CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>The Canadian Encyclopedia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"35096c7b-d5aa-4b98-93ce-1a07a7b89eec","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","wgTitle":"The Canadian Encyclopedia","wgCurRevisionId":1276844683,"wgRevisionId":1276844683, "wgArticleId":350558,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","wgRelevantArticleId":350558,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true, "wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym" :"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ca","autonym":"català","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cs","autonym":"čeština","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym": "Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym": "fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym": "ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ja","autonym":"日本語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ko","autonym":"한국어","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym": "перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad", "autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"}, {"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nl","autonym":"Nederlands","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym": "Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pt","autonym":"português","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym": "русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"တႆး","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl" },{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sr","autonym":"српски / srpski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym": "tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tr","autonym":"Türkçe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو", "dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym": "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln", "lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q130334","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready", "skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f7/Canadiaencycl.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1448"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f7/Canadiaencycl.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="966"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="772"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="The Canadian Encyclopedia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia rootpage-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">The Canadian Encyclopedia</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Canadian Encyclopedia (TCE; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: L'Encyclopédie canadienne) is the national <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, published online by the Toronto-based historical organization <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a>, with financial support by the federal <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Music_Publishers_of_Canada" title="Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada">Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada</a>. Compiled by more than 5,000 scholars and specialists, the publication is a non-partisan, non-political initiative by a not-for-profit organization without political or governmental ties.<a href="#cite_note-c368-1">[1]</a> <table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">The Canadian Encyclopedia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_logo.svg/180px-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_logo.svg/270px-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_logo.svg/360px-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="151"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadiaencycl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Canadiaencycl.jpg/220px-Canadiaencycl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f7/Canadiaencycl.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="350"></a><div class="infobox-caption">First edition, print (1985)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editor in chief</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Harley_Marsh" title="James Harley Marsh">James Harley Marsh</a> (1985–2013)</li> <li>Bronwyn Graves (2013–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Managing editor</th><td class="infobox-data">Eli Yarhi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Categories</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian history">Canadian history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadiana" title="Canadiana">Canadiana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Format</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Print (1985–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> (1995–2001)</li> <li>Online (1999–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Hurtig" title="Mel Hurtig">Hurtig Publishing</a> (1985–1991)</li> <li>Anthony Wilson-Smith (2012–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English and French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en">English</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr">Français</a></td></tr></tbody></table> First published in 1985, the consistently updated version has been available for free online in both <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a> since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> The physical copy and website includes "articles on Canadian biographies and places, history, the Arts, as well as First Nations, science and Canadian innovation."<a href="#cite_note-c029-4">[4]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit">[update]</a>, over 700,000 volumes of the print version of TCE have been sold and over 6 million people visit TCE's website yearly.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> The encyclopedia website consists of more than 25,000 entries and over 60,000 multimedia items including images, maps, charts, games, assessments, and videos.<a href="#cite_note-l369-7">[7]</a> The website incorporates, The Youth Encyclopedia of Canada, The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada, specialized articles on diverse subjects, articles from <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">MacLean's Magazine</a>, and The Timeline of Canadian History. The website likewise provides an educational hub for educators and guardians, which includes instructional materials, assessments, and specialized study aids.<a href="#cite_note-l369-7">[7]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background">1.1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Creating_The_Canadian_Encyclopedia">1.2 Creating The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#First_editions">1.3 First editions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1990s">1.4 1990s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Online">1.5 Online</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Organization">2 Organization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">3 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">4 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links">5 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While attempts had been made to compile encyclopedic material on aspects of Canada, Canada: An Encyclopaedia of the Country (1898–1900), edited by J. Castell Hopkins, was the first attempt to produce an encyclopedic work entirely on the subject of Canada. This was followed by <a href="/wiki/W._Stewart_Wallace" title="W. Stewart Wallace">W. Stewart Wallace</a>'s The Encyclopedia of Canada (Macmillan, 1935–37), which was then sold to an American publisher, the <a href="/wiki/Grolier_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Grolier Society">Grolier Society</a>, providing the core of <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Robbins" title="John Everett Robbins">John Everett Robbins</a>' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Canadiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia Canadiana (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia Canadiana</a> (1957).<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a> More common, however, were encyclopedic works focused on particular qualities of Canada. For instance, in 1911, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Doughty" title="Arthur Doughty">Arthur Doughty</a> and L.J. Burpee compiled the Index and Dictionary of Canadian History as a companion to the Makers of Canada series; Doughty and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Shortt" title="Adam Shortt">Adam Shortt</a> edited the 23-volume Canada and Its Provinces (1913–17); <a href="/wiki/Norah_Story" title="Norah Story">Norah Story</a>'s The Oxford Companion to Canadian History and Literature was published in 1967; the comprehensive Encyclopedia of Music in Canada was published in 1981 and revised in 1992; and a new Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature, edited by <a href="/wiki/William_Toye_(author)" title="William Toye (author)">William Toye</a>, was published in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creating_The_Canadian_Encyclopedia">Creating The Canadian Encyclopedia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creating The Canadian Encyclopedia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 180px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" data-alt="video icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7c7obfPjfOY">" The origins of The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a> – The Canadian Encyclopedia- YouTube (8:56min)</td></tr></tbody></table> By the 1970s, Canada had been without a national <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> since Robbins' 1957 work, which by that time was terribly outdated. With this in mind, Edmonton-based <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Canadian nationalist</a> and publisher <a href="/wiki/Mel_Hurtig" title="Mel Hurtig">Mel Hurtig</a> was left unimpressed with the lack of Canadian reference works as well as with the various omissions and blatant errors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> was described as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a>) found in existing encyclopedias with Canadian entries. In response, Hurtig launched a project in the 1970s to create a wholly new Canadian encyclopedia.<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a> In 1978, around the province of Alberta's 75th anniversary, Hurtig approached the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta government">Alberta government</a> with the idea of supporting Hurtig's idea of an encyclopedia as Alberta's "gift to Canada", which gained the support of <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Premier" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Premier">Alberta Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Peter Lougheed</a>. On 15 November 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislature" title="Alberta Legislature">Alberta Legislature</a> announced that the provincial government would <a href="/wiki/Underwriting" title="Underwriting">underwrite</a> the development costs of the encyclopedia with CA$3.4 million and would donate a further $600,000 towards the delivery of a free copy to every school and library in Canada. (This was done on the condition that no other funding would be able to obscure the gesture of the Alberta Government.)<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a> Taking on this publishing '<a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">megaproject</a>', Hurtig would spend the next few years raising funds from banks for printing and marketing. The concern of a French-language edition was put aside with a guarantee by Hurtig that the rights would be donated free to a publisher in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a> Hurtig held a nationwide search for an editor-in-chief, including with an advertisement in the <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">Globe and Mail</a>. Soon after, <a href="/wiki/James_Harley_Marsh" title="James Harley Marsh">James Harley Marsh</a> was hired as editor-in-chief in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a> Marsh recruited more than 3,000 authors to write for the encyclopedia. They made index cards for every fact in the encyclopedia, signed off by the researcher, utilized three sources, and had every article read by three outside readers. Then, the entire encyclopedia was proofread by an independent source.<a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-9">[9]</a> Over 3,000 people contributed to the content and accuracy of the encyclopedia's entries.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_editions">First editions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First editions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_1985_Title.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_1985_Title.jpg/150px-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_1985_Title.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2603" data-file-height="3437"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 198px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_1985_Title.jpg/150px-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_1985_Title.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_1985_Title.jpg/225px-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_1985_Title.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_1985_Title.jpg/300px-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_1985_Title.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Printed edition 1985, cover</figcaption></figure>By May 1984, Hurtig Publishers had received over 105,000 in pre-sale orders for the first edition of The Canadian Encyclopedia,<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a> which was finally published in 1985 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88830-269-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88830-269-X">0-88830-269-X</a>). Carrying nearly 3 million words within three separate volumes, it featured over 2,500 contributors and included more than 9,000 articles.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> Costing $125 per set, this first edition sold out within days of publication and became a Canadian bestseller; nearly 150,000 sets sold in six months.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> Two years later, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Stank%C3%A9" title="Alain Stanké">Alain Stanké</a> of Montreal published the first French edition of the encyclopedia, Encyclopédie canadienne, in three volumes.<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> A revised and expanded edition of TCE was released in 1988 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88830-326-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88830-326-2">0-88830-326-2</a>), selling out just as the first. This edition would add a fourth volume and around 500,000 new words.<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a> Encoded in a <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> precursor of <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, this edition would be the first encyclopedia in the world to use a computer to help compile, typeset, design, and print it.<a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-9">[9]</a> These additions received positive reviews and praise for their creation.<a href="#cite_note-q793-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-f607-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-x792-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1990s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In September 1990, Hurtig published The Junior Encyclopedia of Canada (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88830-334-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88830-334-3">0-88830-334-3</a>), illustrated with over 3000 photos, drawings, and maps.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> This five-volume encyclopedia was funded by the federal <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Communications_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Communications (Canada)">Department of Communications</a> and a grant from the CRB Foundation of Montreal.<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a> It would be the first encyclopedia for young Canadians.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> In May 1991, Hurtig sold his publishing company to <a href="/wiki/McClelland_%26_Stewart" title="McClelland & Stewart">McClelland & Stewart</a> (M&S), and the encyclopedia along with it.<a href="#cite_note-ce-15">[15]</a> Soon, a vice president at M&S would be the first to usher in the first real electronic version of the encyclopedia in 1995: The Canadian Encyclopedia Plus, published as a digital <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-2041-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-2041-4">0-7710-2041-4</a>), with searching capability, <a href="/wiki/Hot-link" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-link">hot links</a> to related articles, and multimedia.<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> This digital format would also eventually incorporate the <a href="/wiki/Gage_Canadian_Dictionary" title="Gage Canadian Dictionary">Gage Canadian Dictionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roget%27s_Thesaurus" title="Roget's Thesaurus">Roget's Thesaurus</a> with the text of TCE, as well as incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a> The first edition of the encyclopedia on CD-ROM was released in 1993; the second, in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The 1998–99 Canadian Encyclopedia on CD-ROM came in three separate versions: <ol><li>an updated World Edition with a new interactive quiz called Canucklehead</li> <li>a new Student Edition with the updated and revised text of the Junior Encyclopedia of Canada</li> <li>a Deluxe version, which included all the material on “World” and 5 additional disks</li></ol> The Canadian Encyclopedia was able to become fully bilingual through a grant from <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage Canada">Heritage Canada</a>, which helped to complete the project of translating the over-4-million pieces of text into French. By 2000, the electronic encyclopedia included a fourth version: "National".<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a> In 1999, McClelland & Stewart published the year-2000 edition, incorporating all four previous volumes in a single book (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-77102-099-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-77102-099-6">0-77102-099-6</a>), followed by Stanké's French edition the next year. Also in 1999, <a href="/wiki/Avie_Bennett" title="Avie Bennett">Avie Bennett</a>, the Chair of McClelland & Stewart, transferred the ownership of the encyclopedia to the <a href="/wiki/Historica_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Historica Foundation">Historica Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> Later that year, the Historica Foundation made a full version of The Canadian Encyclopedia available online.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Online" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Launching in Edmonton in October 2001, the real online version of TCE was programmed by <a href="/wiki/NetCentrics" title="NetCentrics">NetCentrics</a> in Edmonton and its interface designed by 7th Floor Media in Vancouver.<a href="#cite_note-:03-8">[8]</a> In 2002/2003, an online version of the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada, including around 3,000 articles and 500 illustrations, was incorporated into TCE.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> On March 31, 2013, Marsh stepped down as editor-in-chief of TCE in retirement.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> The enhanced interactive format that TCE currently uses online was first released in October 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> Today, The Canadian Encyclopedia is available entirely online.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The TCE's current editor-in-chief is Bronwyn Graves.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> As the President and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a> since 2012, Anthony Wilson-Smith is also the publisher of the encyclopedia. As of 2021, the encyclopedia has over 5,000 scholars and specialists that contribute.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-s655-19">[19]</a> TCE is funded by <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Music_Publishers_of_Canada" title="Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada">SOCAN</a> as well as the federal <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a>. Its partners include the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Children%27s_Book_Centre" title="Canadian Children's Book Centre">Canadian Children's Book Centre</a>, Musée des grands Québécois, the <a href="/wiki/Robert_McLaughlin_Gallery" title="Robert McLaughlin Gallery">Robert McLaughlin Gallery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> TCE claims to be "non-partisan and apolitical" and that they are "not affiliated with any government or political party".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="25" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias" title="List of online encyclopedias">List of online encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Canadian_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Canadian Biography">Encyclopedia of Canadian Biography</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-c368-1"><a href="#cite_ref-c368_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/about/faq">"Help"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 30, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Help&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Fabout%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419085911/https://corporate.britannica.com/knowledge-experts/the-canadian-encyclopedia/">"The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Corporate Site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate.britannica.com/knowledge-experts/the-canadian-encyclopedia/">the original</a> on 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2021-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.+Corporate+Site&rft.atitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.britannica.com%2Fknowledge-experts%2Fthe-canadian-encyclopedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/about">"About"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-01-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c029-4"><a href="#cite_ref-c029_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webapp.library.uvic.ca/databases/details.php?id=269">"UVic Libraries Research Databases"</a>. webapp.library.uvic.ca. 2001-10-10. Retrieved 2025-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webapp.library.uvic.ca&rft.atitle=UVic+Libraries+Research+Databases&rft.date=2001-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebapp.library.uvic.ca%2Fdatabases%2Fdetails.php%3Fid%3D269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211160455/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/two-canadians-who-changed-the-world/article10517362/">"Two Canadians who changed the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. 2013-03-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/two-canadians-who-changed-the-world/article10517362/">the original</a> on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2021-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Two+Canadians+who+changed+the+world&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Ftwo-canadians-who-changed-the-world%2Farticle10517362%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182209/https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/james-marsh-editor-chief-canadian-encyclopedia-retires">"James Marsh, Editor-in-Chief of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Retires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a>. 2013-03-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/james-marsh-editor-chief-canadian-encyclopedia-retires">the original</a> on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historica+Canada&rft.atitle=James+Marsh%2C+Editor-in-Chief+of+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia%2C+Retires&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicacanada.ca%2Fcontent%2Fjames-marsh-editor-chief-canadian-encyclopedia-retires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-l369-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l369_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-l369_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/about">"About"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2025-01-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529165703/http://www.jameshmarsh.com/2011/11/brief-history-of-the-canadian-encyclopedia/">"Brief History of The Canadian Encyclopedia « James H Marsh"</a>. 2020-05-29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jameshmarsh.com/2011/11/brief-history-of-the-canadian-encyclopedia/">the original</a> on 2020-05-29. Retrieved 2021-01-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+History+of+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia+%C2%AB+James+H+Marsh&rft.date=2020-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jameshmarsh.com%2F2011%2F11%2Fbrief-history-of-the-canadian-encyclopedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc.ca-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbc.ca_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbc.ca_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_Paul2012" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Paul (June 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/citizen-mel-part-1-2-1.2920524">"Citizen Mel, Parts 1 & 2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ideas_(radio_show)" title="Ideas (radio show)">Ideas</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ideas&rft.atitle=Citizen+Mel%2C+Parts+1+%26+2&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fradio%2Fideas%2Fcitizen-mel-part-1-2-1.2920524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2009" class="citation news cs1">James, H. Marsh (2009-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/encyclopedia">"Encyclopedia"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2018-12-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia&rft.date=2009-03-30&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=H.+Marsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fencyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Sabourin, Diane. March 20, 2012. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alain-stanke">Alain Stanké</a>". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada (last updated December 14, 2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-q793-12"><a href="#cite_ref-q793_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad1989" class="citation journal cs1">Conrad, Margaret (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/30303104">"The Canadian Encyclopedia of Limitless Identities"</a>. Acadiensis. 19 (1). Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region: 204–208. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-5851">0044-5851</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30303104">30303104</a>. Retrieved 2025-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acadiensis&rft.atitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia+of+Limitless+Identities&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30303104%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0044-5851&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30303104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-f607-13"><a href="#cite_ref-f607_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHlynka2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hlynka, Denis (2009-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21432%2Ft2g324">"A review of The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology / La revue canadienne de l'apprentissage et de la technologie. 15 (2). University of Alberta Libraries. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21432%2Ft2g324">10.21432/t2g324</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1499-6685">1499-6685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Learning+and+Technology+%2F+La+revue+canadienne+de+l%27apprentissage+et+de+la+technologie&rft.atitle=A+review+of+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21432%2Ft2g324&rft.issn=1499-6685&rft.aulast=Hlynka&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21432%252Ft2g324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-x792-14"><a href="#cite_ref-x792_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelles2016" class="citation journal cs1">Nelles, H.V. (2016-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/572350">"The Canadian Encyclopedia ed. by James H. Marsh (review)"</a>. The Canadian Historical Review. 68 (1). University of Toronto Press: 108–113. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1710-1093">1710-1093</a>. Retrieved 2025-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia+ed.+by+James+H.+Marsh+%28review%29&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft.issn=1710-1093&rft.aulast=Nelles&rft.aufirst=H.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F572350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ce-15"><a href="#cite_ref-ce_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mel-hurtig/">"Mel Hurtig"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Mel+Hurtig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmel-hurtig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuominen1995" class="citation news cs1">Tuominen, Liisa (December 17, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88396271/canadian-encyclopedia-gets-it-right-the/">"Canadian Encyclopedia gets it right the second time around on CD-ROM"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Ottawa_Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ottawa Citizen">The Ottawa Citizen</a>. p. 29 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Canadian+Encyclopedia+gets+it+right+the+second+time+around+on+CD-ROM&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1995-12-17&rft.aulast=Tuominen&rft.aufirst=Liisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F88396271%2Fcanadian-encyclopedia-gets-it-right-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.wlu.ca/research/resources/canadian-encyclopedia-online">"Canadian Encyclopedia Online"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Wilfrid Laurier University</a>. Kitchener–Waterloo, Ontario. Retrieved 27 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wilfrid+Laurier+University&rft.atitle=Canadian+Encyclopedia+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.wlu.ca%2Fresearch%2Fresources%2Fcanadian-encyclopedia-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/author/Bronwyn-Graves">"Bronwyn Graves"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Bronwyn+Graves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Fauthor%2FBronwyn-Graves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s655-19"><a href="#cite_ref-s655_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocul-uo.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=L&vid=01OCUL_UO:UO_DEFAULT&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&tab=Everything&docid=alma991016521099705161">"The Canadian encyclopedia Canadian encyclopedia (Online)"</a>. uOttawa. Retrieved 2025-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+encyclopedia+Canadian+encyclopedia+%28Online%29&rft.pub=uOttawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Focul-uo.primo.exlibrisgroup.com%2Fdiscovery%2Ffulldisplay%3F%26context%3DL%26vid%3D01OCUL_UO%3AUO_DEFAULT%26search_scope%3DMyInst_and_CI%26tab%3DEverything%26docid%3Dalma991016521099705161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/about/faq">"Help"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Help&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Fabout%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en">Official website</a> (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr">Site officiel</a> (in French)</li> <li>1st edition on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclop01mars">vol. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclop02mars">vol. 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclop03mars">vol. 3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2000" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, James Harley, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wR_-aSFyvuYC&pg=PP1">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a> (2nd ed.). Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2099-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2099-5"><bdi>978-0-7710-2099-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-2099-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwR_-aSFyvuYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Canadian+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&oldid=1276844683">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&oldid=1276844683</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 February 2025, at 02:40 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="The Canadian Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الموسوعة الكندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموسوعة الكندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="The Canadian Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="The Canadian Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دانشنامه کندین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشنامه کندین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Encyclop%C3%A9die_canadienne" title="L'Encyclopédie canadienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="L'Encyclopédie canadienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="The Canadian Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia_canadese" title="Enciclopedia canadese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enciclopedia canadese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanados_enciklopedija" title="Kanados enciklopedija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanados enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="The Canadian Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="The Canadian Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Канадская энциклопедия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канадская энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Canadian Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="The Canadian Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="The Canadian Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="The Canadian Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="加拿大百科全书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大百科全书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 February 2025, at 02:40 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Canadian_Encyclopedia&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-xlnf8","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.601","walltime":"0.743","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3830,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":100973,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3895,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":98325,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 658.326 1 -total"," 21.91% 144.241 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.66% 129.398 7 Template:Navbox"," 17.17% 113.048 1 Template:Canada_topics"," 16.47% 108.414 1 Template:Langx"," 13.94% 91.780 12 Template:Cite_web"," 12.29% 80.899 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.72% 64.022 2 Template:Infobox"," 8.08% 53.219 5 Template:ISBN"," 7.88% 51.902 1 Template:Infobox_magazine"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.383","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15030002,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-57bccb6b4d-bftbc","timestamp":"20250221024056","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"The Canadian Encyclopedia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q130334","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q130334","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-26T23:35:42Z","dateModified":"2025-02-21T02:40:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/f\/f7\/Canadiaencycl.jpg","headline":"encyclopedia on Canada"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-mw-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>