[2010.08381] The network structure of scientific revolutions

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Empirical validation has been challenging due to limitations in collecting and systematizing large historical records. Here, we capitalize on the largest online encyclopedia to formulate knowledge as growing networks of articles and their hyperlinked inter-relations. We demonstrate that concept networks grow not by expanding from their core but rather by creating and filling knowledge gaps, a process which produces discoveries that are more frequently awarded Nobel prizes than others. Moreover, we operationalize paradigms as network modules to reveal a temporal signature in structural stability across scientific subjects. In a network formulation of scientific discovery, data-driven conditions underlying breakthroughs depend just as much on identifying uncharted gaps as on advancing solutions within scientific communities." /> </head> <body class="with-cu-identity"> <div class="flex-wrap-footer"> <header> <a href="#content" class="is-sr-only">Skip to main content</a>  <div class="columns is-vcentered is-hidden-mobile" id="cu-identity"> <div class="column" id="cu-logo"> <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/"><img src="/static/browse/0.3.4/images/icons/cu/cornell-reduced-white-SMALL.svg" alt="Cornell University" /></a> </div><div class="column" id="support-ack"> <span id="support-ack-url">We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about/ourmembers.html">member institutions</a>, and all contributors.</span> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about/donate.html" class="btn-header-donate">Donate</a> </div> </div> <div id="header" class="is-hidden-mobile"> <a 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class="descriptor">Authors:</span><a href="https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Ju,+H" rel="nofollow">Harang Ju</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Zhou,+D" rel="nofollow">Dale Zhou</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Blevins,+A+S" rel="nofollow">Ann S. Blevins</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Lydon-Staley,+D+M" rel="nofollow">David M. Lydon-Staley</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Kaplan,+J" rel="nofollow">Judith Kaplan</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Tuma,+J+R" rel="nofollow">Julio R. Tuma</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Bassett,+D+S" rel="nofollow">Danielle S. Bassett</a></div> <div id="download-button-info" hidden>View a PDF of the paper titled The network structure of scientific revolutions, by Harang Ju and 6 other authors</div> <a class="mobile-submission-download" href="/pdf/2010.08381">View PDF</a> <blockquote class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="descriptor">Abstract:</span>Philosophers of science have long postulated how collective scientific knowledge grows. Empirical validation has been challenging due to limitations in collecting and systematizing large historical records. Here, we capitalize on the largest online encyclopedia to formulate knowledge as growing networks of articles and their hyperlinked inter-relations. We demonstrate that concept networks grow not by expanding from their core but rather by creating and filling knowledge gaps, a process which produces discoveries that are more frequently awarded Nobel prizes than others. Moreover, we operationalize paradigms as network modules to reveal a temporal signature in structural stability across scientific subjects. In a network formulation of scientific discovery, data-driven conditions underlying breakthroughs depend just as much on identifying uncharted gaps as on advancing solutions within scientific communities. </blockquote>  <div class="metatable"> <table summary="Additional metadata"><tr> <td class="tablecell label">Subjects:</td> <td class="tablecell subjects"> <span class="primary-subject">Digital Libraries (cs.DL)</span>; History and Philosophy of Physics (physics.hist-ph)</td> </tr><tr> <td class="tablecell label">Cite as:</td> <td class="tablecell arxivid"><span class="arxivid"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.08381">arXiv:2010.08381</a> [cs.DL]</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tablecell label"> </td> <td class="tablecell arxividv">(or <span class="arxivid"> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.08381v2">arXiv:2010.08381v2</a> [cs.DL]</span> for this version) </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tablecell label"> </td> <td class="tablecell arxivdoi"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2010.08381" id="arxiv-doi-link">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2010.08381</a><div class="button-and-tooltip"> <button class="more-info" aria-describedby="more-info-desc-1"> <svg height="15" role="presentation" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 8C119.043 8 8 119.083 8 256c0 136.997 111.043 248 248 248s248-111.003 248-248C504 119.083 392.957 8 256 8zm0 110c23.196 0 42 18.804 42 42s-18.804 42-42 42-42-18.804-42-42 18.804-42 42-42zm56 254c0 6.627-5.373 12-12 12h-88c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h12v-64h-12c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h64c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12v100h12c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12v24z" class=""></path></svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Focus to learn more</span> </button>  <div role="tooltip" id="more-info-desc-1"> <span class="left-corner"></span> arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite</div> </div> </td> </tr></table> </div> </div> </div> <div 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[2010.08381] The network structure of scientific revolutions