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aria-hidden="false"><button aria-label="Listen" data-testid="audioPlayButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al me an ao ap ex mf mg lv mh mi mj mk ml s mm mn mo mp mq mr ms u mt mu mv"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3 12a9 9 0 1 1 18 0 9 9 0 0 1-18 0m9-10C6.477 2 2 6.477 2 12s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S17.523 2 12 2m3.376 10.416-4.599 3.066a.5.5 0 0 1-.777-.416V8.934a.5.5 0 0 1 .777-.416l4.599 3.066a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .832" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Listen</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-labelledby="postFooterSocialMenu"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button aria-controls="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Share Post" data-testid="headerSocialShareButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al me an ao ap ex mf mg lv mh mi mj mk ml s mm mn mo mp mq mr ms u mt mu mv"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.218 4.931a.4.4 0 0 1-.118.132l.012.006a.45.45 0 0 1-.292.074.5.5 0 0 1-.3-.13l-2.02-2.02v7.07c0 .28-.23.5-.5.5s-.5-.22-.5-.5v-7.04l-2 2a.45.45 0 0 1-.57.04h-.02a.4.4 0 0 1-.16-.3.4.4 0 0 1 .1-.32l2.8-2.8a.5.5 0 0 1 .7 0l2.8 2.79a.42.42 0 0 1 .068.498m-.106.138.008.004v-.01zM16 7.063h1.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-11c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2v-10a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H8a.5.5 0 0 1 .35.15.5.5 0 0 1 .15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.35.15H6.4c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v10.2a.9.9 0 0 0 .9.9h11.2c.5 0 .9-.4.9-.9v-10.2c0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9H16a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Share</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p id="10bb" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mw mx gy my b mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt gn bk">Users expect to have a seamless experience with your app. Crashes can lead to an increase in poor reviews, uninstalls and even damaging your brand perception. From talking to the community we know that one of the main reasons to adopt Kotlin is safer code. In this post I’ll share a couple of the ways Kotlin improved the stability of a few of our partners’ code but we’ll also look at the results of some Google Play store stats and see if there’s a correlation between using Kotlin and the number of crashes (spoilers: there is!).</p><h1 id="d7b5" class="nu nv gy bf nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or bk">App quality</h1><p id="9b6a" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mw mx gy my b mz os nb nc nd ot nf ng nh ou nj nk nl ov nn no np ow nr ns nt gn bk">The quality of your app doesn’t only have an impact on your user experience. There are several other elements that will be affected by a high number of crashes:</p><ul class=""><li id="1730" class="mw mx gy my b mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt ox oy oz bk"><strong class="my gz">App discoverability</strong> — Google Play store’s recommendations are composed of a mix of human curation and algorithmic calculations, of which quality is one of the largest considerations.</li><li id="28fd" class="mw mx gy my b mz pa nb nc nd pb nf ng nh pc nj nk nl pd nn no np pe nr ns nt ox oy oz bk"><strong class="my gz">Brand</strong> — Your product performance can impact your ratings and reviews, which can impact brand perception.</li><li id="fb95" class="mw mx gy my b mz pa nb nc nd pb nf ng nh pc nj nk nl pd nn no np pe nr ns nt ox oy oz bk"><strong class="my gz">Higher number of (engaged) users</strong> — Having improved organic traffic and brand perception can lead to better user acquisition and retention, which can also impact engagement and lower funnel metrics.</li></ul><blockquote class="pf"><p id="eaae" class="pg ph gy bf pi pj pk pl pm pn po nt du">Apps built with Kotlin are 20% less likely to crash.</p></blockquote><p id="64b5" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mw mx gy my b mz pp nb nc nd pq nf ng nh pr nj nk nl ps nn no np pt nr ns nt gn bk">What role does Kotlin play in this? We looked at the top 1,000 apps on Google Play and we saw those that use Kotlin have 20% fewer crashes per user than those that don’t.</p><p id="aec5" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mw mx gy my b mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt gn bk">One example of this comes from the engineering team at Swiggy, where 74% of their code is in Kotlin — they saw a <strong class="my gz">50% reduction in crashes</strong> since moving new feature development to Kotlin.</p><h1 id="5114" class="nu nv gy bf nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or bk">Avoiding NullPointerExceptions</h1><p id="b536" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mw mx gy my b mz os nb nc nd ot nf ng nh ou nj nk nl ov nn no np ow nr ns nt gn bk">The #1 cause of crashes on Google Play are <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">NullPointerException</code>s. In 2018, the Google Home team started writing all new features in Kotlin and saw a <a class="af py" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2020/07/Google-home-reduces-crashes.html" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">33% decrease in Null Pointer crashes</a> over one year.</p><blockquote class="pf"><p id="213b" class="pg ph gy bf pi pj pz qa qb qc qd nt du">Google Home saw a 33% decrease in NullPointerExceptions</p></blockquote><p id="195d" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mw mx gy my b mz pp nb nc nd pq nf ng nh pr nj nk nl ps nn no np pt nr ns nt gn bk">To avoid <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">NullPointerException</code>s, you need to make sure that the object references you’re working with are non-null before calling methods on them or trying to access their members. In Kotlin, nullability is part of the type system. For example, a variable needs to be declared from the beginning as nullable or non-nullable. By making nullability part of the type system you don’t have to rely on your memory and knowledge of the codebase, or on compile time warnings (if you annotate your fields / parameters with <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">@Nullable</code>) but rather nullability gets enforced, so you’ll get compile time errors, not just warnings. For ways to handle nullability check out <a class="af py" href="https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/vitals/crash#prevent-crashes-null-pointer" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">this page</a>.</p><h1 id="8096" class="nu nv gy bf nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or bk">Avoiding common issues</h1><p id="d008" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mw mx gy my b mz os nb nc nd ot nf ng nh ou nj nk nl ov nn no np ow nr ns nt gn bk">There are a lot of issues that we developers introduce without realising and a lot of them can be quite subtle and hard to investigate. Here are just a few of these issues that are avoided when using Kotlin.</p><h2 id="060c" class="qe nv gy bf nw qf qg dy oa qh qi ea oe nh qj qk ql nl qm qn qo np qp qq qr qs bk"><code class="cx pu pv pw px b">hashCode()</code> and equals()</h2><p id="641d" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mw mx gy my b mz os nb nc nd ot nf ng nh ou nj nk nl ov nn no np ow nr ns nt gn bk">If two objects are equal, then their hashcode should be the same — but yet, it’s common to forget to implement one of these methods or to update them when new properties are added to the class. When working with classes whose role is to just hold data, use Kotlin <a class="af py" href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/data-classes.html" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">data classes</a>. With data classes <code class="cx pu pv pw px b"><strong class="my gz">hashCode()</strong></code><strong class="my gz"> and </strong><code class="cx pu pv pw px b"><strong class="my gz">equals()</strong></code><strong class="my gz"> is generated for you by the compiler</strong> and therefore automatically updated when you change the class’s properties.</p><h1 id="ff2b" class="nu nv gy bf nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or bk">Structural vs referential equality</h1><p id="32e3" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mw mx gy my b mz os nb nc nd ot nf ng nh ou nj nk nl ov nn no np ow nr ns nt gn bk">Are two objects structurally equal (have equivalent content) or referentially equal (their pointers are the same)? In the Java programming language, for primitives you would always use <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">==</code>, therefore, a common mistake is to call <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">==</code> (referential equality) for objects as well, when you actually want to check if they are structurally equal (checked by calling <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">equals()</code>). First, <strong class="my gz">Kotlin doesn’t have primitive types</strong>, it uses classes like <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">Int</code> or <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">String</code>; so this means that you don’t need to make this differentiation between objects and primitive types anymore as everything is an object. Second, Kotlin defined <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">==</code> for structural equality and <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">===</code> for referential equality so <strong class="my gz">you won’t be checking for referential equality when you shouldn’t</strong>.</p><h1 id="23a0" class="nu nv gy bf nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or bk">When if else if else if else is not enough</h1><p id="737d" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mw mx gy my b mz os nb nc nd ot nf ng nh ou nj nk nl ov nn no np ow nr ns nt gn bk">When working with enums, you often need to ensure that you’re covering all the possible cases. This leads to using a <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">switch</code> or a chain of <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">if else</code>s. When you modify your enum to add a new value, you then have to manually check each code snippet where you’re using the enum and make sure you’re handling the new case. But this is error prone. In Kotlin, you can <strong class="my gz">rely on the compiler</strong> for this, if you’re using <code class="cx pu pv pw px b">when</code> as an expression: you’ll get a compiler error if you’re not covering all possible branches.</p><h1 id="4635" class="nu nv gy bf nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or bk">Conclusion</h1><p id="c958" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mw mx gy my b mz os nb nc nd ot nf ng nh ou nj nk nl ov nn no np ow nr ns nt gn bk">The stability of your app is important for your users and your brand. Start using Kotlin to reduce crash rates, keep your users happy and stay on top of your retention and acquisition by keeping a high app rating.</p><p id="2b04" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mw mx gy my b mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt gn bk">Read more about how you can <a class="af py" href="https://developer.android.com/kotlin/build-better-apps" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Build Better Apps with Kotlin</a>, and see how developers have benefited from Kotlin by reading our <a class="af py" href="https://developer.android.com/kotlin/stories" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">case studies</a>. To make your first steps with<a class="af py" href="http://d.android.com/kotlin" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"> Kotlin</a>, one of the most <a class="af py" href="https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">loved languages in the world</a>, check out our <a class="af py" href="https://developer.android.com/kotlin/first" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Getting started page</a>.</p></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></article></div><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="qt qu ab je"><div class="qv ab"><a class="qw ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/kotlin?source=post_page-----b606c6a6ac04---------------------------------------"><div class="qx fj cx qy ge qz ra bf b bg z bk rb">Kotlin</div></a></div><div class="qv ab"><a class="qw ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/kotlin-beginners?source=post_page-----b606c6a6ac04---------------------------------------"><div 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