoire+naturelle+et+sur+les+arts+(1783)+23,+pp.+208–217,+208\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=[Philibert]+Chabert,+Traité+de+la+gale+et+des+dartres+des+animaux,+Paris:+Imprimerie+royale,+1787,+p.+13",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:aA,title:aA,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:ad,date:r,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref74",title:aA,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=‘Extrait+d'un+mémoire+sur+la+morve,+inseré+dans+le+volume+de+la+Société+royale+de+médecine,+pour+l'année+1779’,+Observations+et+memoires+sur+la+physique,+sur+l'histoire+naturelle+et+sur+les+arts+(1783)+23,+pp.+208–217,+208",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:cS,jtitle:cT,title:cT,volume:Q,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526de0",spage:"208",epage:"217",date:bT,sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref75",title:cS,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn82",displayNumber:"82",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E82\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The only reference that I have located describing the space as a veterinary cabinet is Sanders's travelogue, op. cit. (16). All other sources move between ‘anatomy’ and ‘natural history’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn83",displayNumber:"83",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E83\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Gustaf Lenboms's lecture notes (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ec.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E1763), D 1356b, fol. 502, Uppsala Universitetsbibliotek.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn84",displayNumber:"84",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E84\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The shift by which multiple administrators come to describe Alfort's cabinet through the qualifier of ‘natural history’ hit its peak in 1796, when the museum was finally in the process of acquiring the objects to which they'd held claim for more than a year. See Ministère de l’intérieur to Ministère de la guerre, 21 pluviose an IV; Milet-Mureau to Ministère de l’intérieur, 3 ventôse an IV; Chabert to Ministère de l’intérieur, 2 germinal an IV; Petiet to Ministère de l’intérieur, 27 germinal an IV; Petiet to Ministère de l’intérieur, 13 floréal an IV; Ministère de l’intérieur to Dubois, 15 floréal an IV; Ministère de l’intérieur to Ministère de la guerre, 19 floréal an IV; Ministère de l’intérieur to Chabert, 3 prairial an IV. From AN F\u002F10\u002F1203.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn85",displayNumber:"85",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E85\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Responding to Richard Burkhardt, Jessica Riskin has argued that this systematic approach was conflated with the charlatanism of empiricism in the \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAncien Régime\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. She argues that the ‘spirit of system’ was an epithet under the monarchial government. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref76\" id=\"ref76\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBurkhardt\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERichard W.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Spirit of the System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ECambridge, MA\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EHarvard University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1977\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The Spirit of the System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.4159\u002Fharvard.9780674731363\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Spirit of the System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Spirit+of+the+System%3A+Lamarck+and+Evolutionary+Biology&author=Burkhardt+Richard+W.&publication+year=1977\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref77\" id=\"ref77\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERiskin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJessica\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EScience in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EChicago\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EThe University of Chicago Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2002\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.7208\u002Fchicago\u002F9780226720852.001.0001\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Science+in+the+Age+of+Sensibility%3A+The+Sentimental+Empiricists+of+the+French+Enlightenment&author=Riskin+Jessica&publication+year=2002\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Spirit+of+the+System%3A+Lamarck+and+Evolutionary+Biology&author=Burkhardt+Richard+W.&publication+year=1977",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:aB,title:aB,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:af,date:"1977",tpages:e,doi:cU,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref76",title:aB,doi:cU,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.4159\u002Fharvard.9780674731363",pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Science+in+the+Age+of+Sensibility%3A+The+Sentimental+Empiricists+of+the+French+Enlightenment&author=Riskin+Jessica&publication+year=2002",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:aC,title:aC,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:n,date:p,tpages:e,doi:cV,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref77",title:aC,doi:cV,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.7208\u002Fchicago\u002F9780226720852.001.0001",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn86",displayNumber:"86",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E86\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Augustin Thouret to Pleichard, 10 prairial an III, AN F\u002F17\u002F2281; Extrait du Registre des délibérations de la Commission temporaire des arts, 25 Germinal an III, fol. 36, Carton 123, AN AF\u002FII\u002F17.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn87",displayNumber:cz,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E87\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E [Hilaire-François] Gilbert and [Jean-Baptiste] Huzard, ‘Rapport fait au Comité d’Agriculture et des Arts de la Convention Nationale, le 28 Nivose an III’, in \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref78\" id=\"ref78\"\u003E[Philibert] Chabert, [Pierre] Flandrin and [Jean-Baptiste] Huzard, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EInstructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ELibrairie vétérinaire de M.R. Huzard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1795\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E65\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 21\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Instructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=[Philibert]+Chabert,+[Pierre]+Flandrin+and+[Jean-Baptiste]+Huzard,+Instructions+et+observations+sur+les+maladies+des+animaux+domestiques,+Paris:+Librairie+vétérinaire+de+M.R.+Huzard,+1795,+pp.+7–65,+21\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Reprinted in full in \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref79\" id=\"ref79\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EInstructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"edition\"\u003E2nd edn.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1806\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Instructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Instructions+et+observations+sur+les+maladies+des+animaux+domestiques,+2nd+edn.,+vol.+6,+Paris,+1806,+pp.+21–22\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. The veracity of such a claim seems extremely unlikely. The school's competitive exams did come under attack during the French Revolution, but having read dozens of exam descriptions for both Lyon and Alfort, I have found no evidence to suggest that detailed anatomical descriptions of foreign species were a deciding factor in certification.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=[Philibert]+Chabert,+[Pierre]+Flandrin+and+[Jean-Baptiste]+Huzard,+Instructions+et+observations+sur+les+maladies+des+animaux+domestiques,+Paris:+Librairie+vétérinaire+de+M.R.+Huzard,+1795,+pp.+7–65,+21",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:j,title:j,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:bY,date:"1795",tpages:cM,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref78",title:j,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Instructions+et+observations+sur+les+maladies+des+animaux+domestiques,+2nd+edn.,+vol.+6,+Paris,+1806,+pp.+21–22",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:j,title:j,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1806",tpages:bX,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref79",title:j,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn88",displayNumber:"88",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E88\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Dufot, ‘Lettre’, in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EJournal de médecine, chirurgie, pharmacie, &c.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, November 1767, pp. 507–511, 509, reprinted in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EMercure de France\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, January 1769, p. 157. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref80\" id=\"ref80\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDiderot\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EDenis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003ESupplément du voyage de Bougainville, ou dialogue entre A et B\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EOeuvres complètes de Diderot\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EGarner frères\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1875\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E193\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E250\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 236–237\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Oeuvres complètes de Diderot' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Oeuvres+compl%C3%A8tes+de+Diderot&author=Diderot+Denis&publication+year=1875&pages=193-250\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Oeuvres+compl%C3%A8tes+de+Diderot&author=Diderot+Denis&publication+year=1875&pages=193-250",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:aD,title:aD,atitle:"Supplément du voyage de Bougainville, ou dialogue entre A et B",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Garner frères",date:"1875",spage:cn,epage:"250",doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref80",title:aD,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn89",displayNumber:"89",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E89\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Jean-Baptiste-Jacques Thillaye to Commissaires pour l'organisation de l'Ecole de santé, 26 ventôse an III, AN F\u002F17\u002F2811.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn90",displayNumber:"90",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E90\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Commission d'agriculture to Commission temporaire, 28 ventôse an III, AN F\u002F10\u002F238.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn91",displayNumber:G,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E91\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Philibert Chabert to Muséum nationale d'histoire naturelle, 26 messidor an II, transcribed in Lamarck and Jussieu, op. cit. (75).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn92",displayNumber:"92",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E92\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Commission d'agriculture to Muséum nationale d'histoire naturelle, 5 jour complémentaire an III, AN F\u002F10\u002F238.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn93",displayNumber:"93",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E93\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Jussieu and Geoffrey to Ministère de l’intérieur, 6 ventôse an IV, AN F\u002F10\u002F1203.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn94",displayNumber:"94",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E94\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref81\" id=\"ref81\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBorschberg\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EPeter\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EThe Euro-Asian trade in bezoar stones (approx. 1500 to 1700)\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENorth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMichael\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.), \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EArtistic and Cultural Exchanges between Europe and Asia, 1400–1900: Rethinking Markets, Workshops and Collections\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBurlington\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EAshgate\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–4\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Artistic and Cultural Exchanges between Europe and Asia, 1400–1900: Rethinking Markets, Workshops and Collections' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Artistic+and+Cultural+Exchanges+between+Europe+and+Asia%2C+1400%E2%80%931900%3A+Rethinking+Markets%2C+Workshops+and+Collections&author=Borschberg+Peter&author=North+Michael&publication+year=2010\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; Chabert, Flandrin and Huzard, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EInstructions et observations\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, op. cit. (87), pp. 79–98; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref82\" id=\"ref82\"\u003E‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EEgagropiles\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EEncyclopédie méthodique: Agriculture\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EH. Agasse\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1796\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E161\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E166\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Encyclopédie méthodique: Agriculture' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=‘Egagropiles’,+in+Encyclopédie+méthodique:+Agriculture,+vol.+4,+Paris:+H.+Agasse,+1796,+pp.+161–166\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref83\" id=\"ref83\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESigaut\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EFrançois\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ECombattre les préjugés sur l'empoisonnement du bétail à la fin du XVIIIe siècle\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EHistoire & sociétés rurales\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E241\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E251\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Combattre les préjugés sur l'empoisonnement du bétail à la fin du XVIIIe siècle' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.3917\u002Fhsr.019.0241\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Combattre les préjugés sur l'empoisonnement du bétail à la fin du XVIIIe siècle' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Combattre+les+pr%C3%A9jug%C3%A9s+sur+l'empoisonnement+du+b%C3%A9tail+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&author=Sigaut+Fran%C3%A7ois&publication+year=2003&journal=Histoire+%26+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+rurales&volume=19&doi=10.3917%2Fhsr.019.0241&pages=241-251\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Artistic+and+Cultural+Exchanges+between+Europe+and+Asia%2C+1400%E2%80%931900%3A+Rethinking+Markets%2C+Workshops+and+Collections&author=Borschberg+Peter&author=North+Michael&publication+year=2010",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:aE,title:aE,atitle:"The Euro-Asian trade in bezoar stones (approx. 1500 to 1700)",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Ashgate",date:bK,spage:ck,epage:e,doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref81",title:aE,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=‘Egagropiles’,+in+Encyclopédie+méthodique:+Agriculture,+vol.+4,+Paris:+H.+Agasse,+1796,+pp.+161–166",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:aF,title:aF,atitle:"Egagropiles",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"H. Agasse",date:cb,spage:"161",epage:"166",doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref82",title:aF,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Combattre+les+pr%C3%A9jug%C3%A9s+sur+l'empoisonnement+du+b%C3%A9tail+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&author=Sigaut+Fran%C3%A7ois&publication+year=2003&journal=Histoire+%26+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+rurales&volume=19&doi=10.3917%2Fhsr.019.0241&pages=241-251",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:cW,jtitle:cX,title:cX,volume:bV,artnum:"65be1b4a495e210001526de8",spage:"241",epage:"251",date:bf,sid:c,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:cY,au:a},innerRefId:"ref83",title:cW,doi:cY,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.3917\u002Fhsr.019.0241",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn95",displayNumber:"95",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E95\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Gilbert and Huzard, op. cit. (87), p. 32.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn96",displayNumber:bx,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E96\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Gilbert and Huzard, op. cit. (87), p. 33.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn97",displayNumber:"97",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E97\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref84\" id=\"ref84\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003Evan der Willigen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAdriaan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EParijs in den Aanvang van de Negentiende Eeuw\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E vols., \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EHaarlem\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EA. Loosjes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1814\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. 3, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E129\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E130\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Parijs in den Aanvang van de Negentiende Eeuw' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Parijs+in+den+Aanvang+van+de+Negentiende+Eeuw&author=van+der+Willigen+Adriaan&publication+year=1814&pages=129-130\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Parijs+in+den+Aanvang+van+de+Negentiende+Eeuw&author=van+der+Willigen+Adriaan&publication+year=1814&pages=129-130",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:aG,title:aG,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"A. Loosjes",date:"1814",tpages:"130",doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref84",title:aG,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn98",displayNumber:"98",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E98\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref85\" id=\"ref85\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003Ede Neufchâteau\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EFrançois\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EDiscours prononcé par le Ministre de l'Intérieur à l'Ecole vétérinaire d'Alfort, le 10 Germinal an 7\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ERecueil des lettres circulaires, instructions, programmes, discours, et autres actes publics\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E vols., \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EImprimerie de la république\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, an VII, vol. 2, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E312\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E317\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Recueil des lettres circulaires, instructions, programmes, discours, et autres actes publics' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=de+Neufchâteau,+François,+‘Discours+prononcé+par+le+Ministre+de+l'Intérieur+à+l'Ecole+vétérinaire+d'Alfort,+le+10+Germinal+an+7’,+in+Recueil+des+lettres+circulaires,+instructions,+programmes,+discours,+et+autres+actes+publics,+20+vols.,+Paris:+Imprimerie+de+la+république,+an+VII,+vol.+2,+pp.+312–317\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=de+Neufchâteau,+François,+‘Discours+prononcé+par+le+Ministre+de+l'Intérieur+à+l'Ecole+vétérinaire+d'Alfort,+le+10+Germinal+an+7’,+in+Recueil+des+lettres+circulaires,+instructions,+programmes,+discours,+et+autres+actes+publics,+20+vols.,+Paris:+Imprimerie+de+la+république,+an+VII,+vol.+2,+pp.+312–317",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:aH,title:aH,atitle:"Discours prononcé par le Ministre de l'Intérieur à l'Ecole vétérinaire d'Alfort, le 10 Germinal an 7",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Imprimerie de la république",date:e,spage:"312",epage:"317",doi:a,sid:c},innerRefId:"ref85",title:aH,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn99",displayNumber:"99",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E99\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E On animals and the monarchy see also \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref86\" id=\"ref86\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESahlins\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EPeter\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003E1668: The Year of the Animal in France\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EZone Books\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2017\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for 1668: The Year of the Animal in France' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.2307\u002Fj.ctv14gpj0k\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for 1668: The Year of the Animal in France' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=1668%3A+The+Year+of+the+Animal+in+France&author=Sahlins+Peter&publication+year=2017\u003EGoogle 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fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"/> </svg> </a> </span> <div id="comment-email-tip_--x--" data-dropdown-content role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Email information"> <div class="close-container"> <a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-email-tip_--x--"> <span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove"> <span class="sr-only">Close Email help</span> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <defs> <path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-email-tip_--x--"/> <mask 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