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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health and safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurotoxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurotoxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Neurotoxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurotoxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carcinogenicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carcinogenicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Carcinogenicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carcinogenicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing_for_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing_for_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Testing for exposure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing_for_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remediation_and_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remediation_and_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Remediation and degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remediation_and_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="رباعي كلورو الإيثيلين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رباعي كلورو الإيثيلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraxloretilen" title="Tetraxloretilen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tetraxloretilen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86" title="تتراکولورواتیلن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تتراکولورواتیلن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тетрахлороетен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тетрахлороетен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracloroetil%C3%A8" title="Tetracloroetilè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tetracloroetilè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachlorethylen" title="Tetrachlorethylen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tetrachlorethylen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perklorethylen" title="Perklorethylen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Perklorethylen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachlorethen" title="Tetrachlorethen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tetrachlorethen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracloroetileno" title="Tetracloroetileno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tetracloroetileno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrakloroetileno" title="Tetrakloroetileno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tetrakloroetileno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrakloroetileno" title="Tetrakloroetileno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tetrakloroetileno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86" title="تتراکلرواتیلن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تتراکلرواتیلن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perchloro%C3%A9thyl%C3%A8ne" title="Perchloroéthylène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perchloroéthylène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="टेट्राक्लोरोइथाइलिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टेट्राक्लोरोइथाइलिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkloretilen" title="Perkloretilen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perkloretilen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrakloroetilena" title="Tetrakloroetilena – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tetrakloroetilena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracloroetene" title="Tetracloroetene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tetracloroetene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracloroetene" title="Tetracloroetene – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tetracloroetene" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachlooretheen" title="Tetrachlooretheen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tetrachlooretheen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3" title="テトラクロロエチレン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テトラクロロエチレン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloroeten" title="Tetrachloroeten – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tetrachloroeten" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percloroetileno" title="Percloroetileno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Percloroetileno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracloroetilen%C4%83" title="Tetracloroetilenă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tetracloroetilenă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тетрахлорэтилен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тетрахлорэтилен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene" title="Tetrachloroethylene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tetrachloroethylene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahloroetilen" title="Tetrahloroetilen – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tetrahloroetilen" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahloroetilen" title="Tetrahloroetilen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tetrahloroetilen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrakloorieteeni" title="Tetrakloorieteeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tetrakloorieteeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkloretylen" title="Perkloretylen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perkloretylen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrakloroetilen" title="Tetrakloroetilen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tetrakloroetilen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="四氯乙烯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="四氯乙烯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q410772#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tetrachloroethylene" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethene&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrachloroethene">Tetrachloroethene</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound in very wide use</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Tetrachloroethylene </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrachloroethylene.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tetrachloroethylene"><img alt="Tetrachloroethylene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tetrachloroethylene.svg/110px-Tetrachloroethylene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tetrachloroethylene.svg/165px-Tetrachloroethylene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tetrachloroethylene.svg/220px-Tetrachloroethylene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Tetrachloroethylene</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrachloroethylene-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tetrachloroethylene"><img alt="Tetrachloroethylene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tetrachloroethylene-3D-vdW.png/110px-Tetrachloroethylene-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tetrachloroethylene-3D-vdW.png/165px-Tetrachloroethylene-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tetrachloroethylene-3D-vdW.png/220px-Tetrachloroethylene-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Tetrachloroethylene</figcaption></figure><div style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a>, C</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lime; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a>, Cl</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrakloroetilen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tetrakloroetilen2.jpg/150px-Tetrakloroetilen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tetrakloroetilen2.jpg/225px-Tetrakloroetilen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tetrakloroetilen2.jpg/300px-Tetrakloroetilen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="522" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Tetrachloroethene</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Carbon bichloride; Carbon dichloride (<i>Carboneum Dichloratum</i>); Ethylene tetrachloride; Perchlor; Perchloroethene; Perchloroethylene;</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=127-18-4">127-18-4</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=ClC%28Cl%29%3DC%28Cl%29Cl">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abbreviations </td> <td>PCE; Perc; Per </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Beilstein_database" title="Beilstein database">Beilstein Reference</a></div> </td> <td>1304635 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=17300">CHEBI:17300</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL114062">ChEMBL114062</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.13837281.html">13837281</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.004.388">100.004.388</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410772#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>204-825-9</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>101142 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C06789">C06789</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/31373">31373</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>KX3850000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/TJ904HH8SN">TJ904HH8SN</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>1897 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2021319">DTXSID2021319</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410772#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYAO</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Chlorine">Cl</span><sub>4</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002165820000000000♠"></span>165.82</span> g/mol   </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Clear, very refractive, colorless liquid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>Mild, sharp and sweetish<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.622<span class="nowrap"> </span>g/cm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>−22.0 to −22.7 °C (−7.6 to −8.9 °F; 251.2 to 250.5 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>121.1 °C (250.0 °F; 394.2 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>0.15<span class="nowrap"> </span>g/L (25<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a> </td> <td>14<span class="nowrap"> </span>mmHg (20<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td>−81.6·10<sup>−6</sup><span class="nowrap"> </span>cm<sup>3</sup>/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (<i>n</i><sub>D</sub>)</div> </td> <td>1.505 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a> </td> <td>0.89<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">cP</a> at 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><b><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></b> (OHS/OSH): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main hazards</div> </td> <td>Inhalation of vapours can cause anaesthesia and respiratory irritation. Causes irritation in contact with skin and eyes with no residual injury. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Warning</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H351: Suspected of causing cancer">H351</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H411</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P201: Obtain special instructions before use.">P201</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P202: Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.">P202</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P281: Use personal protective equipment as required.">P281</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P308+P313: IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.">P308+P313</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P391: Collect spillage.">P391</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P405: Store locked up.">P405</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs"><sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_b27845110d7e52b0" /></span><map name="ImageMap_b27845110d7e52b0"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a> </td> <td>Not flammable </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><b>Lethal dose</b> or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LD50" title="Lethal dose">median dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>3420 mg/kg (oral, rat)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2629 mg/kg (oral, rat), >10000 mg/kg (dermal, rat)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LC<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LC50" title="Lethal dose">median concentration</a>)</div> </td> <td>4000<span class="nowrap"> </span>ppm (rat, 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>hr)<br />5200<span class="nowrap"> </span>ppm (mouse, 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>hr)<br />4964<span class="nowrap"> </span>ppm (rat, 8<span class="nowrap"> </span>hr)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>ppm<br />C 200<span class="nowrap"> </span>ppm (for 5 minutes in any 3-hour period), with a maximum peak of 300<span class="nowrap"> </span>ppm<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>Ca Minimize workplace exposure concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>Ca [150 ppm]<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/31373">External MSDS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related analogous <a href="/wiki/Organohalide" class="mw-redirect" title="Organohalide">organohalides</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroethylene" title="Tetrafluoroethylene">Tetrafluoroethylene</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tetrabromoethylene" title="Tetrabromoethylene">Tetrabromoethylene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tetraiodoethylene" title="Tetraiodoethylene">Tetraiodoethylene</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dichloroethylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichloroethylene">Dichloroethylene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane" title="1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane">1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">Carbon tetrachloride</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Supplementary data page </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene_(data_page)" title="Tetrachloroethylene (data page)">Tetrachloroethylene (data page)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=433348706&page2=Tetrachloroethylene">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Tetrachloroethylene</b>, also known as <b>perchloroethylene</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or under the systematic name <b>tetrachloroethene</b>, and abbreviations such as <b>perc</b> (or <b>PERC</b>), and <b>PCE</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Chlorocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorocarbon">chlorocarbon</a> with the formula <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>C=CCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. It is a non-flammable, stable, colorless and heavy liquid widely used for <a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">dry cleaning</a> of fabrics. It also has its uses as an effective automotive <a href="/wiki/Brake_cleaner" title="Brake cleaner">brake cleaner</a>. It has a mild sweet, sharp odor, detectable by most people at a concentration of 50 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-browning_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tetrachloroethylene is regarded as a toxic substance, a <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">human health hazard</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">environmental hazard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tox_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tox-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the United States <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> stated that "tetrachloroethylene exposure may harm the nervous system, liver, kidneys, and reproductive system, and may be harmful to unborn children", and reported that numerous <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a> agencies regard it as a <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epa_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_production">History and production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> first synthesized tetrachloroethylene in 1839 by thermal decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Hexachloroethane" title="Hexachloroethane">hexachloroethane</a> following <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>'s 1820 synthesis of protochloride of carbon (carbon tetrachloride). </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub> → C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Faraday was previously falsely credited for the synthesis of tetrachloroethylene, which in reality, was <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While trying to make Faraday's "protochloride of carbon", Regnault found that his compound was different from Faraday's. Victor Regnault stated "According to Faraday, the chloride of carbon boiled around 70 °C (158 °F) to 77 °C (171 °F) degrees Celsius but mine did not begin to boil until 120 °C (248 °F)".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tetrachloroethylene can be made by passing chloroform vapour through a red-hot tube, the side products include <a href="/wiki/Hexachlorobenzene" title="Hexachlorobenzene">hexachlorobenzene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexachloroethane" title="Hexachloroethane">hexachloroethane</a>, as reported in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most tetrachloroethylene is produced by high-temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons. The method is related to Faraday's method since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Side products include <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hexachlorobutadiene" title="Hexachlorobutadiene">hexachlorobutadiene</a>. </p><p>Several other methods have been developed. When <a href="/wiki/1,2-dichloroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="1,2-dichloroethane">1,2-dichloroethane</a> is heated to 400 °C with <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, tetrachloroethylene is produced: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">ClCH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cl + 3 Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>C=CCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 4 HCl</span></dd></dl> <p>This reaction can be <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyzed</a> by a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">aluminium chloride</a> or by activated <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a> is a major byproduct, which is separated by <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>. </p><p>Worldwide production was about 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although in very small amounts, tetrachloroethylene occurs naturally in volcanoes along with <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">trichloroethylene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrachloroethylene is an excellent nonpolar <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> for <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> materials. Additionally, it is volatile, highly stable (easily recycled) and <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">nonflammable</a>, and has low toxicity. For these reasons, it has been widely used in <a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">dry cleaning</a> worldwide since the 1930s. The chemist <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Stoesser" title="Sylvia Stoesser">Sylvia Stoesser</a> (1901–1991) had suggested tetrachloroethylene to be used in dry cleaning as an alternative to highly flammable dry cleaning solvents such as <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amos_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amos-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons. It appears in a few consumer products including <a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">paint strippers</a>, aerosol preparations and spot removers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_applications">Historical applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrachloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane" title="1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane">HFC-134a</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerants</a>. </p><p>In the early 20th century, tetrachloroethene was used for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a> infestation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, American veterinarian Maurice Crowther Hall (1881–1938), working on anthelmintics, demonstrated the effectiveness of tetrachloroethylene in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Ancylostomiasis" title="Ancylostomiasis">ancylostomiasis</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a> infestation in humans and animals. Before Hall tested tetrachloroethylene on himself, in 1921 he discovered the powerful effect of carbon tetrachloride on intestinal parasites and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, but a few years later he found tetrachloroethylene to be more effective and safer.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetrachloroethylene treatment has played a vital role in eradicating hookworms in the United States and abroad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hall's innovation was considered a breakthrough in medicine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was given orally as a liquid or in capsules along with <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">magnesium sulfate</a> to get rid of the <i><a href="/wiki/Necator_americanus" title="Necator americanus">Necator americanus</a></i> parasite in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_properties_and_reactions">Chemical properties and reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemical properties and reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrachloroethylene is a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> with all hydrogens replaced by <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>. 14.49% of the molecular weight of tetrachloroethylene consists of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and the remaining 85.5% is chlorine. It is the most stable compound among all chlorinated derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> and ethylene. It is resistant to hydrolysis and less corrosive than other chlorinated solvents.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not tend to polymerise like fluorine analogue <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroethylene" title="Tetrafluoroethylene">tetrafluoroethylene</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>. </p><p>Tetrachloroethylene may react violently with <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metals</a>, alkalis (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, beryllium, barium and aluminium.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxidation">Oxidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oxidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">Oxidation</a> of tetrachloroethylene by <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> in air produces <a href="/wiki/Trichloroacetyl_chloride" title="Trichloroacetyl chloride">trichloroacetyl chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a>: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">4 C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + 3 O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → 2 CCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>COCl + 4 COCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>This reaction can be halted by using amines and phenols (usually <i>N</i>-methyl<a href="/wiki/Pyrrole" title="Pyrrole">pyrrole</a> and <i>N</i>-methylmorpholine) as stabilisers. But the reaction can be done intentionally to produce trichloroacetyl chloride.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chlorination">Chlorination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chlorination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hexachloroethane" title="Hexachloroethane">Hexachloroethane</a> is formed when tetrachloroethylene reacts with <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> at 50–80 °C in the presence of a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride" title="Iron(III) chloride">iron(III) chloride</a> (0.1%) as a catalyst:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/CFC-113" class="mw-redirect" title="CFC-113">CFC-113</a> is produced by the reaction of tetrachloroethylene with chlorine and <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">HF</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentafluoride" title="Antimony pentafluoride">antimony pentafluoride</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + 3 HF + Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → CClF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>F + 3 HCl</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitration">Nitration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nitration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tetrachlorodinitroethane" title="Tetrachlorodinitroethane">Tetrachlorodinitroethane</a> can be obtained by <a href="/wiki/Nitration" title="Nitration">nitration</a> of tetrachloroethylene with <a href="/wiki/Fuming_nitric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuming nitric acid">fuming nitric acid</a> (conc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> rich in <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oxides">nitrogen oxides</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen tetroxide">nitrogen tetroxide</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-argo_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-argo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CCCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> → NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CCCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>The preparation of this crystalline solid compound from Tetrachloroethylene and nitrogen tetroxide was first described by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe">Hermann Kolbe</a> in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-argo_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-argo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_decomposition">Thermal decomposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thermal decomposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrachloroethylene begins to thermally decompose at 400 °C, decomposition accelerates around 600 °C, and completely decomposes at 800 °C. Organic decomposition products identified were trichlorobutene, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, tetrachlorobutadiene, dichlorocyclopentane, dichloropentene, methyl trichloroacetate, tetrachloroacetone, tetrachloropropene, trichlorocyclopentane, trichloropentene, hexachloroethane, pentachloropropene, hexachloropropene, hexachlorobutadiene.<sup id="cite_ref-yasuhara_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yasuhara-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health and safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrachloroethylene is considered to be a toxin.<sup id="cite_ref-tox_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tox-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is identified as a <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">health hazard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">environmental hazard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to tetrachloroethylene, especially over a long term, may harm the nervous system, other <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>, and increase the risk of getting <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epa_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also have effects on pregnancy and the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epa_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reports of human injury are uncommon despite its wide usage in dry cleaning and degreasing.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although limited by its low <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatility</a>, tetrachloroethylene has potent anaesthetic effects upon inhalation.<sup id="cite_ref-epa_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foot1943_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foot1943-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk depends on whether exposure is over minutes or hours, or over years.<sup id="cite_ref-epa_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the advantages of tetrachloroethylene, cancer research and government environmental agencies have called for its replacement from widespread commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-epa_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is described as a possible neurotoxicant, <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxin" title="Hepatotoxin">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nephrotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephrotoxin">kidney toxicant</a> and reproductive and developmental toxicant (...) a potential occupational carcinogen.<sup id="cite_ref-tox_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tox-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epa_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, dry cleaning industry emphasizes minimal risk because modern machinery use closed systems to avoid any vapour escape and to optimize recycling.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrachloroethylene's biological half-life is approximately 3 days.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 98% of the inhaled tetrachloroethylene is exhaled unchanged and only about 1–3% is metabolised to <a href="/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene_oxide" title="Tetrachloroethylene oxide">tetrachloroethylene oxide</a> which rapidly isomerises into <a href="/wiki/Trichloroacetyl_chloride" title="Trichloroacetyl chloride">trichloroacetyl chloride</a>. Trichloroacetyl chloride hydrolyses to <a href="/wiki/Trichloroacetic_acid" title="Trichloroacetic acid">trichloroacetic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bio_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neurotoxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrachloroethylene can harm the nervous system, cause developmental deficits in children, impair vision, and increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> diagnoses.<sup id="cite_ref-tox_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tox-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grand_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grand-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aschen_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aschen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carcinogenicity">Carcinogenicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Carcinogenicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrachloroethylene has been classified as "<a href="/wiki/IARC_group_2A" title="IARC group 2A">Group 2A</a>: Probably Carcinogenic" by the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) due to sufficient evidence in experimental animals and limited evidence in humans for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, urinary bladder cancers, and cancers of the esophagus and cervix.<sup id="cite_ref-iarc2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iarc2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> </p><p>Evidence from cohort and case-controlled epidemiologic studies demonstrates a positive association between cumulative exposures to tetrachloroethylene and the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">bladder cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Non-Hodgkin lymphoma">non-Hodgkin lymphoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a> in adults. Some limited evidence of increased prevalence of kidney, lung, liver, and breast cancers with exposure to tetrachloroethylene has been found in epidemiologic research, but data quality limitations have produced variable results across studies.<sup id="cite_ref-iarc2014_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iarc2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 326">: 326 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epatox_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epatox-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: § 4.2.1.3">: § 4.2.1.3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atsdr_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atsdr-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 237">: 237 </span></sup> </p><p>Several modes of action are hypothesized for the carcinogenicity of tetrachloroethylene in humans, though existing data is insufficient for adequate characterization.<sup id="cite_ref-epatox_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epatox-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: § 4.2.4, § 4.3.4">: § 4.2.4, § 4.3.4 </span></sup> Markers of oxidative metabolism of tetrachloroethylene and increased prevalence of abnormal hepatic sonographs have been observed in dry-cleaners and laundry workers exposed to tetrachloroethylene,<sup id="cite_ref-brodkin_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brodkin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gennari_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gennari-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which suggests a potential for hepatocellular damage through the formation of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_Oxygen_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactive Oxygen Species">reactive intermediates</a> from glutathione conjugates during metabolization.<sup id="cite_ref-iarc2014_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iarc2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 328">: 328 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atsdr_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atsdr-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10, 189–193">: 10, 189–193 </span></sup> Although most genotoxicity assays of tetrachloroethylene produced negative findings for genotoxicity and mutagenicity, modest genotoxic effects and mutagenic effects have been identified under certain metabolic activation conditions, and several of tetrachloroethylene's metabolites have been shown to be mutagenic.<sup id="cite_ref-epatox_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epatox-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: § 4.10.3">: § 4.10.3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atsdr_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atsdr-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 172–178">: 172–178 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing_for_exposure">Testing for exposure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Testing for exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrachloroethylene exposure can be evaluated by a breath test, analogous to breath-alcohol measurements. Also, for acute exposures, tetrachloroethylene in expired air can be measured.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetrachloroethylene can be detected in the breath for weeks following a heavy exposure. Tetrachloroethylene and its metabolite <a href="/wiki/Trichloroacetic_acid" title="Trichloroacetic acid">trichloroacetic acid</a>, can be detected in the blood. </p><p>In the European Union, the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Occupational_Exposure_Limit_Values" title="Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limit Values">Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits</a> (SCOEL) recommends for tetrachloroethylene an <a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">occupational exposure limit</a> (8-hour time-weighted average) of 20 ppm and a short-term exposure limit (15 min) of 40 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remediation_and_degradation">Remediation and degradation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Remediation and degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In principle, tetrachloroethylene contamination can be remediated by chemical treatment. Chemical treatment involves reducing metals such as iron powder.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a> usually entails reductive dechlorination under anaerobic conditions by <i><a href="/wiki/Dehalococcoides" title="Dehalococcoides">Dehalococcoides</a></i> spp.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under aerobic conditions, degradation may occur via co-metabolism by <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas" title="Pseudomonas">Pseudomonas</a></i> sp.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Products of biological reductive dechlorination include <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">trichloroethylene</a>, <i>cis</i>-<a href="/wiki/1,2-dichloroethylene" class="mw-redirect" title="1,2-dichloroethylene">1,2-dichloroethylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">vinyl chloride</a>, ethylene and chloride. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Previously spelt as <b>perchlorethylene</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/BR/pt/sds/sial/371696">Sigma Aldrich Tetrachloroethylene MSDS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishersci.ca/shop/msdsproxy?productName=C18220&productDescription=tetrachloroethylene-technical-fisher-chemical-2">Fischer Scientific Tetrachloroethylene MSDS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/127184.html">"Tetrachloroethylene"</a>. <i>Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for 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href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/31373#section=NFPA-Hazard-Classification">"Compound Summary: Tetrachloroethylene"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>, US National Library of Medicine. 21 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compound+Summary%3A+Tetrachloroethylene&rft.pub=PubChem%2C+US+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.date=2024-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2F31373%23section%3DNFPA-Hazard-Classification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrachloroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-browning-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-browning_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Browning_(toxicologist)" title="Ethel Browning (toxicologist)">Browning, Ethel</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cftri.3112toxicityofindust0000ethe/page/182/mode/1up">"Perchloroethylene"</a>. <i>Toxicity of Industrial Organic Solvents</i>. Chemical Publishing. pp. 182–185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perchloroethylene&rft.btitle=Toxicity+of+Industrial+Organic+Solvents&rft.pages=182-185&rft.pub=Chemical+Publishing&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Ethel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcftri.3112toxicityofindust0000ethe%2Fpage%2F182%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrachloroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tox-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tox_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tox_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tox_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tox_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry2019" class="citation web cs1">US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK591314/">"Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene"</a>. 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"Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene, and Chlorinated Phenols Induce Toluene-o-xylene Monooxoygenase Activity in Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1". <i>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol</i>. <b>56</b> (3–4): 545–549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002530100675">10.1007/s002530100675</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11549035">11549035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23770815">23770815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appl+Microbiol+Biotechnol&rft.atitle=Tetrachloroethylene%2C+Trichloroethylene%2C+and+Chlorinated+Phenols+Induce+Toluene-o-xylene+Monooxoygenase+Activity+in+Pseudomonas+stutzeri+OX1&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=545-549&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23770815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11549035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs002530100675&rft.aulast=Ryoo&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Shim%2C+H.&rft.au=Arenghi%2C+F.+L.+G.&rft.au=Barbieri%2C+P.&rft.au=Wood%2C+T.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrachloroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=265&tid=48">"Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethene"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a>. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toxicological+Profile+for+Tetrachloroethene&rft.pub=Agency+for+Toxic+Substances+and+Disease+Registry&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwn.cdc.gov%2FTSP%2FToxProfiles%2FToxProfiles.aspx%3Fid%3D265%26tid%3D48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrachloroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty,_R.E.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Doherty, R.E. (2000). "A History of the Production and Use of Carbon Tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in the United States: Part 1 - Historical Background; Carbon Tetrachloride and Tetrachloroethylene". <i>Environmental Forensics</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 69–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000EnvFo...1...69D">2000EnvFo...1...69D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fenfo.2000.0010">10.1006/enfo.2000.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97680726">97680726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Forensics&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Production+and+Use+of+Carbon+Tetrachloride%2C+Tetrachloroethylene%2C+Trichloroethylene+and+1%2C1%2C1-Trichloroethane+in+the+United+States%3A+Part+1+-+Historical+Background%3B+Carbon+Tetrachloride+and+Tetrachloroethylene&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=69-81&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97680726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fenfo.2000.0010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000EnvFo...1...69D&rft.au=Doherty%2C+R.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrachloroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.html">ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Tetrachloroethylene Toxicity</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/tetrachloro/">Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li>Australian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/tetrachloroethylene/index.html">National Pollutant Inventory (NPI)</a> page</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">LiCl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_chloride" title="Beryllium chloride">BeCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron_trichloride#Reduction" title="Boron trichloride">B<sub>4</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodecaboron_dodecachloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dodecaboron dodecachloride (page does not exist)">B<sub>12</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Boron_trichloride" title="Boron trichloride">BCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diboron_tetrachloride" title="Diboron tetrachloride">B<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Borate_chloride" title="Borate chloride">+BO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dichloroacetylene" title="Dichloroacetylene">C<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hexachloroethane" title="Hexachloroethane">C<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">CCl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carbide_chloride" title="Carbide chloride">+C</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_chloride" title="Carbonate chloride">+CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">NCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_azide" title="Chlorine azide">ClN<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nitride_chloride" title="Nitride chloride">+N</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nitrate_chlorides" title="Nitrate chlorides">+NO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_oxide" title="Chlorine oxide">Cl<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_peroxide" title="Chlorine peroxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_monoxide" title="Chlorine monoxide">ClO</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">ClO<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_perchlorate" title="Chlorine perchlorate">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chloryl_perchlorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloryl perchlorate">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_heptoxide" title="Dichlorine heptoxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_tetroxide" title="Chlorine tetroxide">ClO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oxychloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxychloride">+O</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_monofluoride" title="Chlorine monofluoride">ClF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride" title="Chlorine trifluoride">ClF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_pentafluoride" title="Chlorine pentafluoride">ClF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">NaCl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">MgCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">AlCl</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">AlCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodecachloroneopentasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dodecachloroneopentasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hexachlorodisilane" title="Hexachlorodisilane">Si<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrachloride" title="Silicon tetrachloride">SiCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diphosphorus_tetrachloride" title="Diphosphorus tetrachloride">P<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">PCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentachloride" title="Phosphorus pentachloride">PCl<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phosphide_chloride" title="Phosphide chloride">+P</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dichloride" title="Disulfur dichloride">S<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dichloride" title="Sulfur dichloride">SCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_tetrachloride" title="Sulfur tetrachloride">SCl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sulfate_chloride" title="Sulfate chloride">+SO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">KCl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium(I)_chloride" title="Calcium(I) chloride">CaCl</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">CaCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium_chloride" title="Scandium chloride">ScCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_chloride" title="Titanium(II) chloride">TiCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_chloride" title="Titanium(III) chloride">TiCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">TiCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_chloride" title="Vanadium(II) chloride">VCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_chloride" title="Vanadium(III) chloride">VCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_tetrachloride" title="Vanadium tetrachloride">VCl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_chloride" title="Vanadium(V) chloride">VCl<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_chloride" title="Chromium(II) chloride">CrCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_chloride" title="Chromium(III) chloride">CrCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_chloride" title="Chromium(IV) chloride">CrCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_chloride" title="Manganese(II) chloride">MnCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_chloride" title="Manganese(III) chloride">MnCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_chloride" title="Iron(II) chloride">FeCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride" title="Iron(III) chloride">FeCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_chloride" title="Cobalt(II) chloride">CoCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_chloride" title="Cobalt(III) chloride">CoCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_chloride" title="Nickel(II) chloride">NiCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_chloride" title="Copper(I) chloride">CuCl</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_chloride" title="Copper(II) chloride">CuCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_chloride" title="Zinc chloride">ZnCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_monochloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallium monochloride (page does not exist)">GaCl</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gallium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium trichloride">GaCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium_dichloride" title="Germanium dichloride">GeCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Germanium_tetrachloride" title="Germanium tetrachloride">GeCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trichloride" title="Arsenic trichloride">AsCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentachloride" title="Arsenic pentachloride">AsCl<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsenide_chloride" title="Arsenide chloride">+As</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium_monochloride" title="Selenium monochloride">Se<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Selenium_dichloride" title="Selenium dichloride">SeCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Selenium_tetrachloride" title="Selenium tetrachloride">SeCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine_monochloride" title="Bromine monochloride">BrCl</a> </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_chloride" title="Rubidium chloride">RbCl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium_chloride" title="Strontium chloride">SrCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_chloride" title="Yttrium(III) chloride">YCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(II) chloride">ZrCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_chloride" title="Zirconium(III) chloride">ZrCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_chloride" title="Zirconium(IV) chloride">ZrCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium(III)_chloride" title="Niobium(III) chloride">NbCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Niobium(IV)_chloride" title="Niobium(IV) chloride">NbCl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Niobium(V)_chloride" title="Niobium(V) chloride">NbCl<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(II)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(II) chloride">MoCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(III)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(III) chloride">MoCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_tetrachloride" title="Molybdenum tetrachloride">MoCl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(V)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(V) chloride">MoCl<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(VI)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(VI) chloride">MoCl<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technetium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium trichloride">TcCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Technetium(IV)_chloride" title="Technetium(IV) chloride">TcCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(II)_chloride" title="Ruthenium(II) chloride">RuCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(III)_chloride" title="Ruthenium(III) chloride">RuCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetrachloride" title="Ruthenium tetrachloride">RuCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(III)_chloride" title="Rhodium(III) chloride">RhCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_chloride" title="Palladium(II) chloride">PdCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">AgCl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_chloride" title="Cadmium chloride">CdCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium(I)_chloride" title="Indium(I) chloride">InCl</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indium(II)_chloride" title="Indium(II) chloride">InCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_chloride" title="Indium(III) chloride">InCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_chloride" title="Tin(II) chloride">SnCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_chloride" title="Tin(IV) chloride">SnCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trichloride" title="Antimony trichloride">SbCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentachloride" title="Antimony pentachloride">SbCl<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tritellurium_dichloride" title="Tritellurium dichloride">Te<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_dichloride" title="Tellurium dichloride">TeCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_tetrachloride" title="Tellurium tetrachloride">TeCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine_monochloride" title="Iodine monochloride">ICl</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iodine_trichloride" title="Iodine trichloride">ICl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon_monochloride" title="Xenon monochloride">XeCl</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Xenon_dichloride" title="Xenon dichloride">XeCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetrachloride" title="Xenon tetrachloride">XeCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium_chloride" title="Caesium chloride">CsCl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_chloride" title="Barium chloride">BaCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_chloride" title="Lutetium(III) chloride">LuCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium_tetrachloride" title="Hafnium tetrachloride">HfCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum(III)_chloride" title="Tantalum(III) chloride">TaCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum(IV)_chloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum(IV) chloride (page does not exist)">TaCl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tantalum(V)_chloride" title="Tantalum(V) chloride">TaCl<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(II)_chloride" title="Tungsten(II) chloride">WCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_chloride" title="Tungsten(III) chloride">WCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_chloride" title="Tungsten(IV) chloride">WCl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(V)_chloride" title="Tungsten(V) chloride">WCl<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexachloride" title="Tungsten hexachloride">WCl<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(III)_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium(III) chloride">ReCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(IV)_chloride" title="Rhenium(IV) chloride">ReCl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_pentachloride" title="Rhenium pentachloride">ReCl<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(VI)_chloride" title="Rhenium(VI) chloride">ReCl<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium(II)_chloride" title="Osmium(II) chloride">OsCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Osmium(III)_chloride" title="Osmium(III) chloride">OsCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Osmium(IV)_chloride" title="Osmium(IV) chloride">OsCl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Osmium(V)_chloride" title="Osmium(V) chloride">OsCl<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium(II)_chloride" title="Iridium(II) chloride">IrCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iridium(III)_chloride" title="Iridium(III) chloride">IrCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetrachloride" title="Iridium tetrachloride">IrCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum(II)_chloride" title="Platinum(II) chloride">PtCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Platinum(IV)_chloride" title="Platinum(IV) chloride">PtCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_chloride" title="Gold(I) chloride">AuCl</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gold(I,III)_chloride" title="Gold(I,III) chloride">(Au[AuCl<sub>4</sub>])<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_chloride" title="Gold(III) chloride">AuCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_chloride" title="Mercury(I) chloride">Hg<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">HgCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_chloride" title="Thallium(I) chloride">TlCl</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thallium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium trichloride">TlCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_chloride" title="Lead(II) chloride">PbCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lead(IV)_chloride" title="Lead(IV) chloride">PbCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_chloride" title="Bismuth chloride">BiCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dichloride" title="Polonium dichloride">PoCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polonium_tetrachloride" title="Polonium tetrachloride">PoCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astatine_monochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine monochloride">AtCl</a> </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Francium_chloride" title="Francium chloride">FrCl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium_chloride" title="Radium chloride">RaCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium#Chemical" title="Lawrencium">LrCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium#Experimental_chemistry" title="Rutherfordium">RfCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubnium#Experimental_chemistry" title="Dubnium">DbCl<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium#Experimental_chemistry" title="Seaborgium">SgO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohrium#Experimental_chemistry" title="Bohrium">BhO<sub>3</sub>Cl</a> </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum(III)_chloride" title="Lanthanum(III) chloride">LaCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_chloride" title="Cerium(III) chloride">CeCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_chloride" title="Praseodymium(III) chloride">PrCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(II)_chloride" title="Neodymium(II) chloride">NdCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_chloride" title="Neodymium(III) chloride">NdCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_chloride" title="Promethium(III) chloride">PmCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium(II)_chloride" title="Samarium(II) chloride">SmCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_chloride" title="Samarium(III) chloride">SmCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium_dichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Europium dichloride">EuCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_chloride" title="Europium(III) chloride">EuCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium(III)_chloride" title="Gadolinium(III) chloride">GdCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III)_chloride" title="Terbium(III) chloride">TbCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(II)_chloride" title="Dysprosium(II) chloride">DyCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_chloride" title="Dysprosium(III) chloride">DyCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_chloride" title="Holmium(III) chloride">HoCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_chloride" title="Erbium(III) chloride">ErCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium(II)_chloride" title="Thulium(II) chloride">TmCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_chloride" title="Thulium(III) chloride">TmCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_chloride" title="Ytterbium(II) chloride">YbCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_chloride" title="Ytterbium(III) chloride">YbCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_chloride" title="Actinium(III) chloride">AcCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium(III)_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium(III) chloride">ThCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_chloride" title="Thorium(IV) chloride">ThCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(IV)_chloride" title="Protactinium(IV) chloride">PaCl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(V)_chloride" title="Protactinium(V) chloride">PaCl<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_chloride" title="Uranium(III) chloride">UCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium_tetrachloride" title="Uranium tetrachloride">UCl<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium_pentachloride" title="Uranium pentachloride">UCl<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexachloride" title="Uranium hexachloride">UCl<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(III)_chloride" title="Neptunium(III) chloride">NpCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium(III)_chloride" title="Plutonium(III) chloride">PuCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americium(II)_chloride" title="Americium(II) chloride">AmCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_chloride" title="Americium(III) chloride">AmCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curium(III)_chloride" title="Curium(III) chloride">CmCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium(III)_chloride" title="Berkelium(III) chloride">BkCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_chloride" title="Californium(III) chloride">CfCl<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Californium_dichloride" title="Californium dichloride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CfCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(II)_chloride" title="Einsteinium(II) chloride">EsCl<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_chloride" title="Einsteinium(III) chloride">EsCl<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermium#Chemistry" title="Fermium">FmCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium#Chemical" title="Mendelevium">MdCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelium#Chemical" title="Nobelium">NoCl<sub>2</sub></a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&oldid=1257752984">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetrachloroethylene&oldid=1257752984</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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