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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Indar_kontzeptuaren_garapenaren_historia_laburra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indar_kontzeptuaren_garapenaren_historia_laburra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Indar kontzeptuaren garapenaren historia laburra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indar_kontzeptuaren_garapenaren_historia_laburra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indarra_mekanika_newtondarrean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indarra_mekanika_newtondarrean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Indarra mekanika newtondarrean</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indarra_mekanika_newtondarrean-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Indarra mekanika newtondarrean azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indarra_mekanika_newtondarrean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newtonen_lehenengo_legea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newtonen_lehenengo_legea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Newtonen lehenengo legea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newtonen_lehenengo_legea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newtonen_bigarren_legea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newtonen_bigarren_legea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Newtonen bigarren legea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newtonen_bigarren_legea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newtonen_hirugarren_legea." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newtonen_hirugarren_legea."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Newtonen hirugarren legea.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newtonen_hirugarren_legea.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indarra_mekanika_erlatibista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indarra_mekanika_erlatibista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Indarra mekanika erlatibista</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indarra_mekanika_erlatibista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indarren_adierazpen_grafikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indarren_adierazpen_grafikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Indarren adierazpen grafikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indarren_adierazpen_grafikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indarren_arteko_oreka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indarren_arteko_oreka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Indarren arteko oreka</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indarren_arteko_oreka-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Indarren arteko oreka azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indarren_arteko_oreka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oreka_estatikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oreka_estatikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Oreka estatikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oreka_estatikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oreka_dinamikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oreka_dinamikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Oreka dinamikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oreka_dinamikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indar-unitateak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indar-unitateak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Indar-unitateak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indar-unitateak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Motak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Motak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oinarrizko_partikulen_arteko_indarrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oinarrizko_partikulen_arteko_indarrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Oinarrizko partikulen arteko indarrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oinarrizko_partikulen_arteko_indarrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grabitazio-indarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grabitazio-indarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Grabitazio-indarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grabitazio-indarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indar_elektromagnetikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indar_elektromagnetikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Indar elektromagnetikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indar_elektromagnetikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indar_nuklear_bortitza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indar_nuklear_bortitza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Indar nuklear bortitza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indar_nuklear_bortitza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indar_nuklear_ahula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indar_nuklear_ahula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Indar nuklear ahula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indar_nuklear_ahula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objektu_arrunten_arteko_indarrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objektu_arrunten_arteko_indarrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Objektu arrunten arteko indarrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objektu_arrunten_arteko_indarrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ukipen-indarrak:_indar_normala_eta_marruskadura-indarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukipen-indarrak:_indar_normala_eta_marruskadura-indarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Ukipen-indarrak: indar normala eta marruskadura-indarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukipen-indarrak:_indar_normala_eta_marruskadura-indarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tentsio-indarra_eta_konpresio-indarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tentsio-indarra_eta_konpresio-indarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Tentsio-indarra eta konpresio-indarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tentsio-indarra_eta_konpresio-indarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indar_elastikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indar_elastikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Indar elastikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indar_elastikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluidoen_barneko_konpresio-indarra:_presio_hidrostatikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluidoen_barneko_konpresio-indarra:_presio_hidrostatikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Fluidoen barneko konpresio-indarra: presio hidrostatikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluidoen_barneko_konpresio-indarra:_presio_hidrostatikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentzia-sistema_ez-inertzialetan_kontuan_hartu_beharreko_indar_irudikariak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentzia-sistema_ez-inertzialetan_kontuan_hartu_beharreko_indar_irudikariak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.5</span> <span>Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertzialetan kontuan hartu beharreko indar irudikariak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentzia-sistema_ez-inertzialetan_kontuan_hartu_beharreko_indar_irudikariak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indar_elektromagnetikoa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indar_elektromagnetikoa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.6</span> <span>Indar elektromagnetikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indar_elektromagnetikoa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indar_kontzeptutik_eratorritako_magnitude_fisikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indar_kontzeptutik_eratorritako_magnitude_fisikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Indar kontzeptutik eratorritako magnitude fisikoak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indar_kontzeptutik_eratorritako_magnitude_fisikoak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Indar kontzeptutik eratorritako magnitude fisikoak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indar_kontzeptutik_eratorritako_magnitude_fisikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Presioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puntu_batekiko_indar-momentua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puntu_batekiko_indar-momentua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Puntu batekiko indar-momentua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puntu_batekiko_indar-momentua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indar-parea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indar-parea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Indar-parea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indar-parea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulkada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulkada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Bulkada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulkada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Lana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energia_zinetikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energia_zinetikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Energia zinetikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energia_zinetikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indar_kontserbakorrak_eta_energia_potentziala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indar_kontserbakorrak_eta_energia_potentziala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Indar kontserbakorrak eta energia potentziala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indar_kontserbakorrak_eta_energia_potentziala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ariketak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ariketak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span><figcaption></figcaption><p> Ariketak</p></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ariketak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 153 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">153 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krag" title="Krag – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Krag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft" title="Kraft – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kraft" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%89%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A0%E1%89%B5" title="ጉልበት – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጉልበት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerza" title="Fuerza – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fuerza" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A9" title="قوة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%87_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="قوه (فيزيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قوه (فيزيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="বল – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuercia" title="Fuercia – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fuercia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C3%BCvv%C9%99_(fiziki_k%C9%99miyy%C9%99t)" title="Qüvvə (fiziki kəmiyyət) – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qüvvə (fiziki kəmiyyət)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AC" title="گوج – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گوج" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%81" title="Көс – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroft" title="Kroft – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kroft" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiega" title="Jiega – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jiega" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwersa" title="Pwersa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pwersa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сіла – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сіла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Сіла (фізычная велічыня) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сіла (фізычная велічыня)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сила – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сила" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="बर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="အာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="বল – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila" title="Sila – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sila" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хүсэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүсэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a" title="Força – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Força" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusog" title="Kusog – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kusog" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="ھێز (فیزیک) – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێز (فیزیک)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADla" title="Síla – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Síla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D0%B9" title="Вăй – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăй" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grym" title="Grym – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grym" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft" title="Kraft – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kraft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft" title="Kraft – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kraft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Δύναμη – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δύναμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force" title="Force – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Force" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forto" title="Forto – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Forto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerza" title="Fuerza – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B5ud" title="Jõud – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jõud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huer%C3%A7a" title="Huerça – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Huerça" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نیرو – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voima_(fysiikka)" title="Voima (fysiikka) – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Voima (fysiikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_(physique)" title="Force (physique) – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Force (physique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A4%C3%A4ft_(f%C3%BCsiik)" title="Krääft (füsiik) – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Krääft (füsiik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%AAft" title="Krêft – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Krêft" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rsa" title="Fórsa – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fórsa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="力" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2s_(fizik)" title="Fòs (fizik) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fòs (fizik)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza" title="Forza – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Forza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%27aka" title="Pu'aka – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pu'aka" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B3" title="બળ – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forse" title="Forse – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Forse" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%CC%8Dt" title="Li̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Li̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97_(%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="כוח (פיזיקה) – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוח (פיזיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80)" title="बल (भौतिकी) – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बल (भौतिकी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taagat" title="Taagat – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Taagat" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila" title="Sila – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2s" title="Fòs – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fòs" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C5%91" title="Erő – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AA" title="Ուժ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%B5%D5%AA" title="Ոյժ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ոյժ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortia" title="Fortia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fortia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_(fisika)" title="Gaya (fisika) – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gaya (fisika)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortie" title="Fortie – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Fortie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forco" title="Forco – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Forco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftur" title="Kraftur – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kraftur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza" title="Forza – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9B_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="力 (物理学) – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="力 (物理学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuos" title="Fuos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fuos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya" title="Gaya – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ძალა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%27sh" title="Ku'sh – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ku'sh" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadusi" title="Tadusi – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tadusi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%89o%C5%8B" title="Ɖoŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɖoŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%88" title="Күш – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84" title="កម្លាំង – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កម្លាំង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2" title="ಬಲ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%98_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="힘 (물리학) – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힘 (물리학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D9%84" title="بَل – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بَل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAz" title="Hêz – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hêz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis" title="Vis – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte_(fisica)" title="Forte (fisica) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Forte (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force" title="Force – luganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Force" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="luganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krach" title="Krach – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Krach" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza" title="Forza – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Forza" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%97ga" title="Jėga – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jėga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%93ks" title="Spēks – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spēks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Вийсь – mokxera" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Вийсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hery" title="Hery – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hery" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сила – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сила" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ബലം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%87" title="Хүч – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="बल – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_(fizik)" title="Daya (fizik) – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daya (fizik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အား – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نیرو – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیرو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft" title="Kraft – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kraft" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="बल – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%83" title="तिबः – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तिबः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kracht" title="Kracht – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kracht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft" title="Kraft – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft" title="Kraft – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2r%C3%A7a" title="Fòrça – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fòrça" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humna" title="Humna – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Humna" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B3" title="ବଳ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜ਼ੋਰ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ੋਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%82a" title="Siła – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2rsa" title="Fòrsa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fòrsa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1" title="زور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a" title="Força – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Força" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallpa" title="Kallpa – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kallpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Forță – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Forță" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сила – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сила" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сила – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сила" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="परस्परक्रिया – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="परस्परक्रिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Күүс – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Күүс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortza" title="Fortza – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fortza" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza" title="Forza – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Forza" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poust_(naitural_philosophy)" title="Poust (naitural philosophy) – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poust (naitural philosophy)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA_(%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%AA%D8%B3)" title="قوت (فزڪس) – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قوت (فزڪس)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila" title="Sila – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="බලය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force" title="Force – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Force" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila" title="Sila – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sila" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila" title="Sila – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyeimi_(fyysiik)" title="Vyeimi (fyysiik) – Inariko samiera" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Vyeimi (fyysiik)" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inariko samiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikidzo" title="Manikidzo – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Manikidzo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awood" title="Awood – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Awood" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forca" title="Forca – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Forca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сила – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сила" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya" title="Gaya – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gaya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft" title="Kraft – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kraft" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kani" title="Kani – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="விசை – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="బలం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D3%AF" title="Нерӯ – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нерӯ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87" title="แรง – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แรง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BC%C3%BD%C3%A7" title="Güýç – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Güýç" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puwersa" title="Puwersa – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Puwersa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvvet" title="Kuvvet – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuvvet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7" title="Köç – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Köç" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%88" title="Күш – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Күш" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сила – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сила" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA" title="قوت – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قوت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuch" title="Kuch – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kuch" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsa" title="Forsa – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Forsa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4gi" title="Vägi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vägi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%B1c" title="Lực – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusog" title="Kusog – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kusog" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="力" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifolokhwe" title="Ifolokhwe – xhosera" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ifolokhwe" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="קראפט – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קראפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ip%C3%A1_(f%C3%ADs%C3%ADks%C3%AC)" title="Ipá (físíksì) – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ipá (físíksì)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="力" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%CC%8Dt" title="La̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="La̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="力" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiPhoqi" title="IsiPhoqi – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiPhoqi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11402#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Indar" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&oldid=9825093" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Indar&id=9825093&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIndar"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIndar"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Indar"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Indar&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forces_(physics)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11402" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" 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buruzkoa da; beste esanahietarako, ikus «<a href="/wiki/Indar_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Indar (argipena)">Indar (argipena)</a>».</i></dd></dl></div><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Indar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Force_examples.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Force_examples.svg/285px-Force_examples.svg.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Force_examples.svg/428px-Force_examples.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Force_examples.svg/570px-Force_examples.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Formula</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {p}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {p}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f0257426cfc18f70c5c02beea1f7a7d69beaa954" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.504ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {p}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0e889207254cfbfab613b8beba214f5e4d2430d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.49ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}}"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Formulako ikurra</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a728145135614a4f2c53b9332be4ea077ed10156" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.88ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04cff366782c9fb192fc63992ef75ad59ee77695" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.052ex; width:1.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df0c47bb21acb94ccb65db3da51e075abc68a898" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}}}"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ohiko ikurra</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a728145135614a4f2c53b9332be4ea077ed10156" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.88ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Neurtzeko unitatea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Newton_(unitatea)" title="Newton (unitatea)">newton</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilogram_metre_per_square_second&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kilogram metre per square second (sortu gabe)">kilogram metre per square second</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106645249?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Dimentsioa</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {L}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">M</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {L}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d6c9ed4531531624aca36cb4a87e24ed3b81d6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.209ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {L}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-2}}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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{\boldsymbol {F}}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0e889207254cfbfab613b8beba214f5e4d2430d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.49ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}}"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding:0.6em 0;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak" title="Newtonen legeak">Newtonen legeak</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; display:block;margin-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_klasikoaren_historia" title="Mekanika klasikoaren historia">Historia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_Klasikoaren_kronologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekanika Klasikoaren kronologia">Kronologia</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">Adarrak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_aplikatua" title="Mekanika aplikatua">Aplikatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinamika" title="Dinamika">Dinamika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estatika" title="Estatika">Estatika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeruko_mekanika" title="Zeruko mekanika">Zerukoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinematika" title="Zinematika">Zinematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medio_jarraituen_mekanika" title="Medio jarraituen mekanika">Medio jarraituak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinetika_(fisika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zinetika (fisika) (sortu gabe)">Zinetika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika_estatistiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisika estatistiko (sortu gabe)">Estatistikoa</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">Oinarriak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiadura" title="Abiadura">Abiadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azelerazio" title="Azelerazio">Azelerazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiadura-modulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiadura-modulu">Abiadura-modulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulkada_(fisika)" title="Bulkada (fisika)">Bulkada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%27Alembert-en_printzipioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D'Alembert-en printzipioa (sortu gabe)">D'Alembert-en printzipioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denbora" title="Denbora">Denbora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">Energia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energia_potentzial" title="Energia potentzial">potentziala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_zinetiko" title="Energia zinetiko">zinetikoa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema" title="Erreferentzia-sistema">Erreferentzia-sistema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema_inertzial" title="Erreferentzia-sistema inertzial">Erreferentzia-sistema inertziala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema_ez-inertzial" title="Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertzial">Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertziala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espazio" title="Espazio">Espazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indar-pare" title="Indar-pare">Indar-parea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indarra</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inertzia" title="Inertzia">Inertzia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Inertzia-momentu" title="Inertzia-momentu">Inertzia-momentua</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_(fisika)" title="Lan (fisika)">Lana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lan_birtual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lan birtual (sortu gabe)">Lan birtuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">Masa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Momentu_(fisika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Momentu (fisika) (sortu gabe)">Momentua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentu_angeluar" title="Momentu angeluar">Momentu angeluarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentu_lineal" title="Momentu lineal">Momentu lineala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentzia" title="Potentzia">Potentzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torke" class="mw-redirect" title="Torke">Torkea</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">Zientzialariak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremiah_Horrocks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremiah Horrocks (sortu gabe)">Horrocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Clairaut" title="Alexis Clairaut">Clairaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Cauchy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">Muinekoak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibrazio" title="Bibrazio">Bibrazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desplazamendu_(fisika)" title="Desplazamendu (fisika)">Desplazamendua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema" title="Erreferentzia-sistema">Erreferentzia-sistema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema_inertzial" title="Erreferentzia-sistema inertzial">Erreferentzia-sistema inertziala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema_ez-inertzial" title="Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertzial">Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertziala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorputz_zurrun" title="Gorputz zurrun">Gorputz zurruna</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eulerren_ekuazio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eulerren ekuazio (sortu gabe)">Eulerren ekuazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido_zurrunaren_mekanika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solido zurrunaren mekanika (sortu gabe)">Solido zurrunaren mekanika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabitazio_unibertsalaren_legea" title="Grabitazio unibertsalaren legea"><span style="white-space: normal;">Grabitazio unibertsalaren legea</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higidura_zuzen" title="Higidura zuzen">Higidura zuzena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higidura" title="Higidura">Higidura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marruskadura-indar" title="Marruskadura-indar">Marruskadura-indarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak" title="Newtonen legeak">Newtonen legeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osziladore_harmoniko" title="Osziladore harmoniko">Osziladore harmonikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moteltze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moteltze (sortu gabe)">Moteltze</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moteltze_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moteltze ratio (sortu gabe)">Moteltze ratio</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higiduraren_ekuazio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higiduraren ekuazio (sortu gabe)">Higiduraren ekuazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eulerren_higiduraren_legeak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eulerren higiduraren legeak (sortu gabe)"><span style="white-space: normal;">Eulerren higiduraren legeak</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itxurazko_indar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itxurazko indar (sortu gabe)">Itxurazko indarra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partikula_planarraren_higadura-mekanika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partikula planarraren higadura-mekanika (sortu gabe)">Partikula planarraren higadura-mekanika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abiadura_erlatibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abiadura erlatibo (sortu gabe)">Abiadura erlatiboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higidura_harmoniko_sinple" title="Higidura harmoniko sinple">Higidura harmoniko sinple</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Biraketa-ardatz" title="Biraketa-ardatz">Biraketa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiadura_angeluar" title="Abiadura angeluar">Abiadura angeluarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiadura" title="Abiadura">Abiadura tangentziala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azelerazio_angeluar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azelerazio angeluar (sortu gabe)">Azelerazio angeluarra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biraketa-abiadura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biraketa-abiadura (sortu gabe)">Biraketa-abiadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_efektua" title="Coriolis efektua">Coriolis efektua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desplazamendu_angeluar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desplazamendu angeluar (sortu gabe)">Desplazamendua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema" title="Erreferentzia-sistema">Erreferentzia-sistema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higidura_zirkular" title="Higidura zirkular">Higidura zirkular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indar_zentripetu" title="Indar zentripetu">Indar zentripetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indar_zentrifugo" title="Indar zentrifugo">Indar zentrifugo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maiztasun_angeluar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maiztasun angeluar (sortu gabe)">Maiztasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulu_(matematika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendulu (matematika)">Pendulua</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">Formulazioak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak" title="Newtonen legeak">Newtonen legeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_analitiko" title="Mekanika analitiko">Mekanika analitikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrangeren_mekanika" title="Lagrangeren mekanika">Mekanika Lagrangiar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekanika_Hamiltoniar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekanika Hamiltoniar (sortu gabe)">Mekanika Hamiltoniar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekanika_Routhiar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekanika Routhiar (sortu gabe)">Mekanika Routhiar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_ekuazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamilton–Jacobi ekuazioa (sortu gabe)">Hamilton–Jacobi ekuazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appellen_higidura-ekuazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appellen higidura-ekuazioa (sortu gabe)">Appellen higidura-ekuazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koopman%E2%80%93von_Neumann_mekanika_klasiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koopman–von Neumann mekanika klasiko (sortu gabe)">Koopman–von Neumann mekanika</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">Kategoriak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"><div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Mekanika_klasikoa" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Mekanika_klasikoa" title="Kategoria:Mekanika klasikoa">Mekanika klasikoa</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0.15em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9235565">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Mekanika_klasikoa" title="Txantiloi:Mekanika klasikoa"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Mekanika_klasikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Mekanika klasikoa (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Mekanika_klasikoa&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisikan</a>, <b>indar</b> terminoak adierazten du gorputzen <a href="/wiki/Higidura" title="Higidura">higidura</a>-egoera edo pausagune-egoera aldaraz dezakeen edozein interakzio edo elkarrekintza. Indar baten eraginez, aldatu egiten da gorputzaren <a href="/wiki/Abiadura" title="Abiadura">abiadura</a>ren modulua edota <a href="/wiki/Norabide_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Norabide (argipena)">norabidea</a>; beste hitz batzuekin esanez, gorputz orok <a href="/wiki/Azelerazio" title="Azelerazio">azelerazioa</a>  jasaten du indar baten eraginpean dagoenean. </p><p>Indarra <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_bektorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnitude bektorial">magnitude bektorial</a> bat da, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a728145135614a4f2c53b9332be4ea077ed10156" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.88ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"></span> sinboloaz adierazi ohi dena. Indar bat <a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema" title="Erreferentzia-sistema">erreferentzia-sistema</a> batean grafikoki adierazteko, kontuan hartu behar da indarrak non eragiten duen (aplikazio-puntua), zer <a href="/wiki/Norabide_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Norabide (argipena)">norabide</a> eta zer <a href="/wiki/Noranzko_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Noranzko (argipena)">noranzko</a> dituen (lerro gezidun batez adieraziak) eta zer neurri duen (<a href="/wiki/Modulu_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Modulu (argipena)">bektorearen modulua</a>). <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Unitate_Sistema" title="Nazioarteko Unitate Sistema">Nazioarteko SI sisteman</a>, indarra neurtzeko unitatea <i><a href="/wiki/Newton" class="mw-disambig" title="Newton">newton</a></i> izenekoa da, eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{N}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>N</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{N}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ecb64aa46d7a3fd6c0a087e157506d8ec218d202" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{N}}}"></span> sinboloaz adierazten da. Indar-magnitudearen <a href="/wiki/Dimentsio" title="Dimentsio">dimentsioak</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{M L T}}^{-2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>M L T</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{M L T}}^{-2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f27a7024953fe5553d5bbf5829b7be238bd1a16" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.756ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{M L T}}^{-2}}"></span> osaera du. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indar_kontzeptuaren_garapenaren_historia_laburra">Indar kontzeptuaren garapenaren historia laburra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indar kontzeptuaren garapenaren historia laburra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Indar kontzeptuaren garapenaren historia laburra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arkimedes" title="Arkimedes">Arkimedes</a> (K.a. 287‒212) izan zen indar kontzeptua definitu zuen lehena. Berak uste zuen <i>pausagunea</i> zela objektu materialen egoera naturala, alegia, gorputzen berezko egoera naturala <i>geldi egotea</i> zela, eta gorputz orok geldi egoteko joera zuela, kanpoko kausa eragile batek eginiko indarrik jasan ezean; izan ere, bere aurretik bizi izandako <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>en (K.a. 384-322) ideariari jarraituz, Arkimedesek uste zuen gorputzak kausa efiziente baten eraginpean egon behar zuela etengabe higiduran irauteko.   </p><p><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>-k (1564-1642) bestelako modu batez planteatu zuen indarraren definizioa, <i><a href="/wiki/Inertzia" title="Inertzia">inertziaren legea</a></i> proposatuz. Lege horren arabera, indarrik jasaten ez zuen indarrak higidura-egoera berean irauten zuen denboran zehar; hots, higidura konstantez higitzen zen. Agerikoa denez, lege horrek ukatu egin zuen Arkimedesek esandakoa. </p><p>Mende berean, Galileoren bide beretik, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>ek (1642-1727) era matematikoan formulatu zuen indarraren definizio modernoa, eta hiru legetan bildu zituen indarraren definizioaren zehaztapenak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indarra_mekanika_newtondarrean">Indarra mekanika newtondarrean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indarra mekanika newtondarrean»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Indarra mekanika newtondarrean"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newtonen_lehenengo_legea"><a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak" title="Newtonen legeak">Newtonen lehenengo legea</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Newtonen lehenengo legea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Newtonen lehenengo legea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gorputz materialen higidurari buruzko lehenengo lege honetan, Newtonek adierazi zuen ezen, kanpo-indar baten eraginpean ez badago, gorputzak aurretik daukan higidura-egoeran irauten duela: geldi bazegoen, geldi iraungo zuen, eta abiaduran bazebilen, abiadura berean segituko zuen etengabe. Azken batez, lege honetan Galileok proposaturiko inertzia-legea onartu zuen, eta inertziaren legea edo printzipioa da. Hori egitean, Newtonen inplizituki onartu zuen ezin zela erabaki indarrik jasangabe zegoen gorputza “pausagunean” zegoen edo “abiaduraz konstantez higitzen” ari zen: izatez, abiadura kontzeptu erlatiboa zen, behaketan erabilitako erreferentzia-sistemaren araberakoa. Ondorioz, sistema berezi batzuk definitu ziren, <i><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema_inertzial" title="Erreferentzia-sistema inertzial">erreferentzia-sistema inertzial</a></i> izenekoak, kanpo-indarrik jasaten ez zituzten partikulekin batera zihoazenak. Halaber, ondorioztatu zen erreferentzia-sistema inertzial guztiak baliokideak zirela fisikaren legeak deskribatzeko; horregatik, erreferentzia-sistema inertzialen <a href="/wiki/Zinematika" title="Zinematika">zinematika</a>n erabiltzen diren erlazioei <i><a href="/wiki/Galileoren_transformazioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileoren transformazioa">Galileoren transformazioak</a></i> deritze, Galileok Newtonen aurretik eginiko ekarpena aitortuz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newtonen_bigarren_legea">Newtonen bigarren legea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Newtonen bigarren legea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Newtonen bigarren legea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lege honek adierazten du, batetik, kanpotik eginiko indar batek gorputzean eragitean sortzen duen efektua nolakoa den, eta bestetik, efektu hori zer neurrikoa den. Era modernoan idatzita, lege hau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekuazio_bektorial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekuazio bektorial (sortu gabe)">ekuazio bektorial</a> honen bidez adierazten da:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\operatorname {d} \!{\boldsymbol {p}} \over \operatorname {d} \!t},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\operatorname {d} \!{\boldsymbol {p}} \over \operatorname {d} \!t},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5988b303757d9931e96b8f3425fc23a10d691c13" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.151ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\operatorname {d} \!{\boldsymbol {p}} \over \operatorname {d} \!t},}"></span> </p><p>non <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a728145135614a4f2c53b9332be4ea077ed10156" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.88ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"></span> gorputzean eragiten ari den indarra den eta  <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04cff366782c9fb192fc63992ef75ad59ee77695" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.052ex; width:1.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}}"></span> gorputzaren <a href="/wiki/Momentu_lineal" title="Momentu lineal">momentu lineala</a>. Ekuazio hau, aldi berean, indar kontzeptuaren definizioa ere bada: indarra da momentu linealaren denborarekiko deribatua, momentu linealaren aldaketa denborala eragiten duena. Kasu berezi modura, indarrik ez badago edo kanpo-indarren indarren arteko oreka badago, kanpo-indar netoa nulua da, eta lehenengo legera itzultzen gara, hots, momentu lineala ez da aldatzen (momentu linealaren denborarekiko deribatua nulua da). </p><p>Bestalde, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span> masadun partikularen kasuan <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}=m{\boldsymbol {v}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}=m{\boldsymbol {v}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0403efd1c19022e2a513bdedf3dd28c2bfac6529" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.052ex; width:7.906ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}=m{\boldsymbol {v}}}"></span> denez, masa konstantea den kasuan era honetan idatzi ahalko dugu bigarren legea:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\operatorname {d} \!(m{\boldsymbol {v}}) \over \operatorname {d} \!t}=m{\operatorname {d} \!{\boldsymbol {v}} \over \operatorname {d} \!t}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mi> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\operatorname {d} \!(m{\boldsymbol {v}}) \over \operatorname {d} \!t}=m{\operatorname {d} \!{\boldsymbol {v}} \over \operatorname {d} \!t}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cbcda96b2c299f20424fc757c97c8e86466595f6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:27.731ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\operatorname {d} \!(m{\boldsymbol {v}}) \over \operatorname {d} \!t}=m{\operatorname {d} \!{\boldsymbol {v}} \over \operatorname {d} \!t}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}.}"></span>Hortaz, lege honek adierazten du proportzionaltasuna dagoela gorputzari eginiko indarraren eta gorputzak jasandako azelerazioaren artean, eta proportzionaltasun-konstantea gorputzaren masa dela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newtonen_hirugarren_legea.">Newtonen hirugarren legea.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Newtonen hirugarren legea.»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Newtonen hirugarren legea."><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newtonek lege hau proposatu zuen kontuan izatean indarra jasaten zuen gorputzaren gaineko kanpo-indarra beste gorputz batek eginikoa izan behar zela, eta era berean lehenengo gorputzak indar bat egin behar ziola bigarrenari. Newton konturatu zen bi indar horiek elkarrekikoak zirela, biak aldi berean egindakoak, balio berekoak eta aurkako noranzkodunak. Era matematiko honetan formulatzen da hirugarren lege hau:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{12}=-{\boldsymbol {F}}_{21},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>21</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{12}=-{\boldsymbol {F}}_{21},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/851b08ccc729a718a65d7594decef9ff3bec69a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.509ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{12}=-{\boldsymbol {F}}_{21},}"></span>non <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{12}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{12}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d9f886ef5676fb70e9da63f6ec14d2b3cd42dd8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.478ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{12}}"></span>indarra <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span> gorputzak <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/901fc910c19990d0dbaaefe4726ceb1a4e217a0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2}"></span> gorputzari egiten dion indarra den, eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{21}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>21</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{21}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1bb4ef9aecdf07bfb94ff273c8eddabe91915e58" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.478ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{21}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/901fc910c19990d0dbaaefe4726ceb1a4e217a0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2}"></span> gorputzak <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span> gorputzari egiten diona.  </p><p>Lege honi <i><a href="/wiki/Akzio-erreakzioko_indar" class="mw-redirect" title="Akzio-erreakzioko indar">akzio-erreakzioaren legea</a></i> ere baderitzo. Lehenengo gorputzak bigarrenari <i>akzio</i> bat egitean, bigarrenak aurkako <i>erreakzio</i> bat egiten dio lehenengoari, <i>aldi berean</i> egin ere. </p><p>Hortaz, bi gorputzek osatutako sistema gorputz bakartzat kontsideratuz gero, bien arteko indar netoa nulua da etengabe:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{12}+{\boldsymbol {F}}_{21}=0,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>21</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{12}+{\boldsymbol {F}}_{21}=0,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bcf60962857d25f076ee7b200165e03a2af0f605" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.703ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{12}+{\boldsymbol {F}}_{21}=0,}"></span>Hortik, <i><a href="/wiki/Akzio-erreakzioko_indar" class="mw-redirect" title="Akzio-erreakzioko indar">akzio-erreakzioko indarrak</a></i> batera kontsideraturik eta lehenengo eta bigarren legea bi gorputzen sistemari aplikatuz, erraz ondorioztatzen da bi gorputzek osaturiko sistemaren momentu lineala konstantea dela. Horixe da, hain zuzen, bi partikulak osaturiko sistemaren momentu linealaren kontserbazioaren printzipioa:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}{\boldsymbol {v}}_{1}+m_{1}{\boldsymbol {v}}_{2}={\text{kte}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kte</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}{\boldsymbol {v}}_{1}+m_{1}{\boldsymbol {v}}_{2}={\text{kte}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3e69c63c48dc858a5314e5a7a556da2f915e103" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.684ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}{\boldsymbol {v}}_{1}+m_{1}{\boldsymbol {v}}_{2}={\text{kte}}.}"></span><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indarra_mekanika_erlatibista">Indarra mekanika erlatibista</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indarra mekanika erlatibista»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Indarra mekanika erlatibista"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Einstein <i><a href="/wiki/Erlatibitate_berezia" title="Erlatibitate berezia">erlatibitate bereziaren teoria</a></i>n, indar kontzeptuaren definizioa mekanika newtondarrean bezala egiten da, alegia, momentu linealaren denborarekiko deribatua dela esanez: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\operatorname {d} \!{\boldsymbol {p}} \over \operatorname {d} \!t},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\operatorname {d} \!{\boldsymbol {p}} \over \operatorname {d} \!t},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5988b303757d9931e96b8f3425fc23a10d691c13" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.151ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\operatorname {d} \!{\boldsymbol {p}} \over \operatorname {d} \!t},}"></span>Baina, kontuan izanez erlatibitatearen teorian baliokideak direla masa eta energia, eta abiadura handitzean masa ere handitzen dela, moldatu egin behar da momentu linealaren definizioa, modu honetan:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}={\frac {m_{0}{\boldsymbol {v}}}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}={\frac {m_{0}{\boldsymbol {v}}}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8cfae69c8d52f5473453488fb10dc356ff2a87cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; margin-left: -0.052ex; width:17.763ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}={\frac {m_{0}{\boldsymbol {v}}}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}},}"></span>non <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a6ff51ee949104fe6fae553cfbdfba29d5fac1e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{0}}"></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausaguneko_masa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pausaguneko masa (sortu gabe)">pausaguneko masa</a> den, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b2c2d3aac4213f3996d828c6aa8f4eb464a05cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.318ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}}"></span> partikularen abiadura eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Argiaren_abiadura" title="Argiaren abiadura">argiaren abiadura</a>.<br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indarren_adierazpen_grafikoa">Indarren adierazpen grafikoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indarren adierazpen grafikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Indarren adierazpen grafikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Paralelogramoaren_erregela.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Paralelogramoaren_erregela.png/220px-Paralelogramoaren_erregela.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Paralelogramoaren_erregela.png/330px-Paralelogramoaren_erregela.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Paralelogramoaren_erregela.png/440px-Paralelogramoaren_erregela.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Bi indarren baliokidea den indar erresultantea lortzeko paralelogramoaren erregela.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hizkera arruntean gorputz bati <i>indar bat egiten</i> ari garela esaten dugunean, gorputzari <i>sakatzen</i> edo <i>tiraka</i> gabiltzala ulertzen dugu. Ulermen horretatik abiaturik, modu intuitibo bat dugu indarrak grafikoki adierazteko, zeren, sakatzean edo tiratzean, indarrek norabidea eta noranzkoa dutela adierazten baitugu, tamaina izateaz gain; alegia, indarrek izaera bektoriala dutela ulertzen dugu. </p><p>Horregatik, indarrak grafikoki adierazi nahi ditugunean, lerro gezidun modura adierazten ditugu espazio euklidearrean, bektore gisa. Eta gorputz berean aldi berean bi indar eragiten ari direnean, batuketa errekangeluarreko geometria aplikatzen diegu, bien eragin baliokidea izango duen <i>indar erresultantea</i> lortzeko; indarrak batzeko batuketa modu horri <i>paralelogramoaren erregela</i> esaten zaio, eta alboko irudian dago azalduta. Erregela hori aplikatuz, gorputz baten gainean ari diren indar guztiak indar erresultante bakar batez ordezka ditzakegu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indarren_arteko_oreka">Indarren arteko <a href="/wiki/Oreka_mekaniko" title="Oreka mekaniko">oreka</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indarren arteko oreka»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Indarren arteko oreka"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Partikula puntual baten gainean eragiten ari diren indar guztien erresultantea nulua denean (hau da indarren batura bektorialaren balioa zero denean), indarren arteko oreka dagoela esaten da: partikula orekan edo ekilibrio-egoeran dago. Dena den, puntutzat hartu ezin den <a href="/wiki/Solido_zurrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Solido zurrun">solido zurrun</a> estentso baten gainean ari diren indarrak orekan egoteko, indar erresultantea nulua izateaz gain, <i><a href="/wiki/Indar_momentu" title="Indar momentu">indar-momentu</a> erresultantea</i>k (<i><a href="/wiki/Torke" class="mw-redirect" title="Torke">torke</a></i> izenekoak) ere nulua izan behar du. Bi motatako orekak daude: <i>oreka estatikoa</i> eta <i>oreka dinamikoa</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Sokatik_eskegitako_masa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sokatik_eskegitako_masa.png/220px-Sokatik_eskegitako_masa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sokatik_eskegitako_masa.png/330px-Sokatik_eskegitako_masa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Sokatik_eskegitako_masa.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Sokatik eskegitako masa batek jasaten dituen bi indarrek norabide bera, aurkako noranzkoa eta modulu bera dauzkate.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oreka_estatikoa">Oreka estatikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oreka estatikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Oreka estatikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oreka estatikoa ondo ulertzen zen mekanika newtondarra sortu baino lehen. Gorputza etengabe geldi irauteari dagokion orekari deritzo <i>estatikoa</i>, eta geldi dagoen gorputzean modulu eta norabide berbera baina aurkako norankoa duten bi indarren kasua da. Adibidez, sabaira lotutako soka batetik zintzilik dagoen gorputzak beheranzko indar bat jasaten du (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {P}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">P</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {P}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d6351e321b7d5cb9e071bb996fd1838060725b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.968ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {P}}}"></span> pisua, Lurrak grabitatez egina) eta goranzko beste bat (sokaren <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">T</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7156c89d51c7ffbdb36a0a2f4cd2ebc75cecf4f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.794ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}}"></span> tentsioak egina). Biak modulu berekoak izanik, gorputza geldi dago eskegita, orekan, indar erresultantearen balio netoa zero baita. Newtonen bigarren legearen ondorioz, azeleraziorik ez du (soka apurtu ezean). </p><p>Oreka estatikoan dago, halaber, aldapa batean egon arren zoluko <a href="/wiki/Marruskadura-indar" title="Marruskadura-indar">marruskadura-indar</a>rari esker erortzen ez den kutxa bat; alegia, geldi dagoena. Kasu horretan, zoluak eginiko indarra <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {F}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {F}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/adc0a6e370c10308a19ce33c6af17c45c145b5d0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.689ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {F}})}"></span> bi osagaitan adierazi ohi da: osagai normala <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (F_{\text{n}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (F_{\text{n}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/710a3df1b0742eb7d299819d979b9e3ed446fee0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.45ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (F_{\text{n}})}"></span>eta marruskadura-indarra <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (F_{\text{r}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>r</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (F_{\text{r}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e84f9a7be021cb7a95777898490c4c7efba51661" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.181ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (F_{\text{r}})}"></span>. Eta horiek biek anulatu egiten dute kutxaren pisua <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {P}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">P</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {P}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b03a11f929c74befa06bea2e4d527bffe2c1083" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.778ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {P}})}"></span>, Lurraren grabitatearen ondorioa dena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oreka_dinamikoa">Oreka dinamikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oreka dinamikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Oreka dinamikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Oreka_estatikoa_eta_dinamikoa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Oreka_estatikoa_eta_dinamikoa.png/440px-Oreka_estatikoa_eta_dinamikoa.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Oreka_estatikoa_eta_dinamikoa.png/660px-Oreka_estatikoa_eta_dinamikoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Oreka_estatikoa_eta_dinamikoa.png/880px-Oreka_estatikoa_eta_dinamikoa.png 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>a. Oreka estatikoan gorputza geldi dago <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {v}}=0).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {v}}=0).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fdbbdd497c141c47d9e832904277b7b5eb142bf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.035ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {v}}=0).}"></span> b. Oreka dinamikoan gorputzak abiadura konstantea du <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {v}}={\text{kte}}).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kte</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {v}}={\text{kte}}).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca59f59b9df926f88c71df439daac74e68588a76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.037ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {v}}={\text{kte}}).}"></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Galileok azaldutako moduan, gorputza abiadura konstanteko higiduran ibiltzea eta pausagunean egotea egoera baliokideak dira dinamikaren ikuspuntutik, kasu bietan gorputzean eragiten ari den kanpo-indar netoa nulua baita. Horixe da, hain zuzen, Newtonen lehenengo legeak esaten duena. Horregatik, <i>oreka dinamikoa</i> deritzo, indar erresultantea nulua izanik gorputzaren abiadura konstantea den orekari <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {v}}=0).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {v}}=0).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fdbbdd497c141c47d9e832904277b7b5eb142bf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.035ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {v}}=0).}"></span> Oreka dinamikoaren adibide bat hegazkinetik salto egin duen paraxutistaren kasua dugu: airearen marruskaduraz eraginez une batean muga-abiadurara iristen da eta ordutik aurrera abiadura konstantez erortzen da. Egoera horretan, jauskariaren eta jauskailuaren pisu osoak <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {P}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">P</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {P}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b03a11f929c74befa06bea2e4d527bffe2c1083" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.778ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {P}})}"></span> eta airearen marruskadura-indarrak <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{r}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>r</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{r}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0bb98e3e4f1883d848b6b1c9ff45ce24028b785" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.288ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{r}})}"></span> modulu berbera dute, baina aurkako noranzkoa, eta elkar anulatzen dute. Paraxutistak eta paraxutak osatzen duten sisteman eragiten ari den indar erresultantea nulua da: biak osaturiko sistema oreka dinamikoan dago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indar-unitateak">Indar-unitateak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indar-unitateak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Indar-unitateak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaur egun, zientziaren arloan unitate fisikoen <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Sistema" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazioarteko Sistema">nazioarteko SI sistema</a> erabiltzen da mundu osoan. Sistema horretan, indar-unitatea <i>newton</i>  deitzen da euskaraz, eta letra xehez idazten da. Unitatearen sinboloa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{N}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>N</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{N}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ecb64aa46d7a3fd6c0a087e157506d8ec218d202" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{N}}}"></span>letra larria da. Sistema horretan indarra <i>unitate eratorria</i> da, eta oinarrizko unitateetan adierazirik baliokidetza hau du: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1{\text{ N}}=1{\text{ kg·m·s}}^{-2}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> N</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> kg·m·s</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1{\text{ N}}=1{\text{ kg·m·s}}^{-2}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fcaea5a73c0e29d43c67efae5865e8f7e34e5c7f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.843ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1{\text{ N}}=1{\text{ kg·m·s}}^{-2}.}"></span> </p><p>Bestelako sistemetako indar-unitateak ere erabili izan dira. Hauexek dira sistema horien izenak eta dagozkien unitateak, newtonetan dituzten balioekin. </p> <ul><li><b>Sistema zegesimala (cgs sistema).</b> Sistema honetan indar unitatea <i><a href="/wiki/Dina" title="Dina">dina</a></i> izenekoa da, eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{dyn}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>dyn</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{dyn}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/573d40309e70d9abd45bc5835f78d02180f9cba0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.813ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{dyn}}}"></span> sinboloaz adierazten da, eta balio hau du: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1{\text{ dyn}}=10^{-5}{\text{ N}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> dyn</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> N</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1{\text{ dyn}}=10^{-5}{\text{ N}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94c0f604a315ac1cdd6cf92d21d72dc64d14bee9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.282ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1{\text{ dyn}}=10^{-5}{\text{ N}}.}"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Sistema teknikoa.</b> Teknologian eta ingeniaritzan sarri erabili den sistema honetako unitatea <i>kilogramo-indar</i> edo <i>kilopondio</i> deitzen da, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{kg}}_{\text{f}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kg</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{kg}}_{\text{f}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1361019f543188b37c35c73399f9b460ba768639" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.234ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{kg}}_{\text{f}}}"></span> edo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{kp}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kp</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{kp}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d05e6977f4696168e51377e491469e790e7f5b02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.52ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{kp}}}"></span> sinboloaz adierazten da, eta balio hau du:  <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1{\text{ kp}}={\text{9,806 65 N}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> kp</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>9,806 65 N</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1{\text{ kp}}={\text{9,806 65 N}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4e8a4c6d9872daf70b6be4dc17e3ebed6a5ece2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.534ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1{\text{ kp}}={\text{9,806 65 N}}.}"></span></li> <li><b>Unitateen sistema anglosaxoia.</b> Lurralde anglosaxoietan erabili izan da. Bertako indar-unitatea libra-indar deitzen da, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{lb}}_{\text{f}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>lb</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{lb}}_{\text{f}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a45e47be3d32e3ebb48a23c5c9484ee550c39da7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.783ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{lb}}_{\text{f}}}"></span> sinboloaz adierazten da, eta balio hau du: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{1 lb}}_{\text{f}}={\text{4,448 222 N}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>1 lb</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>4,448 222 N</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{1 lb}}_{\text{f}}={\text{4,448 222 N}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b996399cee8b8327ce5ab95161007ac64904ff5c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.96ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{1 lb}}_{\text{f}}={\text{4,448 222 N}}.}"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motak">Motak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm/220px-seek%3D71-Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="369" data-mwtitle="Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm/Indar_motak_Azalpena_3_DBH.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><b>Indar motak</b> ulertzeko bideoa.<hr /><span style="color: #777;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.jakindun.com/" rel="nofollow"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jakindun_logoa.png/33px-Jakindun_logoa.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jakindun_logoa.png/50px-Jakindun_logoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jakindun_logoa.png/66px-Jakindun_logoa.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Bideo hau Jakindun elkarteak egin du. Gehiago dituzu eskuragarri <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jakindun.com/">euren gunean</a>. Bideoak dituzten artikulu guztiak ikus ditzakezu <a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Jakindunen_bideoak_dituzten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Jakindunen bideoak dituzten artikuluak"><b>hemen</b></a>.</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oinarrizko_partikulen_arteko_indarrak">Oinarrizko partikulen arteko indarrak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oinarrizko partikulen arteko indarrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Oinarrizko partikulen arteko indarrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oinarrizko partikulen arteko indarrak <a href="/wiki/Oinarrizko_partikula" title="Oinarrizko partikula">oinarrizko partikulen</a> artean gertatzen diren <i>elkarrekintzak</i>. Lau motatako oinarrizko elkarrekintzak ezagutzen dira naturan: grabitatorioa, elektromagnetikoa, nuklear bortitza eta nuklear ahula. Unibertsoan gauzatzen den edozein elkarrekintza edo interakzio hauetako batetik dator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grabitazio-indarra"><a href="/wiki/Grabitazio_indar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabitazio indar">Grabitazio-indarra</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Grabitazio-indarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Grabitazio-indarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Masadun gorputz orok indar erakarle bat jasaten du beste edozein gorputzetatik, dagoen lekuan dagoela, elkarrekintza grabitatorioak irismen infinitua baitu. Beste elkarrekintzekin konparatuz, intentsitatez oso txikia den arren, masa oso handien kasuan izugarri handia da, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Eguzkia" title="Eguzkia">Eguzkia</a>ren eta <a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurra</a>ren artekoa, indar horri esker ari baikara biraka Eguzkiaren inguruan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indar_elektromagnetikoa"><a href="/wiki/Indar_elektromagnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Indar elektromagnetiko">Indar elektromagnetikoa</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indar elektromagnetikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Indar elektromagnetikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Partikula elektrikoek jasaten duten interakzioa da, <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a>en eta <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulen</a> arteko aldaketen eragile nagusia. Indar honek ere distantzia infiniturainoko helmena du, baina indar grabitatorioa ez bezala, bi eratakoa izan daiteke, erakarlea edo aldaratzailea, kontuan izanik <a href="/wiki/Karga_elektrikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Karga elektrikoa">karga elektrikoa</a> ere bi motatakoa dela (negatiboa eta positiboa). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indar_nuklear_bortitza"><a href="/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_bortitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitza">Indar nuklear bortitza</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indar nuklear bortitza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Indar nuklear bortitza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indar nuklear bortitza da <a href="/wiki/Atomo_nukleo" title="Atomo nukleo">atomoen nukleoa</a> elkartuta mantentzen duena, <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoi</a>ak eta <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroi</a>ak elkarrekin bilduz, eta oso distantzia laburretara baino ez du eragiten; hain zuzen ere, nukleoen barrukoa da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indar_nuklear_ahula"><a href="/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahula" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear ahula">Indar nuklear ahula</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indar nuklear ahula»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Indar nuklear ahula"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indar nuklear ahula ere atomoen nukleoaren barnekoa da <a href="/wiki/Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo" title="Desintegrazio erradioaktibo">desintegrazio erradioaktiboa</a>ren arduraduna da. Ahul esaten zaio aurrekoa baino 10<sup>13</sup> aldiz txikiagoa delako. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objektu_arrunten_arteko_indarrak">Objektu arrunten arteko indarrak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Objektu arrunten arteko indarrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Objektu arrunten arteko indarrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukipen-indarrak:_indar_normala_eta_marruskadura-indarra">Ukipen-indarrak: <a href="/wiki/Indar_normala" class="mw-redirect" title="Indar normala">indar normala</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Marruskadura-indar" title="Marruskadura-indar">marruskadura-indarra</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ukipen-indarrak: indar normala eta marruskadura-indarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Ukipen-indarrak: indar normala eta marruskadura-indarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bi gorputz solidok elkar ukitzen daudenean, akzio-erreakzioaren printzipioa betetzen duten indarrak egiten dizkiote elkarri. Honela, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> gorputzak <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> gorputzari <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a728145135614a4f2c53b9332be4ea077ed10156" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.88ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"></span> indarra egiten badio, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> gorputzak <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\boldsymbol {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\boldsymbol {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0951a1f36b6e69fb3df2715153ca55b2c4672d52" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.688ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\boldsymbol {F}}}"></span> indarra egiten dio <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> gorputzari. Oro har, ukipen-indarra bi osagaitan banatu ohi da: indar normala (ukipen-gainazalaren perpendikularra) eta indar tangentziala (ukipen-gainazalaren tangentziala). Indar normala sortzen da ukipen-gainazalean gorputz bakoitzak besteari egiten dion konpresioaren kausaz, eta indar tangentziala bi gainazalen arteko <a href="/wiki/Marruskadura" class="mw-redirect" title="Marruskadura">marruskadura</a>ren kausaz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tentsio-indarra_eta_konpresio-indarra">Tentsio-indarra eta konpresio-indarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Tentsio-indarra eta konpresio-indarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Tentsio-indarra eta konpresio-indarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Soka bat tenkatzeko edo gorputz bat luzatzeko egiten den indarrari <i><a href="/wiki/Trakzio-indar" class="mw-redirect" title="Trakzio-indar">trakzio-indar</a></i> deritzo. Alderantziz, zutabe batek gainean daukan pisuari eusteko egin beharrekoa <i><a href="/wiki/Konpresio-indar" class="mw-redirect" title="Konpresio-indar">konpresio-indarra</a></i> dela esan ohi da. <a href="/wiki/Likido" title="Likido">Likido</a> baten barruan sartzen diren gorputzek konpresio-indarrak jasaten dituzte, <a href="/wiki/Presio_hidrostatiko" title="Presio hidrostatiko">likidoaren barneko presioa</a>ren ondorioz. Bai tentsio-indarren zein konpresio-indarren norabidea gainazalaren prependikularra da, baina alderantzizko noranzkoak dituzte: tentsio-indarrek, gorputzetik kanporanzkoa; konpresio-indarrek, gorputzaren barruranzkoa. Horregatik, tentsio-indarrek gorputzak luza ditzakete, gehiago edo gutxiago, materialen <a href="/wiki/Elastikotasun_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elastikotasun (argipena)">elastikotasuna</a>ren arabera, eta konpresio-indarrek gorputzak konprimatu eta tamaina txikiagotzeko eragina dute.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Indar_elastikoa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indar_elastikoa.png/250px-Indar_elastikoa.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Indar_elastikoa.png 1.5x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>a) Malgukia indarrik jasan gabe. b) Tentsio bat jasatean malgukiak eginiko indar elastikoa. c) Konpresio bat jasatean malgukiak eginiko indar elastikoa.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indar_elastikoa">Indar elastikoa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indar elastikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Indar elastikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malguki bat (edo material elastiko bat) luzatzen edo konprimitzen denean, <a href="/wiki/Malguki" title="Malguki">malguki</a>an indar bat sortzen da hasierako egoera normalera itzultzeko: <i>indar elastikoa</i> deritzo. Indar horren balioa <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a>-ren legeaz kalkulatzen da, materialaren muga elastikoaren barnean. Lege hori <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{e}}=-k\Delta x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>e</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{e}}=-k\Delta x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e1683ed68ca7d0eb32a8d9975a9bef17b271de33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.947ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{e}}=-k\Delta x}"></span> eran adierazten da, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{e}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>e</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{e}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/152aca61af61d00370a96c422058cda840e9c516" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.564ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{e}}}"></span>indar elastikoa izanik, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> malgukiaren elastikotasun-konstantea eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f3890eb866b6258d7a304fc34c70ee3fb3a81a70" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.266ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta x}"></span> luzatu edo konprimituriko distantzia. Minus zeinuak adierazten du indar elastikoak malgukiari eginiko luzapenaren edo konpresioaren aurkako noranzkoa duela, alegia, hasierako egoerara itzularaztekoa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fluidoen_barneko_konpresio-indarra:_presio_hidrostatikoa">Fluidoen barneko konpresio-indarra: <a href="/wiki/Presio_hidrostatiko" title="Presio hidrostatiko">presio hidrostatikoa</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fluidoen barneko konpresio-indarra: presio hidrostatikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Fluidoen barneko konpresio-indarra: presio hidrostatikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gorputz solido inpermeable bat fluido baten barnean murgiltzean, gainazaleko puntu guztietan fluidoak eginiko konpresio-indar bat jasaten du, gainazalaren perpendikularra eta gorputzaren barruranzkoa dena. Indar horren balioa <i>presio hidrostatikoa</i> deritzon magnitudearen bidez eman ohi da; presio hidrostatikoak gainazalaren azalera-unitateko indarra adierazten du. Likido batean sartzean, presio hidrostatiko handiagotu egiten da sakonerarekin, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=\rho gh}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=\rho gh}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/84efebb0caf9a6bc5df7e2a6abf96c021a5865ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.501ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=\rho gh}"></span> formularen arabera, non <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"></span> likidoaren dentsitatea den, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}"></span> grabitatearen azelerazioa eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}"></span> sakonera; izan ere, presio hidrostatikoa puntuak gainean daukan likido-zutabearen pisuaren ondoriozkoa da. Atmosferako aireari dagokion presio hidrostatikoa <a href="/wiki/Presio_atmosferiko" title="Presio atmosferiko">presio atmosferikoa</a> da, eta gure gainean dugun airearen pisuari dagokio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erreferentzia-sistema_ez-inertzialetan_kontuan_hartu_beharreko_indar_irudikariak"><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema_ez-inertzial" title="Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertzial">Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertzial</a>etan kontuan hartu beharreko indar irudikariak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertzialetan kontuan hartu beharreko indar irudikariak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertzialetan kontuan hartu beharreko indar irudikariak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertzialeko behatzaileak gorputz baten <a href="/wiki/Dinamika" title="Dinamika">dinamika</a> aztertzean Newtonen legeak modu egokian aplikatzeko, sistema inertzialekiko duen azelerazioaren ondorioz, kontuan eduki behar ditu sistema inertzialetan agertzen ez diren indar batzuk. Indar horiei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar_irudikariak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indar irudikariak (sortu gabe)">indar irudikariak</a> deritze. Mota desberdinetako indar irudikariak daude: <i><a href="/wiki/Indar_zentrifugoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Indar zentrifugoa">indar zentrifugoa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coriolisen_indarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolisen indarra">Coriolisen indarra</a></i> eta <i>azelerazio angeluarra</i>ren ondoriozkoa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indar_elektromagnetikoa_2">Indar elektromagnetikoa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indar elektromagnetikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Indar elektromagnetikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elektrikoki kargaturik dauden partikulek <a href="/wiki/Eremu_elektromagnetiko" title="Eremu elektromagnetiko">eremu elektromagnetiko</a>an higitzean jasaten duten indarra da. Batetik, eremu elektrikoa kontsideratu behar da: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}"></span> karga elektrikoa daukan partikula geldi dagoenean, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{e}}=q{\boldsymbol {E}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>e</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">E</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{e}}=q{\boldsymbol {E}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/74045d5d17ee24add67601366a0897fc49cc3207" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.649ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{e}}=q{\boldsymbol {E}}}"></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar_elektrostatikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indar elektrostatikoa (sortu gabe)">indar elektrostatikoa</a>  jasaten du, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {E}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">E</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {E}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc7557c5b378c6d01d3a05f5b60c2700e782b9f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.917ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {E}}}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Eremu_elektriko" title="Eremu elektriko">eremu elektrikoa</a>ren kausaz. Baina partikula hori <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b2c2d3aac4213f3996d828c6aa8f4eb464a05cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.318ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}}"></span> abiaduraz higitzen badabil, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f49b3f4848f864ef230ee517a35dba004dc6c3f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.013ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Eremu_magnetiko" title="Eremu magnetiko">eremu magnetikoa</a>ren eragina ere jasaten du, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{m}}=q{\boldsymbol {v}}\times {\boldsymbol {B}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{m}}=q{\boldsymbol {v}}\times {\boldsymbol {B}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07e11e0f52d069f58956ec9efdda8bfc4eb6ea95" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.542ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{m}}=q{\boldsymbol {v}}\times {\boldsymbol {B}}}"></span> indarra hain zuzen. Bi eremuon eragina batera kontsideratuz, partikulak <i><a href="/wiki/Lorentzen_indarra" title="Lorentzen indarra">Lorentzen indarra</a></i>  jasaten du, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{em}}=q({\boldsymbol {E}}+{\boldsymbol {v}}\times {\boldsymbol {B}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>em</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{em}}=q({\boldsymbol {E}}+{\boldsymbol {v}}\times {\boldsymbol {B}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/139b01ae2cb7bd3618d0339445f9c80241ada489" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.839ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{\text{em}}=q({\boldsymbol {E}}+{\boldsymbol {v}}\times {\boldsymbol {B}})}"></span> formulaz kalkulatzen dena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indar_kontzeptutik_eratorritako_magnitude_fisikoak">Indar kontzeptutik eratorritako magnitude fisikoak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indar kontzeptutik eratorritako magnitude fisikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Indar kontzeptutik eratorritako magnitude fisikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indarra funtsezko magnitudea da <a href="/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika">mekanika</a>ren arloan, eta praktikan oso baliagarriak diren hainbat <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_fisiko" title="Magnitude fisiko">magnitude fisiko</a> indar kontzeptuan oinarriturik daude. Horien artean aipagarriak dira magnitude hauek: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presioa"><a href="/wiki/Presio" title="Presio">Presioa</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Presioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Presioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Definizioz, gainazal batean eginiko presioa deritzo bertan kanpotik eginiko indar normalaren eta gainazalaren azaleraren arteko zatidurari. Hortaz,<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P={\frac {F_{\text{n}}}{S}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mi>S</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P={\frac {F_{\text{n}}}{S}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4804935106b5f9be3167acd6c1d7fb47deb2e37a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.321ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P={\frac {F_{\text{n}}}{S}}}"></span>eran kalkulatzen da. Hauxe da presioaren izaera dimentsionala:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [P]=\left[{\frac {{\text{M L T}}^{-2}}{{\text{L}}^{2}}}\right]={\text{M L}}^{-1}{\text{T}}^{-2}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>M L T</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>L</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>M L</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>T</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [P]=\left[{\frac {{\text{M L T}}^{-2}}{{\text{L}}^{2}}}\right]={\text{M L}}^{-1}{\text{T}}^{-2}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/30f6a01490df46d8dce324a05f2cbcd49ce2d06e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:32.438ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [P]=\left[{\frac {{\text{M L T}}^{-2}}{{\text{L}}^{2}}}\right]={\text{M L}}^{-1}{\text{T}}^{-2}.}"></span></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Fysik_vridmoment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Fysik_vridmoment.png" decoding="async" width="189" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="189" /></a><figcaption>172.997x172.997px</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Torque_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Torque_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption>Irudi animatu honetan argi ikusten da zein den indar-momentuaren efektua.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Puntu_batekiko_indar-momentua"><a href="/wiki/Indar_momentu" title="Indar momentu">Puntu batekiko indar-momentua</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Puntu batekiko indar-momentua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Puntu batekiko indar-momentua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Partikula puntual batean eragiten ari den <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a728145135614a4f2c53b9332be4ea077ed10156" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.88ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"></span>indar batek puntu finko batekiko duen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {M}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">M</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {M}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a054d5057408f7628386ba91f52a93e6a31c0416" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.832ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {M}}}"></span>indar-momentua honelaxe definitzen da: indarrak partikularen puntu finkoarekiko duen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6a5e169814762d75ef0dd3a3d0bc99b4a5a06e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {r}}}"></span> posizio-bektorearen eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a728145135614a4f2c53b9332be4ea077ed10156" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.88ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"></span> indarraren arteko biderkadura bektoriala. Sinbolikoki idatzita:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {M}}={\boldsymbol {r}}\times {\boldsymbol {F}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">M</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {M}}={\boldsymbol {r}}\times {\boldsymbol {F}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a63d783db8a035f0d60adf90f9e20c18194a9271" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.528ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {M}}={\boldsymbol {r}}\times {\boldsymbol {F}}.}"></span>Solido zurrunaren kasuan puntu finkoa eta indarraren aplikazio-puntua solidokoak direnean, indar-momentuak birarazi egiten du solidoa, adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Torloju" title="Torloju">torlojua</a>ri indar eragiten dion giltzarekin gertatzen den bezala, ondorioz torlojua estutuz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indar-parea"><a href="/wiki/Indar-pare" title="Indar-pare">Indar-parea</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indar-parea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Indar-parea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Par_de_fuerzas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Par_de_fuerzas.jpg/220px-Par_de_fuerzas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Par_de_fuerzas.jpg/330px-Par_de_fuerzas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Par_de_fuerzas.jpg/440px-Par_de_fuerzas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Autoetako gidagailuan egindako indar-parea.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Indar-parea</i> deritzogu norabide bera, aurkako noranzkoa eta modulu berbera duten bi indarrek osaturiko multzoari, baldin biak aldi berean solido batean eragiten ari badira. Hori da, adibidez, autoaren gidagailua birarazteko egiten ohi duguna bi eskuekin. Indar-parearen indar-momentuari <i><a href="/wiki/Torke" class="mw-redirect" title="Torke">torke</a></i> ere esaten zaio batzuetan eta balio hau du:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}={\boldsymbol {r}}\times {\boldsymbol {F}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">τ</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}={\boldsymbol {r}}\times {\boldsymbol {F}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c9f1299f9f8fafb28bb2005fee633174d9a068a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.114ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}={\boldsymbol {r}}\times {\boldsymbol {F}},}"></span>non <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6a5e169814762d75ef0dd3a3d0bc99b4a5a06e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {r}}}"></span> bektorea bi indarren aplikazio-puntuen arteko posizio-bektorea den. Indar-horren modulua <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =Fd}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =Fd}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d304432ea8558d9fd598c7d4a0e34579bcfe351e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.257ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =Fd}"></span> da, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span> hori indarren norabideen arteko distantzia perpendikularra izanik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulkada"><a href="/wiki/Bulkada_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bulkada (argipena)">Bulkada</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bulkada»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Bulkada"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Fisikan, <i>bulkada</i> deritzo partikularen gainean denboran zehar eragiten ari den indarraren <a href="/wiki/Integral_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Integral (argipena)">integral</a> denboralari. Bulkada magnitude bektoriala da, eta <i><b>I</b></i> sinboloaz adierazten da. Definizioz, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02d3006c4190b1939b04d9b9bb21006fb4e6fa4a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{0}}"></span>eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb0768c0bd659f2f84fb5ef9f4b74f336123d915" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{1}}"></span>aldiuneen artean partikulari emaniko bulkada<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {I}}=\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\boldsymbol {F}}{\text{d}}t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">I</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {I}}=\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\boldsymbol {F}}{\text{d}}t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2989d1888931e37d3d4b736bcc8ed17ff313feb0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:12.952ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {I}}=\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\boldsymbol {F}}{\text{d}}t}"></span>da, eta indarraren definiziotik abiaturik ikus daitekeenez, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02d3006c4190b1939b04d9b9bb21006fb4e6fa4a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{0}}"></span>eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb0768c0bd659f2f84fb5ef9f4b74f336123d915" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{1}}"></span> aldiuneen arteko bulkadaren balioa bi aldiune horien artean partikularen momentu linealak jasaten duen aldakuntzaren berdina da:  <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\frac {{\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {p}}}{{\text{d}}t}}\rightarrow {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {p}}={\boldsymbol {F}}{\text{d}}t,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\frac {{\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {p}}}{{\text{d}}t}}\rightarrow {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {p}}={\boldsymbol {F}}{\text{d}}t,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/61911dc0370c018cff3cae238ca5e582620e2375" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:22.566ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}={\frac {{\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {p}}}{{\text{d}}t}}\rightarrow {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {p}}={\boldsymbol {F}}{\text{d}}t,}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {p}}=\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\boldsymbol {F}}{\text{d}}t={\boldsymbol {I}}\rightarrow {\boldsymbol {I}}={\boldsymbol {p}}_{1}-{\boldsymbol {p}}_{0}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">I</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">I</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {p}}=\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\boldsymbol {F}}{\text{d}}t={\boldsymbol {I}}\rightarrow {\boldsymbol {I}}={\boldsymbol {p}}_{1}-{\boldsymbol {p}}_{0}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f73f99e1f5f79797ba05bf8663bac3f4abf66de6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:39.683ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {p}}=\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\boldsymbol {F}}{\text{d}}t={\boldsymbol {I}}\rightarrow {\boldsymbol {I}}={\boldsymbol {p}}_{1}-{\boldsymbol {p}}_{0}.}"></span></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lan_nulua.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lan_nulua.png/330px-Lan_nulua.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lan_nulua.png/495px-Lan_nulua.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lan_nulua.png/660px-Lan_nulua.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Indarra ibilbidearen perpendikularra denean, egiten duen lana nulua da.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lana"><a href="/wiki/Lan" class="mw-disambig" title="Lan">Lana</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lana»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Lana"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Fisikan, <i>lana</i> deritzo partikularen gainean ibilbidean zehar eragiten ari den indarraren integral espazialari. Definizioz, ibilbideko <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> puntuen artean partikularen gainean <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a728145135614a4f2c53b9332be4ea077ed10156" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.88ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"></span> indarrak eginiko lana<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{AB}=\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{AB}=\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/89210d392fb1f66af9d1146215b07fa9652c1cbc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:18.595ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{AB}=\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {r}}}"></span></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Indarraren_eragina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Indarraren_eragina.png/310px-Indarraren_eragina.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Indarraren_eragina.png/465px-Indarraren_eragina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Indarraren_eragina.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><i>A</i> eta <i>B</i> puntuen artean indarrak egindako lana kalkulatzeko elementuak.</figcaption></figure><p>da. Lana magnitude eskalarra da, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}"></span>sinboloaz adierazten da eta SI sisteman <i><a href="/wiki/Joule_(unitatea)" title="Joule (unitatea)">joule</a></i> deritzon unitatetan neurtzen da. Oinarrizko magnitudeen arabera, lanak <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a>ren egitura berbera du: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{M L}}^{2}{\text{T}}^{-2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>M L</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>T</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{M L}}^{2}{\text{T}}^{-2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7429d0b3a0a82425dbaa61d30a5b55b8ebbf0cbc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.229ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{M L}}^{2}{\text{T}}^{-2}}"></span>. Kontuan izan behar da, ezen, indarraren eta desplazamenduaren arteko biderkadura eskalarra denez, ibilbidearekiko perpendikularra den indarrak lanik ez duela egiten. Horixe gertatzen da, adibidez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higidura_zirkular_uniforme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higidura zirkular uniforme (sortu gabe)">higidura zirkular uniformea</a>ren eta osagai normalaren kasuetan,non bi indar horiek eginiko lana nulua den. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energia_zinetikoa"><a href="/wiki/Energia_zinetiko" title="Energia zinetiko">Energia zinetikoa</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Energia zinetikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Energia zinetikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erreferentzia-sistema inertzial batetik indarrak eginiko lana aztertzean, indarraren eta deplazamendu infinitesimalaren balioak aldiuneko abiaduraren funtzioan adieraziz, eta eragiketa matematikoak eginez, azkenean honelaxe adierazi ahalko dugu <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> puntuen artean indarrak eginiko lana <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> puntuetako abiaduren bitartez: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{AB}=\int _{A}^{B}{\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {r}}=\int _{A}^{B}m{\frac {{\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {v}}}{{\text{d}}t}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {v}}{\text{d}}t=\int _{A}^{B}{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\left({\frac {1}{2}}m{\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {v}}\right),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>d</mtext> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{AB}=\int _{A}^{B}{\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {r}}=\int _{A}^{B}m{\frac {{\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {v}}}{{\text{d}}t}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {v}}{\text{d}}t=\int _{A}^{B}{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\left({\frac {1}{2}}m{\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {v}}\right),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1d5112251d9ea24341e34234dbdd73ad95fd1d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:60.056ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{AB}=\int _{A}^{B}{\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {r}}=\int _{A}^{B}m{\frac {{\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {v}}}{{\text{d}}t}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {v}}{\text{d}}t=\int _{A}^{B}{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\left({\frac {1}{2}}m{\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {v}}\right),}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{AB}=\left[{\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}\right]_{A}^{B}={\frac {1}{2}}mv_{B}^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}mv_{A}^{2}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <msubsup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <msubsup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{AB}=\left[{\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}\right]_{A}^{B}={\frac {1}{2}}mv_{B}^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}mv_{A}^{2}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d57c6798949a650ae896a22e75acee4372ed19ce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:38.023ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{AB}=\left[{\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}\right]_{A}^{B}={\frac {1}{2}}mv_{B}^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}mv_{A}^{2}.}"></span>Horrela egitean, higitzen ari den partikula bati dagokion magnitude berri bat definitu dugu, <i>energia zinetikoa</i>, modu honetan:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>k</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ea528b71a10842a426decbd22527b9ba2c15551" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.782ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}.}"></span>Energia zinetikoa magnitude eskalarra da, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>k</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce71f608d367b0bb170515bcdb0cf74f7c6dcf73" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.815ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}}"></span>sinboloaz adierazten da eta SI sisteman <i>joule</i> deritzon unitatetan neurtzen da, lana bezala. Oinarrizko magnitudeen arabera energia orok bezalako egitura du: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{M L}}^{2}{\text{T}}^{-2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>M L</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>T</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{M L}}^{2}{\text{T}}^{-2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7429d0b3a0a82425dbaa61d30a5b55b8ebbf0cbc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.229ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{M L}}^{2}{\text{T}}^{-2}}"></span>. Magnitude honetan oinarriturik esan dezakegu ezen, ibilbideko bi punturen artean partikula baten gainean eragitean indar batek egiten duen lana partikularen energia zinetikoaren aldakuntza sortzeko erabiltzen dela.<br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indar_kontserbakorrak_eta_energia_potentziala">Indar kontserbakorrak eta <a href="/wiki/Energia_potentzial" title="Energia potentzial">energia potentziala</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indar kontserbakorrak eta energia potentziala»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Indar kontserbakorrak eta energia potentziala"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Matematikaren ikuspuntutik hitz eginez, esan behar da lanaren definizioan integral kurbilineoa egin behar dela; hau da, integrala partikularen ibilbidea jarraituz kalkulatu behar dela. Horregatik, oro har, ibilbide bat hartu edo beste bat hartu, emaitza desberdina izan daiteke. Hala ere, naturan badira ezaugarri berezia duten indar batzuk: <i>indar kontserbakorrak</i>. Horien kasuan, ibilbidea edozein izanik, baina hasierako eta amaierako puntuak berdinak izanez gero, beti lortzen da emaitza berbera. Horrelakoak dira <a href="/wiki/Eremu_(fisika)" title="Eremu (fisika)">indar-eremu</a> kontserbakorrak, eta kasu horretan, indarrak egiten duen lana <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle E_{\text{p}}=(x,y,z)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>p</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle E_{\text{p}}=(x,y,z)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7a4021f0bda12ea47981fcb62b40e5aef9f39472" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.41ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\textstyle E_{\text{p}}=(x,y,z)}"></span>funtzio eskalar batek hasierako <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span>puntuan eta bukaerako <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span>puntuan dituen balioen arteko kendura da:</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Eremu_kontserbakorra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eremu_kontserbakorra.png/330px-Eremu_kontserbakorra.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eremu_kontserbakorra.png/495px-Eremu_kontserbakorra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eremu_kontserbakorra.png/660px-Eremu_kontserbakorra.png 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>a. Eremu kontserbakorretan indarrak bi punturen artean eginiko lana independentea da ibilbidearekiko. b. Eremu kontserbakorretan ibilbide itxian zehar eginiko lana nulua da.</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W=\int _{A}^{B}{\boldsymbol {F}}({\boldsymbol {r}})\cdot {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {r}}=E_{{\text{p,}}A}-E_{{\text{p,}}B}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>p,</mtext> </mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>p,</mtext> </mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W=\int _{A}^{B}{\boldsymbol {F}}({\boldsymbol {r}})\cdot {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {r}}=E_{{\text{p,}}A}-E_{{\text{p,}}B}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d4023c30e6a60dc866db42108b486487f9761763" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:34.688ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W=\int _{A}^{B}{\boldsymbol {F}}({\boldsymbol {r}})\cdot {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {r}}=E_{{\text{p,}}A}-E_{{\text{p,}}B}.}"></span>Funtzio eskalar horri <i>energia potentziala</i> deritzo. Energia potentziala ere magnitude eskalarra da, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\text{p}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>p</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\text{p}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5dfcda726e941eaba82aec109d557276c7587423" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.861ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\text{p}}}"></span>sinboloaz adierazten da eta SI sisteman <i>joule</i> deritzon unitatean neurtzen da, lana eta energia zinetikoa bezala. Alboko irudian ageri denez, indar-eremua kontserbakorra izanik, emaitza berbera lortuko da edozein bidetatik joanik. Eta ibilbidea itxia den kasuan, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span>puntutik hasi eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span>puntuan bukatuz, guztira eginiko lana nulua izango da. Alegia, eremu kontserbakorretan:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint {\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint {\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/20a05c892f2eccb922b8b50d81c583bf64b18576" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:8.662ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint {\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\text{d}}{\boldsymbol {r}}}"></span>izango da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ariketak"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Jakindun_logoa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jakindun_logoa.png/24px-Jakindun_logoa.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jakindun_logoa.png/36px-Jakindun_logoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jakindun_logoa.png/48px-Jakindun_logoa.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Ariketak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ariketak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Ariketak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="background-color: #fef6e7; margin-left: 0;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Indar</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm/320px-seek%3D71-Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="359" data-mwtitle="Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm/Indar_magnetikoa_ariketa.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Indar magnetikoa</b> lantzeko ariketa.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fishbane, Paul (2008) <i>Fisika zientzialari eta ingeniarientzat. 1. bolumena, (1.etik-21.era Gaiak)</i> Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788490820308" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788490820308">9788490820308</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>932800438.</li> <li>Etxebarria Bilbao, Jose Ramon (arg.) <i>Fisika orokorra (2. argitalpena)</i> UEU, Bilbo (2003) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788484380450" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788484380450">9788484380450</a>.</li> <li>Marcelo Alonso, Edward J. Finn (1976). <i>Física</i>. Fondo Educativo Interamericano. <small>ISBN 84-03-20234-</small></li> <li>UEU-ko Fisika Saila, <i>Fisikaren Historia Laburra,</i> Iruñea (1990). ISBN: 84-86967-27-9</li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3;column-count:3;-moz-column-gap:1em;-webkit-column-gap:1em;column-gap:1em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azelerazio" title="Azelerazio">Azelerazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indar_baten_osagaiak" title="Indar baten osagaiak">Indar baten 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