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Sostrato (linguistica) - Wikipedia
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fenomeno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinamica_e_caratteristiche_del_fenomeno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcuni_esempi:_il_gallico_e_le_lingue_germaniche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcuni_esempi:_il_gallico_e_le_lingue_germaniche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alcuni esempi: il gallico e le lingue germaniche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcuni_esempi:_il_gallico_e_le_lingue_germaniche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sostrato (linguistica)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 37 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_(taalkunde)" title="Stratum (taalkunde) - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stratum (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrato_ling%C3%BCistico" title="Substrato lingüistico - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Substrato lingüistico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustratu_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticu" title="Sustratu llingüísticu - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sustratu llingüísticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsdrat_-_Supasdrat_-_Adsdrat" title="Subsdrat - Supasdrat - Adsdrat - bavarese" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Subsdrat - Supasdrat - Adsdrat" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Субстрат (мовазнаўства) - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Субстрат (мовазнаўства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Субстрат (мовазнаўства) - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Субстрат (мовазнаўства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Субстрат (лингвистика) - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Субстрат (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat" title="Substrat - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Substrat" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Substrat (lingüística) - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Substrat (lingüística)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_(sprog)" title="Substrat (sprog) - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Substrat (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_(Linguistik)" title="Substrat (Linguistik) - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Substrat (Linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substratum_(linguistics)" title="Substratum (linguistics) - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Substratum (linguistics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtavolo_(lingvoscienco)" title="Subtavolo (lingvoscienco) - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Subtavolo (lingvoscienco)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustrato_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Sustrato lingüístico - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sustrato lingüístico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substraat_(lingvistika)" title="Substraat (lingvistika) - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Substraat (lingvistika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza-substratu" title="Hizkuntza-substratu - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza-substratu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substraatti_(kielitiede)" title="Substraatti (kielitiede) - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Substraatti (kielitiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_(linguistique)" title="Substrat (linguistique) - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Substrat (linguistique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrootspr%C3%A4ke" title="Substrootspräke - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Substrootspräke" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substraattaal" title="Substraattaal - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Substraattaal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="לשון תשתית - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לשון תשתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supstrat_(jezikoslovlje)" title="Supstrat (jezikoslovlje) - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Supstrat (jezikoslovlje)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szubsztr%C3%A1tum" title="Szubsztrátum - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szubsztrátum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Ենթաշերտ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ենթաշերտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B1%A4%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="基層言語 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="基層言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B8%B5_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="기층 언어 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기층 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Субстрат (лингвистика) - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Субстрат (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Супстрат - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Супстрат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substraatspraak" title="Substraatspraak - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Substraatspraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substraattaal" title="Substraattaal - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Substraattaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat" title="Substrat - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Substrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_(lingvistikk)" title="Substrat (lingvistikk) - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Substrat (lingvistikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_j%C4%99zykowy" title="Substrat językowy - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Substrat językowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Substrat (lingvistică) - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Substrat (lingvistică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Субстрат (лингвистика) - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Субстрат (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substroatsproake" title="Substroatsproake - saterfriesisch" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Substroatsproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfriesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Субстрат (мовознавство) - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Субстрат (мовознавство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27630#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style><div style="" class="ambox metadata plainlinks avviso avviso-contenuto"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Niente fonti!"><img alt="Niente fonti!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/45px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/68px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/90px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce o sezione  sull'argomento linguistica <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">non cita le fonti necessarie</a> o quelle presenti sono insufficienti</b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"> <div class="noprint"><hr />Puoi <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sostrato_(linguistica)&action=edit">migliorare questa voce</a> aggiungendo citazioni da <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fonti_attendibili" title="Wikipedia:Fonti attendibili">fonti attendibili</a> secondo le <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">linee guida sull'uso delle fonti</a>. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Linguistica" title="Progetto:Linguistica">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica">linguistica</a>, un <b>sostrato</b> (o <b>substrato</b>) è una <a href="/wiki/Lingua_(linguistica)" title="Lingua (linguistica)">lingua</a> non più parlata su un territorio che però prima di sparire ha influenzato quella (o quelle) da cui è stata soppiantata. È uno dei tre tipi possibili di <a href="/wiki/Interferenza_linguistica" title="Interferenza linguistica">interferenza linguistica</a>. </p><p>C'è un generale accordo tra gli studiosi nell'individuare nel linguista italiano <a href="/wiki/Graziadio_Isaia_Ascoli" title="Graziadio Isaia Ascoli">Graziadio Isaia Ascoli</a> il primo ad aver collegato il fenomeno alla diversificazione dei <a href="/wiki/Dialetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialetti">dialetti</a>. D'altra parte, un precursore nell'individuazione del concetto può essere stato lo storico italiano <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dinamica_e_caratteristiche_del_fenomeno">Dinamica e caratteristiche del fenomeno</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sostrato_(linguistica)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Dinamica e caratteristiche del fenomeno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sostrato_(linguistica)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Dinamica e caratteristiche del fenomeno"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meccanismo di sovrapposizione: </p> <ol><li>Una lingua A è parlata in un dato territorio X;</li> <li>Una lingua B arriva in X (condottavi, ad esempio, da <a href="/wiki/Migrazione_umana" title="Migrazione umana"> movimenti migratori</a>): entra in contatto e interferisce con la lingua A;</li> <li>La lingua B finisce per soppiantare la lingua A: i parlanti di A abbandonano gradualmente la propria lingua in favore di quella B, generalmente perché lo ritengono nel proprio interesse (economico, politico, culturale, sociale); nondimeno, la lingua A lascia, almeno sul posto, le sue tracce sulla lingua B, che mantiene così alcuni tratti linguistici originali del posto.</li></ol> <p>I sostrati linguistici sono spesso difficili da scoprire, specialmente quando la lingua di sostrato e le lingue ad essa imparentate sono completamente <a href="/wiki/Lingua_estinta" title="Lingua estinta"> estinte</a>. Molte teorie che ipotizzano sostrati linguistici sono controverse. Ad esempio, alcuni linguisti sostengono che il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_giapponese" title="Lingua giapponese"> giapponese</a> rappresenterebbe un <a href="/wiki/Superstrato" title="Superstrato">superstrato</a> <a href="/wiki/Altaico" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaico">altaico</a> sovrappostosi ad un sostrato <a href="/wiki/Austronesiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesiano">austronesiano</a>, o che le <a href="/wiki/Lingue_celtiche_insulari" title="Lingue celtiche insulari">lingue celtiche insulari</a> sarebbero derivate da un superstrato <a href="/wiki/Lingue_celtiche" title="Lingue celtiche"> celtico</a> sopra un sostrato <a href="/wiki/Lingue_afroasiatiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingue afroasiatiche"> afroasiatico</a>, come sostenuto nell'<b>ipotesi del substrato vasconico</b> proposta dal linguista <a href="/wiki/Tedeschi" title="Tedeschi"> tedesco</a> Theo Vennemann e generalmente rifiutata<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Perché si possa parlare di sostrato (e non di <a href="/wiki/Adstrato" title="Adstrato">adstrato</a> o <a href="/wiki/Superstrato" title="Superstrato">superstrato</a>), occorre che l'influenza sulla lingua ricevente sia stata sostanziale, qualcosa di molto più che qualche semplice prestito lessicale o il risultato di un'<a href="/wiki/Lega_linguistica" title="Lega linguistica"> area di convergenza</a> comune (un adstrato), e non sia il risultato della dominanza generata da un'altra lingua (un superstrato). </p><p>Quando l'influenza di un'altra lingua è troppo remota nel passato perché la sua influenza sulla lingua sopravvissuta possa essere indagata adeguatamente, si tende comunque a parlare di "sostrato", anche se nella realtà potrebbe esservi stata una situazione di adstrato o anche di superstrato (ad esempio, la <a href="/wiki/Gorgia_toscana" title="Gorgia toscana">gorgia toscana</a> non è spiegata dal sostrato <a href="/wiki/Lingua_etrusca" title="Lingua etrusca">etrusco</a> anche per ragioni cronologiche). Nel caso del giapponese, probabilmente anche "adstrato" è un termine troppo limitato per descrivere adeguatamente la situazione poiché sociolinguisticamente più complessa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alcuni_esempi:_il_gallico_e_le_lingue_germaniche">Alcuni esempi: il gallico e le lingue germaniche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sostrato_(linguistica)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Alcuni esempi: il gallico e le lingue germaniche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sostrato_(linguistica)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Alcuni esempi: il gallico e le lingue germaniche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_gallica" title="Lingua gallica">gallico</a> è un sostrato del <a href="/wiki/Lingua_francese" title="Lingua francese">francese</a> e delle altre <a href="/wiki/Lingue_galloromanze" title="Lingue galloromanze">lingue galloromanze</a>, parlato prima dell’arrivo dei <a href="/wiki/Impero_romano" title="Impero romano">Romani</a> da una popolazione <a href="/wiki/Celti" title="Celti">celtica</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Galli" title="Galli">Galli</a>, che abitava nel territorio che, in epoca moderna e contemporanea, parla queste lingue. Dato il prestigio culturale, economico e politico di cui godeva il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina">latino</a>, i Galli finirono per abbandonare la loro lingua in favore del latino, che in questa regione si sviluppò fino ad assumere la forma delle lingue galloromanze. Il gallico scomparve, ma se ne può ancora trovare traccia ad esempio in quasi duecento parole francesi, e varie non sopravvissute in francese ma solo in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_francese_antica" title="Lingua francese antica">francese antico</a> e nei <i>patois</i> (notevole ad esempio l'influsso sulla forma di alcuni numerali, calcolati, come in celtico, per multipli di 20: <i>quatre-vingt</i>, "80", letteralmente "quattro-venti", cioè "quattro volte venti"). </p><p>Vi è chi ha sostenuto che anche le fasi più antiche delle <a href="/wiki/Lingue_germaniche" title="Lingue germaniche">lingue germaniche</a> sarebbero state influenzate da una lingua non indoeuropea, che avrebbe fornito circa un quarto del lessico germanico più antico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sostrato_(linguistica)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sostrato_(linguistica)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Gian_Luigi_Beccaria" title="Gian Luigi Beccaria">Gian Luigi Beccaria</a> (a cura di), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dizionariodiling0000unse"><span style="font-style:italic;">Dizionario di linguistica</span></a>, Torino, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Einaudi_Editore" title="Giulio Einaudi Editore">Einaudi</a>, 2004, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dizionariodiling0000unse/page/722">722</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-8-80-616942-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-8-80-616942-8">978-8-80-616942-8</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-cattaneo/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Cattàneo, Carlo nell'Enciclopedia Treccani</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2018</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">The LINGUIST List</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistlist.org/issues/15/15-1878.html">https://linguistlist.org/issues/15/15-1878.html</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>. <small>URL consultato il 12 ottobre 2021</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sostrato_(linguistica)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sostrato_(linguistica)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferenza_linguistica" title="Interferenza linguistica">Interferenza linguistica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstrato" title="Superstrato">Superstrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adstrato" title="Adstrato">Adstrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_creola" title="Lingua creola">Lingua creola</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85129554">sh85129554</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4183930-4">4183930-4</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543734705171">987007543734705171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-grow: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Linguistica" title="Portale:Linguistica">Portale Linguistica</a></b>: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di linguistica</div></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐559c9fd9f4‐7268s Cached time: 20241126140716 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.170 seconds Real time usage: 0.238 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3820/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9356/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1570/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4084/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.075/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1809168/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 211.706 1 -total 33.88% 71.724 1 Template:Controllo_di_autorità 26.37% 55.824 1 Template:F 25.07% 53.068 1 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