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Vladimir Lenin - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.
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id="toc-Lehen_urteak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haurtzaroa:_1870-1887" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haurtzaroa:_1870-1887"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Haurtzaroa: 1870-1887</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haurtzaroa:_1870-1887-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unibertsitatea_eta_erradikaltze_politikoa:_1887-1893" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unibertsitatea_eta_erradikaltze_politikoa:_1887-1893"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Unibertsitatea eta erradikaltze politikoa: 1887-1893</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unibertsitatea_eta_erradikaltze_politikoa:_1887-1893-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jarduera_iraultzailea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jarduera_iraultzailea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Jarduera iraultzailea</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jarduera_iraultzailea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Jarduera iraultzailea azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jarduera_iraultzailea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Militantziaren_hasiera_eta_kartzela:_1893-1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militantziaren_hasiera_eta_kartzela:_1893-1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Militantziaren hasiera eta kartzela: 1893-1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militantziaren_hasiera_eta_kartzela:_1893-1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Munich,_Londres,_Geneva:_1900-1905" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Munich,_Londres,_Geneva:_1900-1905"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Munich, Londres, Geneva: 1900-1905</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Munich,_Londres,_Geneva:_1900-1905-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1905eko_iraultza_eta_ondorioak:_1905-1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905eko_iraultza_eta_ondorioak:_1905-1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1905eko iraultza eta ondorioak: 1905-1914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905eko_iraultza_eta_ondorioak:_1905-1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lehen_Mundu_Gerra:_1914-1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lehen_Mundu_Gerra:_1914-1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lehen Mundu Gerra: 1914-1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lehen_Mundu_Gerra:_1914-1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otsaileko_Iraultza_eta_Uztaileko_Egunak:_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otsaileko_Iraultza_eta_Uztaileko_Egunak:_1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Otsaileko Iraultza eta Uztaileko Egunak: 1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otsaileko_Iraultza_eta_Uztaileko_Egunak:_1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urriko_Iraultza:_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urriko_Iraultza:_1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Urriko Iraultza: 1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urriko_Iraultza:_1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leninen_gobernua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leninen_gobernua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Leninen gobernua</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leninen_gobernua-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Leninen gobernua azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leninen_gobernua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sobietar_Gobernuaren_antolaketa:_1917-1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sobietar_Gobernuaren_antolaketa:_1917-1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sobietar Gobernuaren antolaketa: 1917-1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sobietar_Gobernuaren_antolaketa:_1917-1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreforma_sozial,_legal_eta_ekonomikoa:_1917-1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreforma_sozial,_legal_eta_ekonomikoa:_1917-1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Erreforma sozial, legal eta ekonomikoa: 1917-1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreforma_sozial,_legal_eta_ekonomikoa:_1917-1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brest-Litovskeko_ituna:_1917-1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brest-Litovskeko_ituna:_1917-1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Brest-Litovskeko ituna: 1917-1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brest-Litovskeko_ituna:_1917-1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kulaken_aurkako_kanpainak,_txekak_eta_Izu_gorria:_1918–1922" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulaken_aurkako_kanpainak,_txekak_eta_Izu_gorria:_1918–1922"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kulaken aurkako kanpainak, txekak eta Izu gorria: 1918–1922</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulaken_aurkako_kanpainak,_txekak_eta_Izu_gorria:_1918–1922-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Errusiako_Gerra_Zibila_eta_Errusia-Polonia_gerra:_1918-1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Errusiako_Gerra_Zibila_eta_Errusia-Polonia_gerra:_1918-1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Errusiako Gerra Zibila eta Errusia-Polonia gerra: 1918-1920</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Errusiako_Gerra_Zibila_eta_Errusia-Polonia_gerra:_1918-1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komintern_eta_munduko_iraultza:_1919-1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komintern_eta_munduko_iraultza:_1919-1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Komintern eta munduko iraultza: 1919-1920</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komintern_eta_munduko_iraultza:_1919-1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gosetea_eta_Politika_Ekonomiko_Berria:_1920-1922" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gosetea_eta_Politika_Ekonomiko_Berria:_1920-1922"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Gosetea eta Politika Ekonomiko Berria: 1920-1922</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gosetea_eta_Politika_Ekonomiko_Berria:_1920-1922-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osasun_arazoak_eta_gatazka_Stalinekin:_1920–1923" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osasun_arazoak_eta_gatazka_Stalinekin:_1920–1923"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Osasun arazoak eta gatazka Stalinekin: 1920–1923</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osasun_arazoak_eta_gatazka_Stalinekin:_1920–1923-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heriotza_eta_hileta:_1923-1924" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heriotza_eta_hileta:_1923-1924"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Heriotza eta hileta: 1923-1924</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heriotza_eta_hileta:_1923-1924-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ideologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ideologia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marxismoa_eta_leninismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxismoa_eta_leninismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Marxismoa eta leninismoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxismoa_eta_leninismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demokrazia_eta_nazio-auzia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demokrazia_eta_nazio-auzia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Demokrazia eta nazio-auzia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demokrazia_eta_nazio-auzia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bizitza_pertsonala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bizitza_pertsonala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bizitza pertsonala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bizitza_pertsonala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ondarea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ondarea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ondarea</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ondarea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ondarea azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ondarea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sobietar_Batasunean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sobietar_Batasunean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sobietar Batasunean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sobietar_Batasunean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazioarteko_mugimendu_komunistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazioarteko_mugimendu_komunistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nazioarteko mugimendu komunistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazioarteko_mugimendu_komunistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Bibliografia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Euskaraz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euskaraz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Euskaraz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euskaraz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lan_hautatuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lan_hautatuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Lan hautatuak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lan_hautatuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vladimir Lenin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 205 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-205" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">205 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_Lenin" title="Wladimir Lenin – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_Iljitsch_Lenin" title="Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%9A%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%95" title="ቭላዲሚር ሌኒን – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቭላዲሚር ሌኒን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fladimir_Lenin" title="Fladimir Lenin – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="लेनिन – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लेनिन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فلاديمير لينين – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلاديمير لينين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ڤلاديمير لينين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤلاديمير لينين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لينين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لينين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ভ্লেডিমিৰ লেনিন – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভ্লেডিমিৰ লেনিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Ленин, Ильял Владимир – avarera" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ленин, Ильял Владимир" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="लेनिन – awadhiera" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लेनिन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ولادیمیر لنین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ولادیمیر لنین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ленин Владимир Ильич – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ленин Владимир Ильич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len%C4%97ns" title="Lenėns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lenėns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Уладзімір Ільіч Ленін – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уладзімір Ільіч Ленін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Уладзімер Ленін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Уладзімер Ленін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weladimir_L%C3%A8nin" title="Weladimir Lènin – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Weladimir Lènin" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Ленин – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Владимир Ленин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="व्लादीमिर लेनिन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="व्लादीमिर लेनिन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ভ্লাদিমির লেনিন – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভ্লাদিমির লেনিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ལེ་ཉིན། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལེ་ཉིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="লেনিন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="লেনিন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenjin" title="Vladimir Lenjin – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vladimir Lenjin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Ленин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Владимир Ленин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ленин, Владимир Ильич – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ленин, Владимир Ильич" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – txamorroera" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="txamorroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ڤلادیمیر لێنین – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤلادیمیر لێنین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Ilji%C4%8D_Lenin" title="Vladimir Iljič Lenin – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vladimir Iljič Lenin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ленин Владимир Ильич – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ленин Владимир Ильич" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_Iljitsch_Lenin" title="Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_Ilji%C4%8D_Lenin" title="Wladimir Iljič Lenin – behe-sorabiera" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wladimir Iljič Lenin" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="behe-sorabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="लेनिन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लेनिन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%81_%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Βλαντίμιρ Λένιν – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βλαντίμιρ Λένιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Il%27i%C4%8D_Lenin" title="Vladimir Il'ič Lenin – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vladimir Il'ič Lenin" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ولادیمیر لنین – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ولادیمیر لنین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenini_Vladimir" title="Lenini Vladimir – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lenini Vladimir" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Ilitch_L%C3%A9nine" title="Vladimir Ilitch Lénine – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vladimir Ilitch Lénine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenine" title="Vladimir Lenine – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vladimir Lenine" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_Leenin" title="Wladimir Leenin – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wladimir Leenin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaid%C3%ADm%C3%ADr_Lein%C3%ADn" title="Vlaidímír Leinín – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vlaidímír Leinín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AF%A7" title="列寧 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="列寧" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad%C3%ADmir_Lenin" title="Vladímir Lenin – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vladímir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.Lenin" title="V.Lenin – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="V.Lenin" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌻𐌴𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌻𐌴𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="વ્લાદિમીર લેનિન – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વ્લાદિમીર લેનિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A5%27_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ולדימיר איליץ' לנין – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולדימיר איליץ' לנין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="व्लादिमीर लेनिन – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्लादिमीर लेनिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Ilji%C4%8D_Lenjin" title="Vladimir Iljič Lenjin – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vladimir Iljič Lenjin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_Ilji%C4%8D_Lenin" title="Wladimir Iljič Lenin – goi-sorabiera" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wladimir Iljič Lenin" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="goi-sorabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenine" title="Lenine – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lenine" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlagyimir_Iljics_Lenin" title="Vlagyimir Iljics Lenin – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vlagyimir Iljics Lenin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Վլադիմիր Լենին – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վլադիմիր Լենին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Վլատիմիր Լենին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վլատիմիր Լենին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Ilyich_Lenin" title="Vladimir Ilyich Lenin – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad%C3%ADm%C3%ADr_Len%C3%ADn" title="Vladímír Lenín – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vladímír Lenín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%86%E1%93%9B%E1%91%8F%E1%92%AB_%E1%93%96%E1%93%83%E1%93%90" title="ᐆᓛᑏᒫ ᓖᓃᓐ – inuitera" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐆᓛᑏᒫ ᓖᓃᓐ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuitera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="ウラジーミル・レーニン – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウラジーミル・レーニン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lenin" title="lenin – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lenin" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვლადიმერ ლენინი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვლადიმერ ლენინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Ильич Ленин – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Владимир Ильич Ленин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%9A_%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%85_%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93" title="វ្លាឌីមៀរ អ៊ីលីច លេនីន – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វ្លាឌីមៀរ អ៊ីលីច លេនីន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ವ್ಲಾಡಿಮಿರ್ ಲೆನಿನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವ್ಲಾಡಿಮಿರ್ ಲೆನಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9D%BC%EB%94%94%EB%AF%B8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%A0%88%EB%8B%8C" title="블라디미르 레닌 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블라디미르 레닌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%90%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%96%D9%86" title="ولادِیمِیر لینٖن – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ولادِیمِیر لینٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad%C3%AEm%C3%AEr_Len%C3%AEn" title="Vladîmîr Lenîn – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vladîmîr Lenîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Ленин – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Владимир Ленин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimirus_Lenin" title="Vladimirus Lenin – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vladimirus Lenin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – ladinoa" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_Iljitsch_Lenin" title="Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Ильич Ленин – lezginera" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Владимир Ильич Ленин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Il%27i%C4%8D_Ul%27janov" title="Vladimir Il'ič Ul'janov – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vladimir Il'ič Ul'janov" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%8D_%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ວາລາດິເມຍ ເລນິນ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວາລາດິເມຍ ເລນິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimiras_Leninas" title="Vladimiras Leninas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vladimiras Leninas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimirs_%C4%BBe%C5%86ins" title="Vladimirs Ļeņins – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vladimirs Ļeņins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="लेनिन – maithilia" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लेनिन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ленин, Владимир Ильич – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ленин, Владимир Ильич" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Илич Ленин – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Владимир Илич Ленин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="വ്ലാഡിമിർ ലെനിൻ – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്ലാഡിമിർ ലെനിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Ильич Ленин – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Владимир Ильич Ленин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="व्लादिमिर लेनिन – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्लादिमिर लेनिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – maltera" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="လီနင် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လီနင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ولادیمیر لنین – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ولادیمیر لنین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_Iljitsch_Lenin" title="Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="भ्लादिमिर लेनिन – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भ्लादिमिर लेनिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="भ्लादिमिर लेनिन – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भ्लादिमिर लेनिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – niasera" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="niasera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ninne" title="Léninne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Léninne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%84%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82" title="Ленин, Владимир Ильяйы фырт – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ленин, Владимир Ильяйы фырт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਲਾਦੀਮੀਰ ਲੈਨਿਨ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਲਾਦੀਮੀਰ ਲੈਨਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Lenin" title="Włodzimierz Lenin – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Włodzimierz Lenin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86" title="ولادیمیر لینن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولادیمیر لینن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AF%CF%81_%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Βλαντιμίρ Λένιν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Βλαντιμίρ Λένιν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ولادمیر لینین – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ولادمیر لینین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Iljitsch_Lenin" title="Vladimir Iljitsch Lenin – erretorromaniera" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Vladimir Iljitsch Lenin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="erretorromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Ilici_Lenin" title="Vladimir Ilici Lenin – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vladimir Ilici Lenin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ленин, Владимир Ильич – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ленин, Владимир Ильич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Володимир Ленін – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Володимир Ленін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="व्लाडिमिर लेनिन – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="व्लाडिमिर लेनिन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ленин Владимир Ильич – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ленин Владимир Ильич" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱵᱷᱞᱟᱫᱤᱢᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱞᱤᱱ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱞᱟᱫᱤᱢᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱞᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%86" title="ولاديمير لينن – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ولاديمير لينن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenjin" title="Vladimir Lenjin – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vladimir Lenjin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ව්ලැඩිමියර් ලෙනින් – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්ලැඩිමියර් ලෙනින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_I%C4%BEji%C4%8D_Lenin" title="Vladimir Iľjič Lenin – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vladimir Iľjič Lenin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faladimir_Lenin" title="Faladimir Lenin – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Faladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenini" title="Vladimir Lenini – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vladimir Lenini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Лењин – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Владимир Лењин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – hegoaldeko sothoera" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="hegoaldeko sothoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adimir_Le%C5%84in" title="Władimir Leńin – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Władimir Leńin" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuo-la-di-mi-e._Lei-ngi" title="Fuo-la-di-mi-e. Lei-ngi – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Fuo-la-di-mi-e. Lei-ngi" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="விளாதிமிர் லெனின் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விளாதிமிர் லெனின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="లెనిన్ – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లెనిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Ленин – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Владимир Ленин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="วลาดีมีร์ เลนิน – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วลาดีมีร์ เลนิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Ленин – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Владимир Ленин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ленин, Владимир Ильич – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ленин, Владимир Ильич" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ленин, Владимир Ильич – udmurtera" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ленин, Владимир Ильич" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87" title="Ленін Володимир Ілліч – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ленін Володимир Ілліч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86" title="ولادیمیر لینن – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولادیمیر لینن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin_Vladimir" title="Lenin Vladimir – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lenin Vladimir" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Ilyich_Lenin" title="Vladimir Ilyich Lenin – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AF%A7" title="列寧 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="列寧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვლადიმერ ლენინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვლადიმერ ლენინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="וולאדימיר לענין – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וולאדימיר לענין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" title="弗拉基米尔·列宁 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗拉基米尔·列宁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AF%A7" title="列寧 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="列寧" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lenin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AF%A7" title="列寧 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="列寧" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Vladimir Lenin" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1394#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Vladimir_Lenin" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&oldid=9962757" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Vladimir_Lenin&id=9962757&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVladimir_Lenin"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVladimir_Lenin"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский (ru)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=sh-cyrl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sh-Cyrl" label="српскохрватски (ћирилица) (sh-cyrl)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=sh-latn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sh-Latn" label="srpskohrvatski (latinica) (sh-latn)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська (uk)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt (vi)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span><div><small>Ahotsa</small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><table class="infotaula" align="right" cellspacing="5" style="margin-width: 0; width:100%; text-align:left; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; background-color: lightsteelblue;"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q61899333" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q61899333">SESBeko Lan eta Defentsa Kontseiluaren presidente</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <br /><a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Uztailaren_17" title="Uztailaren 17">uztailaren 17a</a> - <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtarrilaren_21" title="Urtarrilaren 21">urtarrilaren 21a</a> - <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Borisovitx Kamenev</a> → <br /><table class="infotaula" align="right" cellspacing="5" style="margin-width: 0; width:100%; text-align:left; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; background-color: lightsteelblue;"> <a href="/wiki/Sobietar_Batasuneko_Herri_Komisarioen_Kontseiluko_presidente" title="Sobietar Batasuneko Herri Komisarioen Kontseiluko presidente">SESBeko Herri Komisarioen Kontseiluko presidente</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <br /><a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Uztailaren_6" title="Uztailaren 6">uztailaren 6a</a> - <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtarrilaren_21" title="Urtarrilaren 21">urtarrilaren 21a</a> - <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Rikov" title="Aleksei Rikov">Alexei Ivanovitx Rikov</a> → <br /><table class="infotaula" align="right" cellspacing="5" style="margin-width: 0; width:100%; text-align:left; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; background-color: lightsteelblue;"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108495011" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q108495011">SBAKaren Komite Zentraleko politburoaren kide</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <br /><a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Martxoaren_25" title="Martxoaren 25">martxoaren 25a</a> - <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtarrilaren_21" title="Urtarrilaren 21">urtarrilaren 21a</a> <br /><table class="infotaula" align="right" cellspacing="5" style="margin-width: 0; width:100%; text-align:left; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; background-color: lightsteelblue;"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108495011" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q108495011">SBAKaren Komite Zentraleko politburoaren kide</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <br /><a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Azaroaren_29" title="Azaroaren 29">azaroaren 29a</a> <sup>(juliotar egutegia)</sup> - <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Martxoaren_25" title="Martxoaren 25">martxoaren 25a</a> <br /><table class="infotaula" align="right" cellspacing="5" style="margin-width: 0; width:100%; text-align:left; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; background-color: lightsteelblue;"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56919889" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q56919889">Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56919889?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></th></tr></tbody></table> <br /><a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urriaren_27" title="Urriaren 27">urriaren 27a</a> <sup>(juliotar egutegia)</sup> - <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtarrilaren_21" title="Urtarrilaren 21">urtarrilaren 21a</a> - <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Rikov" title="Aleksei Rikov">Alexei Ivanovitx Rikov</a> → <br /><table class="infotaula" align="right" cellspacing="5" style="margin-width: 0; width:100%; text-align:left; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; background-color: lightsteelblue;"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108495011" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q108495011">SBAKaren Komite Zentraleko politburoaren kide</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <br /><a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urriaren_10" title="Urriaren 10">urriaren 10a</a> <sup>(juliotar egutegia)</sup> - <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urriaren_23" title="Urriaren 23">urriaren 23a</a> <sup>(juliotar egutegia)</sup> <br /><table class="infotaula" align="right" cellspacing="5" style="margin-width: 0; width:100%; text-align:left; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; background-color: lightsteelblue;"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6517489" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q6517489">legal document assistant</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517489?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></th></tr></tbody></table> <br /><a href="/wiki/1893" title="1893">1893ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Irailaren_3" title="Irailaren 3">irailaren 3a</a> <sup>(juliotar egutegia)</sup> -</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Bizitza</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jaiotzako izen-deiturak</th><td class="infobox-data">Владимир Ильич Ульянов</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jaiotza</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulianovsk" title="Ulianovsk">Ulianovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/1870" title="1870">1870eko</a> <a href="/wiki/Apirilaren_22" title="Apirilaren 22">apirilaren 22a</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Herrialdea</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Errusiar_Inperioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Errusiar Inperioa">Errusiar Inperioa</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialisten_Batasuna" title="Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna">SESB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Bizilekua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Podolsk" title="Podolsk">Podolsk</a><br /><a href="/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo">San Petersburgo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku">Mosku</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Xuxenskoie" title="Xuxenskoie">Xuxenskoie</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwabing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwabing (sortu gabe)">Schwabing</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lehen hizkuntza</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Errusiera" title="Errusiera">errusiera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Heriotza</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshiye_Gorki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolshiye Gorki (sortu gabe)">Bolshiye Gorki</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286190?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtarrilaren_21" title="Urtarrilaren 21">urtarrilaren 21a</a> (53 urte)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Hobiratze lekua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leninen_mausoleoa" title="Leninen mausoleoa">Leninen mausoleoa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Heriotza modua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Berezko_heriotza" title="Berezko heriotza">berezko heriotza</a>: <a href="/wiki/Burmuineko_odoljario" title="Burmuineko odoljario">garuneko odoljarioa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Familia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Aita</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilya_Ulyanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilya Ulyanov (sortu gabe)">Ilya Ulyanov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ama</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Aleksandrovna_Blank" title="Maria Aleksandrovna Blank">Maria Aleksandrovna Blank</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ezkontidea(k)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaia" title="Nadezhda Krupskaia">Nadezhda Krupskaia</a> <small> (1898 -  <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtarrilaren_21" title="Urtarrilaren 21">urtarrilaren 21a</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Haurrideak</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">ikusi</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Ulianova" title="Maria Ulianova">Maria Ulianova</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olga_Ulianova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olga Ulianova (sortu gabe)">Olga Ulianova</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Ilitx_Ulianov" title="Aleksandr Ilitx Ulianov">Aleksandr Ilitx Ulianov</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Ulianov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitri Ulianov (sortu gabe)">Dmitri Ulianov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anna_Ulianova" title="Anna Ulianova">Anna Ulianova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leinua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blank_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blank family (sortu gabe)">Blank family</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4415705?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Hezkuntza</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Heziketa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4419529" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4419529">Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4419529?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28482293" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q28482293">Kazan Imperial University</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28482293?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <small>1888)</small> <small>: <a href="/wiki/Zuzenbidearen_zientzia" title="Zuzenbidearen zientzia">zuzenbide (jakintza)</a></small><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4534839" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4534839">Faculty of Law, Saint Petersburg State University</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4534839?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /><small>(1890 -</small> <small><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4115013" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4115013">law degree</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115013?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></small> <small>: <a href="/wiki/Zuzenbidearen_zientzia" title="Zuzenbidearen zientzia">zuzenbide (jakintza)</a></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Hizkuntzak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Errusiera" title="Errusiera">errusiera</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frantses" title="Frantses">frantsesa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aleman" title="Aleman">alemana</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Jarduerak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jarduerak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Politikari" title="Politikari">politikaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraultzailea" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraultzailea">iraultzailea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idazle" title="Idazle">idazlea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekonomialari" title="Ekonomialari">ekonomialaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abokatu" title="Abokatu">abokatua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazetari" title="Kazetari">kazetaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofo" title="Filosofo">filosofoa</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politikari_teorikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politikari teorikoa (sortu gabe)">Politikari teorikoa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Parte-hartzailea</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Errusiako_Iraultza" title="Errusiako Iraultza">Errusiako Iraultza</a> <br /> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2638162" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2638162">2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2638162?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4041049" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4041049">3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4041049?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4041177" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4041177">4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4041177?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4052578" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4052578">5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4052578?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4052523" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4052523">7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4052523?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4052518" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4052518">8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4052518?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4041185" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4041185">9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4041185?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1986381" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1986381">10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1986381?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4053319" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4053319">11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4053319?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Altuera</th><td class="infobox-data">165 zentimetro</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lantokia(k)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo">San Petersburgo</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku">Mosku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Enplegatzailea(k)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Petersburgoko_Estatu-Unibertsitatea" title="San Petersburgoko Estatu-Unibertsitatea">San Petersburgoko Estatu-Unibertsitatea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lan nabarmenak</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">ikusi</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (sortu gabe)">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194558?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jasotako sariak</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">ikusi</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_order_of_Corasmia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Work order of Corasmia (sortu gabe)">Work order of Corasmia</a> <small> (1922)</small> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorary_citizen_of_Kazan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honorary citizen of Kazan (sortu gabe)">honorary citizen of Kazan</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Influentziak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen">Aleksandr Herzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Dietzgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Dietzgen (sortu gabe)">Joseph Dietzgen</a> <sup>(mul)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60972?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atkinson_Hobson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Atkinson Hobson (sortu gabe)">John Atkinson Hobson</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q962155?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Kidetza</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-Union_Society_of_Old_Bolsheviks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="All-Union Society of Old Bolsheviks (sortu gabe)">All-Union Society of Old Bolsheviks</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124649913?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Mugimendua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antiinperialismo" title="Antiinperialismo">antiinperialismoa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Antikapitalismo" title="Antikapitalismo">Antikapitalismoa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo">Marxismoa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Klase-borroka" title="Klase-borroka">Klase-borroka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Izengoitia(k)</th><td class="infobox-data">Ленин, Ильин, Н. Ленин, Старик, К. Тулин eta Lenin</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Zerbitzu militarra</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Parte hartutako gatazkak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Errusiako_Iraultza" title="Errusiako Iraultza">Errusiako Iraultza</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Urriko_Iraultza" title="Urriko Iraultza">Urriko Iraultza</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Errusiako_Gerra_Zibila" title="Errusiako Gerra Zibila">Errusiako Gerra Zibila</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Sinesmenak eta ideologia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Erlijioa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo">ateismoa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kristautasun_ortodoxo" title="Kristautasun ortodoxo">kristautasun ortodoxoa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Alderdi politikoa</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Socialist_red_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/24px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/36px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/48px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q204911" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q204911">Errusiako Langile Alderdi Sozialdemokrata</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Red_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_flag.svg/24px-Red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_flag.svg/36px-Red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_flag.svg/48px-Red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1774814" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1774814">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik)</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774814?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg/24px-%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg/36px-%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg/48px-%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="271" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sobietar_Batasuneko_Alderdi_Komunista" title="Sobietar Batasuneko Alderdi Komunista">Sobietar Batasuneko Alderdi Komunista</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=345&url_prefix=https://www.imdb.com/&id=nm0501924" title="IMDB: nm0501924"><img alt="IMDB: nm0501924" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IMDb_Logo_Square.svg/20px-IMDb_Logo_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IMDb_Logo_Square.svg/30px-IMDb_Logo_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IMDb_Logo_Square.svg/40px-IMDb_Logo_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=36966.html?nopub=1" title="Allocine: 36966" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Allocine: 36966" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allocin%C3%A9_Logo_carr%C3%A9.png/20px-Allocin%C3%A9_Logo_carr%C3%A9.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allocin%C3%A9_Logo_carr%C3%A9.png/30px-Allocin%C3%A9_Logo_carr%C3%A9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allocin%C3%A9_Logo_carr%C3%A9.png/40px-Allocin%C3%A9_Logo_carr%C3%A9.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="167" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p370158" title="Allmovie: p370158" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Allmovie: p370158" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Allmovie_square.svg/25px-Allmovie_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Allmovie_square.svg/38px-Allmovie_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Allmovie_square.svg/50px-Allmovie_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://open.spotify.com/artist/6tUIot9mdCbKUGpBZTJKG2" title="Spotify: 6tUIot9mdCbKUGpBZTJKG2" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Spotify: 6tUIot9mdCbKUGpBZTJKG2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Spotify_logo_without_text.svg/20px-Spotify_logo_without_text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Spotify_logo_without_text.svg/30px-Spotify_logo_without_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Spotify_logo_without_text.svg/40px-Spotify_logo_without_text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="168" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e73b9d77-b095-42fc-9fa4-382e9510491d" title="Musicbrainz: e73b9d77-b095-42fc-9fa4-382e9510491d" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Musicbrainz: e73b9d77-b095-42fc-9fa4-382e9510491d" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg/19px-MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg/29px-MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg/39px-MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="144" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/1410865" title="Discogs: 1410865" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Discogs: 1410865" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Discogs_record_icon.svg/20px-Discogs_record_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Discogs_record_icon.svg/30px-Discogs_record_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Discogs_record_icon.svg/40px-Discogs_record_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Lenin,_Vladimir" title="IMSLP: Category:Lenin,_Vladimir" rel="nofollow"><img alt="IMSLP: Category:Lenin,_Vladimir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Music_2b1%2B30x45.svg/23px-Music_2b1%2B30x45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Music_2b1%2B30x45.svg/35px-Music_2b1%2B30x45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Music_2b1%2B30x45.svg/46px-Music_2b1%2B30x45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="45" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/617" title="Find a Grave: 617" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Find a Grave: 617" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/22px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/33px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/44px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394?uselang=eu#identifiers" title="Edit the value on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit the value on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Unterschrift_Lenins.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Unterschrift_Lenins.svg/200px-Unterschrift_Lenins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Unterschrift_Lenins.svg/300px-Unterschrift_Lenins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Unterschrift_Lenins.svg/400px-Unterschrift_Lenins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vladimir Ilitx Ulianov</b>, <b>Lenin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Errusiera" title="Errusiera">errusieraz</a>: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Улья́нов (Ле́нин); <a href="/wiki/Ulianovsk" title="Ulianovsk">Simbirsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/1870" title="1870">1870eko</a> <a href="/wiki/Apirilaren_22" title="Apirilaren 22">apirilaren 22a</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Gregoriotar_egutegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregoriotar egutegia">greg.</a></sup>/apirilaren 10a<sup><a href="/wiki/Juliotar_egutegi" title="Juliotar egutegi">jul.</a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Gorki_Leninskie" title="Gorki Leninskie">Gorki Leninskie</a>, <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtarrilaren_21" title="Urtarrilaren 21">urtarrilaren 21a</a>) <a href="/wiki/Errusiar" title="Errusiar">errusiar</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraultzaile" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraultzaile">iraultzaile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politikari" title="Politikari">politikari</a> eta teorialari politikoa izan zen. <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917tik</a> <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924ra</a> <a href="/wiki/Errusia" title="Errusia">Errusia</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobiet_(kontseilua)" title="Sobiet (kontseilua)">sobietarraren</a> eta 1922tik 1924ra <a href="/wiki/Sobietar_Batasuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobietar Batasuna">Sobietar Batasunaren</a> lehen gobernuburu eta fundatzailea izan zen. Bere administraziopean, Errusia, eta geroago Sobietar Batasuna, <a href="/wiki/Sobietar_Batasuneko_Alderdi_Komunista" title="Sobietar Batasuneko Alderdi Komunista">Alderdi Komunistak</a> gobernatutako <a href="/wiki/Alderdi-bakartasun" title="Alderdi-bakartasun">alderdi bakarreko</a> <a href="/wiki/Estatu_sozialista" title="Estatu sozialista">estatu sozialista</a> bihurtu zen. Ideologikoki <a href="/wiki/Marxista" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxista">marxista</a> zen, eta berak egindako garapen ideologikoei <a href="/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo">leninismo</a> esaten zaie. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Simbirsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbirsk">Simbirskeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Gizarte_klase" title="Gizarte klase">klase ertain-altuko</a> familia batean jaioa, Leninek politika <a href="/wiki/Sozialismo_iraultzaile" title="Sozialismo iraultzaile">sozialista iraultzailea</a> besarkatu zuen 1887an, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Ilitx_Ulianov" title="Aleksandr Ilitx Ulianov">bere anaia</a> exekutatua izan ondoren. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazango_Unibertsitate_Inperiala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazango Unibertsitate Inperiala (sortu gabe)">Kazango Unibertsitate Inperialetik</a> kanporatu zuten <a href="/wiki/Errusiar_Inperio" class="mw-redirect" title="Errusiar Inperio">Errusiar Inperioko</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsarren</a> gobernuaren aurkako protestetan parte hartzeagatik, eta hurrengo urteak zuzenbidea ikasten eman zituen. 1893an <a href="/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo">Petrogradora</a> joan zen eta aktibista marxista nabarmen bihurtu zen. 1897an <a href="/wiki/Sedizio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedizio">sedizioagatik</a> atxilotu zuten eta hiru urtez <a href="/wiki/Xuxenskoie" title="Xuxenskoie">Xuxenskoiera</a> erbesteratu zen, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberiara</a>, non <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaia" title="Nadezhda Krupskaia">Nadezhda Krupskaiarekin</a> ezkondu zen. Erbesteratu ondoren, <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Europa" title="Mendebaldeko Europa">Mendebaldeko Europara</a> joan zen, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errusiako_Alderdi_Laborista_Sozialdemokrata_Marxista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errusiako Alderdi Laborista Sozialdemokrata Marxista (sortu gabe)">Errusiako Alderdi Laborista Sozialdemokrata Marxistaren</a> (RSDLP) teorialari nabarmena bihurtu zen. 1903an, funtsezko papera jokatu zuen RSDLParen zatiketa ideologikoan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Martov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Martov (sortu gabe)">Julius Martoven</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentxebike" title="Mentxebike">mentxebikeen</a> aurkako fakzio <a href="/wiki/Boltxebike" title="Boltxebike">boltxebikea</a> gidatuz. <a href="/wiki/1905eko_Errusiako_Iraultza" title="1905eko Errusiako Iraultza">1905eko errusiar iraultzaren</a> porrotaren ondoren, <a href="/wiki/Lehen_Mundu_Gerra" title="Lehen Mundu Gerra">Lehen Mundu Gerra</a> Europa osoan <a href="/wiki/Proletario" title="Proletario">proletarioen</a> iraultza bihurtzeko kanpaina egin zuen, eta, marxista gisa, <a href="/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo">kapitalismoa</a> boteretik kentzea eta sozialismoarekin ordezkatzea eragingo zuela uste zuen. 1917ko <a href="/wiki/Otsaileko_Iraultza" title="Otsaileko Iraultza">Otsaileko Iraultzak</a> tsarra boteretik kendu eta behin-behineko gobernu bat ezarri ondoren, Errusiara itzuli zen <a href="/wiki/Urriko_Iraultza" title="Urriko Iraultza">Urriko Iraultzan</a> paper nabarmena betetzeko, boltxebikeek erregimen berria boteretik kendu zuten garaian. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herri-Komisarioen_Biltzarra" title="Herri-Komisarioen Biltzarra">Leninen gobernu boltxebikeak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezkerreko_Sozialista_Iraultzaileak" title="Ezkerreko Sozialista Iraultzaileak">Ezkerreko Sozialista Iraultzaileekin</a>, sobiet hautatuekin eta alderdi anitzeko Batzar Konstituziogile batekin partekatu zuen boterea hasieran, nahiz eta 1918an boterea Alderdi Komunista berrian zentralizatu zuen. Leninen gobernuak lurra nekazarien artean banatu zuen eta bankuak eta industria handia <a href="/wiki/Nazionalizazio" title="Nazionalizazio">nazionalizatu</a> zituen. Lehen Mundu Gerratik erretiratu zen, <a href="/wiki/Erdialdeko_Inperioak" title="Erdialdeko Inperioak">potentzia zentralei</a> lurraldea lagatzeko <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovskeko_Ituna" title="Brest-Litovskeko Ituna">itun bat sinatuz</a>, eta munduko iraultza sustatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Internazional_Komunista" class="mw-redirect" title="Internazional Komunista">Internazional Komunistaren</a> bidez. Oposiziogileak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izu_Gorria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izu Gorria (sortu gabe)">Izu Gorrian</a> zapaldu zituzten, Estatuko segurtasun zerbitzuek administratutako kanpaina bortitza; dozenaka mila hil edo <a href="/wiki/Kontzentrazio-esparru" title="Kontzentrazio-esparru">kontzentrazio-esparruetan</a> sartu zituzten. Bere administrazioak 1917tik 1922ra <a href="/wiki/Errusiako_Gerra_Zibila" title="Errusiako Gerra Zibila">Errusiako Gerra Zibilean</a> ezkerreko eta eskuineko armada antiboltxebikeak garaitu zituen eta 1919-1921eko <a href="/wiki/Polonia-Sobietar_Batasuna_Gerra" title="Polonia-Sobietar Batasuna Gerra">gerra poloniar-sobietarra</a> gainbegiratu zuen. Gerraren, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1921eko_Errusiako_gosetea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1921eko Errusiako gosetea (sortu gabe)">gosetearen</a> eta herri-altxamenduen suntsipenari erantzunez, 1921ean Leninek hazkunde ekonomikoa sustatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Politika_Ekonomiko_Berria" title="Politika Ekonomiko Berria">Politika Ekonomiko Berriaren</a> bidez. Errusiarrak ez ziren zenbait nazio Errusiar Inperiotik independizatu ziren 1917tik aurrera, baina horietako hiru Sobietar Batasun berrian bildu ziren 1922an. Lenin <a href="/wiki/Gorki" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gorki">Gorkin</a> hil zen, eta <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Stalin" title="Iosif Stalin">Iosif Stalin</a> haren oinordekoa izan zen sobietar gobernuaren figura nagusi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/XX._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="XX. mende">XX. mendeko</a> figura esanguratsu eta eragin handieneko bat izan zen Lenin, eta Sobietar Batasunaren barruan pertsonaganako gurtza orokorra izan zuen <a href="/wiki/Sobietar_Batasunaren_desegitea" title="Sobietar Batasunaren desegitea">1991n desegin zen arte</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxismo-leninismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxismo-leninismo">Marxismo-leninismoaren</a> atzean figura ideologiko bihurtu zen eta nazioarteko mugimendu komunistan eragin nabarmena izan zuen. Lenin, figura historiko eztabaidagarria eta oso eztabaidatua, sozialismoaren eta langileriaren txapeldun gisa hartzen dute bere aldekoek. Bestalde, Leninen kritikoek leporatzen diote <a href="/wiki/Diktadura" title="Diktadura">diktadura</a> <a href="/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo">totalitario</a> bat ezarri izana, masa-hilketak eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errepresio_politikoa_Sobietar_Batasunean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errepresio politikoa Sobietar Batasunean (sortu gabe)">errepresio politikoa</a> gainbegiratu zituena. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lehen_urteak">Lehen urteak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lehen urteak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Lehen urteak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haurtzaroa:_1870-1887">Haurtzaroa: 1870-1887</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Haurtzaroa: 1870-1887»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Haurtzaroa: 1870-1887"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bere birraitona-amonengana jotzen badugu, <a href="/wiki/Errusiar" title="Errusiar">errusiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemaniar" title="Alemaniar">alemaniar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suediar" title="Suediar">suediar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judu" title="Judu">judu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Txuvax" title="Txuvax">txuvax</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kalmuk" title="Kalmuk">kalmuk</a> jatorriak aurki daitezke<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead20055_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead20055-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere aita, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilia_Ulianov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilia Ulianov (sortu gabe)">Ilia Nikolaievitx Ulianov</a>, antzinako <a href="/wiki/Jopu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jopu">jopu</a> familia batekoa zen; Iliaren aitaren etnia oraindik ez dago argi, eta Iliaren ama, Anna Alexeievna Smirnova, erdi kalmuka eta erdi errusiarra zen<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Klase apaletik etorri arren, maila ertaineko estatusera igo zen Ilia, Kazango Unibertsitate Inperialean <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematika</a> ikasiz, Penzako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobleziaren_Institutua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nobleziaren Institutua (sortu gabe)">Nobleziaren Institutuan</a> irakatsi aurretik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19641–2Rice199012–13Service200021–23White200113–15Read20056_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19641–2Rice199012–13Service200021–23White200113–15Read20056-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ilia Maria Alexandrovna Blankekin ezkondu zen 1863. urtearen erdialdean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19645Rice199013Service200023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19645Rice199013Service200023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ama <a href="/wiki/Luterano" class="mw-redirect" title="Luterano">luterano</a>-alemaniar aberats baten eta <a href="/wiki/Kristautasun" title="Kristautasun">kristautasunera</a> bihurtu eta mediku gisa lan egiten zuen aita judu errusiar baten alaba zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19642–3Rice199012Service200016–19,_23White200115–18Read20055Lih201120_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19642–3Rice199012Service200016–19,_23White200115–18Read20055Lih201120-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Petrovski-Xtern historialariaren arabera, litekeena da Leninek amaren balizko jatorri judua ez ezagutzea, Anna ahizpak hil ondoren bakarrik aurkitu baitzuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201066–67_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201066–67-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beste bertsio baten arabera, Mariaren aita <a href="/wiki/Katalina_Handia" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalina Handia">Katalina Handiak</a> Errusiara gonbidatutako kolono alemaniarren familia batetik zetorren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne196743_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne196743-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ezkondu eta gutxira, Iliak lanpostu bat lortu zuen <a href="/wiki/Nizhni_Novgorod" title="Nizhni Novgorod">Nizhni Novgoroden</a>, eta sei urte geroago <a href="/wiki/Simbirsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbirsk">Simbirsk</a> barrutiko eskola primarioen zuzendari izatera igo zen. Bost urte geroago, probintziako Eskola Publikoetako zuzendari izendatu zuten, eta 450 eskola baino gehiago sortu zirela gainbegiratu zuen, gobernua modernizatzeko planen barruan. <a href="/wiki/1882" title="1882">1882ko</a> urtarrilean, hezkuntzari eskaini zion dedikazioak <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Vladimir_Ordena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Vladimir Ordena (sortu gabe)">San Vladimir Ordena</a> merezi izan zuen, herentziazko noble estatusa ematen ziona<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19646Rice199013–14,_18Service200025,_27White200118–19Read20054,_8Lih201121Yakovlev1988112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19646Rice199013–14,_18Service200025,_27White200118–19Read20054,_8Lih201121Yakovlev1988112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Vladimir_Lenin_3_years_old.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Vladimir_Lenin_3_years_old.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Lenin_3_years_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Vladimir_Lenin_3_years_old.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Lenin_3_years_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Vladimir_Lenin_3_years_old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Leninen irudi bat (ezkerrean) hiru urterekin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lenin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Streletskaia_Ulitsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streletskaia Ulitsa (sortu gabe)">Streletskaia Ulitsan</a> jaio zen, Simbirsken, gaur egungo <a href="/wiki/Ulianovsk" title="Ulianovsk">Ulianovsken</a>, 1870eko <a href="/wiki/Apirilaren_22" title="Apirilaren 22">apirilaren 22an</a>, eta sei egun geroago bataiatu zuten; txikitan Volodia bezala ezagutzen zen, Vladimir izenaren <a href="/wiki/Hipokoristiko" title="Hipokoristiko">hipokoristiko</a> bat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19646Rice199012Service200013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19646Rice199012Service200013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zortzi seme-alabetan hirugarrena izan zen, eta bi anaia nagusi izan zituen: <a href="/wiki/Anna_Ulianova" title="Anna Ulianova">Anna</a> (1864an jaioa) eta <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Ilitx_Ulianov" title="Aleksandr Ilitx Ulianov">Aleksandr</a> (1866an jaioa). Gurasoek hiru seme-alaba gehiago izan zituzten: Olga (1871n jaioa), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Ulianov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitri Ulianov (sortu gabe)">Dmitri</a> (1874an jaioa) eta <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ulianova" title="Maria Ulianova">Maria</a> (1878an jaioa). Ondorengo bi anaia haurtzaroan hil ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19646Rice199012,_14Service200025White200119–20Read20054Lih201121,_22_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19646Rice199012,_14Service200025White200119–20Read20054Lih201121,_22-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ilia <a href="/wiki/Errusiako_Eliza_Ortodoxo" class="mw-redirect" title="Errusiako Eliza Ortodoxo">Errusiako Eliza Ortodoxoko</a> kide elizkoia zen, eta seme-alabak bertan bataiatu zituen, nahiz eta Maria, hezkuntza arloko luteranoa, neurri handi batean kristautasunari ezaxola zitzaion, eta iritzi horrek eragina izan zuen bere seme-alabengan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19643,_8Rice199014–15Service200029_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19643,_8Rice199014–15Service200029-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Bere gurasoak monarkikoak eta kontserbadore liberalak ziren, <a href="/wiki/Alexandro_II.a_Errusiakoa" title="Alexandro II.a Errusiakoa">Alexandro II.a</a> tsar erreformistak <a href="/wiki/1861eko_erreforma_emantzipatzailea" title="1861eko erreforma emantzipatzailea">1861eko erreforma emantzipatzailearekin</a> konprometituak; erradikal politikoak saihesten zituzten, eta ez dago frogarik poliziak pentsamendu subertsiboz zaintzapean jarri zituela baieztatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19648Service200027White200119_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19648Service200027White200119-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Uda oro <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokuxkino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokuxkino (sortu gabe)">Kokuxkinoko</a> landetxe batean igarotzen zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199018Service200026White200120Read20057Petrovsky-Shtern201064_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199018Service200026White200120Read20057Petrovsky-Shtern201064-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere anai-arreben artean, Lenin zen Olga arrebarengandik hurbilen zegoena, sarritan hara bidaltzen baitzuen; izaera oso lehiakorra zuen eta suntsitzailea izan zitekeen, baina normalean bere portaera txarra onartzen zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19647Rice199016Service200032–36_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19647Rice199016Service200032–36-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kirolari bikaina zen eta bere denbora librearen zati handi bat aire zabalean edo <a href="/wiki/Xake" title="Xake">xakean</a> jokatzen pasatzen zuen, eta eskolan nabarmentzen zen Simbirskeko Gimnasio Klasiko diziplinatu eta kontserbadorea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19647Rice199017Service200036–46White200120Read20059_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19647Rice199017Service200036–46White200120Read20059-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1886ko urtarrilean, Leninek 15 urte zituela, bere aita <a href="/wiki/Burmuineko_odoljario" title="Burmuineko odoljario">burmuineko odoljario</a> baten ondorioz hil zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19646,_9Rice199019Service200048–49Read200510_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19646,_9Rice199019Service200048–49Read200510-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ondoren, bere portaera alderrai eta gatazkatsu bihurtu zen eta <a href="/wiki/Jainkoa" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jainkoa">Jainkoarengan</a> zuen sinesmenari uko egin zion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19649Service200050–51,_64Read200516Petrovsky-Shtern201069_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19649Service200050–51,_64Read200516Petrovsky-Shtern201069-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Garai hartan, Leninen anaia zaharrena, Aleksandr, Sasha izenaz maitekiro ezagutzen zuena, San Petersburgoko Unibertsitatean ikasten ari zen. <a href="/wiki/Alexandro_III.a_Errusiakoa" title="Alexandro III.a Errusiakoa">Alexandro III.a</a> tsarraren erreakzionarioaren <a href="/wiki/Monarkia_absolutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarkia absolutu">monarkia absolutuaren</a> aurkako asaldura politikoan sartuta, Aleksandrek ezkertiarren idazki debekatuak aztertu eta gobernuaren aurkako protestak antolatu zituen. Tsarra hil nahi zuen zelula iraultzaile batekin bat egin zuen eta bonba bat eraikitzeko aukeratu zuten. Atentatua gertatu aurretik, konspiratzaileak atxilotu eta epaitu zituzten, eta Aleksandr <a href="/wiki/Urkamendi" title="Urkamendi">urkamendian</a> hil zuten maiatzean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196410–17Rice199020,_22–24Service200052–58White200121–28Read200510Lih201123–25_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196410–17Rice199020,_22–24Service200052–58White200121–28Read200510Lih201123–25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aitaren eta anaiaren heriotzak eragindako trauma emozionala gorabehera, Leninek ikasten jarraitu zuen, eskolan graduatu zen bere ikasgelako onena izanik eta bere errendimendu bikainagatik urrezko domina batekin, eta Kazango Unibertsitatean zuzenbidea ikastea erabaki zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199025Service200061White200129Read200516Theen200433_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199025Service200061White200129Read200516Theen200433-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unibertsitatea_eta_erradikaltze_politikoa:_1887-1893">Unibertsitatea eta erradikaltze politikoa: 1887-1893</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Unibertsitatea eta erradikaltze politikoa: 1887-1893»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Unibertsitatea eta erradikaltze politikoa: 1887-1893"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1887ko abuztuan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazango_Unibertsitatea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazango Unibertsitatea (sortu gabe)">Kazango Unibertsitatean</a> sartu zenean, Lenin inguruko etxebizitza batean kokatu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199026Service200061–63_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199026Service200061–63-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zemliatxestvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zemliatxestvo (sortu gabe)">zemliatxestvo</a></i> batekin elkartu zen, eskualde jakin bateko gizonak ordezkatzen zituen unibertsitate-elkarte mota batekin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199026–27Service200064–68,_70White200129_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199026–27Service200064–68,_70White200129-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Talde horrek unibertsitateko <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zemliatxestvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zemliatxestvo (sortu gabe)">zemliatxestvo</a></i> kontseiluko ordezkari aukeratu zuen, eta manifestazio batean parte hartu zuen abenduan, ikasleen elkarteek debekatzen zituzten gobernuaren murrizketen aurka. Poliziak Lenin atxilotu eta manifestazioaren buru izatea leporatu zion; unibertsitatetik bota zuten, eta Barne Ministerioak Kokuxkinoko bere familiaren etxaldera erbesteratu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199027Service200068–69White200129Read200515Lih201132_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199027Service200068–69White200129Read200515Lih201132-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han asko irakurri zuen eta 1863ko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Txernixevski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Txernixevski (sortu gabe)">Nikolai Txernixevskiren</a> iraultzaren aldeko eleberriaz maitemindu zen, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zer_egin%3F_(eleberria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zer egin? (eleberria) (sortu gabe)">Zer egin?</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199028White200130Read200512Lih201132–33_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199028White200130Read200512Lih201132–33-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Karl_Marx_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/220px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/330px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/440px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Lenin Karl Marxen lanen eraginpean zegoen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leninen ama kezkatuta zegoen semearen erradikaltzearekin, eta Barne Ministerioa <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazanera</a> itzultzen uzteko konbentzitzen lagundu zuen, baina ez unibertsitatera<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice1990310Service200071_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice1990310Service200071-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Itzuli zenean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Fedoseev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Fedoseev (sortu gabe)">Nikolai Fedoseeven</a> zirkulu iraultzailearekin bat egin zuen, eta, haren bidez, 1867ko <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marxen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Kapitala</a></i> liburua aurkitu zuen. Horrek <a href="/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo">marxismoarekiko</a> interesa piztu zion, gizartea etapaka garatzen zela, garapen hori <a href="/wiki/Klase_borroka" class="mw-redirect" title="Klase borroka">klase borrokaren</a> emaitza zela eta gizarte <a href="/wiki/Kapitalista" title="Kapitalista">kapitalistak</a> <a href="/wiki/Sozialismo_(marxismoko_aro_historikoa)" title="Sozialismo (marxismoko aro historikoa)">gizarte sozialistari</a> eta gero <a href="/wiki/Gizarte_komunista" class="mw-redirect" title="Gizarte komunista">komunistari</a> bide emango ziola zioen teoria soziopolitikoa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196419Rice199032–33Service200072White200130–31Read200518Lih201133_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196419Rice199032–33Service200072White200130–31Read200518Lih201133-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen amak, bere iritzi politikoekiko mesfidati, <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a> eskualdeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alakaevka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alakaevka (sortu gabe)">Alakaevka</a> herrian lursail bat erosi zuen, semea nekazaritzan arituko zelakoan. Leninek interes gutxi zuen etxaldearen kudeaketan, eta amak laster saldu zuen lurra, etxea udako etxebizitza gisa mantenduz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199033Service200074–76White200131Read200517_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199033Service200074–76White200131Read200517-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1889" title="1889">1889ko</a> irailean, Ulianov familia Samara hirira joan zen, eta han Lenin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexei_Skliarenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexei Skliarenko (sortu gabe)">Alexei Skliarenkoren</a> eztabaida-zirkulu sozialistara batu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199034Service200078White200131_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199034Service200078White200131-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han, Leninek erabat besarkatu zuen marxismoa, eta 1848ko Marx eta <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engelsen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Manifestu_Komunista" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifestu Komunista">Manifestu Komunista</a></i>ren panfleto politikoaren errusierarako itzulpena egin zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199034Service200077Read200518_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199034Service200077Read200518-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plejanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgi Plejanov">Georgi Plejanov</a> marxista errusiarraren lanak irakurtzen hasi zen, eta Plejanoven argudioarekin bat etorri zen: Errusia <a href="/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo">feudalismotik</a> kapitalismora igarotzen ari zela eta, beraz, sozialismoa proletarioek ezarriko zutela, edo hiriko langileriak, nekazarien ordez<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199034,_36–37Service200055–55,_80,_88–89White200131Read200537–38Lih201134–35_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199034,_36–37Service200055–55,_80,_88–89White200131Read200537–38Lih201134–35-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ikuspegi marxista hori ez zetorren bat <i><a href="/wiki/Narodnik" title="Narodnik">Narodnik</a></i> mugimendu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sozialismo_agrario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sozialismo agrario (sortu gabe)">agrario-sozialistaren</a> ikuspuntuarekin; izan ere, mugimendu horren arabera, nekazariek Errusian ezar zezaketen sozialismoa, nekazari <a href="/wiki/Komuna" title="Komuna">komunak</a> eratuz, kapitalismoa saihestuz. Narodnik ikuspuntu hau <a href="/wiki/1860ko_hamarkada" title="1860ko hamarkada">1860ko hamarkadan</a> garatu zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herriaren_Askatasunaren_Alderdia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herriaren Askatasunaren Alderdia (sortu gabe)">Herriaren Askatasunaren Alderdiarekin</a>, eta orduan nagusi izan zen Errusiako mugimendu iraultzailearen barruan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196423–25,_26Service200055Read200511,_24_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196423–25,_26Service200055Read200511,_24-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek uko egin zion argudio agrarista-sozialistaren premisari, baina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Tkatxev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piotr Tkatxev (sortu gabe)">Piotr Tkatxev</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Netxaev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei Netxaev (sortu gabe)">Sergei Netxaev</a> bezalako agrarista-sozialisten eragina izan zuen, eta hainbat <i>narodnik</i>en lagun egin zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService200079,_98_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService200079,_98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1890eko maiatzean, Mariak, noble baten alargun gisa gizarte-eraginari eusten zionak, autoritateak konbentzitu zituen Lenini bere kanpo-azterketak <a href="/wiki/San_Petersburgoko_Unibertsitatea" class="mw-redirect" title="San Petersburgoko Unibertsitatea">San Petersburgoko Unibertsitatean</a> egiten uzteko, non lehen mailako titulu baten baliokidea lortu zuen, ohorez lortu ere. Graduazioaren ospakizunak lausotu egin ziren bere arreba Olga <a href="/wiki/Tifus" title="Tifus">tifusak</a> jota hil zenean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199034–36Service200082–86White200131Read200518,_19Lih201140_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199034–36Service200082–86White200131Read200518,_19Lih201140-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenin Samaran egon zen hainbat urtez, lehenik eskualdeko auzitegi baterako lege-laguntzaile gisa eta gero tokiko abokatu batentzat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196421Rice199036Service200086White200131Read200518Lih201140_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196421Rice199036Service200086White200131Read200518Lih201140-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Politika erradikalari denbora asko eskaini zion, Skliarenkoren taldean aktibo mantenduz eta Errusiari marxismoa aplikatzeari buruzko ideiak formulatuz. Plejanoven lanean oinarrituta, Leninek errusiar gizarteari buruzko datuak bildu zituen, gizartearen garapenaren interpretazio marxista bultzatzeko eta narodniken baieztapenak indargabetzeko erabiliz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196421Rice199036,_37_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196421Rice199036,_37-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nekazal ekonomiari buruzko artikulu bat idatzi zuen, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russkaya_mysl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russkaya mysl (sortu gabe)">Russkaya mysl</a></i> aldizkari liberalak baztertu zuena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196421Rice199038Service200093–94_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196421Rice199038Service200093–94-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jarduera_iraultzailea">Jarduera iraultzailea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Jarduera iraultzailea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Jarduera iraultzailea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militantziaren_hasiera_eta_kartzela:_1893-1900">Militantziaren hasiera eta kartzela: 1893-1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Militantziaren hasiera eta kartzela: 1893-1900»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Militantziaren hasiera eta kartzela: 1893-1900"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1893ko amaieran, Lenin <a href="/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo">San Petersburgora</a> joan zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990354Rice199038–39Service200090–92White200133Lih201140,_52_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990354Rice199038–39Service200090–92White200133Lih201140,_52-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han abokatu baten laguntzaile gisa lan egin zuen eta goi-kargu batera igo zen bere buruari <a href="/wiki/Sozialdemokrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sozialdemokrata">sozialdemokrata</a> deitzen zion zelula iraultzaile marxista batean, <a href="/wiki/Alemaniako_Alderdi_Sozialdemokrata_Marxista" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemaniako Alderdi Sozialdemokrata Marxista">Alemaniako Alderdi Sozialdemokrata Marxistari</a> erreferentzia eginez<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990354Rice199039–40Lih201153_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990354Rice199039–40Lih201153-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mugimendu sozialistaren barruan marxismoa publikoki defendatuz, Errusiako industriaguneetan zelula iraultzaileak sortzea bultzatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199040,_43Service200096_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199040,_43Service200096-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1894. urtearen amaieran, langile-zirkulu marxista bat zuzentzen zuen eta bere aztarnak zehatz-mehatz estaltzen zituen, poliziaren espioiak mugimenduan sartzen saiatzen zirela jakinik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990355Rice199041–42Service2000105Read200522–23_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990355Rice199041–42Service2000105Read200522–23-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaia" title="Nadezhda Krupskaia">Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaiarekin</a>, maistra marxista batekin, harreman sentimentala hasi zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196422Rice199041Read200520–21_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196422Rice199041Read200520–21-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tratatu politikoa bat ere idatzi zuen, <i>Zer dira "Herriaren lagunak" eta nola egiten dieten aurre sozialdemokratei</i>, non narodnik nekazaritza-sozialistak kritikatzen dituen, neurri handi batean Samarako esperientzietan oinarrituta; 1894an 200 ale inguru inprimatu ziren legez kanpo<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196427Rice199042–43White200134,_36Read200525Lih201145–46_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196427Rice199042–43White200134,_36Read200525Lih201145–46-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Union-de-Lucha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Union-de-Lucha.jpg/220px-Union-de-Lucha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Union-de-Lucha.jpg/330px-Union-de-Lucha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Union-de-Lucha.jpg/440px-Union-de-Lucha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5018" data-file-height="3692" /></a><figcaption>Lenin (erdian eserita) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langile_Klasearen_Emantzipazioaren_aldeko_Liga_Borrokalaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langile Klasearen Emantzipazioaren aldeko Liga Borrokalaria (sortu gabe)">Langile Klasearen Emantzipazioaren aldeko Liba Borrokalariko</a> beste kide batzuekin 1897an.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leninek bere sozialdemokraten eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanaren_Emantzipazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanaren Emantzipazioa (sortu gabe)">Lanaren Emantzipazioaren</a> arteko loturak sendotzea espero zuen, <a href="/wiki/Suitza" title="Suitza">Suitzan</a> egoitza zuten marxista errusiar emigratu talde bat; herrialdea bisitatu zuen taldeko kideekin biltzeko, Plejanovekin eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Axelrod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Axelrod (sortu gabe)">Pavel Axelrodekin</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196430Pipes1990354Rice199044–46Service2000103White200137Read200526Lih201155_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196430Pipes1990354Rice199044–46Service2000103White200137Read200526Lih201155-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Parisera joan zen <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a> Marxen suhia ezagutzera, eta <a href="/wiki/Parisko_Komuna" title="Parisko Komuna">1871ko Parisko Komuna</a> ikertzera, gobernu proletarioaren lehen prototipotzat jotzen zuena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199046Service2000103White200137Read200526_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199046Service2000103White200137Read200526-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Amak finantzatuta, Suitzako bainuetxe batean hartu zuen ostatu <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlinera</a> joan aurretik. <a href="/wiki/Berlingo_Estatu_Liburutegia" title="Berlingo Estatu Liburutegia"><i>Staatsbibliothek</i>en</a> ikasi zuen sei astez, eta <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Wilhelm Liebknecht</a> ekintzaile marxista ezagutu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196430Rice199046Service2000103White200137Read200526_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196430Rice199046Service2000103White200137Read200526-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Errusiara legez kanpoko argitalpen iraultzaileen aliatu batekin itzuli zenean, hainbat hiritara bidaiatu zuen greban zeuden langileei literatura banatuz. Informazio-orri bat egiten ari zela, <i>Rabotxeie delo</i> («Langileen kausa»), San Petersburgon atxilotutako 40 ekintzaileetako bat izan zen, sedizioa egotzita<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Pipes1990355Rice199048White200138Read200526_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Pipes1990355Rice199048White200138Read200526-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Legezko ordezkaritza edo fidantza ukatu ziotenean, Leninek ukatu egin zituen egozten zitzaizkion kargu guztiak, baina espetxean egon zen urtebetez, kondenatua izan aurretik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Rice199048–51Service2000107–108Read200531Lih201161_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Rice199048–51Service2000107–108Read200531Lih201161-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Denbora hori teorizatzen eta idazten eman zuen. Lan horretan adierazi zuenez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapitalismo_industrial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapitalismo industrial (sortu gabe)">kapitalismo industrialak</a> Errusian izan zuen gorakadaren ondorioz, nekazari ugari lekualdatu ziren hirietara, non proletariotza bat osatzen zuten. Leninek, bere ikuspegi marxistatik, errusiar proletariotza honek klase kontzientzia bat garatuko zuela zioen, aldi berean <a href="/wiki/Tsarismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarismo">tsarismoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristokrazia" title="Aristokrazia">aristokrazia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Burgesia" title="Burgesia">burgesia</a> bortizki suntsitzera eta sozialismorantz aurrera egingo zuen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu_proletario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estatu proletario (sortu gabe)">estatu proletario</a> bat ezartzera eramango zuena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Rice199048–51Service2000107–108_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Rice199048–51Service2000107–108-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9105067">.mw-parser-output .notepaper{position:relative;margin:10px auto 10px 20px;padding:7px;width:350px;line-height:22px;color:#6a5f49;text-shadow:0 1px 1px white;background-color:#f2f6c1;border:1px solid #c3baaa;border-color:rgba(195,186,170,0.9)}.mw-parser-output .notepaper:before,.mw-parser-output .notepaper:after{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .notepaper:before{left:28px;width:2px;border:solid #efcfad;border-color:rgba(239,207,173,0.9);border-width:0 1px}.mw-parser-output .notepaper:after{z-index:-1;left:0;right:0;background:rgba(242,246,193,0.9);border:1px solid rgba(170,157,134,0.7)}.mw-parser-output .notepaper blockquote.curly-quotes{padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .quote{font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12px}.mw-parser-output .curly-quotes{font-family:"Courier New",Courier,monospace;margin-top:15px;font-size:11px}.mw-parser-output .curly-quotes:before,.mw-parser-output .curly-quotes:after{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;height:30px;line-height:38px;font-size:50px;opacity:.2}.mw-parser-output .curly-quotes:before{content:"“";margin-right:4px;margin-left:-8px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .curly-quotes:after{content:"”";margin-left:4px;margin-right:-20px;float:right;margin-top:-30px}.mw-parser-output .quote-by{display:block;padding-right:10px;text-align:right;font-size:13px;font-style:italic;color:#84775c}.mw-parser-output .lt-ie8 .notepaper{padding:15px 25px}</style> <div class="notepaper" style="float:right;"> <blockquote class="curly-quotes" style="border: none;"> <p>[N]arodnikak moralen bat adierazten duten ondorioak atera ohi ditu; ez ditu produkzioan parte hartzen duten pertsona-taldeak hainbat bizimoduren sortzaile gisa hartzen; ez du proposatzen gizarte-harremanen eta harreman ekonomikoen batura osoa talde horien arteko elkarrekiko harremanen emaitza gisa aurkeztea, interes desberdinak eta eginkizun historiko desberdinak baitituzte. </p> </blockquote><span class="quote-by">— Kapitalismoaren garapena Errusian</span> </div> <p>1897ko otsailean, Lenini hiru urteko erbestealdia ezarri zioten ekialdeko <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a>, epaiketarik gabe. San Petersburgon egun batzuk eman zizkioten bere arazoak konpontzeko, eta denbora hori baliatu zuen sozialdemokratekin biltzeko, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langile_Klasearen_Emantzipazioaren_aldeko_Liga_Borrokalaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langile Klasearen Emantzipazioaren aldeko Liga Borrokalaria (sortu gabe)">Langile Klasearen Emantzipazioaren aldeko Liga Borrokalaria</a> izena hartu zuena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Rice199052–55Service2000109–110White200138,_45,_47Read200531_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Rice199052–55Service2000109–110White200138,_45,_47Read200531-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekialdeko_Siberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekialdeko Siberia (sortu gabe)">Ekialdeko Siberiara</a> egindako bidaiak 11 aste iraun zuen, eta tarte horretan ama eta arrebak izan zituen lagun. Gobernurako mehatxu txikitzat hartua, <a href="/wiki/Xuxenskoie" title="Xuxenskoie">Xuxenskoieko</a> nekazarien etxola batera erbesteratu zuten, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minusinskiko_barrutia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minusinskiko barrutia (sortu gabe)">Minusinskiko barrutian</a>, non poliziaren zaintzapean eduki baitzuten; hala ere, beste iraultzaile batzuekin gutun trukea mantendu ahal izan zuen, haietako askok bisita egin ziotelarik, eta <a href="/wiki/Jenisei" title="Jenisei">Jenisei</a> ibaian igeri egiteko eta <a href="/wiki/Ahate" title="Ahate">ahateak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Istingor" title="Istingor">istingorrak</a> ehizatzeko baimena eman zioten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196431–32Rice199053,_55–56Service2000110–113White200140Read200530,_31_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196431–32Rice199053,_55–56Service2000110–113White200140Read200530,_31-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1898ko maiatzean, Nadia erbestean elkartu zitzaion, 1896ko abuztuan greba bat antolatzeagatik atxilotu baitzuten. Hasieran <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufara</a> bidali zuten, baina agintariak konbentzitu zituen Xuxenskoiera eraman zezaten, bera eta Lenin ezkon-hitza emanik zeudela argudiatuz; 1898ko <a href="/wiki/Uztailaren_10" title="Uztailaren 10">uztailaren 10ean</a> eliza batean ezkondu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196433Pipes1990356Service2000114,_140White200140Read200530Lih201163_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196433Pipes1990356Service2000114,_140White200140Read200530Lih201163-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Xuxenskoien, bikotea Nadiaren amarekin, Elizaveta Vasilievnarekin, familia-bizitza batean kokatu zen, eta errusierara itzuli zuten <a href="/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra">Ingalaterrako</a> literatura sozialista<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196433–34Rice199053,_55–56Service2000117Read200533_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196433–34Rice199053,_55–56Service2000117Read200533-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alemaniako marxismoaren bilakaera jarraitzeko irrikaz, non zatiketa ideologiko bat gertatu baitzen, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a> bezalako errebisionistek sozialismorantz bide baketsu eta elektoralaren alde egiten zutelarik, Leninek iraultza bortitzaren aldekoa izaten jarraitzen zuen, Errusiako sozialdemokraten protesta batean argudio errebisionistei eraso eginez<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199061–63Service2000124Rappaport201031_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199061–63Service2000124Rappaport201031-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Amaitu zuen, halaber, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapitalismoaren_garapena_Errusian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapitalismoaren garapena Errusian (sortu gabe)">Kapitalismoaren garapena Errusian</a></i> (1899), unera arte idatzi zuen libururik luzeena, sozialista agrarioak kritikatzen zituena eta Errusiako garapen ekonomikoaren azterketa marxista sustatzen zuena. Vladimir Ilin ezizenarekin argitaratua, argitaratu ondoren kritika txarrak jaso zituen nagusiki<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199057–58Service2000121–124,_137White200140–45Read200534,_39Lih201162–63_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199057–58Service2000121–124,_137White200140–45Read200534,_39Lih201162–63-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Munich,_Londres,_Geneva:_1900-1905"><span id="Munich.2C_Londres.2C_Geneva:_1900-1905"></span>Munich, Londres, Geneva: 1900-1905</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Munich, Londres, Geneva: 1900-1905»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Munich, Londres, Geneva: 1900-1905"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9105067"> <div class="notepaper" style="float:right;"> <blockquote class="curly-quotes" style="border: none;"> <p>Klase kontzientzia politikoa kanpotik baino ezin da iritsi langileengana; hau da, borroka ekonomikotik kanpo bakarrik, langileen eta enpresaburuen arteko harremanen esparrutik kanpo. Ezagutza hori lortzeko bide bakarra Estatuarekiko eta gobernuarekiko harremanen (klase eta geruza guztien) esfera da, klase guztien arteko erlazioen esfera. </p> </blockquote><span class="quote-by">— <i>Zer egin?</i></span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:VladimirUlyanovLenin2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/VladimirUlyanovLenin2.JPG/220px-VladimirUlyanovLenin2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/VladimirUlyanovLenin2.JPG/330px-VladimirUlyanovLenin2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/VladimirUlyanovLenin2.JPG/440px-VladimirUlyanovLenin2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>Lenin, 1900ean.</figcaption></figure> <p>Erbesteratu ondoren, Lenin <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskovera</a> joan zen 1900. urtearen hasieran<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196434–35Rice199064Service2000124–125White200154Read200543Rappaport201027–28_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196434–35Rice199064Service2000124–125White200154Read200543Rappaport201027–28-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han dirua biltzen hasi zen egunkari baterako, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iskra (sortu gabe)">Iskra</a></i> («Txinparta»), Errusiako alderdi marxistaren organo berri bat, orain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errusiako_Alderdi_Laborista_Sozialdemokrata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errusiako Alderdi Laborista Sozialdemokrata (sortu gabe)">Errusiako Alderdi Laborista Sozialdemokrata</a> (RSDLP) deitzen zena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196435Pipes1990357Rice199066–65White200155–56Read200543Rappaport201028_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196435Pipes1990357Rice199066–65White200155–56Read200543Rappaport201028-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1900eko uztailean, Lenin Errusiatik <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Europa" title="Mendebaldeko Europa">Mendebaldeko Europara</a> atera zen; Suitzan beste marxista errusiar batzuk ezagutu zituen, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corsier (sortu gabe)">Corsierren</a> hitzaldi batean <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munichetik</a> egunkaria kaleratzea adostu zuten, Lenin irailean lekualdatu zen tokitik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196435Pipes1990357Rice199064–69Service2000130–135Rappaport201032–33_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196435Pipes1990357Rice199064–69Service2000130–135Rappaport201032–33-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Europako marxista nabarmenen ekarpenekin, <i>Iskra</i> Errusian sartu zen kontrabandoan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199069–70Read200551Rappaport201041–42,_53–55_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199069–70Read200551Rappaport201041–42,_53–55-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, 50 urtez herrialdeko argitalpen klandestinorik arrakastatsuena bihurtuz. 1901eko abenduan hartu zuen lehen aldiz «Lenin» izengoitia, segur aski Siberiako <a href="/wiki/Lena_(ibaia)" title="Lena (ibaia)">Lena</a> ibaian oinarritua<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19644–5Service2000137Read200544Rappaport201066_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19644–5Service2000137Read200544Rappaport201066-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; sarritan <i>N. Lenin</i> izengoitirik osoena erabiltzen zuen, eta <i>N</i>-k ezer esan nahi ez zuen arren, geroago Nikolai irudikatzen zuen ideia okerra sortu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport201066Lih20118–9_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport201066Lih20118–9-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Izengoiti horren pean, 1902an <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zer_egin%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zer egin? (sortu gabe)">Zer egin?</a></i> Panfleto politikoa argitaratu zuen; ordura arteko bere argitalpenik eraginkorrena Leninen ideiei buruzkoa zen, proletariotza iraultzarantz zuzenduko zuen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abangoardiako_alderdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abangoardiako alderdi (sortu gabe)">abangoardiako alderdi</a> baten beharrari buruzkoa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196439Pipes1990359Rice199073–75Service2000137–142White200156–62Read200552–54Rappaport201062Lih201169,_78–80_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196439Pipes1990359Rice199073–75Service2000137–142White200156–62Read200552–54Rappaport201062Lih201169,_78–80-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leninen emazte Nadia Munichen elkartu zitzaion eta haren idazkari pertsonal bihurtu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196437Rice199070Service2000136Read200544Rappaport201036–37_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196437Rice199070Service2000136Read200544Rappaport201036–37-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beren asaldura politikoarekin jarraitu zuten, Leninek <i>Iskra</i>rentzat idatzi eta RSDLParen programa idatzi baitzuen, disidente ideologikoei eta kanpoko kritikoei eraso eginez, bereziki <a href="/wiki/Alderdi_Sozialista_Iraultzailea" title="Alderdi Sozialista Iraultzailea">Alderdi Sozialista Iraultzaileari</a> (SR)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196437Rice199078–79Service2000143–144Rappaport201081,_84_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196437Rice199078–79Service2000143–144Rappaport201081,_84-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, 1901ean sortutako <i>narodnik</i> agrario-sozialista talde bati<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead200560_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead200560-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Marxista izaten jarraitu arren, 1903an nekazariaren botere iraultzaileari buruzko <i>narodnik</i> ikuspuntua onartu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196438Lih201180_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196438Lih201180-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavariako</a> polizia saihesteko, Lenin <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londresera</a> joan zen <i>Iskra</i>rekin 1902ko apirilean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196438–39Rice199075–76Service2000147_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196438–39Rice199075–76Service2000147-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotski" title="Leon Trotski">Leon Trotski</a> marxista errusiar-ukrainarraren lagun egin zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196440,_50–51Rice199076Service2000148–150Read200548Rappaport201082–84_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196440,_50–51Rice199076Service2000148–150Read200548Rappaport201082–84-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenin <a href="/wiki/Erisipela" title="Erisipela">erisipelak</a> jo zuen, eta ezin izan zuen hain paper nabarmenik hartu <i>Iskra</i>ko erredakzio-kontseiluan; hura ez zegoenez, batzordeak <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Genevara</a> eraman zuen bere operazio-basea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199077–78Service2000150Rappaport201085–87_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199077–78Service2000150Rappaport201085–87-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Errusiako_Langileen_Alderdi_Sozialdemokrataren_II._Kongresua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errusiako Langileen Alderdi Sozialdemokrataren II. Kongresua (sortu gabe)">RSDLPren bigarren kongresua</a> Londresen egin zen 1903ko uztailean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990360Rice199079–80Service2000151–152White200162Read200560Rappaport201092Lih201181_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990360Rice199079–80Service2000151–152White200162Read200560Rappaport201092Lih201181-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kongresuan zisma bat sortu zen Leninen eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Martov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Martov (sortu gabe)">Julius Martoven</a> aldekoen artean. Martovek zioen alderdiko kideek alderdiaren zuzendaritza alde batera utzita hitz egiteko aukera izan behar zutela; Lenin ez zegoen ados, eta alderdiaren gaineko erabateko kontrola izango zuen zuzendaritza indartsu baten beharra azpimarratzen zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199081–82Service2000154–155White200163Read200560–61Rappaport201093_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199081–82Service2000154–155White200163Read200560–61Rappaport201093-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen aldekoak ziren gehienak, eta hark "gehiengoa" deitzen zien (<i>bolxeviki</i> errusieraz; <a href="/wiki/Boltxebike" title="Boltxebike">boltxebikeak</a>); horri erantzunez, Martovek "gutxiengoa" deitzen zien bere jarraitzaileei (<i>menxeviki</i> errusieraz; <a href="/wiki/Mentxebike" title="Mentxebike">mentxebikeak</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196439Rice199082Service2000155–156Read200561White200164Rappaport201095_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196439Rice199082Service2000155–156Read200561White200164Rappaport201095-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Boltxebikeen eta mentxebikeen arteko eztabaidek aurrera jarraitu zuten hitzaldiaren ondoren; boltxebikeek oportunistak eta erreformistak zirela leporatu zieten beren aurkariei, diziplinarik ez zutela, eta mentxebikeek, berriz, Lenin despota eta autokrata zela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199083Rappaport2010107_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199083Rappaport2010107-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mentxebikeekin haserre, Leninek dimisioa eman zuen <i>Iskra</i>ren erredakziotik, eta 1904ko maiatzean <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauso_bat_aurrera,_bi_pauso_atzera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pauso bat aurrera, bi pauso atzera (sortu gabe)">Pauso bat aurrera, bi pauso atzera</a></i> adierazpen antimentxebikea argitaratu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199083–84Service2000157White200165Rappaport201097–98_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199083–84Service2000157White200165Rappaport201097–98-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Estres" title="Estres">Estresaren</a> ondorioz, Lenin gaixotu egin zen, eta sendatzeko, landa-eremuko Suitzara joan zen oporretan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000158–159,_163–164Rappaport201097,_99,_108–109_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000158–159,_163–164Rappaport201097,_99,_108–109-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Fakzio boltxebikea indartsuago bihurtu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199085Service2000163_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199085Service2000163-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; 1905eko udaberrian, RSDLPko Batzorde Zentral osoa boltxebikea zen, eta abenduan <i>Vpered</i> («Aurrera») egunkaria sortu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196441Rice199085Service2000165White200170Read200564Rappaport2010114_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196441Rice199085Service2000165White200170Read200564Rappaport2010114-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1905eko_iraultza_eta_ondorioak:_1905-1914">1905eko iraultza eta ondorioak: 1905-1914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1905eko iraultza eta ondorioak: 1905-1914»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: 1905eko iraultza eta ondorioak: 1905-1914"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/1905eko_Errusiako_Iraultza" title="1905eko Errusiako Iraultza">1905eko Errusiako Iraultza</a>»</div> <p>1905eko urtarrilean, San Petersburgoko manifestarien <a href="/wiki/Igande_Odoltsua_(1905)" title="Igande Odoltsua (1905)">Igande Odoltsuko</a> sarraskiak istilu zibilen uholdea eragin zuen <a href="/wiki/Errusiar_Inperioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Errusiar Inperioa">Errusiar Inperioan</a>, <a href="/wiki/1905eko_Errusiako_Iraultza" title="1905eko Errusiako Iraultza">1905eko Iraultza</a> izenaz ezagutzen dena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196444Rice199086–88Service2000167Read200575Rappaport2010117–120Lih201187_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196444Rice199086–88Service2000167Read200575Rappaport2010117–120Lih201187-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek boltxebikeei gertaeretan paper handiagoa hartzeko eskatu zien, matxinada bortitza bultzatuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196444–45Pipes1990362–363Rice199088–89_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196444–45Pipes1990362–363Rice199088–89-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hori egin zuenean, "Matxinada armatuari", "Masa-izuari" eta "lur-jabeen lurren desjabetzeari" buruzko kontsigna <a href="/wiki/Alderdi_Sozialista_Iraultzailea" title="Alderdi Sozialista Iraultzailea">eseristak</a> hartu zituen, eta horrek marxismo ortodoxotik desbideratu zela dioten salaketa mentxebikeak eragin zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990363–364Rice199089–90Service2000168–170Read200578Rappaport2010124_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990363–364Rice199089–90Service2000168–170Read200578Rappaport2010124-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Era berean, boltxebikeak mentxebikeetatik erabat bereizteko eskatu zuen; boltxebike askok uko egin zioten, eta bi taldeak 1905eko apirilean Londresen egindako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errusiako_Langileen_Alderdi_Sozialdemokrataren_III._Kongresua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errusiako Langileen Alderdi Sozialdemokrataren III. Kongresua (sortu gabe)">RSDLPren III. Kongresuan</a> izan ziren. Leninek bere ideietako asko aurkeztu zituen 1905eko abuztuan argitaratutako <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sozialdemokraziaren_bi_taktika_iraultza_demokratikoan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sozialdemokraziaren bi taktika iraultza demokratikoan (sortu gabe)">Sozialdemokraziaren bi taktika iraultza demokratikoan</a></i> liburuxkan. Hemen, errusiar burgesia liberala monarkia konstituzionalerako trantsizio batekin asetuko zela iragarri zuen, eta horrela iraultza traizionatuko zuela; aldiz, proletarioek nekazariekin aliantza bat eraiki beharko zutela argudiatu zuen, tsarren erregimena bertan behera uzteko eta "proletarioen eta nekazarien behin-behineko diktadura demokratiko iraultzailea" ezartzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196460Pipes1990367Rice199090–91Service2000179Read200579Rappaport2010131_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196460Pipes1990367Rice199090–91Service2000179Read200579Rappaport2010131-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9105067"> <div class="notepaper" style="float:right;"> <blockquote class="curly-quotes" style="border: none;"> <p>Matxinada hasi da. Indarkeriaren aurkako indarkeria. Kale-borrokak biziak dira, barrikadak altxatzen dira, fusilak klaskatzen dira, pistolek orro egiten dute. Odolezko ibaiak doaz, askatasunaren aldeko gerra zibila sutan dago. Mosku eta Hegoaldea, Kaukaso eta Polonia San Petersburgoko langileekin bat egiteko prest daude. Langileen kontsigna bihurtu da: heriotza edo askatasuna! </p> </blockquote><span class="quote-by">— Lenin 1905eko iraultzari buruz.</span> </div> <p>1905eko iraultzari erantzunez, gobernua boteretik kentzea lortu ez zuena, <a href="/wiki/Nikolas_II.a_Errusiakoa" title="Nikolas II.a Errusiakoa">Nikolas II.a</a> tsarrak erreforma liberalak onartu zituen bere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urriko_Manifestua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urriko Manifestua (sortu gabe)">Urriko Manifestuan</a>. Giro horretan, Leninek segurutzat jo zuen San Petersburgora itzultzea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196451Rice199094Service2000175–176Read200581Read200577,_81Rappaport2010132,_134–135_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196451Rice199094Service2000175–176Read200581Read200577,_81Rappaport2010132,_134–135-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novaya_Zhizn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novaya Zhizn (sortu gabe)">Novaya Zhizn</a></i> («Bizitza Berria») egunkariko erredakzio-kontseiluarekin bat egin zuen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Andreieva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Andreieva (sortu gabe)">Maria Andreievak</a> zuzendutako egunkari legal erradikala, eta LSEDak aurre egin beharreko arazoak eztabaidatzeko erabili zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199094–95White200173–74Read200581–82Rappaport2010138_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199094–95White200173–74Read200581–82Rappaport2010138-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alderdiari afiliazio zabalago bat bilatzera animatu zuen eta borroka bortitzaren etengabeko gorakadaren alde egin zuen, iraultzaren arrakastarako biak beharrezkoak zirelakoan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199096–97Service2000176–178_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199096–97Service2000176–178-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kideen kuotak eta jarraitzaile aberats gutxi batzuen dohaintzak boltxebikeen jarduerak finantzatzeko nahikoak ez zirela aitorturik, Leninek posta bulegoak, tren geltokiak, trenak eta bankuak lapurtzeko ideia babestu zuen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Krasin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Krasin (sortu gabe)">Leonid Krasinen</a> zuzendaritzapean, boltxebike talde bat horrelako delitu-ekintzak egiten hasi zen, eta horietatik ezagunena 1907ko ekainean gertatu zen, <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Stalin" title="Iosif Stalin">Iosif Stalinen</a> zuzendaritzapean ziharduen boltxebike talde batek <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>ko Estatuko Bankuan (<a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=1907ko_Tbilisiko_bankuaren_lapurreta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1907ko Tbilisiko bankuaren lapurreta (sortu gabe)">armaz lapurreta egin zuenean</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196470–71Pipes1990369–370Rice1990104_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196470–71Pipes1990369–370Rice1990104-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Boltxebikeen eta mentxebikeen arteko adiskidetzearen ideia laburki babestu bazuen ere<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199095Service2000178–179_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199095Service2000178–179-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Leninen indarkeria eta lapurreta gaitzetsi zuten mentxebikeek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errusiako_Langileen_Alderdi_Sozialdemokrataren_IV._Kongresua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errusiako Langileen Alderdi Sozialdemokrataren IV. Kongresua (sortu gabe)">RSDLPren IV. Kongresuan</a>, 1906ko apirilean <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholmen</a> egin zenean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196453Pipes1990364Rice199099–100Service2000179–180White200176_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196453Pipes1990364Rice199099–100Service2000179–180White200176-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuokkala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuokkala (sortu gabe)">Kuokkalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finlandiako_Dukerri_Handia" title="Finlandiako Dukerri Handia">Finlandiako Dukerri Handian</a>, boltxebike-zentro baten sorreran parte hartu zuen, une hartan Errusiako inperioaren zati bat zena. Laster boltxebikeek alderdian boterea eskuratu zuten, <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londresen</a> 1907an ospatutako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errusiako_Langileen_Alderdi_Sozialdemokrataren_IV._Kongresua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errusiako Langileen Alderdi Sozialdemokrataren IV. Kongresua (sortu gabe)">V. kongresuan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990103–105Service2000180–182White200177–79_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990103–105Service2000180–182White200177–79-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tsarren gobernuak oposizioa zapaltzen zuen bitartean, bai Errusiako biltzar legegilea, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bigarren_Duma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bigarren Duma (sortu gabe)">Bigarren Duma</a>, deseginez, bai <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a> polizia sekretuari iraultzaileak atxilotzeko aginduz, Leninek Finlandiatik Suitzara ihes egin zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990105–106Service2000184–186Rappaport2010144_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990105–106Service2000184–186Rappaport2010144-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han saiatu zen Tbilisin lapurtutako billeteak aldatzen, serie-zenbaki identifikagarriak zituztenak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrackman200059,_62_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrackman200059,_62-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Bogdanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Bogdanov (sortu gabe)">Alexander Bogdanovek</a> eta beste boltxebike ospetsu batzuek Boltxebike Zentroa <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisera</a> eramatea erabaki zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000186–187_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000186–187-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; Lenin ados ez bazegoen ere, 1908ko abenduan hirira joan zen. Leninek ez zuen Paris gogoko, "zulo nazkagarria" zela pentsatzen baitzuen, eta, han zegoela, auto gidari bati salaketa jarri zion bizikletatik erorarazteagatik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196467–68Rice1990111Service2000188–189_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196467–68Rice1990111Service2000188–189-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenin oso kritiko agertu zen Bogdanoven iritziarekin, alegia, errusiar proletarioek kultura sozialista bat garatu behar zutela arrakastazko iraultza-bide bihurtzeko. Lenin, aldiz, iraultzan langile-klaseak zuzenduko zituen intelektual sozialistaren abangoardiaren aldekoa zen. Gainera, Bogdanovek, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Mach (sortu gabe)">Ernest Machen</a> eraginez, munduko kontzeptu guztiak erlatiboak zirela uste zuen, eta Leninek, berriz, giza behaketatik aparteko errealitate objektibo bat zegoela zioen ikuspegi marxista ortodoxoari eusten zion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196464Rice1990109Service2000189–190Read200589–90_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196464Rice1990109Service2000189–190Read200589–90-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bogdanovek eta Leninek elkarrekin igaro zituzten oporrak <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Gorki" title="Maksim Gorki">Maksim Gorkiren</a> etxean, <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Caprin</a>, 1908ko apirilean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196463–64Rice1990110Service2000190–191White200183,_84_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196463–64Rice1990110Service2000190–191White200183,_84-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; Parisera itzuli zirenean, Leninek boltxebikeen artean banaketa bat sustatu zuen bere jarraitzaileen eta Bogdanoven artean, eta azken horri marxismotik desbideratzea leporatu zion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990110–111Service2000191–192Read200591_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990110–111Service2000191–192Read200591-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:British_Museum_Reading_Room,_reading_desk_F1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/British_Museum_Reading_Room%2C_reading_desk_F1.jpg/220px-British_Museum_Reading_Room%2C_reading_desk_F1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/British_Museum_Reading_Room%2C_reading_desk_F1.jpg/330px-British_Museum_Reading_Room%2C_reading_desk_F1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/British_Museum_Reading_Room%2C_reading_desk_F1.jpg/440px-British_Museum_Reading_Room%2C_reading_desk_F1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Britainiar Museoko Irakurketa Gela.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908ko</a> maiatzean, Lenin Londresen bizi izan zen laburki, non <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">Britainiar Museoko</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Britainiar_Museoko_Irakurketa_Gela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britainiar Museoko Irakurketa Gela (sortu gabe)">Irakurketa Gela</a> erabili zuen <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Materialismoa_eta_enpiriokritizismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materialismoa eta enpiriokritizismoa (sortu gabe)">Materialismoa eta enpiriokritizismoa</a></i> idazteko, Bogdanoven erlatibismoaren "faltsukeria erreakzionario burgesa" bezala deskribatu zuen eraso bat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196464–67Rice1990110Service2000192–193White200184,_87–88Read200590_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196464–67Rice1990110Service2000192–193White200184,_87–88Read200590-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen sektarismoa gero eta boltxebike gehiago urrunarazten hasi zen, <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Rikov" title="Aleksei Rikov">Aleksei Rikov</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> hurbileko jarraitzaileak barne<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196469Rice1990111Service2000195_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196469Rice1990111Service2000195-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Okhrana bere jarrera zatikatzaileaz baliatu zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Malinovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Malinovski (sortu gabe)">Roman Malinovski</a> espioia bidaliz Leninen aldekoa izan zedin alderdi barruan. Boltxebike batzuek Malinovskiri buruzko susmoak azaldu zizkioten Lenini, baina ez dago argi espioiaren bikoiztasunaz jabetzen ote zen; litekeena da Malinovski erabiltzea Okhranari informazio faltsua emateko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196481–82Pipes1990372–375Rice1990120–121Service2000206White2001102Read200596–97_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196481–82Pipes1990372–375Rice1990120–121Service2000206White2001102Read200596–97-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910eko</a> abuztuan, Lenin <a href="/wiki/Bigarren_Internazionala" title="Bigarren Internazionala">Bigarren Internazionalaren</a> VIII. Kongresuan izan zen, sozialisten nazioarteko bilera batean, <a href="/wiki/Kopenhage" title="Kopenhage">Kopenhagen</a>, RSDLPko ordezkari gisa. Ondoren, Stockholmen oporrak eman zituen amarekin. Bere emazte eta arrebekin Frantziara joan zen bizitzera, lehenik <a href="/wiki/Bombon" title="Bombon">Bombonera</a> eta gero Parisera<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196468–69Rice1990112Service2000195–196_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196468–69Rice1990112Service2000195–196-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hemen <a href="/wiki/Inessa_Armand" title="Inessa Armand">Inessa Armand</a> boltxebike frantziarraren oso lagun egin zen; biografo batzuek iradokitzen dute ezkontzaz kanpoko harremana izan zutela 1910 eta 1912 artean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196475–80Rice1990112Pipes1990384Service2000197–199Read2005103_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196475–80Rice1990112Pipes1990384Service2000197–199Read2005103-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bitartean, 1911ko ekainean Parisen egindako bilera batean, LPZZko Batzorde Zentralak bere operazio-zentroa Errusiara eramatea erabaki zuen, Boltxebike Zentroa eta bere egunkaria, <i>Proletari</i>, ixteko aginduz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990115Service2000196White200193–94_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990115Service2000196White200193–94-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alderdian zuen eragina berreraikitzen saiatuz, Leninek alderdiaren konferentzia bat antolatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Praga" title="Praga">Pragan</a> 1912ko urtarrilean, eta bertaratutako 18 lagunetatik 16 boltxebikeak ziren arren, oso kritikatua izan zen bere joera zatikatzaileagatik eta ez zuen lortu alderdiaren barruan bere estatusa hobetzea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196471–72Rice1990116–117Service2000204–206White200196–97Read200595_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196471–72Rice1990116–117Service2000204–206White200196–97Read200595-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Krakovia" title="Krakovia">Krakoviara</a> joan zen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galitziako_Erresum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galitziako Erresum (sortu gabe)">Galitziako Erresumara</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lodomeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodomeria">Lodomeriara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungariako_Inperioa" title="Austria-Hungariako Inperioa">Austria-Hungariako Inperioaren</a> zati kulturalki poloniar batera, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagellonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagellonia (sortu gabe)">Jagelloniako</a> Unibertsitateko liburutegia erabili zuen ikerketak egiteko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196472Rice1990118–119Service2000209–211White2001100Read2005104_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196472Rice1990118–119Service2000209–211White2001100Read2005104-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Harreman estuan egon zen Errusiar Inperioan ziharduen RSDLPrekin, eta Dumako boltxebikeak konbentzitu zituen mentxebikeekin zuten parlamentu-aliantzatik banantzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196493–94Pipes1990376Rice1990121Service2000214–215White200198–99_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196493–94Pipes1990376Rice1990121Service2000214–215White200198–99-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1913ko urtarrilean, Stalinek, Leninek "georgiar zoragarria" bezala aipatzen zuenak, bisita egin zion eta Inperioan errusiarrak ez ziren talde etnikoen etorkizuna eztabaidatu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990122White2001100_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990122White2001100-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenin eta bere emaztearen osasun arazoak zirela eta, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bia%C5%82y_Dunajec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biały Dunajec (sortu gabe)">Biały Dunajec</a> hirira joan ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000216White2001103Read2005105_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000216White2001103Read2005105-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Berna" title="Berna">Bernara</a> joan baino lehen, Nadiari ebakuntza egin ziezaioten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196473–74Rice1990122–123Service2000217–218Read2005105_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196473–74Rice1990122–123Service2000217–218Read2005105-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lehen_Mundu_Gerra:_1914-1917">Lehen Mundu Gerra: 1914-1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lehen Mundu Gerra: 1914-1917»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Lehen Mundu Gerra: 1914-1917"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9105067"> <div class="notepaper" style="float:right;"> <blockquote class="curly-quotes" style="border: none;"> <p>Lehen Mundu Gerra kolonien banaketagatik eta atzerriko lurraldearen lapurretagatik libratzen da; lapurrak erori egin dira, eta lapurretako baten porrotak aipatzea, lapur guztien interesak nazioaren edo aberriaren interesekin identifikatzeko, gezur burges neurrigabea da. </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>Lenin <a href="/wiki/Galitzia" title="Galitzia">Galitzian</a> zegoen <a href="/wiki/Lehen_Mundu_Gerra" title="Lehen Mundu Gerra">Lehen Mundu Gerra</a> piztu zenean. Gerrak Errusiar Inperioa eta Austrohungariar Inperioa aurrez aurre jarri zituen, eta errusiar hiritartasuna zela eta, Lenin atxilotu eta espetxeratu egin zuten labur, bere jarrera anti-tsarista azaldu zen arte<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196494Pipes1990377–378Rice1990127–128Service2000223–225White2001104Read2005105_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196494Pipes1990377–378Rice1990127–128Service2000223–225White2001104Read2005105-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenin eta bere emaztea Bernara itzuli ziren, 1916ko otsailean <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zürich">Zürichera</a> joan baino lehen. Lenin haserre zegoen Alemaniako Alderdi Sozialdemokratak Alemaniako gerra-ahalegina babesten zuelako, eta horrek zuzenean urratzen zuen <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgarteko</a> Bigarren Internazionalaren ebazpena, hau da, alderdi sozialistak gatazkaren aurka agertzea, eta Bigarren Internazionala desagertuta zegoela uste zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196494Pipes1990377–378Rice1990127–128Service2000223–225White2001104Read2005105_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196494Pipes1990377–378Rice1990127–128Service2000223–225White2001104Read2005105-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimmerwaldeko_Konferentzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zimmerwaldeko Konferentzia (sortu gabe)">Zimmerwaldeko Konferentziara</a> joan zen 1915eko irailean eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kienthalgo_Konferentzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kienthalgo Konferentzia (sortu gabe)">Kienthalgo Konferentziara</a> 1916ko apirilean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196494Rice1990130–131Pipes1990382–383Service2000245White2001113–114,_122–113Read2005132–134_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196494Rice1990130–131Pipes1990382–383Service2000245White2001113–114,_122–113Read2005132–134-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta kontinente osoko sozialistei "gerra inperialista" kontinente osoko "<a href="/wiki/Gerra_zibil" title="Gerra zibil">gerra zibil</a>" bihurtzeko eskatu zien, proletarioek burgesiari eta aristokraziari aurre egin behar zietela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196485Rice1990129Service2000227–228Read2005111_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196485Rice1990129Service2000227–228Read2005111-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1916ko uztailean, Leninen ama hil zen, baina semea ezin izan zen hiletara joan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990380Service2000230–231Read2005130_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990380Service2000230–231Read2005130-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere heriotzak sakonki hunkitu zuen, eta deprimitu egin zen, bera ere hilko zen beldur, iraultza proletarioa ikusi baino lehen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990135Service2000235_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990135Service2000235-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1917ko irailean, Leninek <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inperialismoa,_kapitalismoaren_fase_gorena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inperialismoa, kapitalismoaren fase gorena (sortu gabe)">Inperialismoa, kapitalismoaren fase gorena</a></i> argitaratu zuen, non inperialismoa kapitalismo <a href="/wiki/Monopolio" title="Monopolio">monopolistaren</a> emaitza zela defendatzen zuen, kapitalistak euren irabaziak handitzen saiatzen baitziren, soldatak baxuagoak eta lehengaiak merkeagoak ziren lurralde berrietara hedatuz. Uste zuen lehia eta gatazka areagotu egingo zirela, eta potentzia inperialisten arteko gerrak aurrera jarraituko zuela proletarioen iraultzak boteretik kendu eta sozialismoa ezarri arte<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196495–100,_107Rice1990132–134Service2000245–246White2001118–121Read2005116–126_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196495–100,_107Rice1990132–134Service2000245–246White2001118–121Read2005116–126-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Denbora asko eman zuen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Wilhelm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Wilhelm (sortu gabe)">Georg Wilhelm</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Hegel (sortu gabe)">Friedrich Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristotelesen</a> lanak irakurtzen, guztiak Marxentzat funtsezko eraginak izan zirenak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000241–242_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000241–242-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrek aldatu egin zuen Leninek marxismoaz egiten zuen interpretazioa; lehen printzipio zientifiko lehenetsietan oinarritutako politikak gara zitezkeela uste zuen bitartean, politika bat zuzena zela erakusten zuen froga bakarra bere praktika zela ondorioztatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000243_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000243-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Marxista ortodoxotzat zeukan bere burua, baina Marxek gizartearen garapenari buruz egindako iragarpen batzuetatik aldentzen hasi zen; Marxek, berriz, uste zuen klase ertainen "iraultza demokratiko-burges" baten aurretik proletarioen "iraultza sozialista" bat gertatu behar zela, eta Leninek uste zuen Errusian proletarioek tsarren erregimena eraits zezaketela tarteko iraultzarik gabe<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000238–239_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000238–239-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Otsaileko_Iraultza_eta_Uztaileko_Egunak:_1917">Otsaileko Iraultza eta Uztaileko Egunak: 1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Otsaileko Iraultza eta Uztaileko Egunak: 1917»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Otsaileko Iraultza eta Uztaileko Egunak: 1917"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Otsaileko_Iraultza" title="Otsaileko Iraultza">Otsaileko Iraultza</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lenin_Sealed_Train_Map-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lenin_Sealed_Train_Map-fr.svg/220px-Lenin_Sealed_Train_Map-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lenin_Sealed_Train_Map-fr.svg/330px-Lenin_Sealed_Train_Map-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lenin_Sealed_Train_Map-fr.svg/440px-Lenin_Sealed_Train_Map-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Leninek eta beste hainbat boltxebikek Suitzatik Errusiara egindako bidaia, tren zigilatu batean.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:LeninDisfrazadoEnLaEstaci%C3%B3nRazliv19170729.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/LeninDisfrazadoEnLaEstaci%C3%B3nRazliv19170729.jpg/220px-LeninDisfrazadoEnLaEstaci%C3%B3nRazliv19170729.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/LeninDisfrazadoEnLaEstaci%C3%B3nRazliv19170729.jpg/330px-LeninDisfrazadoEnLaEstaci%C3%B3nRazliv19170729.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/LeninDisfrazadoEnLaEstaci%C3%B3nRazliv19170729.jpg/440px-LeninDisfrazadoEnLaEstaci%C3%B3nRazliv19170729.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Lenin mozorrotuta, 1917an.</figcaption></figure> <p>1917ko otsailean, <a href="/wiki/Otsaileko_Iraultza" title="Otsaileko Iraultza">Otsaileko Iraultza</a> piztu zen San Petersburgon, <a href="/wiki/Petrogrado" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrogrado">Petrogrado</a> izenez berrizendatua Lehen Mundu Gerraren hasieran, langile industrialak greban jarri zirenean elikagaien eskasiagatik eta lantegien baldintzen narriaduragatik. Istiluak Errusiako beste leku batzuetara hedatu ziren, eta, bortizki eraitsiko ote zuten beldurrez, Nikolas II.a tsarrak abdikatu egin zuen. Estatuko Dumak herrialdearen kontrola hartu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Errusiar_Behin-behineko_Gobernua" class="mw-redirect" title="Errusiar Behin-behineko Gobernua">Errusiar Behin-behineko Gobernua</a> ezarriz eta Inperioa <a href="/wiki/Errusiar_Errepublika" class="mw-redirect" title="Errusiar Errepublika">Errusiar Errepublika</a> berri bihurtuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990136–138Service2000253_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990136–138Service2000253-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek Suitzan zuen basetik horren berri izan zuenean, beste disidente batzuekin ospatu zuen. Errusiara itzultzea erabaki zuen boltxebikeen buru jartzeko, baina herrialderako muga gehienak blokeatuta zeudela ikusi zuen, abian zegoen gatazkaren ondorioz. Plan bat antolatu zuen beste disidente batzuekin, haientzat pasabide bat negoziatzeko Alemanian zehar, Errusiarekin garai hartan gerran zegoena. Disidente horiek Errusiako etsaiei arazoak sor ziezazkieketela onartuta, Alemaniako gobernuak onartu egin zuen 32 errusiar bidaiatzea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tren_zigilatua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tren zigilatua (sortu gabe)">tren-bagoi itxi batean</a>, tartean Lenin eta bere emaztea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964109–110Rice1990139Pipes1990386,_389–391Service2000255–256White2001127–128_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964109–110Rice1990139Pipes1990386,_389–391Service2000255–256White2001127–128-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Taldeak trenez bidaiatu zuen Zurichetik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sassnitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sassnitz (sortu gabe)">Sassnitzeraino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trelleborg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trelleborg (sortu gabe)">Trelleborgeraino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>) ferryz jarraituz, eta handik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haparanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haparanda (sortu gabe)">Haparanda</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tornio" title="Tornio">Tornioko</a> mugako pasabideraino eta gero <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinkiraino</a>, azken trena hartu aurretik Petrogradora mozorrotuta<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964110–113Rice1990140–144Pipes1990391–392Service2000257–260_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964110–113Rice1990140–144Pipes1990391–392Service2000257–260-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Petrogradoko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finlandiako_Geltokia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finlandiako Geltokia (sortu gabe)">Finlandiako Geltokira</a> apirilean iristean, Leninek boltxebikeen aldekoen aurrean hitzaldi bat eman zuen Behin-behineko Gobernua gaitzetsiz eta kontinente osoan proletario-iraultza europar batera deituz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964113,_124Rice1990144Pipes1990392Service2000261White2001131–132_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964113,_124Rice1990144Pipes1990392Service2000261White2001131–132-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hurrengo egunetan, boltxebikeen bileretan hitz egin zuen, mentxebikeekin adiskidetzea nahi zutenen aurka oldartuz eta bere <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/14px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/21px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://eu.wikisource.org/wiki/Apirileko_Tesiak" class="extiw" title="s:Apirileko Tesiak">Apirileko Tesiak</a> azalduz, Suitzatik egindako bidaian boltxebikeetarako idatzi zituen asmoen zirriborro bat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990393–394Service2000266White2001132–135Read2005143,_146–147_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990393–394Service2000266White2001132–135Read2005143,_146–147-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Publikoki gaitzetsi zituen bai mentxebikeak bai Iraultzaile Sozialak, eragin handiarekin Petrogradoko sobieta menperatzen zutenak, Behin-behineko Gobernua babesteagatik, sozialismoaren traidore gisa salatuz. Gobernua tsarren erregimena bezain inperialista zela kontuan hartuta, Alemaniarekin eta Austria-Hungariarekin berehalako bakea, sobieten gobernua, industriaren eta bankuen nazionalizazioa eta estatuaren lurraren desjabetzea defendatzen zituen, hori guztia gobernu proletario bat ezartzeko eta gizarte sozialista bat bultzatzeko asmoarekin. Aitzitik, mentxebikeek uste zuten Errusia ez zegoela behar bezala garatuta sozialismorako trantsiziorako, eta Lenini leporatu zioten Errepublika berria gerra zibil batean murgiltzen saiatzea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000266–268,_279White2001134–136Read2005147,_148_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000266–268,_279White2001134–136Read2005147,_148-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hurrengo hilabeteetan, bere politikaren aldeko kanpaina egin zuen, Boltxebike Komite Zentralaren bileretara joanez, <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> («Egia») boltxebike-egunkarirako maiztasun handiz idatziz eta Petrogradon hitzaldi publikoak emanez, langileak, soldaduak, marinelak eta nekazariak beren kausara bihurtzeko asmoz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000267,_271–272Read2005152,_154_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000267,_271–272Read2005152,_154-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Boltxebikeen aldekoen artean gero eta frustrazio handiagoa sumatu zuenean, Leninek Petrogradon manifestazio politiko armatua egitea iradoki zuen gobernuaren erantzuna egiaztatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000282Read2005157_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000282Read2005157-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere osasunaren hondamenaren erdian, hiritik alde egin eta Finlandiako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neivola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neivola (sortu gabe)">Neivola</a> herrira itzuli zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990421Rice1990147Service2000276,_283White2001140Read2005157_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990421Rice1990147Service2000276,_283White2001140Read2005157-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Boltxebikeen manifestazio armatua, <a href="/wiki/Uztaileko_Egunak" title="Uztaileko Egunak">Uztaileko Egunak</a>, Lenin kanpoan zela gertatu zen, baina manifestariek gobernuaren indarrei bortizki aurre egin zietela jakitean, Petrogradora itzuli eta lasaitasunerako deia egin zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990422–425Rice1990147–148Service2000283–284Read2005158–61White2001140–141Read2005157–159_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990422–425Rice1990147–148Service2000283–284Read2005158–61White2001140–141Read2005157–159-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Indarkeriari erantzunez, Lenin eta beste boltxebike garrantzitsu batzuk atxilotzeko agindu zuen gobernuak, haien bulegoak suntsituz eta agente probokatzaile alemaniarra zela publikoki alegatuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990431–434Rice1990148Service2000284–285White2001141Read2005161_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990431–434Rice1990148Service2000284–285White2001141Read2005161-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . Atxilotzea saihestuz, Lenin Petrogradoko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etxe_seguru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etxe seguru (sortu gabe)">etxe seguru</a> batzuetan ezkutatu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964125Rice1990148–149Service2000285_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964125Rice1990148–149Service2000285-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek eta <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Zinoviev" title="Grigori Zinoviev">Grigori Zinoviev</a> bere lagun boltxebikeak Petrogradorengandik ihes egin zuten, mozorrotuta, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Razliv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razliv (sortu gabe)">Razlivera</a> joan ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990436,_467Service2000287White2001141Read2005165_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990436,_467Service2000287White2001141Read2005165-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han, Lenin <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatua_eta_Iraultza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estatua eta Iraultza (sortu gabe)">Estatua eta Iraultza</a></i> izango zen liburua lantzen hasi zen, proletarioen iraultzaren ondoren Estatu sozialista nola garatuko zela uste zuen eta ordutik aurrera Estatua pixkanaka zimeltzen joango zen, gizarte komunista huts bat utziz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990468–469Rice1990149Service2000289White2001142–143Read2005166–172_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990468–469Rice1990149Service2000289White2001142–143Read2005166–172-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Boltxebikeek zuzendutako matxinada armatu baten alde egiten hasi zen gobernua boteretik kentzeko, baina alderdiko batzorde zentralaren ezkutuko bilera batean ideia hori baztertu egin zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000288_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000288-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenin, orduan, Finlandiara abiatu zen trenez eta oinez, Helsinkira abuztuaren 10ean iritsiz, non boltxebikeen jarraitzaileen segurtasun etxeetan ezkutatu baitzen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990468Rice1990150Service2000289–292Read2005165_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990468Rice1990150Service2000289–292Read2005165-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 790px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 788px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Isaak_Brodsky_putilov.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lenin Putilov fabrikan hizketan, 1917ko maiatzean. Isaak Brodskiren margolana"><img alt="Lenin Putilov fabrikan hizketan, 1917ko maiatzean. Isaak Brodskiren margolana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Isaak_Brodsky_putilov.jpg" decoding="async" width="788" height="400" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 768px"><div class="gallerytext">Lenin Putilov fabrikan hizketan, 1917ko maiatzean. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaak_Brodski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaak Brodski (sortu gabe)">Isaak Brodskiren</a> margolana</div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urriko_Iraultza:_1917">Urriko Iraultza: 1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Urriko Iraultza: 1917»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Urriko Iraultza: 1917"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Urriko_Iraultza" title="Urriko Iraultza">Urriko Iraultza</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Brodskiy%27s_Lenin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brodskiy%27s_Lenin.jpg/220px-Brodskiy%27s_Lenin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brodskiy%27s_Lenin.jpg/330px-Brodskiy%27s_Lenin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brodskiy%27s_Lenin.jpg/440px-Brodskiy%27s_Lenin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption>Lenin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smolni_Institutua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smolni Institutua (sortu gabe)">Smolni Institutuaren</a> aurrean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaak_Brodski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaak Brodski (sortu gabe)">Isaak Brodskiren</a> margolana.</figcaption></figure> <p>1917ko abuztuan, Lenin Finlandian zegoen bitartean, <a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a> jeneralak, Errusiako armadako komandante buruak, tropak bidali zituen Petrogradora, Behin-behineko Gobernuaren aurkako <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_afera" title="Kornilov afera">kolpe militar saiakera</a> bat zirudienean. <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenski" title="Aleksandr Kerenski">Aleksandr Kerenski</a> lehen ministroak Petrogradoko Sobietari laguntza eskatu zion, boltxebikeak barne, eta iraultzaileei langileak <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Gorria" title="Guardia Gorria">Guardia Gorri</a> gisa antolatzea ahalbidetu zien hiria defendatzeko. Kolpea Petrogradora iritsi aurretik iraungi zen, baina gertaerei esker boltxebikeak hondar politiko irekira itzuli ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990439–465Rice1990150–151Service2000299White2001143–144Read2005173_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990439–465Rice1990150–151Service2000299White2001143–144Read2005173-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . Sozialismoaren aurkako eskuineko indarren kontrairaultzaren beldur, Petrogradoko Sobiet Batasunean nagusi ziren mentxebikeek eta sozialista-iraultzaileek gobernuari boltxebikeekin harremanak normalizatzeko presioa egiten lagundu zioten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990465_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990465-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bai mentxebikeek bai sozialista-iraultzaileek herriaren babes handia galdu zuten, Behin-behineko Gobernuan lotu zirelako eta gerraren jarraipena ez zelako herriaren gogokoa. Boltxebikeak horretaz baliatu ziren eta laster Trotski boltxebikea aukeratu zuten Petrogradoko Sobiet Batasuneko buruzagi<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990465–467White2001144Lee200317Read2005174_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990465–467White2001144Lee200317Read2005174-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Irailean, boltxebikeek gehiengoa lortu zuten Mosku eta Petrogradoko sobieten langile-sekzioetan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990471Rice1990151–152Read2005180_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990471Rice1990151–152Read2005180-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Egoera berarentzat seguruagoa zela aitortuta, Lenin Petrogradora itzuli zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990473,_482Rice1990152Service2000302–303Read2005179_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990473,_482Rice1990152Service2000302–303Read2005179-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han Boltxebikeen Batzorde Zentralaren bilera batera joan zen <a href="/wiki/Urriaren_10" title="Urriaren 10">urriaren 10ean</a>, eta berriro defendatu zuen alderdiak matxinada armatu baten buru izan behar zuela Behin-behineko Gobernua boteretik kentzeko. Oraingoan argumentuak irabazi zuen aldeko hamar botorekin eta aurkako birekin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990482–484Rice1990153–154Service2000303–304White2001146–147_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990482–484Rice1990153–154Service2000303–304White2001146–147-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Planaren kritikoek, Zinvievek eta Kamenevek, argudiatu zuten langile errusiarrek ez zutela erregimenaren aurkako kolpe bortitz bat babestuko, eta ez zegoela Leninen baieztapenaren froga argirik Europa osoa iraultza proletarioaren atarian zegoela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990471–472Service2000304White2001147_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990471–472Service2000304White2001147-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alderdiak erasoaldia antolatzeko planak hasi zituen, <a href="/wiki/Smolni_institutua" title="Smolni institutua">Smolni Institutuan</a> azken bilera bat eginez urriaren 24an<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000306–307_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000306–307-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hau zen Batzorde Militar Iraultzailearen (BMI) oinarria, neurri handi batean boltxebikeei leiala zen milizia armatu bat, Petrogradoko Sobietak Korniloven ustezko kolpean ezarri zuena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby197914–15Leggett19811–3Pipes1990466Rice1990155_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby197914–15Leggett19811–3Pipes1990466Rice1990155-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Urrian, BMIk Petrogradoko garraio, komunikazio, inprenta eta zerbitzu publiko nagusien kontrola hartzeko agindua jaso zuen, eta odol isurketarik gabe egin zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990485–486,_491Rice1990157,_159Service2000308_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990485–486,_491Rice1990157,_159Service2000308-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Boltxebikeek gobernua setiatu zuten <a href="/wiki/Neguko_Jauregia" title="Neguko Jauregia">Neguko Jauregian</a>, eta hura gainditu eta ministroak atxilotu zituzten, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurora_(1903)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurora (1903) (sortu gabe)">Aurora</a></i> itsas ontziak, boltxebikeek kontrolatuak, iraultzaren hasiera seinalatzeko tiro bat bota ondoren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990492–493,_496Service2000311Read2005182_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990492–493,_496Service2000311Read2005182-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Matxinadan, Leninek hitzaldi bat eman zuen Petrogradoko Sobietaren aurrean, Behin-behineko Gobernua boteretik kendu zutela iragarriz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990491Service2000309_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990491Service2000309-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Boltxebikeek gobernu berri baten eraketa aldarrikatu zuten, Herriko Komisarioen Kontseilua edo <a href="/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">Sovnarkom</a>. Hasiera batean, Leninek uko egin zion lehendakari karguari, Trotski kargurako proposatuz, baina beste boltxebike batzuk tematu egin ziren eta Leninek amore eman zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990499Service2000314–315_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990499Service2000314–315-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenin eta beste boltxebike batzuk Sobietarren Bigarren Kongresuan izan ziren urriaren 26an eta 27an, eta gobernu berriaren sorrera iragarri zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990496–497Rice1990159–161Service2000314–315Read2005183_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990496–497Rice1990159–161Service2000314–315Read2005183-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mentxebikeek gaitzetsi egin zuten boterea legez kanpo hartzea eta gerra zibilaren arriskua<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990504Service2000315_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990504Service2000315-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Dubious&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Dubious (sortu gabe)">Txantiloi:Dubious</a>. Erregimen berriaren lehen egun hauetan, Leninek ez zuen hitz egin termino marxista eta sozialistetan errusiarrak ez alienatzeko, eta, horren ordez, langileen kontrolpean zegoen herrialde bat zeukala esan zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000316_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000316-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leninen_gobernua">Leninen gobernua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Leninen gobernua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Leninen gobernua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sobietar_Gobernuaren_antolaketa:_1917-1918">Sobietar Gobernuaren antolaketa: 1917-1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sobietar Gobernuaren antolaketa: 1917-1918»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Sobietar Gobernuaren antolaketa: 1917-1918"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Behin-behineko gobernuak 1917ko azaroan Batzar Konstituziogile bat aukeratzeko asmoa zuen; Leninen eragozpenen aurka, <a href="/wiki/Herri-Komisarioen_Biltzarra" title="Herri-Komisarioen Biltzarra">Sovnarkom-ek</a> bozketa aurreikusi bezala egitea onartu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966314Service2000317_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966314Service2000317-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hauteskunde eratzaileetan, boltxebikeek botoen laurdena lortu zuten, gutxi gorabehera, eta nekazaritza-orientazioko sozialista-iraultzaileek garaitu zituzten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966315Pipes1990540–541Rice1990164Volkogonov1994173Service2000331Read2005192_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966315Pipes1990540–541Rice1990164Volkogonov1994173Service2000331Read2005192-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek argudiatu zuen hauteskundeak ez zirela herriaren borondatearen isla zuzena, hautesleek ez zutela boltxebikeen programa politikoa ezagutzeko astirik izan, eta ezkerreko sozialista-iraultzaileak bereizketaren aurretik egin zirela hautagaien zerrendak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994176Service2000331–332White2001156Read2005192_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994176Service2000331–332White2001156Read2005192-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, Errusiako Batzar Konstituziogile hautatu berria Petrogradon bildu zen 1918ko urtarrilean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990164_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990164-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sovnarkomek argudiatu zuen kontrairaultzailea zela sobietei boterea kendu nahi zielako, baina sozialista-iraultzaileek eta mentxebikeek ukatu egin zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990546–547_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990546–547-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Boltxebikeek mozio bat aurkeztu zioten Batzarrari, legezko botere gehienak kentzen zizkiona; Batzarrak mozioa atzera bota zuenean, Sovnarkomek hori erabili zuen batzarraren izaera kontrairaultzailearen frogatzat, eta indarrez desegin zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990552–553Rice1990165Volkogonov1994176–177Service2000332,_336–337Read2005192_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990552–553Rice1990165Volkogonov1994176–177Service2000332,_336–337Read2005192-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leninek behin eta berriz ezentzun egin zien beste alderdi sozialistekin koalizio-gobernu bat ezartzeko deiei, baita boltxebike batzuenei ere<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964158Shub1966301–302Rigby197926Leggett19815Pipes1990508,_519Service2000318–319Read2005189–190_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964158Shub1966301–302Rigby197926Leggett19815Pipes1990508,_519Service2000318–319Read2005189–190-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nahiz eta mentxebikeekin edo sozialista-iraultzaileekin koalizioa egiteari uko egin zion, Sovnarkomek partzialki amore eman zuen; ezkerreko sozialista-iraultzaileei kabinetean bost postu jartzeko baimena eman zien 1917ko abenduan. Koalizio horrek lau hilabete baino ez zituen iraun, 1918ko martxora arte, ezkerreko sozialista-iraultzaileak gobernutik erretiratu zirenean, boltxebikeen ikuspegiari buruzko desadostasunagatik, Lehen Mundu Gerrari amaiera emateagatik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby1979166–167Leggett198120–21Pipes1990533–534,_537Volkogonov1994171Service2000322–323White2001159Read2005191_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby1979166–167Leggett198120–21Pipes1990533–534,_537Volkogonov1994171Service2000322–323White2001159Read2005191-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1918ko martxoan egin zen VII. Kongresuan, boltxebikeek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errusiako_Alderdi_Laborista_Sozialdemokrata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errusiako Alderdi Laborista Sozialdemokrata (sortu gabe)">Errusiako Alderdi Laborista Sozialdemokrata</a> izena aldatu eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errusiako_Alderdi_Komunista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errusiako Alderdi Komunista (sortu gabe)">Errusiako Alderdi Komunista</a> izendatu zuten; izan ere, Leninek bere taldea gero eta erreformistagoa zen Alemaniako Alderdi Sozialdemokratatik urrundu nahi zuen, bere azken helburua, gizarte komunistarena, azpimarratzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964219,_256,_379Shub1966374Service2000355White2001159Read2005219_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964219,_256,_379Shub1966374Service2000355White2001159Read2005219-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Kremlin_birds_eye_view-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kremlin_birds_eye_view-1.jpg/220px-Kremlin_birds_eye_view-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kremlin_birds_eye_view-1.jpg/330px-Kremlin_birds_eye_view-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kremlin_birds_eye_view-1.jpg/440px-Kremlin_birds_eye_view-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moskuko_Kremlina" title="Moskuko Kremlina">Moskuko Kremlina</a>, Lenin bertara lekualdatu zena 1918an.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nahiz eta azken boterea ofizialki herrialdeko gobernuarena izan, Sovnarkom forman, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobieten_Kongresu_Panerrusiarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobieten Kongresu Panerrusiarra (sortu gabe)">Sobieten Kongresu Panerrusiarrak</a> (ARCS) aukeratutako <a href="/wiki/Sobieten_Komite_Exekutibo_Zentrala" title="Sobieten Komite Exekutibo Zentrala">Batzorde Exekutiboarena</a> (VTSIK), Alderdi Komunistak Errusian zuen kontrola <i>de facto</i>, bere kideek une hartan aitortzen zuten bezala<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby1979160–164Volkogonov1994374–375Service2000377_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby1979160–164Volkogonov1994374–375Service2000377-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1918an, Sovnarkom aldebakarrez jokatzen hasi zen, komenentziazko premia bat argudiatuz, eta ARCS eta VTSIK gero eta baztertuago geratu ziren, eta, ondorioz, sobietek Errusiako gobernuan eragina izateari utzi zioten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964432_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964432-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1918 eta 1919an, gobernuak mentxebikeak eta sozialista-iraultzaileak sobietetatik kanporatu zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964432_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964432-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Errusia alderdi bakarreko estatu bihurtu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby1979160–161Leggett198121Lee200399_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby1979160–161Leggett198121Lee200399-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Alderdiaren barruan, Buru Politiko bat (<a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a>) eta Antolakuntza Buru bat (<a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a>) sortu ziren, <a href="/wiki/Sobietar_Batasuneko_Alderdi_Komunistaren_Batzorde_Zentrala" title="Sobietar Batasuneko Alderdi Komunistaren Batzorde Zentrala">Batzorde Zentralarekin</a> batera; alderdiko organo horien erabakiak Sovnarkomek eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lan_eta_Defentsa_Kontseilua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lan eta Defentsa Kontseilua (sortu gabe)">Lan eta Defentsa Kontseiluak</a> hartu behar zituzten. Lenin zen gobernu-egitura horretako figura garrantzitsuena, Sovnarkom alderdiko presidentea izateaz gain, Lan eta Defentsa Kontseiluko kide ere bazen, baita Alderdi Komunistako Batzorde Zentraleko eta Politburoko kide ere<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000388_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000388-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Eragin horretara hurbildu zen pertsona bakarra Leninen eskuineko eskua izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Sverdlov" title="Jakov Sverdlov">Jakov Sverdlov</a>, 1919ko martxoan <a href="/wiki/Espainiako_gripea" title="Espainiako gripea">gripearen pandemian</a> hil zena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby1979168,_170Service2000388_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby1979168,_170Service2000388-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1917ko azaroan, Leninek eta bere emazteak bi logelako etxebizitza bat hartu zuten Smolni Institutuan; hurrengo hilabetean, oporraldi labur batzuk igarotzera joan ziren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halila (sortu gabe)">Halila</a> herrira, Finlandiara<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000325–326,_333Read2005211–212_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000325–326,_333Read2005211–212-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1918ko urtarrilean, Petrogradoko hilketa saiakera batetik bizirik atera zen; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Platten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Platten (sortu gabe)">Fritz Plattenek</a>, Leninekin zegoenak, babestu egin zuen eta bala batek zauritu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966361Pipes1990548Volkogonov1994229Service2000335–336Read2005198_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966361Pipes1990548Volkogonov1994229Service2000335–336Read2005198-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Alemaniako armada Petrogradorentzat zen mehatxuagatik kezkatuta, 1918ko martxoan Sovnarkom <a href="/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku">Moskura</a> joan zen, hasiera batean aldi baterako neurri gisa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964156Shub1966350Pipes1990594Volkogonov1994185Service2000344Read2005212_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964156Shub1966350Pipes1990594Volkogonov1994185Service2000344Read2005212-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han, Lenin, Trotski eta beste buruzagi boltxebike batzuk <a href="/wiki/Moskuko_Kremlina" title="Moskuko Kremlina">Kremlinera</a> joan ziren, non Lenin emaztearekin eta arreba Mariarekin bizi izan baitzen Sovnarkomeko bilerak egiten ziren aretoaren ondoko lehen solairuko apartamentu batean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964320–321Shub1966377Pipes199094–595Volkogonov1994187–188Service2000346–347Read2005212_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964320–321Shub1966377Pipes199094–595Volkogonov1994187–188Service2000346–347Read2005212-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenini ez zitzaion Mosku gustatzen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000345_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000345-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, baina oso gutxitan atera zen hiriaren erdigunetik hil zen arte<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964466Service2000348_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964466Service2000348-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bigarren hilketa saiakera batetik bizirik atera zen, Moskun, 1918ko abuztuan; hitzaldi publiko baten ondoren tiro egin zioten eta larri zauritu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964280Shub1966361–362Pipes1990806–807Volkogonov1994219–221Service2000367–368White2001155_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964280Shub1966361–362Pipes1990806–807Volkogonov1994219–221Service2000367–368White2001155-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sozialista-iraultzaile bat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanny_Kaplan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanny Kaplan (sortu gabe)">Fanny Kaplan</a>, atxilotu eta exekutatu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964282–283Shub1966362–363Pipes1990807,_809Volkogonov1994222–228White2001155_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964282–283Shub1966362–363Pipes1990807,_809Volkogonov1994222–228White2001155-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Errusiako prentsak atentatua nabarmen aipatu zuen, Leninenganako begikotasun handia sortuz eta bere ospea handituz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994222,_231_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994222,_231-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1918ko irailean, Lenin Gorkiko finkara eraman zuten, Moskuko kanpoaldean, gobernuak erosi berri zuena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000369_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000369-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erreforma_sozial,_legal_eta_ekonomikoa:_1917-1918"><span id="Erreforma_sozial.2C_legal_eta_ekonomikoa:_1917-1918"></span>Erreforma sozial, legal eta ekonomikoa: 1917-1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreforma sozial, legal eta ekonomikoa: 1917-1918»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Erreforma sozial, legal eta ekonomikoa: 1917-1918"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="152" data-mwtitle="Lenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Lenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Lenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg/Lenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية (ar)" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=be&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="be" label="беларуская (be)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=bg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bg" label="български (bg)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch (de)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara (eu)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=lo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="lo" label="ລາວ (lo)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский (ru)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=sh-cyrl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sh-Cyrl" label="српскохрватски (ћирилица) (sh-cyrl)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=sh-latn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sh-Latn" label="srpskohrvatski (latinica) (sh-latn)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська (uk)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALenin_-_What_Is_Soviet_Power.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt (vi)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Leninen hitzaldia: <i>zer da sobietar boterea?</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Agintea hartzean, Leninen erregimenak zenbait dekretu eman zituen. Lehena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lurrari_buruzko_Dekretua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lurrari buruzko Dekretua (sortu gabe)">Lurrari buruzko Dekretua</a> izan zen, zeinak adierazten baitzuen aristokraziaren eta Eliza Ortodoxoaren <a href="/wiki/Latifundio" title="Latifundio">latifundioak</a> nazionalizatu eta nekazariei birbanatu behar zizkietela tokiko gobernuek. Hori ez zetorren bat Leninek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nekazaritza-kolektibizazio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nekazaritza-kolektibizazio (sortu gabe)">nekazaritza-kolektibizazio</a> baterako zuen nahiarekin, baina lehendik zeuden nekazari-lurren konfiskazio zabalak gobernuaren aldetik onartzea zekarren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964252–253Pipes1990499Volkogonov1994341Service2000316–317White2001149Read2005194–195_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964252–253Pipes1990499Volkogonov1994341Service2000316–317White2001149Read2005194–195-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1917ko azaroan, gobernuak Prentsari buruzko Dekretua aldarrikatu zuen, kontrairaultzailetzat jotzen ziren oposizioko komunikabide asko ixten zituena. Neurria aldi baterako izango zela argudiatu zuten; dekretua gogor kritikatu zuten, baita boltxebike askok ere, <a href="/wiki/Prentsa-askatasun" title="Prentsa-askatasun">prentsa-askatasuna</a> arriskuan jartzeagatik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966310Leggett19815–6,_8,_306Pipes1990521–522Service2000317–318White2001153Read2005235–236_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966310Leggett19815–6,_8,_306Pipes1990521–522Service2000317–318White2001153Read2005235–236-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9105067"> <div class="notepaper" style="float:right;"> <blockquote class="curly-quotes" style="border: none;"> <p>Langile, soldadu eta nekazari guztiei. Sobietar autoritateak bake demokratikoa proposatuko die berehala nazio guztiei, eta berehalako armistizioa fronte guztietan. Lursail guztiak -lurjabeak, inperioa eta monasterioak- nekazarien batzordeen esku uztea zainduko du; soldaduen eskubideak defendatuko ditu, armadaren erabateko demokratizazioa sartuz; industriaren gaineko langileen kontrola ezarriko du; Batzar Konstituziogilea ezarritako datan deitzea ziurtatuko du; Hiriei eta herriei premiazko artikuluak emango dizkie, eta Errusian bizi diren nazionalitate guztiei autodeterminazio eskubidea ziurtatuko die... Gora iraultza! </p> </blockquote><span class="quote-by">— Leninen gobernu programa, 1917</span> </div> <p>1917ko azaroan, Leninek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errusiako_Herrien_Eskubideen_Deklarazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errusiako Herrien Eskubideen Deklarazioa (sortu gabe)">Errusiako Herrien Eskubideen Deklarazioa</a> egin zuen, non esaten zen Errepublikaren barruan bizi ziren errusiarrak ez ziren talde etnikoek eskubidea zutela errusiar agintaritzatik bereizteko eta beren estatu nazional independenteak ezartzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964249Pipes1990514Service2000321_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964249Pipes1990514Service2000321-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nazio askok independentzia aldarrikatu zuten (<a href="/wiki/Finlandiaren_Independentzia_Aldarrikapena" title="Finlandiaren Independentzia Aldarrikapena">Finlandiak</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lituaniaren_independentzia_ituna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lituaniaren independentzia ituna (sortu gabe)">Lituaniak</a> 1917ko abenduan, Letoniak eta Ukrainak 1918ko urtarrilean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estoniaren_independentzia_aldarrikapena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estoniaren independentzia aldarrikapena (sortu gabe)">Estoniak 1918ko otsailean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transkaukasiako_Errepublika_Demokratiko_Federala" title="Transkaukasiako Errepublika Demokratiko Federala">Transkaukasiak</a> 1918ko apirilean eta <a href="/wiki/Poloniako_Bigarren_Errepublika" title="Poloniako Bigarren Errepublika">Poloniak 1918ko azaroan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964249Pipes1990514Read2005219_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964249Pipes1990514Read2005219-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Laster, boltxebikeek aktiboki sustatu zituzten alderdi komunistak estatu-nazio independente horietan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2001159–160_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2001159–160-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta 1918ko uztailean egin zen Sobiet Batasunaren Bosgarren Kongresu Pan-errusiarrean, berriz, Errusiar Errepublika erreformatzen zuen konstituzio bat onartu zen, <a href="/wiki/Errusiako_Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialista_Federatiboa" title="Errusiako Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista Federatiboa">Errusiako Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista Federatiboa</a> bihurtzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964249_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964249-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Herrialdea modernizatzeko, gobernuak ofizialki bihurtu zuen Errusia <a href="/wiki/Juliotar_egutegi" title="Juliotar egutegi">juliotar egutegitik</a> Europan erabilitako <a href="/wiki/Egutegi_gregoriano" title="Egutegi gregoriano">gregorianora</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199984Read2005211_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199984Read2005211-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1917ko azaroan, Sovnarkomek dekretu bat aldarrikatu zuen Errusiako sistema juridikoa indargabetzeko, eta "kontzientzia iraultzailea" erabiltzea eskatu zuen lege abolituak ordezkatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981172–173Pipes1990796–797Read2005242_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981172–173Pipes1990796–797Read2005242-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Auzitegiak bi mailatako sistema batekin ordezkatu ziren: iraultzaren aurkako delituak tratatzeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auzitegi_Iraultzailea_(Errusia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auzitegi Iraultzailea (Errusia) (sortu gabe)">Auzitegi Iraultzaileak</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981172Pipes1990798–799Ryan2012121_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981172Pipes1990798–799Ryan2012121-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta delitu zibilak eta beste delitu batzuk tratatzeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herri-auzitegiak_(Errusia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herri-auzitegiak (Errusia) (sortu gabe)">herri-auzitegiak</a>. Aurretik zeuden legeak alde batera utzi eta haien epaiak Sovnarkomeko dekretuetan eta "justiziaren zentzu sozialistan" oinarritzea agindu zitzaien<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazard1965270Leggett1981172Pipes1990796–797_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazard1965270Leggett1981172Pipes1990796–797-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Azaroan, indar armatuen berrikuspena ere egin zen; Sovnarkomek berdintasunezko neurriak aplikatu zituen, aurreko mailak, tituluak eta dominak indargabetu zituen, eta komandanteak aukeratzeko batzordeak ezartzeko eskatu zien soldaduei<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994170_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994170-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1917ko urrian, Leninek dekretu bat aldarrikatu zuen Errusiako guztien lana eguneko <a href="/wiki/Zortzi_orduko_lanaldi" title="Zortzi orduko lanaldi">zortzi ordura mugatzeko</a>. Herri Hezkuntzari buruzko Dekretua ere aldarrikatu zuen, gobernuak Errusiako haur guztientzako doako hezkuntza <a href="/wiki/Laikotasun" title="Laikotasun">laikoa</a> bermatuko zuela xedatzen zuena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000321_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000321-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, bai eta estatuko <a href="/wiki/Umezurztegi" title="Umezurztegi">umezurztegi</a>-sistema bat ezartzen zuen dekretua ere<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964260–261_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964260–261-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Analfabetismo" title="Analfabetismo">Analfabetismo</a> masiboari aurre egiteko, alfabetatze-kanpaina bat hasi zen; kalkuluen arabera, 5 milioi pertsonak eman zuten izena oinarrizko alfabetatze-ikastaro trinkoetan 1920 eta 1926 artean. Sexuen arteko berdintasunarekin, emakumeei emantzipatzen lagundu zieten legeak sartu ziren, senarrekiko autonomia ekonomikoa emanez eta <a href="/wiki/Dibortzio" title="Dibortzio">dibortzioaren</a> murrizketak kenduz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964554–555Sandle199983_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964554–555Sandle199983-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Helburu horiek lortzeko sortu zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhenotdel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhenotdel (sortu gabe)">Zhenotdel</a>, emakumeen erakunde boltxebikea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle1999122–123_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle1999122–123-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen agindupean, Errusia izan zen lehen hiruhilekoan <a href="/wiki/Abortu" title="Abortu">abortua</a> legeztatu zuen lehen herrialdea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid1974417_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid1974417-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo">Ateo</a> militantea izaki, Leninek eta Alderdi Komunistak erlijio antolatua eraitsi nahi zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964552Leggett1981308Sandle1999126Read2005238–239Ryan2012176,_182_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964552Leggett1981308Sandle1999126Read2005238–239Ryan2012176,_182-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1918ko urtarrilean, gobernuak Elizaren eta Estatuaren banaketa agindu zuen, eta eskoletan erlijio-irakaskuntza debekatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994373Leggett1981308Ryan2012177_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994373Leggett1981308Ryan2012177-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dyadya_lenin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dyadya_lenin.jpg/220px-Dyadya_lenin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dyadya_lenin.jpg/330px-Dyadya_lenin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Dyadya_lenin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Sobietar propaganda posterra. Lenin agertzen da monarkia, apaizak eta kapitalistak erratzarekin garbitzen. Testuak "Lenin kamaradak Lurra zikinkeriaz garbitzen du".</figcaption></figure> <p>1917ko azaroan, Leninek <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/14px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/21px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://eu.wikisource.org/wiki/Langile_Kontrolari_buruzko_dekretu_proiektua" class="extiw" title="s:Langile Kontrolari buruzko dekretu proiektua">Langile Kontrolari buruzko dekretu proiektua</a> aldarrikatu zuen, enpresa bakoitzeko langileei beren enpresaren kudeaketa gainbegiratzeko hautatutako batzorde bat ezartzeko eskatuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990709Service2000321_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990709Service2000321-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hilabete horretan herrialdeko urrea konfiskatzeko agindua ere eman zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994171_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994171-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta bankuak nazionalizatu ziren. Leninek urrats garrantzitsutzat jo zuen hori sozialismorako bidean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby197945–46Pipes1990682,_683Service2000321White2001153_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby197945–46Pipes1990682,_683Service2000321White2001153-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Abenduan, Sovnarkomek Ekonomia Nazionalaren Kontseilu Gorena (VSNKh) ezarri zuen, industriaren, bankuen, nekazaritzaren eta merkataritzaren gaineko agintea zuena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby197950Pipes1990689Sandle199964Service2000321Read2005231_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby197950Pipes1990689Sandle199964Service2000321Read2005231-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Fabrika-batzordeak sindikatuen mende zeuden, eta horiek, aldi berean, VSNKhen mende zeuden; Estatuaren <a href="/wiki/Ekonomia_planifikatu" title="Ekonomia planifikatu">plan ekonomiko</a> zentralizatuak lehentasuna zuen langileen tokiko interes ekonomikoen gainetik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964437–438Pipes1990709Sandle199964,_68_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964437–438Pipes1990709Sandle199964,_68-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1918ko hasieran, Sovnarkomek atzerriarekiko zor guztiak kitatu zituen, eta uko egin zion zegozkion interesak ordaintzeari<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964263–264Pipes1990672_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964263–264Pipes1990672-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1918ko apirilean, kanpo-merkataritza nazionalizatu zuen, inportazioen eta esportazioen gaineko estatu-monopolioa ezarriz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964264_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964264-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1918ko ekainean, zerbitzu publikoak, trenbideak, ingeniaritza, ehunak, metalurgia eta meatzaritza nazionalizatu zituen, nahiz eta askotan izenez baino ez ziren estatukoak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990681,_692–693Sandle199996–97_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990681,_692–693Sandle199996–97-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nazionalizazio osoa 1920ko azarora arte ez zen gertatu, industria-enpresa txikiak Estatuaren kontrolpean geratu ziren arte<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990692–693Sandle199997_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990692–693Sandle199997-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Boltxebikeen fakzio batek, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezkerreko_komunistak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezkerreko komunistak (sortu gabe)">Ezkerreko komunistak</a>" izenekoak, Sovnarkomen politika ekonomikoa kritikatu zuen moderatuegia zelakoan; industria, nekazaritza, merkataritza, finantzak, garraioa eta komunikazioen nazionalizazioa nahi zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236Service2000351–352_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236Service2000351–352-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek uste zuen hori ez zela batere praktikoa garai hartan, eta gobernuak Errusiako eskala handiko enpresa kapitalistak soilik nazionalizatu behar zituela, hala nola bankuak, trenbideak, latifundio handiak eta lantegi eta meategi handiagoak, enpresa txikienek modu pribatuan jardun zezaten ahalbidetuz, arrakastaz nazionalizatzeko adina hazi arte<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236Service2000351–352_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236Service2000351–352-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenin ere ez zegoen ados ezkerreko komunistekin antolaketa ekonomikoari buruz; 1918ko ekainean, industriaren kontrol ekonomiko zentralizatua beharrezkoa zela argudiatu zuen; ezkerreko komunistek, berriz, fabrika bakoitza bere langileek kontrolatzea nahi zuten, Leninek sozialismoaren kausarentzat kaltegarritzat jotzen zuen ikuspegi <a href="/wiki/Sindikalismo" title="Sindikalismo">sindikalista</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964259,_444–445_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964259,_444–445-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ezkerreko ikuspegi libertarioa hartuz, ezkerreko komunistek zein Alderdi Komunistako beste alderdi batzuek Errusiako erakunde demokratikoen gainbehera kritikatu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle1999120_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle1999120-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nazioartean, sozialista askok Leninen erregimena kritikatu zuten eta sozialismoa ezartzen ari zela ukatu zuten; bereziki, parte-hartze politiko orokorrik, herri-kontsultarik eta industria-demokraziarik eza nabarmendu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000354–355_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000354–355-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1918ko amaieran, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a> marxista txekiar austriarrak Errusia sobietarraren izaera antidemokratikoa gaitzesten zuen panfleto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antilenimismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antilenimismo (sortu gabe)">antileninista</a> bat idatzi zuen, eta Leninek sutsuki erantzun zion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964307–308Volkogonov1994178–179White2001156Read2005252–253Ryan2012123–124_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964307–308Volkogonov1994178–179White2001156Read2005252–253Ryan2012123–124-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> marxista alemaniarrak Kautskyren iritziak babestu zituen zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966329–330Service2000385White2001156Read2005253–254Ryan2012125_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966329–330Service2000385White2001156Read2005253–254Ryan2012125-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin">Piotr Kropotkin</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarkista" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarkista">anarkista</a> errusiarrak boltxebikeek boterea hartzea "errusiar Iraultzaren ehorzketa" hitzekin deskribatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966383_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966383-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brest-Litovskeko_ituna:_1917-1918">Brest-Litovskeko ituna: 1917-1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Brest-Litovskeko ituna: 1917-1918»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Brest-Litovskeko ituna: 1917-1918"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovskeko_Ituna" title="Brest-Litovskeko Ituna">Brest-Litovskeko Ituna</a>»</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9105067"> <div class="notepaper" style="float:right;"> <blockquote class="curly-quotes" style="border: none;"> <p>[Gerra luzatzean] inperialismo alemaniarra indartzen dugu, eta bakea lortu beharko da, baina orduan bakea okerragoa izango da, gu ez den norbaitek lortuko duelako. Zalantzarik gabe, orain amaitzera behartzen gaituen bakea bake lotsagabea da, baina gerra hasten bada gure gobernua desagertuko da eta bakea beste gobernu batek lortuko du. </p> </blockquote><span class="quote-by">— Erdialdeko Inperioekin bakea sinatzea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964193–194_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964193–194-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</span> </div> <p>Agintea hartzean, Leninek uste zuen bere gobernuaren politika giltzarri bat <a href="/wiki/Lehen_Mundu_Gerra" title="Lehen Mundu Gerra">Lehen Mundu Gerratik</a> erretiratzea izan behar zela, Alemania eta Austria-Hungariako potentzia zentralekin armistizio bat ezarriz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966331Pipes1990567_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966331Pipes1990567-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Uste zuen gerra etengabeak erresumina sortuko zuela gerrarekin nekatuta zeuden tropa errusiarren artean, bakea agindu baitzien, eta tropa horiek eta alemaniar armadaren aurrerapenak mehatxu egiten ziotela bai bere gobernuari bai nazioarteko sozialismoaren kausari<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964151Pipes1990567Service2000338_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964151Pipes1990567Service2000338-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aitzitik, beste boltxebike batzuek, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharinek</a> eta ezkerreko komunistek bereziki, uste zuten potentzia zentralekin bakea lortzea nazioarteko sozialismoari traizio egitea izango zela, eta Errusiak, aldiz, "Defentsa iraultzaileko gerra" egin behar zuela, proletariotza alemaniarra bere gobernuaren aurka altxatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964190–191Shub1966337Pipes1990567Rice1990166_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964190–191Shub1966337Pipes1990567Rice1990166-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leninek hiru hilabeteko armistizioa proposatu zuen 1917ko azaroko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bake_Dekretua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bake Dekretua (sortu gabe)">Bake Dekretuan</a>. Dekretu hori Sobieten II. Kongresuak onartu zuen eta Alemaniako eta Austria-Hungariako gobernuei aurkeztu zitzaien<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964151–152Pipes1990571–572_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964151–152Pipes1990571–572-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alemaniarrek erantzun positiboa eman zuten, <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Frontea_Lehen_Mundu_Gerran" title="Mendebaldeko Frontea Lehen Mundu Gerran">Mendebaldeko Frontean</a> kontzentratzeko eta berehalako porrota saihesteko aukera gisa ikusiz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964154Pipes1990572Rice1990166_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964154Pipes1990572Rice1990166-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Azaroan, armistiziorako elkarrizketak hasi ziren <a href="/wiki/Brest_(Bielorrusia)" title="Brest (Bielorrusia)">Brest-Litovsken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Frontea_Lehen_Mundu_Gerran" title="Ekialdeko Frontea Lehen Mundu Gerran">Ekialdeko Fronteko</a> goi-agintari alemaniarraren kuartel nagusian, Errusiako ordezkaritzarekin, Trotski eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolph_Joffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolph Joffe (sortu gabe)">Adolph Joffe</a> buru zirela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964161Shub1966331Pipes1990576_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964161Shub1966331Pipes1990576-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bien bitartean, urtarrilera arteko su-etena adostu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964162–163Pipes1990576_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964162–163Pipes1990576-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Negoziazioetan zehar, alemaniarrek beren gerra-konkistei eutsi zieten, Polonia, Lituania eta <a href="/wiki/Kurlandia" title="Kurlandia">Kurlandia</a> barne; errusiarrek, berriz, hau nazio horien autodeterminazio-eskubideen urraketa zela erantzun zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964171–172,_200–202Pipes1990578_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964171–172,_200–202Pipes1990578-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Boltxebike batzuek negoziazioak luzatzeko itxaropena agertu zuten, Europa osoan proletario iraultza piztu arte<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990166Service2000338_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990166Service2000338-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1918ko urtarrilaren 7an, Trotski Brest-Litovsketik San Petersburgora itzuli zen, potentzia zentralen ultimatum batekin: edo Errusiak Alemaniaren lurralde-eskakizunak onartzen zituen, edo gerra berriz hasiko zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000338_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000338-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92623,_Brest-Litowsk,_Waffenstillstandsabkommen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92623%2C_Brest-Litowsk%2C_Waffenstillstandsabkommen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92623%2C_Brest-Litowsk%2C_Waffenstillstandsabkommen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92623%2C_Brest-Litowsk%2C_Waffenstillstandsabkommen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92623%2C_Brest-Litowsk%2C_Waffenstillstandsabkommen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92623%2C_Brest-Litowsk%2C_Waffenstillstandsabkommen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92623%2C_Brest-Litowsk%2C_Waffenstillstandsabkommen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Errusiak eta Alemaniak armistizioa sinatu zuten 1917ko abenduaren 15ean.</figcaption></figure> <p>Urtarrilean eta berriro otsailean, Leninek Alemaniaren proposamenak onartzeko eskatu zien boltxebikeei. Lurralde galerak onargarriak zirela argudiatu zuen, boltxebikeek zuzendutako gobernuaren biziraupena bermatzen bazuten. Boltxebike gehienek uko egin zioten bere jarrerari, armistizioa luzatu eta Alemaniaren arreta bereganatzeko esperantzan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964195Shub1966334,_337Service2000338–339,_340Read2005199_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964195Shub1966334,_337Service2000338–339,_340Read2005199-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Otsailaren_18" title="Otsailaren 18">Otsailaren 18an</a>, Alemaniako armadak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faustschlag_Operazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faustschlag Operazioa (sortu gabe)">Faustschlag Operazioa</a> abiarazi zuen, errusiarrek kontrolatutako lurraldean gehiago aurrera eginez eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvinsk (sortu gabe)">Dvinsk</a> egun batean konkistatuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964206,_209Shub1966337Pipes1990586–587Service2000340–341_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964206,_209Shub1966337Pipes1990586–587Service2000340–341-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Une horretan, Leninek Boltxebikeen Batzorde Zentraleko gehiengo txiki bat konbentzitu zuen potentzia zentralen eskariak onar zitzan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990587Rice1990166–167Service2000341Read2005199_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990587Rice1990166–167Service2000341Read2005199-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Otsailaren_23" title="Otsailaren 23">Otsailaren 23an</a>, potentzia zentralek ultimatum berri bat abiarazi zuten: Errusiak alemaniarren kontrola aitortu behar zuen, ez bakarrik Poloniaren eta <a href="/wiki/Baltikoa" title="Baltikoa">Baltikoko</a> estatuen kontrola, baita <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukrainarena</a> ere, edo eskala handiko inbasio bati aurre egin behar zion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966338Pipes1990592–593Service2000341_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966338Pipes1990592–593Service2000341-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Martxoaren 3an <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovskeko_Ituna" title="Brest-Litovskeko Ituna">Brest-Litovskeko Ituna</a> sinatu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964211–212Shub1966339Pipes1990595Rice1990167Service2000342White2001158–159_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964211–212Shub1966339Pipes1990595Rice1990167Service2000342White2001158–159-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Emaitza lurralde galera masiboa izan zen Errusiarentzat; izan ere, antzinako Inperioko biztanleriaren % 26, nekazaritza-azaleraren % 37, industriaren % 28, trenbideen % 26 eta ikatz- eta burdina-hobien hiru laurdenak alemaniarren kontrolpean jarri ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990595Service2000342_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990595Service2000342-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ondorioz, Ituna erabat inpopularra izan zen Errusiako espektro politiko osoan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964213–214Pipes1990596–597_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964213–214Pipes1990596–597-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta ezkerreko hainbat boltxebike eta sozialista-iraultzailek Sovnarkom utzi zuten protesta gisa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000344_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000344-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Itunaren ondoren, Sovnarkom Alemanian proletarioen iraultza sustatzen saiatu zen, herrialdean antigoaleko eta gobernuaren aurkako argitalpen batzuk argitaratuz; Alemaniako gobernuak errepresaliak hartu zituen diplomatiko errusiarrak kanporatuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964313–314Shub1966387–388Pipes1990667–668Volkogonov1994193–194Service2000384_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964313–314Shub1966387–388Pipes1990667–668Volkogonov1994193–194Service2000384-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, Itunak ez zuen lortu potentzia zentralen porrota gelditzea; 1918ko azaroan, <a href="/wiki/Gilen_II.a_Alemaniakoa" title="Gilen II.a Alemaniakoa">Gilen II.a</a> enperadore alemaniarrak abdikatu egin zuen eta herrialdeko administrazio berriak <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gneko_Armistizioa" title="Compiègneko Armistizioa">Armistizioa</a> sinatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Lehen_Mundu_Gerrako_Aliatuak" title="Lehen Mundu Gerrako Aliatuak">aliatuekin</a>. Ondorioz, Sovnarkomek Brest-Litovskeko Ituna baliogabetu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964303–304Pipes1990668Volkogonov1994194Service2000384_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964303–304Pipes1990668Volkogonov1994194Service2000384-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kulaken_aurkako_kanpainak,_txekak_eta_Izu_gorria:_1918–1922"><span id="Kulaken_aurkako_kanpainak.2C_txekak_eta_Izu_gorria:_1918.E2.80.931922"></span>Kulaken aurkako kanpainak, txekak eta Izu gorria: 1918–1922</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kulaken aurkako kanpainak, txekak eta Izu gorria: 1918–1922»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Kulaken aurkako kanpainak, txekak eta Izu gorria: 1918–1922"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:LeninsHangingOrder1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LeninsHangingOrder1.gif/220px-LeninsHangingOrder1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LeninsHangingOrder1.gif/330px-LeninsHangingOrder1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LeninsHangingOrder1.gif/440px-LeninsHangingOrder1.gif 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Leninen telegrama, 100 kulak urkatzea eskatuz.</figcaption></figure> <p>1918ko hasieran, Errusiako mendebaldeko hiri askok goseteari aurre egin behar izan zioten elikagaien urritasun kronikoaren ondorioz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236Pipes1990558,_723Rice1990170Volkogonov1994190_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236Pipes1990558,_723Rice1990170Volkogonov1994190-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulak</a> edo nekazari aberatsenei egotzi zien errua, ustez beren finantza-balioa handitzeko ekoiztu zuten alea bereganatzen zutelako. 1918ko maiatzean, errekisizio agindu bat eman zuen, kulaken alea konfiskatzeko destakamendu armatuak ezartzen zituena hirietan banatzeko, eta ekainean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nekazari_Pobreen_Batzordeak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nekazari Pobreen Batzordeak (sortu gabe)">Nekazari Pobreen Batzordeen</a> eraketara deitu zuen, errekisizioan laguntzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236–237Shub1966353Pipes1990560,_722,_732–736Rice1990170Volkogonov1994181,_342–343Service2000349,_358–359White2001164Read2005218_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236–237Shub1966353Pipes1990560,_722,_732–736Rice1990170Volkogonov1994181,_342–343Service2000349,_358–359White2001164Read2005218-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Politika horrek desordena sozial handiak eta indarkeria eragin zituen, destakamendu armatuek nekazari-taldeei aurre egin baitzieten askotan, gerra zibilerako eremua prestatzen lagunduz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964254Pipes1990728,_734–736Volkogonov1994197Ryan2012105_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964254Pipes1990728,_734–736Volkogonov1994197Ryan2012105-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen ikuspuntuen adibide nabarmenetako bat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Leninen_urkamendiko_agindua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Leninen urkamendiko agindua (sortu gabe)">1918ko abuztuan Pentzako boltxebikeei emandako telegrama</a> izan zen, non nekazarien matxinada bat erreprimitzeko eskatzen zien, gutxienez 100 "kulak ezagun, gizon aberats [eta] odol-xukatzaile" urkatuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964277–278Pipes1990737Service2000365White2001155–156Ryan2012106_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964277–278Pipes1990737Service2000365White2001155–156Ryan2012106-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Konfiskazioek nekazariak bultzatu zituzten norberak kontsumi zezakeena baino ale gehiago ez ekoiztera, eta ekoizpena amildu egin zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964450Pipes1990726_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964450Pipes1990726-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Goraldian zegoen <a href="/wiki/Merkatu_beltz" title="Merkatu beltz">merkatu beltz</a> batek osatu zuen Estatuak zigortutako ekonomia ofiziala zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990700–702Lee2003100_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990700–702Lee2003100-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta Leninek espekulatzaileak, estraperlistak eta arpilatzaileak fusilatzera deitu <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964195Pipes1990794Volkogonov1994181Read2005249_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964195Pipes1990794Volkogonov1994181Read2005249-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bai sozialista-iraultzaileek eta bai ezkerreko sozialista-iraultzaileek ale-jabetze armatuak gaitzetsi zituzten Errusia osoko Sobieten V. Biltzarrean, 1918ko uztailean. Nekazari Pobreen Batzordeek kulak ez ziren nekazariak ere jazartzen zituztela eta, horrela, nekazariaren gobernuaren aurkako sentimenduan laguntzen zutela ohartzean, 1918ko abenduan, Leninek ezabatu egin zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000385White2001164Read2005218_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000385White2001164Read2005218-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leninek behin eta berriz azpimarratu zuen terrorearen eta indarkeriaren beharra ordena zaharra bertan behera uzteko eta iraultzaren arrakasta ziurtatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966344Pipes1990790–791Volkogonov1994181,_196Read2005247–248_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966344Pipes1990790–791Volkogonov1994181,_196Read2005247–248-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Errusia osoko Sobieten Batzorde Exekutibo Zentralaren aurrean, 1917ko azaroan, honakoa adierazi zuen: "Estatua indarkeria erabiltzeko sortutako erakundea da. Lehen, indarkeria hori poltsikoa beteta dutenek erabiltzen zuen, herri osoaren aurka; orain, herriaren intereserako antolatu nahi dugu indarkeria"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966312_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966312-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Heriotza_zigor" title="Heriotza zigor">Heriotza zigorra</a> indargabetzeko iradokizunen aurka egin zuen irmoki<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964435–436_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964435–436-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Indar antiboltxebikeek bere administrazioa bertan behera utziko zuten beldur, 1917ko abenduan Leninek <a href="/wiki/Txeka" title="Txeka">Kontrarreboluzioari eta Sabotajeari aurre egiteko Larrialdi Batzordea</a> sortzea agindu zuen, edo Txeka, <a href="/wiki/Feliks_Dzerzhinski" title="Feliks Dzerzhinski">Feliks Dzerzhinskik</a> zuzendutako polizia politikoko indar bat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966345–347Rigby197920–21Pipes1990800Volkogonov1994233Service2000321–322White2001153Read2005186,_208–209_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966345–347Rigby197920–21Pipes1990800Volkogonov1994233Service2000321–322White2001153Read2005186,_208–209-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lenin_Krupskaya_and_Ulyanova_in_car_at_Red_Army_parade_full_photo_19180501.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lenin_Krupskaya_and_Ulyanova_in_car_at_Red_Army_parade_full_photo_19180501.jpg/220px-Lenin_Krupskaya_and_Ulyanova_in_car_at_Red_Army_parade_full_photo_19180501.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lenin_Krupskaya_and_Ulyanova_in_car_at_Red_Army_parade_full_photo_19180501.jpg/330px-Lenin_Krupskaya_and_Ulyanova_in_car_at_Red_Army_parade_full_photo_19180501.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lenin_Krupskaya_and_Ulyanova_in_car_at_Red_Army_parade_full_photo_19180501.jpg/440px-Lenin_Krupskaya_and_Ulyanova_in_car_at_Red_Army_parade_full_photo_19180501.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Lenin, bere emaztea eta ahizpa, Armada Gorria ikusten, kotxe batean, 1918ko Maiatzaren Lehenean.</figcaption></figure> <p>1918ko irailean, Sovnarkomek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izu_Gorria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izu Gorria (sortu gabe)">Izu Gorria</a>, Txekak antolatutako errepresio sistema, inauguratzen zuen dekretua onartu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981174Volkogonov1994233–234Sandle1999112Ryan2012111_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981174Volkogonov1994233–234Sandle1999112Ryan2012111-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Batzuetan burgesia osoa desagerrarazteko saiakera gisa deskribatzen den arren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966366Sandle1999112_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966366Sandle1999112-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Leninek ez zituen klase horretako kide guztiak suntsitu nahi, beren nagusitasuna berrezarri nahi zutenak bakarrik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012116_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012116-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Izuaren biktima gehienak bizitza erosoa zuten hiritarrak edo administrazio tsaristako kide ohiak ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990821Ryan2012114–115_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990821Ryan2012114–115-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; beste batzuk antiboltxebikeak ziren, ez burgesak, eta gizarte batean desiragaitzat hartzen zirenak zeuden, <a href="/wiki/Prostituta" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostituta">prostitutak</a> adibidez<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966366Sandle1999113Read2005210Ryan2012114–115_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966366Sandle1999113Read2005210Ryan2012114–115-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Txekak gobernuaren etsaitzat jotzen zuen edonor kondenatzeko eta exekutatzeko eskubidea hartu zuen, Auzitegi Iraultzaileetara jo gabe<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981173–174Pipes1990801_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981173–174Pipes1990801-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ondorioz, Errusia sobietar osoan Txekak erailketak egin zituen, askotan hilketa masiboak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981199–200Pipes1990819–820Ryan2012107_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981199–200Pipes1990819–820Ryan2012107-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Adibidez, Petrogradoko Txekak 512 pertsona exekutatu zituen egun gutxitan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966364Ryan2012114_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966364Ryan2012114-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ez da erregistrorik gordetzen Izu Gorrian zenbat hil ziren zehatz adierazten duenik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990837_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990837-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; historialarien ondorengo estimazioak 10.000-15.000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012114_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012114-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta 50.000-140.000 artekoak izan dira<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990834_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990834-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lenin ez zen inoiz indarkeria horren lekuko izan, ez eta bertatik bertara parte hartu ere<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994202Read2005247_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994202Read2005247-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta publikoki urrundu zen harengandik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990796_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990796-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Argitaratutako artikuluek eta hitzaldiek gutxitan eskatzen zituzten exekuzioak, baina aldizka egiten zituen bere telegrama kodifikatuetan eta isilpeko oharretan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994202_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994202-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Boltxebike askok Txekaren exekuzio masiboak gaitzetsi zituzten eta erakundearen itxurazko erantzukizun faltaren beldur izan ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990825Ryan2012117,_120_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990825Ryan2012117,_120-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alderdi Komunista bere jarduerak murrizten saiatu zen 1919ko otsailean, auzitegi eta exekuzio botereak kenduz gerra-lege ofizialaren pean ez zeuden eremuetan, baina Txekak lehen bezala jarraitu zuen herrialdeko leku gehienetan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981174–175,_183Pipes1990828–829Ryan2012121_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981174–175,_183Pipes1990828–829Ryan2012121-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1920an, Txeka Errusia sobietarreko erakunderik boteretsuena bihurtu zen, eta eragina izan zuen Estatuko beste aparatu guztietan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990829–830,_832_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990829–830,_832-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1919ko apirileko dekretu baten ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/Kontzentrazio-esparru" title="Kontzentrazio-esparru">kontzentrazio-esparruak</a> sortu ziren, eta Txekaren esku utzi ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981176–177Pipes1990832,_834_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981176–177Pipes1990832,_834-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ondoren, gobernu-agentzia berri batek administratu zituen, <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> izenekoak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990835Volkogonov1994235_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990835Volkogonov1994235-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1920ko amaieran, 84 eremu ezarri ziren Errusia sobietar osoan, 50.000 preso ingururekin; 1923ko urrian, kopurua 315 eremutara eta 70.000 bat barneratutara igo zen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981178Pipes1990836_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981178Pipes1990836-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zelaietan barneratuak eskulan esklabo gisa erabiltzen ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981176Pipes1990832–833_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981176Pipes1990832–833-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1922ko uztailetik aurrera, boltxebikeen gobernuaren aurkaritzat jotzen ziren intelektualak Errusiako eskualde hezigaitz edo urrunetara erbesteratuak izan ziren erabat; Leninek pertsonalki aztertu zituen horrela tratatu behar zirenen zerrendak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994358–360Ryan2012172–173,_175–176_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994358–360Ryan2012172–173,_175–176-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1922ko maiatzean, Leninek dekretu bat aldarrikatu zuen, apaiz antiboltxebikeak exekutatzeko agintzen zuena, eta 14.000 eta 20.000 heriotza artean eragin zituen horrek<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994376–377Read2005239Ryan2012179_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994376–377Read2005239Ryan2012179-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Errusiako Eliza Ortodoxoa izan zen kaltetuena; gobernuaren erlijioaren aurkako politikak eliza katoliko eta protestanteei, <a href="/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga">sinagoga</a> juduei eta <a href="/wiki/Meskita" title="Meskita">meskita</a> islamikoei ere eragin zien<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994381_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994381-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Errusiako_Gerra_Zibila_eta_Errusia-Polonia_gerra:_1918-1920">Errusiako Gerra Zibila eta Errusia-Polonia gerra: 1918-1920</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Errusiako Gerra Zibila eta Errusia-Polonia gerra: 1918-1920»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Errusiako Gerra Zibila eta Errusia-Polonia gerra: 1918-1920"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Errusiako_Gerra_Zibila" title="Errusiako Gerra Zibila">Errusiako Gerra Zibila</a>»</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9105067"> <div class="notepaper" style="float:right;"> <blockquote class="curly-quotes" style="border: none;"> <p>Pentsaezina da Sobietar Errepublika eta Estatu inperialistak epe luzera existitzea. Azkenean, batzuek edo besteek irabaziko dute. Eta amaiera hori iritsi arte, saihestezina da Sobietar Errepublikaren eta gobernu burgesen arteko gatazkarik izugarrienak. Horrek esan nahi du klase nagusiak, proletarioek, gobernatu nahi badute eta gobernatu behar badute, bere antolaketa militarrarekin ere hori frogatu behar dutela. </p> </blockquote><span class="quote-by">— Lenin gerrari buruz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990610_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990610-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </div> <p>Leninek espero zuen aristokrazia eta burgesia errusiarrak bere gobernuaren aurka jarriko zirela, baina uste zuen behe-klaseen nagusitasun numerikoak, boltxebikeek haiek eraginkortasunez antolatzeko zuten gaitasunarekin batera, edozein gatazkatan garaipen azkarra bermatzen zuela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000357_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000357-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zentzu horretan, ez zuen aurreikusi Errusiako gobernu boltxebikearen aurkako oposizio bortitzaren intentsitatea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000357_263-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000357-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ondoren etorri zen <a href="/wiki/Errusiako_Gerra_Zibila" title="Errusiako Gerra Zibila">Errusiako Gerra Zibilean</a> aurrez aurre borrokatu zuten <a href="/wiki/Armada_Gorria" title="Armada Gorria">Armada Gorriak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Armada_Zuria" title="Armada Zuria">Armada Zuria</a> antiboltxebikeek, baina Errusiako mugetako gatazka etnikoak eta armada gorrien eta zurien eta bertako nekazari-taldeen, <a href="/wiki/Armada_Berdea" title="Armada Berdea">Armada Berdeen</a>, arteko gatazkak ere barne hartu zituen antzinako Inperio osoan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000391–392_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000391–392-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ondorioz, hainbat historialarik uste izan dute gerra zibilak bi gatazka desberdin adierazten dituela: iraultzaileen eta kontrairaultzaileen artekoa bata, eta alderdi iraultzaileen artekoa bestea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200384,_88_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200384,_88-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Armada Zuria antzinako militar tsaristek sortu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2005205_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005205-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikinen</a> boluntarioen armada Errusiako hegoaldean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966355Leggett1981204Rice1990173,_175Volkogonov1994198Service2000357,_382Read2005187_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966355Leggett1981204Rice1990173,_175Volkogonov1994198Service2000357,_382Read2005187-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Koltxak" title="Alexander Koltxak">Alexander Koltxaken</a> indarrak Siberian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964334,_343,_357Leggett1981204Service2000382,_392Read2005205–206_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964334,_343,_357Leggett1981204Service2000382,_392Read2005205–206-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Judenitx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Judenitx (sortu gabe)">Nikolai Judenitxen</a> tropak Baltikoko estatu independente berrietan osatzen zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981204Read2005206_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981204Read2005206-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zuriak indartu egin ziren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Txekiar_Legioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txekiar Legioa (sortu gabe)">Txekiar Legioko</a> 35.000 kide, potentzia zentralekin izandako gatazkako gerrako preso zirenak, Sovnarkomen aurka itzuli zirenean eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batzar_Konstituziogileko_Kideen_Batzordea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batzar Konstituziogileko Kideen Batzordea (sortu gabe)">Batzar Konstituziogileko Kideen Batzordearekin</a> (Komuch) aliatu zirenean, <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samaran</a> ezarritako gobernu antiboltxebikearekin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964288–289Pipes1990624–630Service2000360White2001161–162Read2005205_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964288–289Pipes1990624–630Service2000360White2001161–162Read2005205-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zuriek ere mendebaldeko gobernuen babesa zuten, zeinak Brest-Litovskeko Ituna aliatuen gerra-ahaleginari egindako traizio gisa ikusten zuten, eta boltxebikeek munduko iraultzari egindako deien beldur ziren. 1918an, <a href="/wiki/Britainia_Handia" title="Britainia Handia">Britainia Handia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantzia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estatu_Batuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Estatu Batuak">Estatu Batuak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbiaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansken</a> 10.000 soldadu lehorreratu ziren, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandalakxa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandalakxa (sortu gabe)">Kandalakxa</a> hartuta<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964262–263_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964262–263-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; urte berean, berriz, britainiar, estatubatuar eta japoniar indarrak <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostoken</a> lehorreratu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964291Shub1966354_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964291Shub1966354-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mendebaldeko tropak berehala erretiratu ziren gerra zibiletik, zuriei ofizialekin, teknikariekin eta armamentuarekin bakarrik lagunduz, baina <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japoniak</a> iraun egin zuen gatazka lurralde-hedapenerako aukera gisa ikusten zuelako<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964331,_333_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964331,_333-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leninek Trotskiri eskatu zion <a href="/wiki/Langile_eta_Nekazari_Armada_Gorria" class="mw-redirect" title="Langile eta Nekazari Armada Gorria">Langile eta Nekazari Armada Gorria</a> sortzeko, eta, haren laguntzarekin, Trotskik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontseilu_Militar_Iraultzailea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontseilu Militar Iraultzailea (sortu gabe)">Kontseilu Militar Iraultzailea</a> antolatu zuen 1918ko irailean, 1925era arte presidentea izan zelarik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990610,_612Volkogonov1994198_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990610,_612Volkogonov1994198-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere esperientzia militar baliotsua aitortuz, Leninek onartu egin zuen tsarraren armada zaharreko ofizialek Armada Gorrian lan egin ahal izatea, nahiz eta Trotskik bere jarduerak ikuskatzeko kontseilu militarrak ezarri zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964337Pipes1990609,_612,_629Volkogonov1994198Service2000383Read2005217_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964337Pipes1990609,_612,_629Volkogonov1994198Service2000383Read2005217-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gorriek Errusiako bi hiri handienen kontrola zuten, Mosku eta Petrogrado, baita <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errusia_Handia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errusia Handia (sortu gabe)">Errusia Handiaren</a> zatirik handienarena ere, eta zuriak, berriz, antzinako Inperioaren kanpoaldean zeuden<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964248,_262_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964248,_262-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beraz, azken horiek kaltetuak izan ziren geografikoki zatikatuta eta sakabanatuta zeudelako<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990651Volkogonov1994200White2001162Lee200381_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990651Volkogonov1994200White2001162Lee200381-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta beren supremazismo etniko errusiarrak eskualdeko gutxiengo nazionalak alienatu zituelako<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964251White2001163Read2005220_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964251White2001163Read2005220-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Boltxebikeen aurkako armadek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izu_Zuria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izu Zuria (sortu gabe)">Izu Zuria</a> egin zuen, boltxebikeen ustezko aldekoen aurkako indarkeria-kanpaina, Estatuak zigortutako Izu Gorria baino espontaneoagoa izaten zena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981201Pipes1990792Volkogonov1994202–203Read2005250_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981201Pipes1990792Volkogonov1994202–203Read2005250-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Armada zuriak zein gorriak komunitate juduen aurkako erasoen erantzule izan ziren, eta, ondorioz, Leninek <a href="/wiki/Antisemitismo" title="Antisemitismo">antisemitismoa</a> gaitzetsi zuen, juduen aurkako aurreiritziak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_kapitalista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda kapitalista (sortu gabe)">propaganda kapitalistari</a> leporatuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981201Volkogonov1994203–204_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981201Volkogonov1994203–204-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:VictimOfInternational.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/VictimOfInternational.jpg/220px-VictimOfInternational.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/VictimOfInternational.jpg/330px-VictimOfInternational.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/VictimOfInternational.jpg/440px-VictimOfInternational.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2770" /></a><figcaption>Errusia Zuriaren poster anti-boltxebike bat. Lenin gorriz agertzen da, Errusia sakrifikatuz Marxen aldarean.</figcaption></figure> <p>1918ko uztailean, Sverdlovek Sovnarkomi jakinarazi zion Uraletako Eskualde Sobietak ikuskatu zuela <a href="/wiki/Romanov_familiaren_hilketa" title="Romanov familiaren hilketa">antzinako tsarraren eta haren berehalako familiaren exekuzioa</a> <a href="/wiki/Jekaterinburg" title="Jekaterinburg">Jekaterinburgen</a>, tropa zurien aurrerapenak erreskatatu ez zitzan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966357–358Pipes1990781–782Volkogonov1994206–207Service2000364–365_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966357–358Pipes1990781–782Volkogonov1994206–207Service2000364–365-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Frogarik ez duten arren, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Pipes (sortu gabe)">Richard Pipes</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Volkogonov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitri Volkogonov (sortu gabe)">Dmitri Volkogonov</a> biografo eta historialariek Leninek hilketa zigortu zuela adierazi dute<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990763,_770–771Volkogonov1994211_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990763,_770–771Volkogonov1994211-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; aitzitik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ryan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Ryan (sortu gabe)">James Ryan</a> historialariak ohartarazi zuen ez zegoela "inolako arrazoirik" hori sinesteko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012109_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012109-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek zigortu ala ez, beharrezkotzat jo zuen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_XVI.aren_exekuzioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis XVI.aren exekuzioa (sortu gabe)">Luis XVI.aren exekuzioaren</a> aurrekaria nabarmenduz <a href="/wiki/Frantziako_Iraultza" title="Frantziako Iraultza">Frantziako Iraultzan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994208_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994208-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Brest-Litovskeko Itunaren ondoren, ezkerreko sozialista-iraultzaileek koalizioa utzi zuten eta boltxebikeak iraultzaren traidoretzat hartu zituzten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990635_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990635-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1918ko uztailean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakov_Blumkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakov Blumkin (sortu gabe)">Jakov Blumkin</a> ezkerreko sozialista-iraultzaileak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_Mirbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Mirbach (sortu gabe)">Wilhelm von Mirbach</a> Alemaniako enbaxadorea Errusian hil zuen, ondorengo gertakari diplomatikoek Alemaniaren aurkako gerra iraultzailea ekarriko zuelakoan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964244Shub1966355Pipes1990636–640Service2000360–361White2001159Read2005199_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964244Shub1966355Pipes1990636–640Service2000360–361White2001159Read2005199-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ezkerreko sozialista-iraultzaileek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezkerreko_eseristen_matxinada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezkerreko eseristen matxinada (sortu gabe)">estatu-kolpe bat saiatu zuten Moskun</a>, Kremlina bonbardatuz eta hiriko posta-bulego nagusia hartuz Trotskiren indarrek atxilotu aurretik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964242Pipes1990642–644Read2005250_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964242Pipes1990642–644Read2005250-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alderdiko buruzagiak eta kide asko atxilotu eta espetxeratu zituzten, baina boltxebikeen aurkako beste batzuek baino tratu bihozberagoa jaso zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964244Pipes1990644Volkogonov1994172_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964244Pipes1990644Volkogonov1994172-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1919an Armada Zuria erretretan zegoen eta 1920ko hasieran hiru fronteetan garaituak zeuden<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981184Service2000402Read2005206_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981184Service2000402Read2005206-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sovnarkom garaile atera zen arren, Errusiako Estatuaren lurralde-eremua murriztu egin zen, errusiarrak ez ziren talde etniko askok independentzia nazionala bultzatzeko baliatu baitzuten deskalabrua<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall201583_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall201583-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kasu batzuetan, hala nola Europako ipar-ekialdeko nazioetan, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia">Letonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituanian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandian</a>, sobietarrek independentzia onartu eta bake-itunak sinatu zituzten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein201350_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein201350-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beste kasu batzuetan, Armada Gorriak mugimendu sezesionistak zapaldu zituen; 1921ean Ukrainako mugimendu nazionalak garaitu zituzten eta <a href="/wiki/Kaukaso" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaukaso">Kaukasoa</a> okupatu zuten, nahiz eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basmachi_mugimendua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basmachi mugimendua (sortu gabe)">Asia Erdialdeko borrokak</a> 1920ko hamarkadaren amaierara arte luzatu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall201584_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall201584-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Alemaniaren Armistizioaren ondoren <a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a> delakoaren garnizio alemaniarrak Ekialdeko Frontetik erretiratu ondoren, armada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobietar_mendebalderako_ofentsiba,_1918-1919&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobietar mendebalderako ofentsiba, 1918-1919 (sortu gabe)">errusiar sobietarrak eta poloniarrak hutsa betetzera</a> pasa ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200326–27_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200326–27-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Poloniako estatu independente berria eta sobietar gobernua lurraldean hedatzen saiatu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200327–30_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200327–30-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Poloniako eta Errusiako tropak 1919ko otsailean borrokatu ziren lehen aldiz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200322,_27_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200322,_27-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta gatazka <a href="/wiki/Polonia-Sobietar_Batasuna_Gerra" title="Polonia-Sobietar Batasuna Gerra">Polonia-Sobietar Batasuna Gerra</a> bihurtu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964389Rice1990182Volkogonov1994281Service2000407White2001161Davies200329–30_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964389Rice1990182Volkogonov1994281Service2000407White2001161Davies200329–30-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sobietarren aurreko gatazketan ez bezala, honek eragin handiagoa izan zuen iraultzaren esportazioan eta Europaren etorkizunean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964389Rice1990182Volkogonov1994281Service2000407White2001161_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964389Rice1990182Volkogonov1994281Service2000407White2001161-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Poloniako indarrak Ukrainan sartu ziren eta 1920ko maiatzean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kieveko_ofentsiba_(1920)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kieveko ofentsiba (1920) (sortu gabe)">Kiev kendu zieten</a> sobietarrei. Poloniako armada atzera egitera behartu ondoren, Leninek Armada Gorriari eskatu zion Polonia bera inbaditzeko, pentsatuz Poloniako proletarioak altxatuko zirela tropa errusiarrei laguntzeko eta, horrela, Europako iraultza pizteko. Trotski eta beste boltxebike batzuk eszeptiko agertu ziren, baina inbasioa onartu zuten. Poloniako proletarioak ez ziren altxatu eta Armada Gorria garaitua izan zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varsoviako_gudua_(1920)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varsoviako gudua (1920) (sortu gabe)">Varsoviako guduan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964391–395Shub1966396Rice1990182–183Service2000408–409,_412White2001161_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964391–395Shub1966396Rice1990182–183Service2000408–409,_412White2001161-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Poloniako armadek Armada Gorria Errusiarantz atzerarazi zuten, Sovnarkom bakea eskatzera behartuz; gerra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rigako_Bakea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rigako Bakea (sortu gabe)">Rigako Bakearekin</a> amaitu zen, non Errusiak Poloniari lurraldea utzi zion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990183Volkogonov1994388Service2000412_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990183Volkogonov1994388Service2000412-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komintern_eta_munduko_iraultza:_1919-1920">Komintern eta munduko iraultza: 1919-1920</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Komintern eta munduko iraultza: 1919-1920»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Komintern eta munduko iraultza: 1919-1920"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/1917-1923ko_iraultzak" title="1917-1923ko iraultzak">1917-1923ko iraultzak</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:19190501-lenin_speech_red_square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/19190501-lenin_speech_red_square.jpg/220px-19190501-lenin_speech_red_square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/19190501-lenin_speech_red_square.jpg/330px-19190501-lenin_speech_red_square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/19190501-lenin_speech_red_square.jpg/440px-19190501-lenin_speech_red_square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Lenin <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Gorria" title="Plaza Gorria">Plaza Gorrian</a> hitzaldia ematen, 1919ko maiatzaren 1ean.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mendebaldeko Fronteko Armistizioaren ondoren, Leninek uste zuen Europako iraultzaren eztanda berehalakoa zela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966387Rice1990173_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966387Rice1990173-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hori sustatu nahian, 1919ko martxoan <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kunen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungariako_Sobietar_Errepublika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungariako Sobietar Errepublika (sortu gabe)">gobernu sobietarra Hungarian</a> ezartzearen alde egin zuen Sovnarkomek, <a href="/wiki/Bavariako_Sobietar_Errepublika" title="Bavariako Sobietar Errepublika">Bavariako gobernu sobietarrak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/1917-1923ko_iraultzak" title="1917-1923ko iraultzak">Alemaniako beste leku batzuetako altxamendu sozialista iraultzaileek</a> jarraituta, <a href="/wiki/Espartakisten_Liga" title="Espartakisten Liga">Espartakisten Ligarena</a> barne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964333Shub1966388Rice1990173Volkogonov1994395_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964333Shub1966388Rice1990173Volkogonov1994395-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Errusiako Gerra Zibilean, Armada Gorria errepublika nazional independente berrietara bidali zuten Errusiako mugetan, marxistei sobietar gobernu-sistemak ezartzen laguntzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000385–386_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000385–386-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Europan, horrek estatu berriak sortzea ekarri zuen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estoniako_Langile_Herriaren_Komuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estoniako Langile Herriaren Komuna (sortu gabe)">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letoniako_Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialista" title="Letoniako Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista">Letonia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lituaniako_Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialista_(1918-1919)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lituaniako Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista (1918-1919) (sortu gabe)">Lituania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bielorrusiako_Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialista" title="Bielorrusiako Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista">Bielorrusia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ukrainako_Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialista" title="Ukrainako Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista">Ukrainan</a> komunisten zuzendaritzapean, guztiak ofizialki Errusiatik independenteak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000385–386_302-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000385–386-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta ekialdean, berriz, gobernu komunistak sortu ziren <a href="/wiki/Mongoliako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Mongoliako Herri Errepublika">Mongolian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964531,_536_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964531,_536-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Goi mailako boltxebike batzuek errusiar estatuak xurgatu zitzala nahi zuten; Leninek behin eta berriz esan zuen nazioen sentsibilitateak errespetatu behar zirela, baina nazio horietako Alderdi Komunistaren administrazio berriak <i>de facto</i> Sovnarkomen agintepean zeudela ziurtatu zien bere kideei<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000386_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000386-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1918ko amaieran, <a href="/wiki/Alderdi_Laborista_(Erresuma_Batua)" title="Alderdi Laborista (Erresuma Batua)">Alderdi Laborista</a> britainiarrak alderdi sozialisten nazioarteko konferentzia bat sortzea eskatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966389–390_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966389–390-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internazional_Sozialista_eta_Laborista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internazional Sozialista eta Laborista (sortu gabe)">Internazional Sozialista eta Laborista</a>. Leninek <a href="/wiki/Bigarren_Internazionala" title="Bigarren Internazionala">Bigarren Internazionalaren</a> berpizte gisa ikusi zuen hori, mesprezatu egin zuen, eta bere nazioarteko konferentzia sozialista egin zuen haren eraginari aurre egiteko. <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Zinoviev" title="Grigori Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, Trotski, <a href="/wiki/Khristian_Rakovski" title="Khristian Rakovski">Khristian Rakovski</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Balabanoff" title="Angelica Balabanoff">Angelica Balabanoffen</a> laguntzarekin antolatua<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966390_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966390-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/III._Internazionala" title="III. Internazionala">Internazional Komunista</a> (Comintern) honen Lehen Kongresua Moskun inauguratu zen 1919ko martxoan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964525Shub1966390Rice1990174Volkogonov1994390Service2000386White2001160Read2005225_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964525Shub1966390Rice1990174Volkogonov1994390Service2000386White2001160Read2005225-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ez zuen mundu mailako estaldurarik; bildutako 34 ordezkarietatik 30 antzinako Errusiar Inperioko herrialdeetan bizi ziren, eta nazioarteko ordezkari gehienak ez zituzten beren nazioetako alderdi sozialista bakar batek ere onartzen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964525Shub1966390Rice1990174Volkogonov1994390Service2000386White2001160Read2005225_307-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964525Shub1966390Rice1990174Volkogonov1994390Service2000386White2001160Read2005225-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ondorioz, boltxebikeek prozedurak menderatu zituzten, eta Leninek ondoren araudi batzuk idatzi zituen, non adierazten baitzen boltxebikeen iritziak babesten zituzten alderdi sozialistak bakarrik batu zitezkeela Kominternera<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964525Shub1966398Read2005225–226_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964525Shub1966398Read2005225–226-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lehen hitzaldian, Lenin ordezkariei zuzendu zitzaien, Kautsky bezalako marxista errebisionistek aldarrikatzen zuten sozialismoari bide parlamentarioaren aurka eginez eta Europako gobernu burgesak bortizki boteretik kentzeko egindako deiak errepikatuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000387_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000387-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zinoviev Cominterneko presidente bihurtu zen arren, Leninek eragin nabarmena izan zuen harengan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966395Volkogonov1994391_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966395Volkogonov1994391-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Internazional Komunistaren Bigarren Kongresua Petrogradoko Smolni Institutuan inauguratu zen 1920ko uztailean, Leninek Moskuko beste hiri bat bisitatu zuen azken aldia izan zelarik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966397Service2000409_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966397Service2000409-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han, boltxebikeek boterea hartzea imitatzera animatu zituen atzerriko ordezkariak, eta alde batera utzi zuen kapitalismoa gizartearen garapenean beharrezko etapa zela zioen ikuspuntu zaharra, eta, aldiz, okupazio kolonialpean zeuden nazioak animatzen zituen beren gizarte aurrekapitalistak zuzenean sozialista bihurtzera<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000409–410_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000409–410-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hitzaldi horretarako <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezkerkeriaren_haur-gaixotasuna_komunismoan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezkerkeriaren haur-gaixotasuna komunismoan (sortu gabe)">Ezkerkeriaren haur-gaixotasuna komunismoan</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> liburuaren egilea izan zen. Liburu labur horretan, Erresuma Batuko eta Alemaniako alderdi komunisten elementuak kritikatzen zituen, sistema parlamentarioetan eta nazioetako sindikatuetan sartzeari uko egiten ziotelako; aldiz, kausa iraultzailea sustatzeko eskatzen zien<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964415–420White2001161,_180–181_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964415–420White2001161,_180–181-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Konferentzia bertan behera utzi behar izan zuten zenbait egunez, Poloniarekin hasitako gerraren ondorioz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000410_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000410-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta Moskura lekualdatu zuten, non bilerak egiten jarraitu zuen abuztura arte<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966397_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966397-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . Leninek iragarritako mundu-iraultza ez zen gauzatu, Hungariako gobernu komunista boteretik kendu baitzuten eta Alemaniako altxamendu marxistak zapaldu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964341Shub1966396Rice1990174_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964341Shub1966396Rice1990174-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gosetea_eta_Politika_Ekonomiko_Berria:_1920-1922">Gosetea eta Politika Ekonomiko Berria: 1920-1922</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gosetea eta Politika Ekonomiko Berria: 1920-1922»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Gosetea eta Politika Ekonomiko Berria: 1920-1922"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alderdi Komunistaren baitan, bi fakzio disidente zeuden, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zentralismo_Demokratikoaren_Taldea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zentralismo Demokratikoaren Taldea (sortu gabe)">Zentralismo Demokratikoaren Taldea</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langile_Oposizioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langile Oposizioa (sortu gabe)">Langile Oposizioa</a>, Errusiako Estatuari zentralizatuegia eta burokratikoegia izatea leporatzen diotenak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964437–438Shub1966406Rice1990183Service2000419White2001167–168_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964437–438Shub1966406Rice1990183Service2000419White2001167–168-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Langile Oposizioak, Estatuko sindikatu ofizialekin harremanak zituenak, gobernuak langile klase errusiarraren konfiantza galdu zuelako kezka ere adierazi zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966406Service2000419White2001167_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966406Service2000419White2001167-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Haserretu egin ziren Trotskik sindikatuak kentzeko egindako iradokizunagatik. Berak uste zuen sindikatuak alferrikakoak zirela "langile estatu" batean, baina Lenin ez zegoen ados eta uste zuen hobe zela horiei eustea; boltxebike gehienek Leninen iritzia hartu zuten "eztabaida sindikalean"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964436,_442Rice1990183–184Sandle1999104–105Service2000422–423White2001168Read2005269_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964436,_442Rice1990183–184Sandle1999104–105Service2000422–423White2001168Read2005269-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Disidentziari aurre egiteko, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errusiako_Alderdi_Komunistaren_X._Kongresua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errusiako Alderdi Komunistaren X. Kongresua (sortu gabe)">Alderdiaren Hamargarren Kongresuan</a>, 1921eko otsailean, Leninek alderdiaren barruko zatiketa-jardueraren debekua ezarri zuen, kanporatze-zigorrarekin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2001170_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2001170-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Victims_of_the_1921_famine_in_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Victims_of_the_1921_famine_in_Russia.jpg/220px-Victims_of_the_1921_famine_in_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Victims_of_the_1921_famine_in_Russia.jpg/330px-Victims_of_the_1921_famine_in_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Victims_of_the_1921_famine_in_Russia.jpg/440px-Victims_of_the_1921_famine_in_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Gosetearen biktimak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzuluk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzuluk (sortu gabe)">Buzuluken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volgako_eskualdea" title="Volgako eskualdea">Volga eskualdean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratoven</a> ondoan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Neurri batean lehorte batek eragindakoa, <a href="/wiki/1921-22ko_gosete_errusiarra" class="mw-redirect" title="1921-22ko gosete errusiarra">1921-22ko gosete errusiarra</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1891-1892eko_errusiar_gosetea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1891-1892eko errusiar gosetea (sortu gabe)">1891-92ko goseteaz</a> geroztik herrialdeak jasan zuen larriena izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964507–508Rice1990185–186_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964507–508Rice1990185–186-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta bost milioi hildako inguru eragin zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012164_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012164-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gosetea areagotu egin zen gobernuaren konfiskazioengatik eta errusiar ale kopuru handien esportazioagatik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994343,_347_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994343,_347-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gosetearen biktimei laguntzeko, AEBetako gobernuak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amerikako_Laguntza_Administrazio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amerikako Laguntza Administrazio (sortu gabe)">Amerikako Laguntza Administrazio</a> bat ezarri zuen elikagaiak banatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964508Shub1966414Volkogonov1994345White2001172_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964508Shub1966414Volkogonov1994345White2001172-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; Lenin ez zen laguntza horretaz fidatzen eta gertutik zaindu arazi zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994346_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994346-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gosetean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikhon_Patriarka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikhon Patriarka (sortu gabe)">Tikhon Patriarkak</a> eliza ortodoxoei eskatu zien beharrezkoak ez ziren artikuluak sal zitzatela gosetuak elikatzen laguntzeko, gobernuak babestutako ekintza bat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994374–375_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994374–375-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1922ko otsailean, Sovnarkom harantzago joan zen, erakunde erlijiosoetako <a href="/wiki/Errusiako_elizetako_bitxien_konfiskatzea" title="Errusiako elizetako bitxien konfiskatzea">baliozko objektu guztiak indarrez eskuratu</a> eta saltzeko eskatuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994375–376Read2005251Ryan2012176,_177_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994375–376Read2005251Ryan2012176,_177-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tikhon eukaristian erabilitako gauzak saltzearen aurka agertu zen, eta elizgizon askok jabeei aurre egin zieten, eta horrek indarkeria ekarri zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994376Ryan2012178_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994376Ryan2012178-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1920an eta 1921ean, konfiskazioen aurkako tokiko oposizioak nekazarien aurkako altxamenduak eragin zituen Errusia osoan, eta erreprimitu egin zituzten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964467Shub1966406Volkogonov1994343Service2000425White2001168Read2005220Ryan2012154_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964467Shub1966406Volkogonov1994343Service2000425White2001168Read2005220Ryan2012154-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Garrantzitsuenen artean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambov_matxinada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambov matxinada (sortu gabe)">Tambov matxinada</a> dago, Armada Gorriak ito zuena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964459Leggett1981330–333Service2000423–424White2001168Ryan2012154–155_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964459Leggett1981330–333Service2000423–424White2001168Ryan2012154–155-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1921eko otsailean, langileek greba egin zuten Petrogradon, eta, horren ondorioz, gobernuak lege martziala aldarrikatu zuen hirian, eta Armada Gorria bidali zuen manifestazioak erreprimitzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966406–407Leggett1981324–325Rice1990184Read2005220Ryan2012170_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966406–407Leggett1981324–325Rice1990184Read2005220Ryan2012170-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Martxoan <a href="/wiki/Kronstadteko_matxinada" title="Kronstadteko matxinada">Kronstadteko matxinada</a> hasi zen, <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_(Errusia)" title="Kronstadt (Errusia)">Kronstadteko</a> marinelak gobernu boltxebikearen aurka matxinatu zirenean, sozialistei askatasunez argitaratzeko, sindikatu independenteei biltzeko askatasuna emateko eta nekazariei merkatu libreak izateko eta konfiskaziorik ez egiteko baimena emateko eskatuz. Leninek adierazi zuen matxinatuak sozialista-iraultzaileek eta atzerriko inperialistek engainatu zituztela, eta errepresalia bortitzak hartzera deitu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964469–470Shub1966405Leggett1981325–326Rice1990184Service2000427White2001169Ryan2012170_333-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964469–470Shub1966405Leggett1981325–326Rice1990184Service2000427White2001169Ryan2012170-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Trotskiren zuzendaritzapean, Armada Gorriak matxinada itzali zuen <a href="/wiki/Martxoaren_17" title="Martxoaren 17">martxoaren 17an</a>, milaka hildako eta bizirik atera zirenak auzolandegietan barneratuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964470–471Shub1966408–409Leggett1981327–328Rice1990184–185Service2000427–428Ryan2012171–172_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964470–471Shub1966408–409Leggett1981327–328Rice1990184–185Service2000427–428Ryan2012171–172-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9105067"> <div class="notepaper" style="float:right;"> <blockquote class="curly-quotes" style="border: none;"> <p>Lehenik eta behin, zubi txikiak eraikitzen saiatu behar duzu, estatu-kapitalismoaren bidez nekazarien ustiategi txikiak sozialismora eramateko. Bestela, ez dituzue dozenaka milioi pertsona komunismora eramango. Horixe irakatsi dute Iraultzaren garapenaren indar objektiboek. </p> </blockquote><span class="quote-by">— Lenin Politika Ekonomiko Berriari buruz.</span> </div> <p>1921eko otsailean, Leninek <a href="/wiki/Politika_Ekonomiko_Berria" title="Politika Ekonomiko Berria">Politika Ekonomiko Berria</a> (PEB) aurkeztu zion Politburoari; goi-mailako boltxebike gehienak konbentzitu zituen haren beharraz, eta apirilean lege bihurtu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966411Rice1990185Service2000421,_424–427,_429Read2005264_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966411Rice1990185Service2000421,_424–427,_429Read2005264-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek elikadura-zergari buruzko liburuxka batean azaldu zuen politika, PEBa jatorrizko boltxebike-plan ekonomikoetara itzultzea zela esanez; gerra zibilak hondatu zituela zioen, gerra hartan Sovnarkomek gerrako komunismoaren politika ekonomikoetara jo behar izan baitzuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964479–480Sandle1999155Service2000430White2001170,_171_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964479–480Sandle1999155Service2000430White2001170,_171-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. PEBak aukera ematen zuen Errusian enpresa pribatuak sortzeko, soldata-sistema berriz sartzeko eta nekazariek beren produktuak merkatu irekian saltzeko, nahiz eta irabaziengatik zergak kobratu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966411Sandle1999153,_158Service2000430White2001169Read2005264–265_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966411Sandle1999153,_158Service2000430White2001169Read2005264–265-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Politikak jabetza pribatuko industria txikira itzultzea ere ahalbidetu zuen; oinarrizko industriak, garraioak eta kanpo-merkataritzak Estatuaren kontrolpean jarraitu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966412Service2000430Read2005266Ryan2012159_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966412Service2000430Read2005266Ryan2012159-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu_kapitalismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estatu kapitalismo (sortu gabe)">Estatu kapitalismoa</a>" deitu zion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964479Shub1966412Sandle1999155Ryan2012159_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964479Shub1966412Sandle1999155Ryan2012159-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta boltxebike askok printzipio sozialistekiko traiziotzat hartu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle1999151Service2000422White2001171_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle1999151Service2000422White2001171-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen biografoek sarritan PEBaren sarrera bere lorpen esanguratsuenetako bat bezala karakterizatu dute, eta batzuen ustez, aplikatu izan ez balitz, Sovnarkom berehala kenduko zuketen boteretik altxamendu herrikoiek<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000421,_434_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000421,_434-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1920ko urtarrilean, gobernuak lan-errekrutatze unibertsala sartu zuen, 16 eta 50 urte bitarteko herritar guztiek lan egin behar zutela ziurtatuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990703–707Sandle1999103Ryan2012143_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990703–707Sandle1999103Ryan2012143-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek elektrifikazio masiboko proiektu bat ere eskatu zuen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=GOELRO_plana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GOELRO plana (sortu gabe)">GOELRO plana</a>, 1920ko otsailean hasi zena; Leninen adierazpena, "Komunismoa sobietarren boterea eta herrialde osoko elektrifikazioa", ondorengo urteetan asko aipatu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964423,_582Sandle1999107White2001165Read2005230_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964423,_582Sandle1999107White2001165Read2005230-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kanpo-merkataritzaren bidez errusiar ekonomiaren aurrerapenaren bila, Sovnarkomek ordezkariak bidali zituen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genoako_Konferentzia_(1922)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genoako Konferentzia (1922) (sortu gabe)">Genoako Konferentziara</a>; Leninek bertaratzea espero zuen, baina bere osasun txarrak eragotzi zion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964567–569_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964567–569-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Konferentziaren emaitza Alemaniarekin egindako errusiar akordio bat izan zen, Erresuma Batuarekin aurretik egindako merkataritza akordio baten jarraipena zena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964574,_576–577Service2000432,_441_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964574,_576–577Service2000432,_441-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek espero zuen atzerriko korporazioei Errusian inbertitzen uztean, Sovnarkomek nazio kapitalisten arteko lehiak areagotuko zituela eta haien erorketa bizkortuko zuela; <a href="/wiki/Kamtxatka" title="Kamtxatka">Kamtxatkako</a> petrolio-hobiak Estatu Batuetako korporazio bati alokatzen saiatu zen, Estatu Batuen eta Japoniaren arteko tentsioak areagotzeko, Kamtxatkak bere inperioarentzat nahi zituenak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964424–427_346-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964424–427-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osasun_arazoak_eta_gatazka_Stalinekin:_1920–1923"><span id="Osasun_arazoak_eta_gatazka_Stalinekin:_1920.E2.80.931923"></span>Osasun arazoak eta gatazka Stalinekin: 1920–1923</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Osasun arazoak eta gatazka Stalinekin: 1920–1923»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Osasun arazoak eta gatazka Stalinekin: 1920–1923"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_(1923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%281923%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%281923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%281923%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%281923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%281923%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%281923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Lenin 1923an, bere <a href="/wiki/Istripu_zerebrobaskular" title="Istripu zerebrobaskular">apoplexiaren</a> ondoren, gurpil-aulki batean.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leninen lotsa eta beldurrerako, 1920ko apirilean boltxebikeek festa bat antolatu zuten bere berrogeita hamargarren urtebetetzea ospatzeko, eta Errusia osoan ere ospakizun handiak egin zituzten, eta hari eskainitako poemak eta biografiak argitaratu zituzten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964414Rice1990177–178Service2000405Read2005260–261_347-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964414Rice1990177–178Service2000405Read2005260–261-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1920 eta 1926 artean Leninen <i>Obra Osoen</i> hogei liburuki argitaratu ziren, nahiz eta zenbait material ez argitaratu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994283_348-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994283-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1920an, Mendebaldeko hainbat pertsona ospetsuk bisitatu zuten Lenin Errusian; horien artean, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> idazlea eta <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> filosofoa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964404–409Rice1990178–179Service2000440_349-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964404–409Rice1990178–179Service2000440-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, baita <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a> anarkistak ere<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964409–411_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964409–411-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek gero eta osasun txarragoa zuen <a href="/wiki/Inessa_Armand" title="Inessa Armand">Armanden</a> bisita ere jaso zuen Kremlinen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964433–434Shub1966380–381Rice1990181Service2000414–415Read2005258_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964433–434Shub1966380–381Rice1990181Service2000414–415Read2005258-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Kislovodsk" title="Kislovodsk">Kislovodskeko</a> erietxe batera bidali zuen, Kaukasoko iparraldean, sendatzera, baina han hil zen 1920ko irailean, <a href="/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera">kolera</a> izurrite batean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964434Shub1966381–382Rice1990181Service2000415Read2005258_352-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964434Shub1966381–382Rice1990181Service2000415Read2005258-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gorpua Moskura eraman zuten, non Lenin nabarmen atsekabetuak Kremlineko hormaren azpian hileta ikuskatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990181–182Service2000416–417Read2005258_353-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990181–182Service2000416–417Read2005258-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1921eko bigarren erdian, Lenin larriki gaixo zegoen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966426Lewin196933Rice1990187Volkogonov1994409Service2000435_354-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966426Lewin196933Rice1990187Volkogonov1994409Service2000435-354"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperakusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperakusia (sortu gabe)">hiperakusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnio" title="Insomnio">insomnioa</a> eta buruko min erregularrekin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966426Rice1990187Service2000435_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966426Rice1990187Service2000435-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Politburoa tematuta zegoenez, uztailean Mosku utzi eta hilabete bateko baimena eman zuen Gorkiko bere etxean, non emazteak eta arrebak artatu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000436Read2005281Rice1990187_356-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000436Read2005281Rice1990187-356"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenin bere buruaz beste egiteko aukera aztertzen hasi zen, eta Krupskaiari eta Stalini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potasio_zianuro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potasio zianuro (sortu gabe)">potasio zianuroa</a> eskuratzeko eskatu zien<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994420,_425–426Service2000439Read2005280,_282_357-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994420,_425–426Service2000439Read2005280,_282-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hogeita sei mediku kontratatu ziren Lenini azken urteetan laguntzeko; horietako asko atzerritarrak ziren eta kostu handian kontratatu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994443Service2000437_358-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994443Service2000437-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Batzuek iradoki zuten bere gaixotasuna 1918ko hilketa-saiakeraz geroztik gorputzean zeuden balen metalaren oxidazioak eragin zezakeela; 1922ko apirilean haiek ateratzeko ebakuntza kirurgikoa egin zioten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964598–599Shub1966426Service2000443White2001172Read2005258_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964598–599Shub1966426Service2000443White2001172Read2005258-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sintomek jarraitu egin zuten horren ondoren, eta Leninen medikuak ez zeuden ziur kausaz; batzuek iradoki zuten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurastenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurastenia (sortu gabe)">neurastenia</a> edo garuneko <a href="/wiki/Arteriosklerosi" title="Arteriosklerosi">arteriosklerosia</a> zuela; beste batzuek uste zuten <a href="/wiki/Sifili" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifili">sifilisa</a> zuela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000444–445_360-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000444–445-360"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta ideia hori 2004ko txosten batean babestu zuen neurozientzialari talde batek, eta gobernuak hori nahita ezkutatu zuela iradoki zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004372_361-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004372-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1922ko maiatzean, <a href="/wiki/Garuneko_isuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Garuneko isuria">garuneko lehen isuria</a> jasan zuen, hitz egiteko gaitasuna aldi baterako galduz eta eskuineko aldearen mugikortasuna galduz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964600Shub1966426–427Lewin196933Service2000443White2001173Read2005258_362-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964600Shub1966426–427Lewin196933Service2000443White2001173Read2005258-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gorkira joan zen sendatzera, eta uztailean sendatu zen neurri handi batea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966427–428Service2000446_363-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966427–428Service2000446-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>n. Urrian Moskura itzuli zen; abenduan bigarren isuri bat izan zuen eta Gorkira itzuli zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964634Shub1966431–432Lewin196933–34White2001173_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964634Shub1966431–432Lewin196933–34White2001173-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:LeninDistrictMO_Gorki_estate_05-2017_img2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/LeninDistrictMO_Gorki_estate_05-2017_img2.jpg/220px-LeninDistrictMO_Gorki_estate_05-2017_img2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/LeninDistrictMO_Gorki_estate_05-2017_img2.jpg/330px-LeninDistrictMO_Gorki_estate_05-2017_img2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/LeninDistrictMO_Gorki_estate_05-2017_img2.jpg/440px-LeninDistrictMO_Gorki_estate_05-2017_img2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2583" /></a><figcaption>Leninek batez ere Gorkiko etxean eman zituen bere azken urteak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gaixorik egon arren, Leninek interes handia izan zuen gertaera politikoetan. Alderdi Sozialista Iraultzailearen zuzendaritza 1922ko ekaina eta abuztua bitartean egindako epaiketa batean gobernuaren aurka konspiratzeagatik erruduntzat jo zutenean, Leninek exekuzioa eskatu zuen; aldiz, mugarik gabe espetxeratu zituzten, eta <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Stalin" title="Iosif Stalin">Stalinek</a> zuzendutako <a href="/wiki/Purga_Handia" title="Purga Handia">Purga Handian</a> baino ez zituzten exekutatu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964600–602Shub1966428–430Leggett1981318Sandle1999164Service2000442–443Read2005269Ryan2012174–175_365-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964600–602Shub1966428–430Leggett1981318Sandle1999164Service2000442–443Read2005269Ryan2012174–175-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen laguntzarekin, gobernuak Errusian ia mentxebismoa desagerraraztea ere lortu zuen, 1923ko martxoan estatuko erakunde eta enpresetatik mentxebike guztiak kanporatuz eta ondoren alderdiko kideak kontzentrazio-esparruetan espetxeratuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994310Leggett1981320–322Aves1996175–178Sandle1999164Lee2003103–104Ryan2012172_366-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994310Leggett1981320–322Aves1996175–178Sandle1999164Lee2003103–104Ryan2012172-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenin kezkatuta zegoen tsarren sistema burokratikoaren biziraupenarekin Errusia sobietarrean, batez ere bere azken urteetan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964578Rice1990189_367-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964578Rice1990189-367"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . Jarrera burokratikoak gaitzetsiz, arazo horiei aurre egiteko erabateko berrikuspena iradoki zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990192–193_368-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990192–193-368"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta gutun batean kexatu zen "zingira burokratiko nazkagarri batek xurgatzen gaitu"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964578_369-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964578-369"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1922ko abenduan eta 1923ko urtarrilean Leninek "<a href="/wiki/Leninen_testamentua" title="Leninen testamentua">Leninen testamentua</a>" diktatu zuen, non bere burkideen, bereziki Trotski eta Stalinen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964638–639Shub1966433Lewin196973–75Volkogonov1994417Service2000464White2001173–174_370-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964638–639Shub1966433Lewin196973–75Volkogonov1994417Service2000464White2001173–174-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, nolakotasun pertsonalak eztabaidatzen zituen. Stalin Alderdi Komunistako Idazkari Nagusi kargutik kentzea gomendatu zuen, posturako desegokia zelakoan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964647Shub1966434–435Rice1990192Volkogonov1994273Service2000469White2001174–175Read2005278–279_371-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964647Shub1966434–435Rice1990192Volkogonov1994273Service2000469White2001174–175Read2005278–279-371"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horren ordez, Trotski posturako gomendatu zuen, "Egungo Batzorde Zentraleko gizonik gaituena" bezala deskribatuz; Trotskiren nagusitasun intelektuala nabarmendu zuen, baina, aldi berean, bere buruarekiko segurtasuna eta gehiegizko administrazioarekiko joera kritikatu zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964640Shub1966434–435Volkogonov1994249,_418Service2000465White2001174_372-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964640Shub1966434–435Volkogonov1994249,_418Service2000465White2001174-372"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aldi horretan, Langile eta Nekazarien Ikuskaritzaren izaera burokratikoa kritikatu zuen, eta langile-klaseko langile berriak kontratatzeari deitu zion arazo horren antidoto gisa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964666–667,_669Lewin1969120–121Service2000468Read2005273_373-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964666–667,_669Lewin1969120–121Service2000468Read2005273-373"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; beste artikulu batean, berriz, Estatuak analfabetismoari aurre egiteko, herritarren puntualtasuna eta kontzientzia sustatzeko eta nekazariak kooperatibetara batzera animatzeko deia egin zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964650–654Service2000470_374-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964650–654Service2000470-374"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9105067"> <div class="notepaper" style="float:right;"> <blockquote class="curly-quotes" style="border: none;"> <p>Stalin zakarregia da, eta akats hori, gure artean eta komunisten arteko harremanetan guztiz onargarria dena, onartezin bihurtzen da Idazkari Nagusi karguan. Beraz, kargu horretatik kentzeko bitarteko bat eskaintzen duten burkideei proposatzen diet Stalin kamaradarengandik bereiziko den beste pertsona bat izenda dezatela, beste alderdi guztietan, goragoko alderdi bakarragatik, hau da, toleranteagoa, adeitsuagoa eta lagunkideekiko arretatsuagoa delako, ez hain apetatsua, eta abar. </p> </blockquote><span class="quote-by">— Lenin, 1923ko urtarrilaren 4a</span> </div> <p>Lenin gabe, <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Stalin" title="Iosif Stalin">Iosif Stalin</a> hasia zen bere boterea sendotzen, bai bere aldekoak postu gorenetan izendatuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966426,_434Lewin196934–35_375-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966426,_434Lewin196934–35-375"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, bai bere buruaren irudi bat landuz Leninen oinordeko intimo eta merezitzaileena bezala<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994263–264_376-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994263–264-376"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1922ko abenduan, Stalinek bere gain hartu zuen Leninen erregimenaren erantzukizuna, eta Politburoak agindu zion hura nork eskura zezakeen kontrolatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewin196970Rice1990191Volkogonov1994273,_416_377-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin196970Rice1990191Volkogonov1994273,_416-377"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenin gero eta kritikoagoa zen Stalinekin; 1922ko erdialdean, Leninek behin eta berriz esaten zuen Estatuak nazioarteko merkataritzaren monopolioa mantendu behar zuela, eta Stalinek, berriz, beste boltxebike batzuk gidatzen zituen, emaitzarik gabeko aurkakotasunean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964635Lewin196935–40Service2000451–452White2001173_378-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964635Lewin196935–40Service2000451–452White2001173-378"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Eztabaida pertsonalak ere izan ziren bien artean; Stalinek gogaitu egin zuen Krupskaia telefonoz oihukatu baitzion, eta horrek asko haserretu zuen Lenin, zeinak gutuna bidali baitzion Stalini, bere haserrea adieraziz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964637–638,_669Shub1966435–436Lewin196971,_85,_101Volkogonov1994273–274,_422–423Service2000463,_472–473White2001173,_176Read2005279_379-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964637–638,_669Shub1966435–436Lewin196971,_85,_101Volkogonov1994273–274,_422–423Service2000463,_472–473White2001173,_176Read2005279-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Bien arteko banaketa politiko garrantzitsuena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgiako_afera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgiako afera (sortu gabe)">Georgiako aferan</a> sortu zen. Stalinek iradoki zuen bai <a href="/wiki/Georgiako_Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialista" title="Georgiako Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista">Georgiak</a>, bai inguruko herrialdeek, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijango_Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialista" title="Azerbaijango Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista">Azerbaijanek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Armeniako_Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialista" title="Armeniako Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista">Armeniak</a>, bat egin zezatela Errusiako Estatuarekin, bertako gobernu nazionalen protestak gorabehera<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964607–608Lewin196943–49Rice1990190–191Volkogonov1994421Service2000452,_453–455White2001175–176_380-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964607–608Lewin196943–49Rice1990190–191Volkogonov1994421Service2000452,_453–455White2001175–176-380"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek pentsatu zuen Stalinek eta bere aldekoek Errusia Handiaren <i>chauvinismo</i> etnikoaren adierazpena zela, eta, horregatik, estatu-nazio horiek Errusiarekin bat egitea proposatu zuen, baina batasun handiago baten zati erdi independente gisa, Europa eta Asiako Errepublika Sobietarren Batasuna deitzea iradoki zuena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964608Lewin196950Leggett1981354Volkogonov1994421Service2000455White2001175_381-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964608Lewin196950Leggett1981354Volkogonov1994421Service2000455White2001175-381"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Proposamenari nolabaiteko erresistentzia egin ondoren, Stalinek onartu egin zuen, baina Leninen akordioarekin <a href="/wiki/Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialisten_Batasuna" title="Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna">Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasunak</a> (SESB) proposatutako estatu berriaren izena aldatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000455,_456_382-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000455,_456-382"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>382<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek Trotski bidali zuen bere izenean hitz egin zezan abenduan egindako Batzorde Zentralaren osoko bilkuran, zeinean SESBrako planak onartu ziren; plan horiek abenduaren 30ean berretsi zituen Sobietar Batasunaren Kongresuak, eta Sobietar Batasuna eratu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewin196940,_99–100Volkogonov1994421Service2000460–461,_468_383-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin196940,_99–100Volkogonov1994421Service2000460–461,_468-383"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nahiz eta osasun txarra izan, Lenin Sobietar Batasuneko gobernu berriko presidente aukeratu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby1979221_384-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby1979221-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heriotza_eta_hileta:_1923-1924">Heriotza eta hileta: 1923-1924</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Heriotza eta hileta: 1923-1924»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Heriotza eta hileta: 1923-1924"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lenin%27s_funerals_by_I.Brodsky_(1925)_detail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lenin%27s_funerals_by_I.Brodsky_%281925%29_detail_01.jpg/220px-Lenin%27s_funerals_by_I.Brodsky_%281925%29_detail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lenin%27s_funerals_by_I.Brodsky_%281925%29_detail_01.jpg/330px-Lenin%27s_funerals_by_I.Brodsky_%281925%29_detail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lenin%27s_funerals_by_I.Brodsky_%281925%29_detail_01.jpg/440px-Lenin%27s_funerals_by_I.Brodsky_%281925%29_detail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Leninen hileta, 1925eko Brodskiren margolana.</figcaption></figure> <p>1923ko martxoan, Leninek hirugarren apoplexia bat jasan zuen eta hitz egiteko gaitasuna galdu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964671Shub1966436Lewin1969103Leggett1981355Rice1990193White2001176Read2005281_385-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964671Shub1966436Lewin1969103Leggett1981355Rice1990193White2001176Read2005281-385"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; hilabete horretan, paralisi partziala izan zuen eskuineko aldean eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afasia_sentsoriala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afasia sentsoriala (sortu gabe)">afasia sentsoriala</a> zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964671Shub1966436Volkogonov1994425Service2000474LernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004372_386-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964671Shub1966436Volkogonov1994425Service2000474LernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004372-386"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>386<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Maiatzean, poliki-poliki suspertzen ari zela zirudien, bere mugikortasuna, hizketa eta idazkeraren zati bat berreskuratuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964672Rigby1979192Rice1990193–194Volkogonov1994429–430_387-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964672Rigby1979192Rice1990193–194Volkogonov1994429–430-387"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Urrian, azken bisita bat egin zuen Kremlinera<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964672Shub1966437Volkogonov1994431Service2000476Read2005281_388-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964672Shub1966437Volkogonov1994431Service2000476Read2005281-388"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Azken asteetan, Leninek Zinoviev, Kamenev eta Bukharinen bisita izan zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990194Volkogonov1994299Service2000477–478_389-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990194Volkogonov1994299Service2000477–478-389"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>389<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; azken honek Gorkiko bere etxean bisitatu zuen hil zen egunean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964673–674Shub1966438Rice1990194Volkogonov1994435Service2000478–479White2001176Read2005269_390-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964673–674Shub1966438Rice1990194Volkogonov1994435Service2000478–479White2001176Read2005269-390"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>390<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1924ko <a href="/wiki/Urtarrilaren_21" title="Urtarrilaren 21">urtarrilaren 21ean</a>, Lenin koman sartu zen eta egun horretan bertan hil zen. Heriotzaren kausa ofiziala odol-hodietako gaixotasun sendaezina izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994435LernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004372_391-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994435LernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004372-391"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Gobernu sobietarrak Leninen heriotzaren berri eman zuen hurrengo egunean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice19907_392-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice19907-392"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Urtarrilaren 23an, Alderdi Komunistako minek, sindikatuek eta sobietarrek Gorkiko bere etxea bisitatu zuten gorpua ikuskatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice19907–8_393-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice19907–8-393"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>393<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hilkutxa gorri batean eraman zuten boltxebike nagusiek. Moskura trenez eramana, zerraldoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindikatuen_Etxea_(Mosku)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sindikatuen Etxea (Mosku) (sortu gabe)">Sindikatuen Etxera</a> eraman zuten, eta gorpua han egon zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964674Shub1966439Rice19907–8Service2000479_394-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964674Shub1966439Rice19907–8Service2000479-394"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>394<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hurrengo hiru egunetan, milioi bat pertsona inguru joan ziren gorpua ikustera, horietako asko hotzaren pean orduetan ilaran<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice19909_395-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice19909-395"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>395<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Urtarrilaren 26an, Batasun osoko Sobieten hamaikagarren Biltzarra bildu zen, Kalinin, Zinoviev eta Stalinen hitzaldiekin. Nabarmenki, Trotski kanpoan izan zen; eriondo egona zen Kaukason, eta geroago baieztatu zuen Stalinek telegrama bat bidali ziola aurreikusitako hiletaren data okerrarekin, garaiz iristea eragotzi ziona. Leninen hileta biharamunean izan zen, haren gorpua Plaza Gorrira eraman zutenean, musika martzialez lagundurik, eta han bildutako jendetzak hitzaldi batzuk entzun zituen, gorpua bereziki altxatutako mausoleo baten gangan jarri aurretik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966439Rice19909Service2000479–480_396-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966439Rice19909Service2000479–480-396"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tenperatura hotza izan arren, milaka pertsona bertaratu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994440_397-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994440-397"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Krupskaiaren protesten aurka, Leninen gorpua <a href="/wiki/Hilondura" title="Hilondura">baltsamatu</a> egin zuten, Plaza Gorriko mausoleoan epe luzera jendaurrean erakusteko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964674Shub1966438Volkogonov1994437–438Service2000481_398-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964674Shub1966438Volkogonov1994437–438Service2000481-398"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>398<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Prozesu horretan Leninen burmuina atera zen; 1925ean disekzionatzeko institutu bat sortu zen, Leninek <a href="/wiki/Esklerosi" title="Esklerosi">esklerosi</a> larria zuela agerian utziz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964625–626Volkogonov1994446_399-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964625–626Volkogonov1994446-399"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>399<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1929ko uztailean, Politburoak aldi baterako mausoleoaren ordez granitozko mausoleo iraunkor bat jartzea erabaki zuen, 1933an amaitu zena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994444,_445_400-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994444,_445-400"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>400<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere sarkofagoa 1940an ordezkatu zen, eta berriro 1970ean. Bigarren Mundu Gerraren erdian zegoen segurtasunagatik, 1941etik 1945era, gorpua <a href="/wiki/Tiumen" title="Tiumen">Tiumenera</a> eraman zuten aldi baterako<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994444_401-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994444-401"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>401<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 2022ean bere gorpua oraindik ikus zitekeen, Plaza Gorriko <a href="/wiki/Leninen_mausoleoa" title="Leninen mausoleoa">Leninen mausoleoan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideologia">Ideologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ideologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Ideologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxismoa_eta_leninismoa">Marxismoa eta leninismoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Marxismoa eta leninismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Marxismoa eta leninismoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo">Leninismo</a>»</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9105067"> <div class="notepaper" style="float:right;"> <blockquote class="curly-quotes" style="border: none;"> <p>Ez dugu nahi Marxek edo marxistek sozialismoaren bide osoa ezagutzea. Hori txorakeria bat da. Bidearen norabidea ezagutzen dugu, badakigu zein klase-indarrek gidatuko duten, baina konkretuki, praktikari dagokionez, hau milioien esperientziak frogatuko du ekiteari ekiten diotenean. </p> </blockquote><span class="quote-by">— 1917ko irailaren 11.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964150_402-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964150-402"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>402<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </div> <p>Lenin <a href="/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo">marxista</a> fidela zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201218_403-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan201218-403"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>403<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta bere marxismoaren interpretazioa, Martovek 1904an lehen aldiz "<a href="/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo">leninismo</a>" deitua<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994409_404-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994409-404"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>404<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, benetakoa eta ortodoxoa zen bakarra zela uste zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199935Service2000237_405-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199935Service2000237-405"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>405<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere ikuspegi marxistaren arabera, gizateria <a href="/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo">komunismo</a> hutsera iritsiko litzateke azkenean, estaturik gabeko gizarte bihurtuko litzateke, <a href="/wiki/Esplotazio_sozial" title="Esplotazio sozial">esplotaziotik</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Alienazio_(marxismoa)" title="Alienazio (marxismoa)">alienaziotik</a> aske dauden langileen klase eta berdintasunezko gizarte, nork bere patua kontrolatuko lukeena eta "<a href="/wiki/Bakoitzak_bere_ahalmenaren_arabera,_bakoitzari_bere_beharren_arabera" title="Bakoitzak bere ahalmenaren arabera, bakoitzari bere beharren arabera">bakoitzak bere ahalmenaren arabera, bakoitzari bere beharren arabera</a>" araua beteko lukeena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199941_406-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199941-406"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>406<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Volkogonoven arabera, Leninek "sakonki eta bene-benetan" uste zuen Errusia markatzen ari zen bideak azken batean gizarte komunista hau ezartzera eramango zuela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994206_407-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994206-407"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>407<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leninen uste marxistek gizartea bere egungo egoeratik zuzenean komunismora eraldatu ezin zela pentsatzera eraman zuten, baizik eta sozialismo garai batean sartu behar zuela lehenik, eta, beraz, Errusia gizarte sozialista nola bihurtu zen zuen kezka nagusia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199935_408-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199935-408"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>408<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horretarako, "<a href="/wiki/Proletarioen_diktadura" title="Proletarioen diktadura">proletarioen diktadura</a>" beharrezkoa zela uste zuen, burgesia ezabatu eta ekonomia sozialista garatzeko. Sozialismoa honela definitzen zuen: "kooperatibista zibilizatuen ordena bat, non <a href="/wiki/Ekoizpen-bide" title="Ekoizpen-bide">ekoizpen-bideak</a> jabetza sozialekoak diren"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199935_408-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199935-408"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>408<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta uste zuen sistema ekonomiko hori zabaldu egin behar zela <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oparotasunaren_gizarte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oparotasunaren gizarte (sortu gabe)">oparotasunaren gizartea</a> sortu arte<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199941_406-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199941-406"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>406<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hori lortzeko, bere kezka nagusia Errusiako ekonomia Estatuaren kontrolpean jartzea zela uste zuen, eta "herritar guztiak Estatuak kontratatutako langile" bihurtzea, bere hitzetan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199942–43_409-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199942–43-409"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>409<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen sozialismoaren interpretazioa zentralizatua, planifikatua eta estatista zen, ekoizpena eta banaketa hertsiki kontrolatuta<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199941_406-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199941-406"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>406<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Uste zuen herrialdeko langile guztiak borondatez elkartuko zirela Estatuaren zentralizazio ekonomiko eta politikoa ahalbidetzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199938_410-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199938-410"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>410<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Honela, ekoizpen-bideen "langileen kontrolerako" egindako deiak ez ziren langileen enpresen zuzeneko kontrolari buruzkoak, "langileen estatu" baten kontrolpean dauden enpresa guztien funtzionamenduari buruzkoak baizik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199943–44,_63_411-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199943–44,_63-411"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>411<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Honen ondorioz, batzuek Leninen pentsamenduaren barruko bi gai gatazkatsutzat jotzen dituzte: langileen herri-kontrola eta estatu-aparatu zentralizatua, hierarkikoa eta hertsatzailea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199936_412-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199936-412"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>412<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lenin_1919-03-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lenin_1919-03-18.jpg/220px-Lenin_1919-03-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lenin_1919-03-18.jpg/330px-Lenin_1919-03-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lenin_1919-03-18.jpg/440px-Lenin_1919-03-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Lenin hizketan 1919an.</figcaption></figure> <p>1914 baino lehen, Leninen ikuspuntuak bat zetozen neurri handi batean Europako ortodoxia marxistaren korronte nagusiarekin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201218_403-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan201218-403"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>403<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Marxistak ez ziren filosofo eta soziologo garaikideen ideiak hartzen bazituen ere<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000203_413-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000203-413"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>413<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, errusiar teoria marxistak ez ezik, errusiar mugimendu iraultzailearen ideia zabalagoek ere eragiten zieten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199929White20011_414-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199929White20011-414"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Narodnik" title="Narodnik">Narodnik</a> nekazaritza-sozialistenak barne<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000173_415-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000173-415"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>415<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Egoera aldakorren arabera moldatu zituen bere ideiak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201213_416-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan201213-416"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>416<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, gerra, gosete eta kolapso ekonomikoaren erdian Errusia gobernatzearen errealitate pragmatikoak barne<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199957White2001151_417-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199957White2001151-417"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>417<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninismoa garatu ahala, Leninek ezarritako ortodoxia marxista berrikusi zuen eta pentsamendu marxistan berrikuntzak sartu zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201218_403-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan201218-403"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>403<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Bere idazki teorikoetan, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Inperialismo" title="Inperialismo">Inperialismoan</a>, Leninek Marx hil zenetik kapitalismoak izan zuen bilakaera aztertu zuen; bere ustez, estatu-kapitalismo monopolistaren aro berrira iritsi zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199934_418-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199934-418"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>418<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Errusiar ekonomian nekazariak nagusi ziren arren, Errusian kapitalismo monopolistaren presentziak herrialdea sozialismora pasatzeko behar bezain garatuta zegoela esan nahi zuela uste zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2001150–151_419-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2001150–151-419"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>419<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninismoak marxismoaren beste aldaera batzuk baino ikuspegi absolutistagoa eta doktrinarioagoa hartu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201218_403-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan201218-403"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>403<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta bere ikuspegi <a href="/wiki/Emantzipazio" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Emantzipazio">emantzipatzailea</a> intentsitate emozionalagatik bereizi zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201219_420-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan201219-420"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>420<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Proletarioek iraultzarantz bidera zezaketen abangoardiaren papera azpimarratzeagatik ere nabarmendu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201219_420-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan201219-420"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>420<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta biolentziak tresna iraultzaile gisa zuen papera goratu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20123_421-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20123-421"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>421<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demokrazia_eta_nazio-auzia">Demokrazia eta nazio-auzia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Demokrazia eta nazio-auzia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Demokrazia eta nazio-auzia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leninek uste zuen herrialde kapitalisten <a href="/wiki/Ordezkaritzako_demokrazia" title="Ordezkaritzako demokrazia">demokrazia ordezkatzaileak</a> <a href="/wiki/Demokrazia" title="Demokrazia">demokraziaren</a> ilusioa ematen zuela "burgesiaren diktadurari" eusten zion bitartean; Estatu Batuen ordezkaritza-sistema demokratikoa deskribatzean, "Bi alderdi burgesen arteko lehia ikusgarriak eta zentzurik gabekoak" aipatu zituen, biak "aberats maltzurrek" zuzenduta, AEBetako proletarioei esplotazioa egiten zietenak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990121_422-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990121-422"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>422<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo">Liberalismoaren</a> aurka agertu zen, <a href="/wiki/Askatasuna" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Askatasuna">askatasunarekiko</a> antipatia orokorra erakutsiz balio gisa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994471_423-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994471-423"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>423<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta liberalismoaren askatasunak iruzurrezkoak zirelakoan, langileak esplotazio kapitalistatik askatzen ez zituztelako<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966443_424-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966443-424"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>424<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leninek adierazi zuenez, "Sobietar Gobernua askotan da demokratikoagoa errepublika burgesa demokratikoena baino"; azken hori "demokrazia bat zen aberatsentzat"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964310Shub1966442_425-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964310Shub1966442-425"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere ustez, "proletalgoaren diktadura" demokratikoa zen, bere ustez, <a href="/wiki/Sobiet" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sobiet">sobieten</a> ordezkariak aukeratzea zekarrelako, langileek beren funtzionarioak aukeratzen zituztelako eta langile guztiek Estatuko administrazioan txandakatzea eta erregulartasunez parte hartzea. Leninen ustea, Estatu proletarioak nolakoa izan beharko lukeen, korronte marxistak hartutakotik aldentzen zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199936–37_426-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199936–37-426"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>426<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; Kautsky bezalako marxista europarrek demokratikoki aukeratutako gobernu parlamentarioa irudikatzen zuten, non proletarioek gehiengoa izango zuten, eta Leninek, berriz, burgesen edozein ekarpen baztertuko zuen estatu-aparatu indartsu eta zentralizatua eskatzen zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201219_420-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan201219-420"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>420<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lenin <a href="/wiki/Internazionalismo" title="Internazionalismo">internazionalista</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Munduko_iraultza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Munduko iraultza (sortu gabe)">munduko iraultzaren</a> aldeko sutsua zen, kontuan hartuta <a href="/wiki/Muga" title="Muga">muga</a> nazionalak kontzeptu zaharkitua zirela eta <a href="/wiki/Nazionalismo" title="Nazionalismo">nazionalismoa</a> klase-borrokaren distrakzioa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196454Shub1966423Pipes1990352_427-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196454Shub1966423Pipes1990352-427"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>427<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Uste zuen gizarte sozialista batean, munduko nazioek bat egingo zutela ezinbestean, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Munduko_gobernu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Munduko gobernu (sortu gabe)">munduko gobernu</a> bakarra sortuko zela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196488–89_428-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196488–89-428"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Estatu sozialista horrek estatu zentralizatua eta bateratua izan behar zuela uste zuen, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federalism (sortu gabe)">federalismoa</a> kontzeptu burgestzat jotzen zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196487Montefiore2007266_429-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196487Montefiore2007266-429"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>429<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere idazkietan, Leninek ideia antiinperialistak defendatzen zituen eta nazio guztiek "<a href="/wiki/Autodeterminazio_eskubidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Autodeterminazio eskubidea">autodeterminazio eskubidea</a>" merezi zutela esaten zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196487_430-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196487-430"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>430<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Askapen_nazionaleko_gerra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Askapen nazionaleko gerra (sortu gabe)">Askapen nazionaleko gerrak</a> babestu zituen, eta onartu zuen gatazka horiek beharrezkoak izan zitezkeela talde minoritario bat <a href="/wiki/Estatu_sozialista" title="Estatu sozialista">estatu sozialista</a> batetik bereizteko, estatu sozialistak ez direlako "sakratuak, eta ez daudelako ziurtatuta akatsen edo ahultasunen aurka"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196491,_93_431-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196491,_93-431"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>431<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1917an boterea hartu baino lehen, kezkatzen zuen gutxiengo etnikoek eta nazionalek estatu sobietarra gobernaezin bihurtzea beren independentzia-eskaerekin; <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a> historialariaren arabera, Leninek Stalin animatu zuen "autonomiaren ideala eta sezesio-eskubidea eskainiko zuen teoria bat garatzera, bietako batek ere nahitaez eman behar izan gabe"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2007266_432-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2007266-432"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>432<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Agintea hartzean, Leninek talde etniko minoritarioak Errusiar Inperioan jarraitzera behartu zituzten loturak desegiteko eskatu zuen, eta sezesiorako eskubidea defendatu zuen, baina proletarioen internazionalismoaren izpirituan berehala biltzea ere espero zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage194817Page1950354_433-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage194817Page1950354-433"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>433<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Indar militarra erabiltzeko prest zegoen batasun hori bermatzeko, eta horrek erasoaldi armatuak eragin zituen Ukrainan, Georgian, Polonian, Finlandian eta <a href="/wiki/Baltikoa" title="Baltikoa">Baltikoko estatuetan</a> sortu ziren estatu independenteetan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage1950355_434-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage1950355-434"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>434<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Finlandiarekin, Baltikoko herrialdeekin eta Poloniarekin izandako gatazkak alferrikakoak izan zirenean, Leninen gobernuak ofizialki onartu zuen independentzia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage1950342_435-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage1950342-435"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>435<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bizitza_pertsonala">Bizitza pertsonala</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bizitza pertsonala»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Bizitza pertsonala"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:19130715-lenin-zakopane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/19130715-lenin-zakopane.jpg/220px-19130715-lenin-zakopane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/19130715-lenin-zakopane.jpg/330px-19130715-lenin-zakopane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/19130715-lenin-zakopane.jpg/440px-19130715-lenin-zakopane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Lenin paseoan <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopanen</a>, 1913an.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lenin_and_Sverdlov_looking_over_Marx_and_Engels_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lenin_and_Sverdlov_looking_over_Marx_and_Engels_monument.jpg/220px-Lenin_and_Sverdlov_looking_over_Marx_and_Engels_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lenin_and_Sverdlov_looking_over_Marx_and_Engels_monument.jpg/330px-Lenin_and_Sverdlov_looking_over_Marx_and_Engels_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lenin_and_Sverdlov_looking_over_Marx_and_Engels_monument.jpg/440px-Lenin_and_Sverdlov_looking_over_Marx_and_Engels_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption>Lenin Marx eta Engelsi eraikitako monumentuari begira, 1918.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lenin%27_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lenin%27_family.jpg/220px-Lenin%27_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lenin%27_family.jpg/330px-Lenin%27_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lenin%27_family.jpg/440px-Lenin%27_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Leninen familia, 1920.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leninek bere burua destinoko gizon gisa ikusten zuen, eta tinko sinesten zuen bere kausaren zuzentasunean eta lider iraultzaile gisa zuen gaitasunean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000159,_202Read2005207_436-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000159,_202Read2005207-436"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>436<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Fischer (sortu gabe)">Louis Fischer</a> biografoak "aldaketa erradikalaren eta asaldura gorenaren maitale" gisa deskribatu zuen, "inoiz erdibiderik ez zuen gizon bat. Bata edo bestearen, beltza edo gorria, dena handitzen zuen"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196447,_148_437-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196447,_148-437"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>437<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen "diziplinazko lanerako aparteko gaitasuna" eta "kausa iraultzailearekiko debozioa" azpimarratuz, Pipesek <a href="/wiki/Karisma" title="Karisma">karisma</a> handia zuela adierazi zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990348,_351_438-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990348,_351-438"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>438<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Era berean, Volkogonovek uste zuen "bere nortasunaren indarrez, [Lenin] eragina zuela jendearengan"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994246_439-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994246-439"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>439<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aitzitik, Gorkik, Leninen lagunak, esan zuen "pertsona burusoil, sendo eta egoskorraren" itxura fisikoan, iraultzaile komunista "arruntegia" zela eta ez zuela "lider baten itxura" ematen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196457_440-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196457-440"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>440<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Service (sortu gabe)">Robert Service</a> historialari eta biografoak baieztatu zuen Lenin oso gazte emozionala izan zela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService200073_441-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService200073-441"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>441<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, tsaristen autoritateekiko gorroto handia erakusten zuena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196444Service200081_442-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196444Service200081-442"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>442<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Serviceren arabera, Leninek "atxikimendu emozionala" garatu zuen bere heroi ideologikoekiko, hala nola Marx, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Txernyxevski" title="Nikolai Txernyxevski">Txernyxevskirekiko</a>; haien erretratuak zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000118_443-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000118-443"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>443<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta pribatuan Marxen eta Engelsen "maitemindu" gisa deskribatzen zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000232Lih201113_444-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000232Lih201113-444"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>444<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen biografo James D. Whiteren arabera, Leninek bere idazkiak "idazkera sakratu" gisa tratatzen zituen, "dogma erlijioso" gisa, "ez zen zalantzan jarri behar, sinetsi baizik"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200188_445-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200188-445"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>445<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Volkogonoven iritziz, Leninek "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egia_absolutu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egia absolutu (sortu gabe)">egia absolutu</a>" gisa onartzen zuen marxismoa, eta, ondorioz, "<a href="/wiki/Fanatismo" title="Fanatismo">erlijio-fanatiko</a>" gisa jokatzen zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994362_446-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994362-446"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>446<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Era berean, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russellek</a> uste zuen Leninek "fede hautsezina" erakusten zuela, "erlijio fedea ebanjelio marxistan"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964409_447-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964409-447"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>447<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Read&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Read (sortu gabe)">Christopher Read</a> biografoak iradoki zuenez, Lenin "lider teokratikoen baliokide sekular bat zen, eta lider horien legitimitatea beren doktrinetatik eratortzen da, ez herri-aginduetatik"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2005262_448-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005262-448"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>448<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lenin, ordea, ateoa eta erlijioaren kritikaria zen, sozialismoa berez ateoa zela uste baitzuen; beraz, <a href="/wiki/Sozialismo_kristau" class="mw-redirect" title="Sozialismo kristau">sozialismo kristaua</a> terminoen kontraesana zela uste zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196440–41Volkogonov1994373Service2000149_449-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196440–41Volkogonov1994373Service2000149-449"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>449<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Servicek Lenin "umore txarrekoa eta aldakorra" izan zitekeela esan zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000116_450-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000116-450"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>450<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta Pipesek "misantropo burugogorra" zela uste zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes199611Read2005287_451-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes199611Read2005287-451"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>451<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Readek arbuiatzen zuena, Leninek ontasuna erakusten zuen kasu asko nabarmendu zituena, batez ere haurrekin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2005259_452-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005259-452"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>452<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zenbait biograforen arabera, Lenin intolerantea zen oposizioarekin, eta sarritan arbuiatu egiten zituen bereak ez ziren iritziak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196467Pipes1990353Read2005207,_212_453-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196467Pipes1990353Read2005207,_212-453"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>453<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. "Pozoitsua izan zitekeen besteei egindako kritiketan", isekarako, barregarritasunerako eta berarekin ados ez zeudenen aurkako <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad hominem">ad hominem</a></i> erasoetarako joera erakutsiz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201093_454-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201093-454"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>454<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere argudioekin bat ez zetozen egitateak arbuiatzen zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990353_455-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990353-455"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>455<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, adostasunera iristea gorrotatzen zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196469_456-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196469-456"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>456<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta oso gutxitan onartzen zituen bere akatsak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000244Read2005153_457-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000244Read2005153-457"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>457<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere iritziak aldatzeari uko egiten zion, harik eta erabat arbuiatzen zituen arte, eta horren ondoren ikuspuntu berria aldaezina balitz bezala tratatzen zuen. Leninek ez zuen inolako sadismo-zantzurik edo ekintza bortitzak pertsonalki egiteko gogorik erakusten, baina besteen ekintza bortitzak babesten zituen eta ez zuen inolako damurik erakusten kausa iraultzaileak eraildakoengatik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196445Pipes1990350Volkogonov1994182Service2000177Read2005208Ryan20126_458-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196445Pipes1990350Volkogonov1994182Service2000177Read2005208Ryan20126-458"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>458<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Jarrera <a href="/wiki/Amoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoral">amorala</a> hartuz, Leninen iritziz helburuak beti justifikatzen zituen bitartekoak; Serviceren ustez<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964415Shub1966422Read2005247_459-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964415Shub1966422Read2005247-459"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>459<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, "Leninen moraltasun-irizpidea sinplea zen: ekintza jakin batek aurrera eginarazten du edo Iraultzaren kausa zailtzen du?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000293_460-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000293-460"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>460<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Errusieraz gain, Leninek frantsesez, alemanez eta ingelesez hitz egiten eta irakurtzen zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000242_461-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000242-461"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>461<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere egoera fisikoaz kezkatuta, erregulartasunez egiten zuen ariketa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196456Rice1990106Service2000160_462-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196456Rice1990106Service2000160-462"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>462<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> , <a href="/wiki/Txirrindularitza" title="Txirrindularitza">txirrindularitzaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igeriketa" title="Igeriketa">igeriketaz</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ehiza" title="Ehiza">ehizaz</a> gozatzen zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196456Service2000188_463-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196456Service2000188-463"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>463<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta Suitzako gailurretan ibilaldiekiko grina ere garatu zuen. Etxeko animaliak ere atsegin zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966423_464-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966423-464"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>464<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, katuak bereziki<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964367_465-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964367-465"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>465<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Luxua saihesteko asmoz, bizimodu espartarra zeraman<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964368_466-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964368-466"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>466<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta Pipesek adierazi zuen Lenin "oso apala" zela bere "desira pertsonaletan", "bizimodu zorrotza, ia aszetikoa" zeramala<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990812_467-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990812-467"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>467<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek desordena arbuiatzen zuen, bere lan-mahaia txukun eta arkatz zorrotzak beti mantenduz, eta lanean ari zen bitartean erabateko isiltasunean tematzen zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService200099–100,_160_468-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService200099–100,_160-468"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>468<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Fischerren arabera, "Leninen harrokeria oso txikia zen"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964245_469-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964245-469"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>469<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta horregatik ez zitzaion gustatzen sobietar administrazioa haren inguruan eraikitzen hasi zen <a href="/wiki/Pertsonaganako_kultu" title="Pertsonaganako kultu">nortasunaren gurtza</a>; hala ere, mugimendu komunistaren bateratzean onura batzuk izan zitzakeela onartzen zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990349–350Read2005284,_259–260_470-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990349–350Read2005284,_259–260-470"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>470<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Bere politika iraultzailea gorabehera, Lenini ez zitzaion gustatzen literaturan eta arteetan esperimentazio iraultzailea egitea, <a href="/wiki/Espresionismo" title="Espresionismo">espresionismoarekiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurismo" title="Futurismo">futurismoarekiko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kubismo" title="Kubismo">kubismoarekiko</a> bere ezinikusia adieraziz, eta, aldiz, <a href="/wiki/Errealismo_artistiko" title="Errealismo artistiko">errealismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Errusiar_literatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Errusiar literatura">errusiar literatura</a> klasikoa bultzatuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964489,_491Shub1966420–421Sandle1999125Read2005237_471-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964489,_491Shub1966420–421Sandle1999125Read2005237-471"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>471<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninek ere jarrera kontserbadorea zuen sexu eta ezkontzarekiko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196479Read2005237_472-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196479Read2005237-472"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>472<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . Helduaroan zehar harreman bat izan zuen Krupskaiarekin, harekin ezkondu zen lagun marxistarekin. Lenin eta Krupskaia damu ziren seme-alabarik izan ez zutelako<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000199_473-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000199-473"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>473<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta beren adiskideen seme-alabak entretenituz gozatzen zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966424Service2000213Rappaport201038_474-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966424Service2000213Rappaport201038-474"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>474<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Readek adierazi zuen Leninek "harreman oso estuak, beroak eta bizi guztikoak" zituela hurbileko senideekin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead200519_475-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead200519-475"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>475<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; ez zuela betiko lagunik, eta Armand aipatu dute haren isilmandatari intimo eta hurbil bakar gisa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964515Volkogonov1994246_476-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964515Volkogonov1994246-476"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>476<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Etikoki, Lenin errusiar gisa identifikatzen zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201067_477-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201067-477"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>477<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Servicek honela deskribatu zuen Lenin: "Esnob samarra nazioari, gizarteari eta kulturari dagokionez"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000453_478-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000453-478"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>478<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Boltxebikeen liderrak uste zuen Europako beste herrialde batzuk, Alemania bereziki, Errusia baino gehiago zirela kulturalki<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000389_479-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000389-479"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>479<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> , eta azken hori "Asiako herrialderik ezjakin, Erdi Aroko eta lotsagarriki atzeratuenetako bat" zela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990121_422-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990121-422"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>422<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nazka ematen zion errusiar herriaren kontzientzia eta diziplina faltak, eta gaztarotik nahi izan zuen Errusia kulturalki europarragoa eta mendebaldekoagoa bihurtzea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes199611Service2000389–400_480-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes199611Service2000389–400-480"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>480<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ondarea">Ondarea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ondarea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Ondarea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9009568">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.mw-graph{min-width:auto!important;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:visible}}.mw-parser-output .mw-graph-img{width:inherit;height:inherit}</style><div style="color: grey; font-size: 1.5em; text-align: center;">Grafiko hau ezin da une honetan ikusi, software arazo bat dela eta. Lanean ari gara ahalik eta lasterren grafikoak berriro erakutsi ahal izateko.</div> <p><small>Ikus <a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3AMap%0ASELECT%20%3Fid%20%3FidLabel%20%3Fcoord%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%3Fid%20wdt%3AP138%20wd%3AQ1394.%0A%3Fid%20wdt%3AP625%20%3Fcoord.%0A%7D">jatorrizko Wikidatako eskaera eta iturriak</a>.</small> </p> <center><i>Leninen izena daramaten munduko lekuen mapa</i></center> <hr /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Otxarkoaga10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Otxarkoaga10.jpg/250px-Otxarkoaga10.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Otxarkoaga10.jpg/375px-Otxarkoaga10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Otxarkoaga10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> (ezkerrean) eta <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lenin</a>-en (eskuinean) irudiak Bilboko <a href="/wiki/Otxarkoaga" title="Otxarkoaga">Otxarkoaga</a> auzoan kokatutako monumentuan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Volkogonovek dioenez, "historian ez da ia beste gizon bat hain gizarte-aldaketa handia hain eskala handian aldatzea lortu duenik"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994326_481-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994326-481"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>481<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen administrazioak zazpi hamarkadatan zehar Errusia gobernatu zuen gobernu-sistema ezarri zuen, eta XX. mendearen erdialdera mundu populatuaren herena estaltzera etorri ziren estatu komunistei eredua eman zien<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000391_482-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000391-482"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>482<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ondorioz, Leninen eragina globala izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994259_483-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994259-483"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>483<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Figura eztabaidagarria da, eta batzuetan idoloa den bitartean, beste batzuentzat deabru bat izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20123_421-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20123-421"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>421<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bizitza osoan zehar ere, Lenin "errusiar herriak maitatua eta gorrotatua" izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964414_484-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964414-484"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>484<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hau Lenin eta Leninismoaren ikasketa akademikoetan hedatu da, sarritan ildo politikoen arabera polarizatuak izan direlarik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebman197519–20_485-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebman197519–20-485"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>485<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Resis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Resis (sortu gabe)">Albert Resis</a> historialariak iradoki zuen, urriko Iraultza XX. mendeko gertaera esanguratsuentzat jotzen bada, Leninek, onerako edo txarrerako, mendeko buruzagi politiko esanguratsuena kontsideratu behar duela." Whitek Lenin "historia modernoaren irudi nabarmenetako bat" bezala deskribatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2001iix_486-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2001iix-486"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>486<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta Servicek, aldiz, errusiar buruzagia XX. mendeko aktore "nagusietako" bat zela ulertu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000488_487-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000488-487"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>487<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Readek "XX. mendeko ikonorik zabalenetako, unibertsalki ezagunenetako bat" kontsideratzen zuen, Ryanek "historia modernoaren figura esanguratsu eta eragin handienetako bat" deitzen zion bitartean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20125_488-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20125-488"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>488<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <i>Time</i> aldizkariak XX. mendeko 100 pertsonarik garrantzitsuenetako bat izendatu zuen Lenin, eta garaiko 25 ikono politiko nagusienetako bat. </p><p>Mendebaldeko munduan, biografoak Lenini buruz idazten hasi ziren hil eta berehala; Christopher Hill bezalako batzuek begiko izan zuten, eta beste batzuek Richard Pipes eta Robert Gellly oso oldarkor ziren berarekiko. Geroago, Read eta Lars Lihren biografiak etorri ziren, tonu positiboa ere bazutenak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200314Ryan20123_489-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200314Ryan20123-489"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>489<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aldekoen artean, Errusiaren baldintza sozioekonomiko partikularrei egokitzeko moduko teoria marxistari benetako egokitzapena egin ziolako erretratatu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200314_490-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200314-490"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>490<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sobietarren ikuspegiak historikoki saihestezina ezagutu zuen eta, beraz, saihestezina gertatzen lagundu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003123_491-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003123-491"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>491<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alderantziz, Mendebaldeko historialari gehienek, botere politikoa lortzeko eta gero edukitzeko, gertaerak manipulatzen zituen pertsona bezala ikusi dute, eta gainera bere ideiak bere politika pragmatikoak ideologikoki justifikatzeko saiakeratzat hartzen dituzte. Berrikiago, Errusian zein Mendebaldean dauden <a href="/wiki/Errebisionismo_historiko" title="Errebisionismo historiko">errebisionistek</a> Leninengan eta bere politiketan aurrez zeuden ideiek eta herri-presioek eragin zuten eragina argitu dute<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003124_492-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003124-492"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>492<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leninen historia eta biografia askotan esaten da bere administrazio <a href="/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo">totalitarismoaren</a> adibide dela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964516Shub1966415Leggett1981364Volkogonov1994307,_312_493-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964516Shub1966415Leggett1981364Volkogonov1994307,_312-493"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>493<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta alderdi bakarreko diktaduraren adibide<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewin196912Rigby1979x,_161Sandle1999164Service2000506Lee200397Read2005190Ryan20129_494-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin196912Rigby1979x,_161Sandle1999164Service2000506Lee200397Read2005190Ryan20129-494"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>494<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrelako aditu batzuek Lenin <a href="/wiki/Diktadore" title="Diktadore">diktadore</a> gisa deskribatu dute<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964417Shub1966416Pipes1990511Pipes19963Read2005247_495-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964417Shub1966416Pipes1990511Pipes19963Read2005247-495"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>495<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; Ryanek esan zuen ez zela "diktadore bat bere gomendio guztiak onartu eta betearazi izanaren zentzuan"; izan ere, lankide asko ez zeuden berarekin ados hainbat arazoren inguruan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20121_496-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20121-496"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>496<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Fischerrek esan zuen: "Lenin diktadore zen bitartean, ez zen Stalin diktadore bihurtu zen bezalakoa".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964524_497-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964524-497"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>497<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volkogonoven ustez, Leninek "alderdiaren diktadura" ezarri zuen bitartean, Stalinen garaian bakarrik bihurtu zen Sobietar Batasuna "gizon bakarraren diktadura"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994313_498-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994313-498"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>498<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Alderantziz, ikerlari marxista ezberdinek, Hill eta John Rees Mendebaldeko historiagileak barne, Leninen gobernua diktadura dela eztabaidatu dute, hau da, estatu demokratiko liberaletan aurkitzen diren prozesuetako batzuk gabe demokraziaren elementuak kontserbatzeko modu ez-perfektu gisa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003120_499-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003120-499"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>499<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ryanek dioenez, Paul Le Blanc historialari ezkertiarrak "balio handiko kontua da Lenin politika basatietara eraman zuten kualitate pertsonalak ez zirela nahitaez XX. mendeko mendebaldeko buruzagi nagusi batzuengan baino indartsuagoak izan"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012191_500-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012191-500"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>500<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ryanek ere ezartzen du Leninentzat biolentzia iraultzailea helburu bat besterik ez zela, hots, mundu sozialista eta komunista bat ezartzea, indarkeriarik gabeko mundu bat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012184_501-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012184-501"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>501<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. J. Arch Getty historialariak adierazi zuen: "Leninek meritu handia du uste duelako otzanek lurra heredatu dezaketela, gizarte-justizia eta berdintasunean oinarritutako mugimendu politiko bat egon daitekeela". Zenbait intelektual ezkertiar, horien artean <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Badiou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Badiou (sortu gabe)">Alain Badiou</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lars_T._Lih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lars T. Lih (sortu gabe)">Lars T. Lih</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a>, Leninen izpiritu iraultzailea suspertu zuen arazo global garaikideei aurre egiteko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20123BudgenKouvelakisŽižek20071–4_502-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20123BudgenKouvelakisŽižek20071–4-502"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>502<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sobietar_Batasunean">Sobietar Batasunean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sobietar Batasunean»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Sobietar Batasunean"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Russia-2007-Moscow-Kremlin_Senate_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Russia-2007-Moscow-Kremlin_Senate_at_night.jpg/220px-Russia-2007-Moscow-Kremlin_Senate_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Russia-2007-Moscow-Kremlin_Senate_at_night.jpg/330px-Russia-2007-Moscow-Kremlin_Senate_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Russia-2007-Moscow-Kremlin_Senate_at_night.jpg/440px-Russia-2007-Moscow-Kremlin_Senate_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninen_mauseloa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leninen mauseloa (sortu gabe)">Leninen mauseloa</a>, Kremlinaren kanpoaldean.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sobietar Batasunean Lenini bere bizitzan eskainitako <a href="/wiki/Pertsonaganako_kultu" title="Pertsonaganako kultu">nortasunaren gurtza</a> garatzen hasi zen, baina hil ondoren bakarrik ezarri zen erabat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994327Tumarkin19972White2001185Read2005260_503-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994327Tumarkin19972White2001185Read2005260-503"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>503<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nina_Tumarkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nina Tumarkin (sortu gabe)">Nina Tumarkin</a> historialariaren arabera, "Lider iraultzaile bati egindako munduko gurtzarik landuena" izan zen <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washingtonek</a> Estatu Batuetan egin zuenetik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETumarkin19972_504-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETumarkin19972-504"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>504<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta izaera "ia erlijiosokoa" bezala deskribatu izan da behin eta berriz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990814Service2000485White2001185Petrovsky-Shtern2010114Read2005284_505-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990814Service2000485White2001185Petrovsky-Shtern2010114Read2005284-505"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen busto edo estatuak eraiki ziren ia herri guztietan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994328_506-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994328-506"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>506<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta haren aurpegiak <a href="/wiki/Posta-zigilu" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Posta-zigilu">posta-zigiluak</a>, baxerak, kartelak eta <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> eta <i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i> egunkari sobietarren azalak apaindu zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000486_507-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000486-507"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>507<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bizi izan zen edo ostatu hartu zuen lekuak berari eskainitako museo bihurtu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994328_506-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994328-506"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>506<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Liburutegiek, kaleek, baserriek, museoek, hiriek eta eskualde osoek hartu zuten izena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994328_506-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994328-506"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>506<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : Petrogrado hiriak "<a href="/wiki/Leningrado" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrado">Leningrado</a>" izena hartu zuen 1924an<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994437Service2000482_508-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994437Service2000482-508"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>508<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta Simbirsken jaioterria <a href="/wiki/Ulianovsk" title="Ulianovsk">Ulianovsk</a> bihurtu zen. <a href="/wiki/Leninen_Ordena" title="Leninen Ordena">Leninen Ordena</a> herrialdeko kondekorazio gorenetako bat izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000486_507-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000486-507"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>507<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hori guztia Leninen beraren nahien kontrakoa zen, eta haren alargunak publikoki kritikatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994440_397-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994440-397"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Zenbait biografok adierazi dute Leninen idazkiak Sobietar Batasuneko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskritura_sakratu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eskritura sakratu (sortu gabe)">eskritura sakratuen</a> antzera tratatzen zirela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966439Pipes19961Service2000482_509-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966439Pipes19961Service2000482-509"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>509<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta Pipesek, berriz, gaineratu zuen "bere iritzi bakoitza politika bat edo bestea justifikatzeko aipatzen zela eta <a href="/wiki/Ebanjelio" title="Ebanjelio">ebanjelio</a> bat bezala tratatzen zela"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes19961_510-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes19961-510"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>510<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Stalinek leninismoa sistematizatu zuen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sverdloveko_Unibertsitatea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sverdloveko Unibertsitatea (sortu gabe)">Sverdloveko Unibertsitatean</a> emandako hitzaldi batzuen bidez, gero Leninismoko Gaiak bezala argitaratu zirenak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000484White2001185Read2005260,_284_511-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000484White2001185Read2005260,_284-511"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>511<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Stalinek buruzagi zenaren idazki asko bildu eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marx-Engels-Lenin_Institutua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marx-Engels-Lenin Institutua (sortu gabe)">Marx-Engels-Lenin Institutuko</a> artxibo sekretu batean gorde zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994274–275_512-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994274–275-512"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>512<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Materiala, Leninen Krakoviako liburu-bilduma bezala, atzerrian ere bildu zen institutuan gordetzeko, askotan gastu handiarekin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994262_513-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994262-513"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>513<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sobietar garaian, idazki horiek hertsiki kontrolatuta zeuden eta oso gutxik zuten haietarako sarbidea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994263_514-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994263-514"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>514<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen idazki guztiak, Stalinentzat baliagarriak izan zirenak, argitaratuak izan ziren, baina besteak ezkutuan geratu ziren, eta Leninen jatorri ez errusiarraren ezagutza eta noble-izaera ezabatu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000486_507-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000486-507"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>507<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zehazki, bere jatorri judua 1980ko hamarkadara arte ezabatu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201099Lih201120_515-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201099Lih201120-515"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>515<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, beharbada sobietar antisemitismoak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead20056_516-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead20056-516"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>516<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta Stalinen errusiartze ahaleginak ez ahultzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern2010108_517-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern2010108-517"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>517<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta agian nazioarteko antisemiten artean sentimendu antisobietarra ez elikatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead20056_516-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead20056-516"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>516<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen jatorri juduaren aurkikuntzaren ondoren, alderdi hori behin eta berriz azpimarratu zuen Errusiako <a href="/wiki/Eskuin_mutur" title="Eskuin mutur">eskuin muturrak</a>, bere genetika juduak gizarte errusiar tradizionala deserrotzeko nahia azaltzen zuela esanez<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern2010134,_159–161_518-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern2010134,_159–161-518"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>518<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Stalinen erregimenean, Lenin Stalinen lagun min gisa aurkeztu zen aktiboki, eta Stalinen hautagaitza babestu zuen hurrengo buruzagi sobietarra izateko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000485_519-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000485-519"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>519<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sobietarren aroan, Leninen lanen bost edizio ezberdin argitaratu ziren errusieraz, lehena 1920tik aurrera eta azkena 1958tik 1965era arte; bosgarren edizioa "oso" gisa deskribatu zen, baina, egia esan, omisio asko zituen komenientzia politikoagatik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes19961–2White2001183_520-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes19961–2White2001183-520"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>520<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:URSS_1_rublo_centenario_nascita_Lenin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/URSS_1_rublo_centenario_nascita_Lenin.JPG/220px-URSS_1_rublo_centenario_nascita_Lenin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/URSS_1_rublo_centenario_nascita_Lenin.JPG/330px-URSS_1_rublo_centenario_nascita_Lenin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/URSS_1_rublo_centenario_nascita_Lenin.JPG/440px-URSS_1_rublo_centenario_nascita_Lenin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>1970ko <a href="/wiki/Errublo" title="Errublo">errublo</a> bateko txanpona, Leninen aurpegiarekin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stalin hil ondoren, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrustxov" title="Nikita Khrustxov">Nikita Khrustxov</a> Sobietar Batasuneko buruzagi bihurtu zen eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desestalinizazio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desestalinizazio (sortu gabe)">desestalinizazio</a> prozesu bat hasi zen, Leninen idazkiak aipatuz, Stalinenak barne, prozesu hau legitimatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994452–453Service2000491–492Lee2003131_521-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994452–453Service2000491–492Lee2003131-521"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>521<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbatxov" title="Mikhail Gorbatxov">Mikhail Gorbatxovek</a> 1985ean boterea hartu eta <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> politikak sartu zituenean, Leninen printzipioetara itzultzea bezala ere aipatu zituen ekintza horiek<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000491–492_522-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000491–492-522"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>522<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1991. urtearen amaieran, Sobietar Batasunaren desegitearen erdian, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin">Boris Jeltsin</a> presidente errusiarrak agindu zuen Leninen artxiboa Alderdi Komunistaren kontrolpetik kentzeko eta estatuko organo baten kontrolpean jartzeko, hau da, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_Garaikideko_Dokumentuak_Kontserbatzeko_eta_Aztertzeko_Errusiar_Zentroa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia Garaikideko Dokumentuak Kontserbatzeko eta Aztertzeko Errusiar Zentroa (sortu gabe)">Historia Garaikideko Dokumentuak Kontserbatzeko eta Aztertzeko Errusiar Zentroaren</a> kontrolpean. Bertan, Leninen 6.000 idazki baino gehiago argitaratu gabe geratu zirela jakinarazi zen. Horiek desklasifikatu eta aztertzaileen esku utzi ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes19962–3_523-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes19962–3-523"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>523<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Jeltsinek ez zuen Leninen mausoleoa desegin, onartuz Lenin ezagunegia eta errespetatuegia zela errusiarren artean hori bideragarria izan zedin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000492_524-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000492-524"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>524<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Errusian, 2012an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alderdi_Liberal_Demokratikoa_(Errusia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alderdi Liberal Demokratikoa (Errusia) (sortu gabe)">Errusiako Alderdi Liberal Demokratikoko</a> diputatu baten proposamen batek, agintean zegoen <a href="/wiki/Errusia_Batua" title="Errusia Batua">Errusia Batua</a> alderdiko kide batzuen babesarekin, Leninen monumentu guztiak erretiratzea proposatu zuen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errusiako_Federazioko_Alderdi_Komunista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errusiako Federazioko Alderdi Komunista (sortu gabe)">Errusiako Federazioko Alderdi Komunista</a> proposamenaren aurka agertu zen irmoki<sup id="cite_ref-525" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-525"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>525<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 2012an, Mongoliako hiriburuan oraindik zutik zirauen Leninen azken estatua kendu zuten, <a href="/wiki/Ulan_Bator" title="Ulan Bator">Ulan Batorren</a>, eta hiriko alkate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat-Uul_Erden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bat-Uul Erden (sortu gabe)">Bat-Uul Erdenek</a> "hiltzailetzat" jo zuen<sup id="cite_ref-526" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-526"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>526<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ukrainan, 2013-14ko <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidaneko</a> protestetan, Leninen estatuak kaltetuak edo suntsituak izan ziren herrialdeko hainbat hiritan<sup id="cite_ref-527" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-527"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>527<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta 2015eko apirilean Ukrainako gobernuak agindu zuen beste guztiak desegiteko, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainaren_deskomunikazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainaren deskomunikazioa (sortu gabe)">deskomunizazio legeak</a> betetzeko<sup id="cite_ref-528" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-528"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>528<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazioarteko_mugimendu_komunistan">Nazioarteko mugimendu komunistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nazioarteko mugimendu komunistan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Nazioarteko mugimendu komunistan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Detalle_de_Lenin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Detalle_de_Lenin.jpg/220px-Detalle_de_Lenin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Detalle_de_Lenin.jpg/330px-Detalle_de_Lenin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Detalle_de_Lenin.jpg/440px-Detalle_de_Lenin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Leninen irudia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_Ricera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego Ricera (sortu gabe)">Diego Riceraren</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gizona,_Unibertsoaren_kontrolatzailea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gizona, Unibertsoaren kontrolatzailea (sortu gabe)">Gizona, Unibertsoaren kontrolatzailea</a></i> muralean. <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New Yorkeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Centerren</a> sarreran jarri zen hasieran, baina estali ostean, kopia bat dago <a href="/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko">Mexikon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leninen biografo <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Shub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Shub (sortu gabe)">David Shuben</a> arabera (1965ean idatzi zuen), Leninen ideiak eta adibidea izan ziren "egungo mugimendu komunistaren oinarria"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub196610_529-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub196610-529"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>529<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leninen ideiak jarraitu zituzten estatu sozialistak munduko hainbat lekutan agertu ziren XX. mendean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20125_488-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20125-488"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>488<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1972an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Liebman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Liebman (sortu gabe)">Marcel Liebman</a> historialariak honako hau adierazi zuen: "Ez dago ia mugimendu matxinaturik gaur egun, <a href="/wiki/Latinoamerika" title="Latinoamerika">Latinoamerikatik</a> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angolaraino</a>, leninismoaren herentzia aldarrikatzen ez duenik"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebman197522_530-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebman197522-530"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>530<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lenin hil ondoren, Stalinen administrazioak <a href="/wiki/Marxismo-leninismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxismo-leninismo">marxismo-leninismo</a> izeneko ideologia ezarri zuen, mugimendu komunistako hainbat alderdik modu ezberdinean interpretatu zuten mugimendua<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub19669Service2000482_531-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub19669Service2000482-531"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>531<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Stalinen administrazioak erbestera behartu ondoren, Trotskik argudiatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Estalinismo" title="Estalinismo">estalinismoa</a> leninismoaren degradazio bat zela, eta burokratismoak eta Stalinen diktadura pertsonalak menderatzen zutela<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003132_532-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003132-532"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>532<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. XX. mendeko mugimendu iraultzaile garrantzitsuenetara egokitu zen marxismo-leninismoa, eta hainbat aldaera sortu zituen, hala nola estalinismoa, <a href="/wiki/Maoismo" title="Maoismo">maoismoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jutxe" title="Jutxe">jutxea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_Chi_Minh_pentsamendua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ho Chi Minh pentsamendua (sortu gabe)">Ho Chi Minh pentsamendua</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kastrismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kastrismo (sortu gabe)">kastrismoa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2005283_533-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005283-533"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>533<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria">Euskal Herrian</a> ere marxismo-leninismoaren ideia babestu zuten <a href="/wiki/Ezker_abertzalea" title="Ezker abertzalea">ezker abertzalearen</a> baitako indar batzuek<sup id="cite_ref-534" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-534"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>534<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aitzitik, ondorengo mendebaldeko komunista askok, hala nola mugimendu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurokomunista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurokomunista (sortu gabe)">eurokomunistan</a> parte hartu zuten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Azc%C3%A1rate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Azcárate (sortu gabe)">Manuel Azcáratek</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Ellenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Ellenstein (sortu gabe)">Jean Ellensteinek</a>, Leninek eta bere ideiek beren helburuetarako garrantzirik ez zutela adierazi zuten, eta, horrela, ikuspegi marxista hartu zuten, baina ez marxista-leninista<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003132–133_535-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003132–133-535"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>535<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead20055-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead20055_1-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, 5 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120918123515/http://www.uniros.ru/articles/lenin.php">«История России. Всемирная, мировая история - Владимир Ильич Ульянов-Л…»</a> <i>archive.ph</i> 2012-09-18 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19641–2Rice199012–13Service200021–23White200113–15Read20056-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19641–2Rice199012–13Service200021–23White200113–15Read20056_3-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 1–2 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 12–13 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 21–23 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 13–15 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 6 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19645Rice199013Service200023-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19645Rice199013Service200023_4-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 5 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 13 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 23 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19642–3Rice199012Service200016–19,_23White200115–18Read20055Lih201120-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19642–3Rice199012Service200016–19,_23White200115–18Read20055Lih201120_5-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 2–3 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 12 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 16–19, 23 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 15–18 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 5 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 20 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201066–67-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201066–67_6-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrovsky-Shtern2010">Petrovsky-Shtern 2010</a>, 66–67 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne196743-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne196743_7-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1967">Payne 1967</a>, 43 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19646Rice199013–14,_18Service200025,_27White200118–19Read20054,_8Lih201121Yakovlev1988112-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19646Rice199013–14,_18Service200025,_27White200118–19Read20054,_8Lih201121Yakovlev1988112_8-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 6 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 13–14, 18 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 25, 27 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 18–19 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 4, 8 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 21 or.; <a href="#CITEREFYakovlev1988">Yakovlev, 1988</a>, 112 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19646Rice199012Service200013-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19646Rice199012Service200013_9-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 6 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 12 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 13 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19646Rice199012,_14Service200025White200119–20Read20054Lih201121,_22-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19646Rice199012,_14Service200025White200119–20Read20054Lih201121,_22_10-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 6 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 12, 14 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 25 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 19–20 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 4 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 21, 22 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19643,_8Rice199014–15Service200029-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19643,_8Rice199014–15Service200029_11-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 3, 8 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 14–15 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 29 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19648Service200027White200119-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19648Service200027White200119_12-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 8 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 27 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 19 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199018Service200026White200120Read20057Petrovsky-Shtern201064-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199018Service200026White200120Read20057Petrovsky-Shtern201064_13-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 18 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 26 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 20 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 7 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPetrovsky-Shtern2010">Petrovsky-Shtern, 2010</a>, 64 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19647Rice199016Service200032–36-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19647Rice199016Service200032–36_14-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 7 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 16 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 32–36 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19647Rice199017Service200036–46White200120Read20059-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19647Rice199017Service200036–46White200120Read20059_15-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 7 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 17 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 36–46 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 20 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 9 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19646,_9Rice199019Service200048–49Read200510-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19646,_9Rice199019Service200048–49Read200510_16-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 6, 9 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 19 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 48–49 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 10 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19649Service200050–51,_64Read200516Petrovsky-Shtern201069-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19649Service200050–51,_64Read200516Petrovsky-Shtern201069_17-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 9 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 50–51, 64 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 16 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPetrovsky-Shtern2010">Petrovsky-Shtern, 2010</a>, 69 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196410–17Rice199020,_22–24Service200052–58White200121–28Read200510Lih201123–25-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196410–17Rice199020,_22–24Service200052–58White200121–28Read200510Lih201123–25_18-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 10–17 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 20, 22–24 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 52–58 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 21–28 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 10 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 23–25 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199025Service200061White200129Read200516Theen200433-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199025Service200061White200129Read200516Theen200433_19-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 18 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 25 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 61 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 29 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 16 or.; <a href="#CITEREFTheen2004">Theen, 2004</a>, 33 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199026Service200061–63-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199026Service200061–63_20-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 18 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 26 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 61–63 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199026–27Service200064–68,_70White200129-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199026–27Service200064–68,_70White200129_21-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 26–27 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 64–68, 70 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 29 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199027Service200068–69White200129Read200515Lih201132-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199027Service200068–69White200129Read200515Lih201132_22-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 18 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 27 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 68–69 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 29 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 15 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 32 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199028White200130Read200512Lih201132–33-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice199028White200130Read200512Lih201132–33_23-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 18 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 28 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 30 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 12 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 32–33 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice1990310Service200071-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196418Rice1990310Service200071_24-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 18 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 310 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 71 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196419Rice199032–33Service200072White200130–31Read200518Lih201133-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196419Rice199032–33Service200072White200130–31Read200518Lih201133_25-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 19 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 32–33 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 72 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 30–31 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 18 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 33 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199033Service200074–76White200131Read200517-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199033Service200074–76White200131Read200517_26-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 33 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 74–76 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 31 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 17 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199034Service200078White200131-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199034Service200078White200131_27-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 34 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 78 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 31 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199034Service200077Read200518-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199034Service200077Read200518_28-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 34 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 77 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 18 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199034,_36–37Service200055–55,_80,_88–89White200131Read200537–38Lih201134–35-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199034,_36–37Service200055–55,_80,_88–89White200131Read200537–38Lih201134–35_29-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 34, 36–37 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 55–55, 80, 88–89 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 31 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 37–38 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 34–35 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196423–25,_26Service200055Read200511,_24-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196423–25,_26Service200055Read200511,_24_30-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 23–25, 26 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 55 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 11, 24 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService200079,_98-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService200079,_98_31-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 79, 98 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199034–36Service200082–86White200131Read200518,_19Lih201140-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199034–36Service200082–86White200131Read200518,_19Lih201140_32-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 34–36 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 82–86 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 31 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 18, 19 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 40 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196421Rice199036Service200086White200131Read200518Lih201140-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196421Rice199036Service200086White200131Read200518Lih201140_33-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 21 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 36 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 86 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 31 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 18 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 40 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196421Rice199036,_37-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196421Rice199036,_37_34-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 21 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 36, 37 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196421Rice199038Service200093–94-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196421Rice199038Service200093–94_35-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 21 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 38 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 93–94 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990354Rice199038–39Service200090–92White200133Lih201140,_52-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990354Rice199038–39Service200090–92White200133Lih201140,_52_36-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 354 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 38–39 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 90–92 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 33 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 40, 52 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990354Rice199039–40Lih201153-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990354Rice199039–40Lih201153_37-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 354 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 39–40 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 53 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199040,_43Service200096-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199040,_43Service200096_38-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 40, 43 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 96 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990355Rice199041–42Service2000105Read200522–23-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990355Rice199041–42Service2000105Read200522–23_39-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 355 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 41–42 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 105 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 22–23 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196422Rice199041Read200520–21-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196422Rice199041Read200520–21_40-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 22 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 41 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 20–21 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196427Rice199042–43White200134,_36Read200525Lih201145–46-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196427Rice199042–43White200134,_36Read200525Lih201145–46_41-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 27 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 42–43 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 34, 36 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 25 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 45–46 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196430Pipes1990354Rice199044–46Service2000103White200137Read200526Lih201155-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196430Pipes1990354Rice199044–46Service2000103White200137Read200526Lih201155_42-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 30 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 354 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 44–46 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 103 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 37 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 26 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 55 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199046Service2000103White200137Read200526-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199046Service2000103White200137Read200526_43-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 46 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 103 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 37 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 26 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196430Rice199046Service2000103White200137Read200526-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196430Rice199046Service2000103White200137Read200526_44-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 30 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 46 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 103 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 37 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 26 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Pipes1990355Rice199048White200138Read200526-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Pipes1990355Rice199048White200138Read200526_45-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 31 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 355 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 48 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 38 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 26 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Rice199048–51Service2000107–108Read200531Lih201161-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Rice199048–51Service2000107–108Read200531Lih201161_46-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 31 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 48–51 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 107–108 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 31 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 61 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Rice199048–51Service2000107–108-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Rice199048–51Service2000107–108_47-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 31 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 48–51 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 107–108 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Rice199052–55Service2000109–110White200138,_45,_47Read200531-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196431Rice199052–55Service2000109–110White200138,_45,_47Read200531_48-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 31 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 52–55 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 109–110 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 38, 45, 47 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 31 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196431–32Rice199053,_55–56Service2000110–113White200140Read200530,_31-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196431–32Rice199053,_55–56Service2000110–113White200140Read200530,_31_49-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 31–32 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 53, 55–56 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 110–113 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 40 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 30, 31 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196433Pipes1990356Service2000114,_140White200140Read200530Lih201163-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196433Pipes1990356Service2000114,_140White200140Read200530Lih201163_50-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 33 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 356 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 114, 140 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 40 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 30 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 63 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196433–34Rice199053,_55–56Service2000117Read200533-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196433–34Rice199053,_55–56Service2000117Read200533_51-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 33–34 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 53, 55–56 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 117 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 33 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199061–63Service2000124Rappaport201031-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199061–63Service2000124Rappaport201031_52-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 61–63 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 124 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 31 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199057–58Service2000121–124,_137White200140–45Read200534,_39Lih201162–63-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199057–58Service2000121–124,_137White200140–45Read200534,_39Lih201162–63_53-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 57–58 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 121–124, 137 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 40–45 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 34, 39 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 62–63 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196434–35Rice199064Service2000124–125White200154Read200543Rappaport201027–28-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196434–35Rice199064Service2000124–125White200154Read200543Rappaport201027–28_54-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 34–35 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 64 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 124–125 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 54 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 43 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 27–28 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196435Pipes1990357Rice199066–65White200155–56Read200543Rappaport201028-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196435Pipes1990357Rice199066–65White200155–56Read200543Rappaport201028_55-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 35 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 357 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 66–65 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 55–56 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 43 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 28 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196435Pipes1990357Rice199064–69Service2000130–135Rappaport201032–33-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196435Pipes1990357Rice199064–69Service2000130–135Rappaport201032–33_56-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 35 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 357 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 64–69 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 130–135 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 32–33 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199069–70Read200551Rappaport201041–42,_53–55-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199069–70Read200551Rappaport201041–42,_53–55_57-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 69–70 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 51 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 41–42, 53–55 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19644–5Service2000137Read200544Rappaport201066-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19644–5Service2000137Read200544Rappaport201066_58-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 4–5 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 137 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 44 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 66 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport201066Lih20118–9-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport201066Lih20118–9_59-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 66 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 8–9 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196439Pipes1990359Rice199073–75Service2000137–142White200156–62Read200552–54Rappaport201062Lih201169,_78–80-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196439Pipes1990359Rice199073–75Service2000137–142White200156–62Read200552–54Rappaport201062Lih201169,_78–80_60-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 39 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 359 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 73–75 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 137–142 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 56–62 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 52–54 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 62 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 69, 78–80 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196437Rice199070Service2000136Read200544Rappaport201036–37-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196437Rice199070Service2000136Read200544Rappaport201036–37_61-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 37 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 70 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 136 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 44 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 36–37 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196437Rice199078–79Service2000143–144Rappaport201081,_84-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196437Rice199078–79Service2000143–144Rappaport201081,_84_62-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 37 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 78–79 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 143–144 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 81, 84 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead200560-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead200560_63-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, 60 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196438Lih201180-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196438Lih201180_64-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 38 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 80 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196438–39Rice199075–76Service2000147-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196438–39Rice199075–76Service2000147_65-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 38–39 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 75–76 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 147 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196440,_50–51Rice199076Service2000148–150Read200548Rappaport201082–84-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196440,_50–51Rice199076Service2000148–150Read200548Rappaport201082–84_66-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 40, 50–51 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 76 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 148–150 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 48 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 82–84 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199077–78Service2000150Rappaport201085–87-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199077–78Service2000150Rappaport201085–87_67-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 77–78 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 150 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 85–87 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990360Rice199079–80Service2000151–152White200162Read200560Rappaport201092Lih201181-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990360Rice199079–80Service2000151–152White200162Read200560Rappaport201092Lih201181_68-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 360 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 79–80 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 151–152 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 62 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 60 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 92 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 81 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199081–82Service2000154–155White200163Read200560–61Rappaport201093-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199081–82Service2000154–155White200163Read200560–61Rappaport201093_69-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 81–82 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 154–155 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 63 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 60–61 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 93 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196439Rice199082Service2000155–156Read200561White200164Rappaport201095-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196439Rice199082Service2000155–156Read200561White200164Rappaport201095_70-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 39 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 82 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 155–156 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 61 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 64 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 95 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199083Rappaport2010107-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199083Rappaport2010107_71-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 83 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 107 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199083–84Service2000157White200165Rappaport201097–98-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199083–84Service2000157White200165Rappaport201097–98_72-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 83–84 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 157 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 65 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 97–98 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000158–159,_163–164Rappaport201097,_99,_108–109-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000158–159,_163–164Rappaport201097,_99,_108–109_73-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 158–159, 163–164 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 97, 99, 108–109 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199085Service2000163-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199085Service2000163_74-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 85 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 163 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196441Rice199085Service2000165White200170Read200564Rappaport2010114-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196441Rice199085Service2000165White200170Read200564Rappaport2010114_75-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 41 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 85 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 165 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 70 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 64 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 114 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196444Rice199086–88Service2000167Read200575Rappaport2010117–120Lih201187-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196444Rice199086–88Service2000167Read200575Rappaport2010117–120Lih201187_76-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 44 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 86–88 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 167 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 75 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 117–120 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 87 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196444–45Pipes1990362–363Rice199088–89-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196444–45Pipes1990362–363Rice199088–89_77-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 44–45 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 362–363 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 88–89 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990363–364Rice199089–90Service2000168–170Read200578Rappaport2010124-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990363–364Rice199089–90Service2000168–170Read200578Rappaport2010124_78-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 363–364 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 89–90 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 168–170 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 78 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 124 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196460Pipes1990367Rice199090–91Service2000179Read200579Rappaport2010131-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196460Pipes1990367Rice199090–91Service2000179Read200579Rappaport2010131_79-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 60 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 367 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 90–91 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 179 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 79 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 131 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196451Rice199094Service2000175–176Read200581Read200577,_81Rappaport2010132,_134–135-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196451Rice199094Service2000175–176Read200581Read200577,_81Rappaport2010132,_134–135_80-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 51 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 94 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 175–176 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 81 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 77, 81 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 132, 134–135 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199094–95White200173–74Read200581–82Rappaport2010138-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199094–95White200173–74Read200581–82Rappaport2010138_81-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 94–95 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 73–74 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 81–82 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 138 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199096–97Service2000176–178-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199096–97Service2000176–178_82-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 96–97 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 176–178 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196470–71Pipes1990369–370Rice1990104-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196470–71Pipes1990369–370Rice1990104_83-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 70–71 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 369–370 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 104 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199095Service2000178–179-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199095Service2000178–179_84-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 95 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 178–179 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196453Pipes1990364Rice199099–100Service2000179–180White200176-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196453Pipes1990364Rice199099–100Service2000179–180White200176_85-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 53 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 364 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 99–100 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 179–180 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 76 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990103–105Service2000180–182White200177–79-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990103–105Service2000180–182White200177–79_86-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 103–105 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 180–182 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 77–79 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990105–106Service2000184–186Rappaport2010144-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990105–106Service2000184–186Rappaport2010144_87-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 105–106 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 184–186 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 144 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrackman200059,_62-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrackman200059,_62_88-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrackman2000">Brackman 2000</a>, 59, 62 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000186–187-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000186–187_89-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 186–187 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196467–68Rice1990111Service2000188–189-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196467–68Rice1990111Service2000188–189_90-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 67–68 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 111 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 188–189 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196464Rice1990109Service2000189–190Read200589–90-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196464Rice1990109Service2000189–190Read200589–90_91-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 64 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 109 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 189–190 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 89–90 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196463–64Rice1990110Service2000190–191White200183,_84-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196463–64Rice1990110Service2000190–191White200183,_84_92-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 63–64 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 110 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 190–191 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 83, 84 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990110–111Service2000191–192Read200591-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990110–111Service2000191–192Read200591_93-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 110–111 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 191–192 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 91 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196464–67Rice1990110Service2000192–193White200184,_87–88Read200590-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196464–67Rice1990110Service2000192–193White200184,_87–88Read200590_94-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 64–67 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 110 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 192–193 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 84, 87–88 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 90 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196469Rice1990111Service2000195-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196469Rice1990111Service2000195_95-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 69 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 111 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 195 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196481–82Pipes1990372–375Rice1990120–121Service2000206White2001102Read200596–97-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196481–82Pipes1990372–375Rice1990120–121Service2000206White2001102Read200596–97_96-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 81–82 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 372–375 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 120–121 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 206 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 102 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 96–97 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196468–69Rice1990112Service2000195–196-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196468–69Rice1990112Service2000195–196_97-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 68–69 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 112 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 195–196 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196475–80Rice1990112Pipes1990384Service2000197–199Read2005103-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196475–80Rice1990112Pipes1990384Service2000197–199Read2005103_98-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 75–80 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 112 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 384 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 197–199 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 103 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990115Service2000196White200193–94-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990115Service2000196White200193–94_99-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 115 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 196 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 93–94 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196471–72Rice1990116–117Service2000204–206White200196–97Read200595-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196471–72Rice1990116–117Service2000204–206White200196–97Read200595_100-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 71–72 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 116–117 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 204–206 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 96–97 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 95 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196472Rice1990118–119Service2000209–211White2001100Read2005104-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196472Rice1990118–119Service2000209–211White2001100Read2005104_101-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 72 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 118–119 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 209–211 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 100 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 104 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196493–94Pipes1990376Rice1990121Service2000214–215White200198–99-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196493–94Pipes1990376Rice1990121Service2000214–215White200198–99_102-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 93–94 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 376 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 121 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 214–215 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 98–99 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990122White2001100-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990122White2001100_103-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 122 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 100 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000216White2001103Read2005105-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000216White2001103Read2005105_104-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 216 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 103 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 105 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196473–74Rice1990122–123Service2000217–218Read2005105-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196473–74Rice1990122–123Service2000217–218Read2005105_105-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 73–74 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 122–123 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 217–218 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 105 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196494Pipes1990377–378Rice1990127–128Service2000223–225White2001104Read2005105-106">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196494Pipes1990377–378Rice1990127–128Service2000223–225White2001104Read2005105_106-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196494Pipes1990377–378Rice1990127–128Service2000223–225White2001104Read2005105_106-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 94 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 377–378 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 127–128 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 223–225 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 104 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 105 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196494Rice1990130–131Pipes1990382–383Service2000245White2001113–114,_122–113Read2005132–134-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196494Rice1990130–131Pipes1990382–383Service2000245White2001113–114,_122–113Read2005132–134_107-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 94 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 130–131 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 382–383 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 245 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 113–114, 122–113 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 132–134 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196485Rice1990129Service2000227–228Read2005111-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196485Rice1990129Service2000227–228Read2005111_108-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 85 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 129 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 227–228 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 111 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990380Service2000230–231Read2005130-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990380Service2000230–231Read2005130_109-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 380 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 230–231 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 130 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990135Service2000235-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990135Service2000235_110-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 135 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 235 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196495–100,_107Rice1990132–134Service2000245–246White2001118–121Read2005116–126-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196495–100,_107Rice1990132–134Service2000245–246White2001118–121Read2005116–126_111-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 95–100, 107 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 132–134 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 245–246 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 118–121 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 116–126 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000241–242-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000241–242_112-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 241–242 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000243-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000243_113-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 243 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000238–239-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000238–239_114-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 238–239 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990136–138Service2000253-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990136–138Service2000253_115-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 136–138 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 253 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964109–110Rice1990139Pipes1990386,_389–391Service2000255–256White2001127–128-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964109–110Rice1990139Pipes1990386,_389–391Service2000255–256White2001127–128_116-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 109–110 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 139 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 386, 389–391 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 255–256 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 127–128 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964110–113Rice1990140–144Pipes1990391–392Service2000257–260-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964110–113Rice1990140–144Pipes1990391–392Service2000257–260_117-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 110–113 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 140–144 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 391–392 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 257–260 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964113,_124Rice1990144Pipes1990392Service2000261White2001131–132-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964113,_124Rice1990144Pipes1990392Service2000261White2001131–132_118-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 113, 124 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 144 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 392 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 261 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 131–132 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990393–394Service2000266White2001132–135Read2005143,_146–147-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990393–394Service2000266White2001132–135Read2005143,_146–147_119-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 393–394 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 266 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 132–135 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 143, 146–147 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000266–268,_279White2001134–136Read2005147,_148-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000266–268,_279White2001134–136Read2005147,_148_120-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 266–268, 279 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 134–136 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 147, 148 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000267,_271–272Read2005152,_154-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000267,_271–272Read2005152,_154_121-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 267, 271–272 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 152, 154 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000282Read2005157-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000282Read2005157_122-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 282 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 157 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990421Rice1990147Service2000276,_283White2001140Read2005157-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990421Rice1990147Service2000276,_283White2001140Read2005157_123-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 421 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 147 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 276, 283 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 140 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 157 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990422–425Rice1990147–148Service2000283–284Read2005158–61White2001140–141Read2005157–159-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990422–425Rice1990147–148Service2000283–284Read2005158–61White2001140–141Read2005157–159_124-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 422–425 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 147–148 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 283–284 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 158–61 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 140–141 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 157–159 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990431–434Rice1990148Service2000284–285White2001141Read2005161-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990431–434Rice1990148Service2000284–285White2001141Read2005161_125-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 431–434 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 148 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 284–285 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 141 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 161 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964125Rice1990148–149Service2000285-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964125Rice1990148–149Service2000285_126-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 125 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 148–149 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 285 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990436,_467Service2000287White2001141Read2005165-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990436,_467Service2000287White2001141Read2005165_127-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 436, 467 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 287 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 141 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 165 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990468–469Rice1990149Service2000289White2001142–143Read2005166–172-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990468–469Rice1990149Service2000289White2001142–143Read2005166–172_128-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 468–469 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 149 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 289 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 142–143 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 166–172 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000288-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000288_129-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 288 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990468Rice1990150Service2000289–292Read2005165-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990468Rice1990150Service2000289–292Read2005165_130-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 468 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 150 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 289–292 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 165 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990439–465Rice1990150–151Service2000299White2001143–144Read2005173-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990439–465Rice1990150–151Service2000299White2001143–144Read2005173_131-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 439–465 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 150–151 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 299 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 143–144 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 173 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990465-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990465_132-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, 465 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990465–467White2001144Lee200317Read2005174-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990465–467White2001144Lee200317Read2005174_133-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 465–467 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 144 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee, 2003</a>, 17 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 174 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990471Rice1990151–152Read2005180-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990471Rice1990151–152Read2005180_134-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 471 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 151–152 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 180 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990473,_482Rice1990152Service2000302–303Read2005179-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990473,_482Rice1990152Service2000302–303Read2005179_135-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 473, 482 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 152 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 302–303 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 179 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990482–484Rice1990153–154Service2000303–304White2001146–147-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990482–484Rice1990153–154Service2000303–304White2001146–147_136-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 482–484 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 153–154 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 303–304 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 146–147 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990471–472Service2000304White2001147-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990471–472Service2000304White2001147_137-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 471–472 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 304 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 147 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000306–307-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000306–307_138-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 306–307 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby197914–15Leggett19811–3Pipes1990466Rice1990155-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby197914–15Leggett19811–3Pipes1990466Rice1990155_139-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby, 1979</a>, 14–15 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 1–3 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 466 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 155 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990485–486,_491Rice1990157,_159Service2000308-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990485–486,_491Rice1990157,_159Service2000308_140-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 485–486, 491 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 157, 159 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 308 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990492–493,_496Service2000311Read2005182-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990492–493,_496Service2000311Read2005182_141-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 492–493, 496 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 311 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 182 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990491Service2000309-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990491Service2000309_142-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 491 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 309 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990499Service2000314–315-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990499Service2000314–315_143-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 499 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 314–315 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990496–497Rice1990159–161Service2000314–315Read2005183-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990496–497Rice1990159–161Service2000314–315Read2005183_144-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 496–497 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 159–161 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 314–315 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 183 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990504Service2000315-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990504Service2000315_145-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 504 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 315 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000316-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000316_146-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 316 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966314Service2000317-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966314Service2000317_147-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 314 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 317 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966315Pipes1990540–541Rice1990164Volkogonov1994173Service2000331Read2005192-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966315Pipes1990540–541Rice1990164Volkogonov1994173Service2000331Read2005192_148-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 315 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 540–541 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 164 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 173 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 331 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 192 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994176Service2000331–332White2001156Read2005192-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994176Service2000331–332White2001156Read2005192_149-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 176 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 331–332 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 156 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 192 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990164-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990164_150-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice 1990</a>, 164 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990546–547-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990546–547_151-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, 546–547 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990552–553Rice1990165Volkogonov1994176–177Service2000332,_336–337Read2005192-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990552–553Rice1990165Volkogonov1994176–177Service2000332,_336–337Read2005192_152-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 552–553 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 165 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 176–177 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 332, 336–337 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 192 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964158Shub1966301–302Rigby197926Leggett19815Pipes1990508,_519Service2000318–319Read2005189–190-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964158Shub1966301–302Rigby197926Leggett19815Pipes1990508,_519Service2000318–319Read2005189–190_153-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 158 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 301–302 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby, 1979</a>, 26 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 5 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 508, 519 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 318–319 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 189–190 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby1979166–167Leggett198120–21Pipes1990533–534,_537Volkogonov1994171Service2000322–323White2001159Read2005191-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby1979166–167Leggett198120–21Pipes1990533–534,_537Volkogonov1994171Service2000322–323White2001159Read2005191_154-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby, 1979</a>, 166–167 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 20–21 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 533–534, 537 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 171 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 322–323 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 159 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 191 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964219,_256,_379Shub1966374Service2000355White2001159Read2005219-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964219,_256,_379Shub1966374Service2000355White2001159Read2005219_155-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 219, 256, 379 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 374 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 355 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 159 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 219 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby1979160–164Volkogonov1994374–375Service2000377-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby1979160–164Volkogonov1994374–375Service2000377_156-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby, 1979</a>, 160–164 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 374–375 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 377 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964432-157">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964432_157-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964432_157-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 432 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby1979160–161Leggett198121Lee200399-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby1979160–161Leggett198121Lee200399_158-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby, 1979</a>, 160–161 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 21 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee, 2003</a>, 99 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000388-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000388_159-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 388 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby1979168,_170Service2000388-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby1979168,_170Service2000388_160-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby, 1979</a>, 168, 170 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 388 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000325–326,_333Read2005211–212-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000325–326,_333Read2005211–212_161-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 325–326, 333 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 211–212 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966361Pipes1990548Volkogonov1994229Service2000335–336Read2005198-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966361Pipes1990548Volkogonov1994229Service2000335–336Read2005198_162-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 361 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 548 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 229 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 335–336 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 198 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964156Shub1966350Pipes1990594Volkogonov1994185Service2000344Read2005212-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964156Shub1966350Pipes1990594Volkogonov1994185Service2000344Read2005212_163-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 156 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 350 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 594 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 185 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 344 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 212 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964320–321Shub1966377Pipes199094–595Volkogonov1994187–188Service2000346–347Read2005212-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964320–321Shub1966377Pipes199094–595Volkogonov1994187–188Service2000346–347Read2005212_164-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 320–321 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 377 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 94–595 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 187–188 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 346–347 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 212 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000345-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000345_165-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 345 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964466Service2000348-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964466Service2000348_166-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 466 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 348 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964280Shub1966361–362Pipes1990806–807Volkogonov1994219–221Service2000367–368White2001155-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964280Shub1966361–362Pipes1990806–807Volkogonov1994219–221Service2000367–368White2001155_167-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 280 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 361–362 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 806–807 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 219–221 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 367–368 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 155 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964282–283Shub1966362–363Pipes1990807,_809Volkogonov1994222–228White2001155-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964282–283Shub1966362–363Pipes1990807,_809Volkogonov1994222–228White2001155_168-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 282–283 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 362–363 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 807, 809 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 222–228 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 155 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994222,_231-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994222,_231_169-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 222, 231 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000369-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000369_170-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 369 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964252–253Pipes1990499Volkogonov1994341Service2000316–317White2001149Read2005194–195-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964252–253Pipes1990499Volkogonov1994341Service2000316–317White2001149Read2005194–195_171-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 252–253 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 499 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 341 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 316–317 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 149 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 194–195 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966310Leggett19815–6,_8,_306Pipes1990521–522Service2000317–318White2001153Read2005235–236-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966310Leggett19815–6,_8,_306Pipes1990521–522Service2000317–318White2001153Read2005235–236_172-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 310 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 5–6, 8, 306 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 521–522 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 317–318 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 153 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 235–236 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964249Pipes1990514Service2000321-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964249Pipes1990514Service2000321_173-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 249 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 514 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 321 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964249Pipes1990514Read2005219-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964249Pipes1990514Read2005219_174-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 249 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 514 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 219 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2001159–160-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2001159–160_175-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White 2001</a>, 159–160 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964249-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964249_176-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 249 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199984Read2005211-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199984Read2005211_177-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 84 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 211 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981172–173Pipes1990796–797Read2005242-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981172–173Pipes1990796–797Read2005242_178-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 172–173 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 796–797 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 242 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981172Pipes1990798–799Ryan2012121-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981172Pipes1990798–799Ryan2012121_179-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 172 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 798–799 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 121 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazard1965270Leggett1981172Pipes1990796–797-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazard1965270Leggett1981172Pipes1990796–797_180-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFHazard1965">Hazard, 1965</a>, 270 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 172 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 796–797 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994170-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994170_181-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 170 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000321-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000321_182-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 321 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964260–261-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964260–261_183-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 260–261 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964554–555Sandle199983-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964554–555Sandle199983_184-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 554–555 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 83 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle1999122–123-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle1999122–123_185-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle 1999</a>, 122–123 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid1974417-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid1974417_186-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1974">David 1974</a>, 417 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964552Leggett1981308Sandle1999126Read2005238–239Ryan2012176,_182-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964552Leggett1981308Sandle1999126Read2005238–239Ryan2012176,_182_187-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 552 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 308 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 126 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 238–239 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 176, 182 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994373Leggett1981308Ryan2012177-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994373Leggett1981308Ryan2012177_188-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 373 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 308 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 177 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990709Service2000321-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990709Service2000321_189-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 709 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 321 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994171-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994171_190-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 171 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby197945–46Pipes1990682,_683Service2000321White2001153-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby197945–46Pipes1990682,_683Service2000321White2001153_191-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby, 1979</a>, 45–46 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 682, 683 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 321 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 153 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby197950Pipes1990689Sandle199964Service2000321Read2005231-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby197950Pipes1990689Sandle199964Service2000321Read2005231_192-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby, 1979</a>, 50 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 689 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 64 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 321 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 231 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964437–438Pipes1990709Sandle199964,_68-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964437–438Pipes1990709Sandle199964,_68_193-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 437–438 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 709 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 64, 68 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964263–264Pipes1990672-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964263–264Pipes1990672_194-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 263–264 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 672 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964264-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964264_195-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 264 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990681,_692–693Sandle199996–97-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990681,_692–693Sandle199996–97_196-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 681, 692–693 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 96–97 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990692–693Sandle199997-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990692–693Sandle199997_197-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 692–693 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 97 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236Service2000351–352-198">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236Service2000351–352_198-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236Service2000351–352_198-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 236 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 351–352 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964259,_444–445-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964259,_444–445_199-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 259, 444–445 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle1999120-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle1999120_200-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle 1999</a>, 120 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000354–355-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000354–355_201-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 354–355 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964307–308Volkogonov1994178–179White2001156Read2005252–253Ryan2012123–124-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964307–308Volkogonov1994178–179White2001156Read2005252–253Ryan2012123–124_202-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 307–308 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 178–179 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 156 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 252–253 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 123–124 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966329–330Service2000385White2001156Read2005253–254Ryan2012125-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966329–330Service2000385White2001156Read2005253–254Ryan2012125_203-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 329–330 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 385 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 156 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 253–254 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 125 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966383-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966383_204-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub 1966</a>, 383 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964193–194-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964193–194_205-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 193–194 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966331Pipes1990567-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966331Pipes1990567_206-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 331 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 567 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964151Pipes1990567Service2000338-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964151Pipes1990567Service2000338_207-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 151 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 567 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 338 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964190–191Shub1966337Pipes1990567Rice1990166-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964190–191Shub1966337Pipes1990567Rice1990166_208-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 190–191 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 337 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 567 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 166 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964151–152Pipes1990571–572-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964151–152Pipes1990571–572_209-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 151–152 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 571–572 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964154Pipes1990572Rice1990166-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964154Pipes1990572Rice1990166_210-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 154 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 572 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 166 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964161Shub1966331Pipes1990576-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964161Shub1966331Pipes1990576_211-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 161 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 331 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 576 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964162–163Pipes1990576-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964162–163Pipes1990576_212-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 162–163 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 576 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964171–172,_200–202Pipes1990578-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964171–172,_200–202Pipes1990578_213-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 171–172, 200–202 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 578 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990166Service2000338-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990166Service2000338_214-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 166 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 338 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000338-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000338_215-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 338 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964195Shub1966334,_337Service2000338–339,_340Read2005199-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964195Shub1966334,_337Service2000338–339,_340Read2005199_216-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 195 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 334, 337 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 338–339, 340 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 199 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964206,_209Shub1966337Pipes1990586–587Service2000340–341-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964206,_209Shub1966337Pipes1990586–587Service2000340–341_217-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 206, 209 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 337 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 586–587 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 340–341 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990587Rice1990166–167Service2000341Read2005199-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990587Rice1990166–167Service2000341Read2005199_218-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 587 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 166–167 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 341 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 199 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966338Pipes1990592–593Service2000341-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966338Pipes1990592–593Service2000341_219-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 338 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 592–593 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 341 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964211–212Shub1966339Pipes1990595Rice1990167Service2000342White2001158–159-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964211–212Shub1966339Pipes1990595Rice1990167Service2000342White2001158–159_220-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 211–212 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 339 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 595 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 167 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 342 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 158–159 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990595Service2000342-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990595Service2000342_221-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 595 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 342 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964213–214Pipes1990596–597-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964213–214Pipes1990596–597_222-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 213–214 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 596–597 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000344-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000344_223-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 344 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964313–314Shub1966387–388Pipes1990667–668Volkogonov1994193–194Service2000384-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964313–314Shub1966387–388Pipes1990667–668Volkogonov1994193–194Service2000384_224-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 313–314 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 387–388 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 667–668 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 193–194 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 384 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964303–304Pipes1990668Volkogonov1994194Service2000384-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964303–304Pipes1990668Volkogonov1994194Service2000384_225-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 303–304 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 668 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 194 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 384 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236Pipes1990558,_723Rice1990170Volkogonov1994190-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236Pipes1990558,_723Rice1990170Volkogonov1994190_226-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 236 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 558, 723 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 170 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 190 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236–237Shub1966353Pipes1990560,_722,_732–736Rice1990170Volkogonov1994181,_342–343Service2000349,_358–359White2001164Read2005218-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964236–237Shub1966353Pipes1990560,_722,_732–736Rice1990170Volkogonov1994181,_342–343Service2000349,_358–359White2001164Read2005218_227-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 236–237 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 353 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 560, 722, 732–736 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 170 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 181, 342–343 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 349, 358–359 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 164 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 218 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964254Pipes1990728,_734–736Volkogonov1994197Ryan2012105-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964254Pipes1990728,_734–736Volkogonov1994197Ryan2012105_228-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 254 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 728, 734–736 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 197 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 105 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964277–278Pipes1990737Service2000365White2001155–156Ryan2012106-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964277–278Pipes1990737Service2000365White2001155–156Ryan2012106_229-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 277–278 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 737 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 365 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 155–156 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 106 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964450Pipes1990726-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964450Pipes1990726_230-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 450 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 726 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990700–702Lee2003100-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990700–702Lee2003100_231-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 700–702 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee, 2003</a>, 100 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964195Pipes1990794Volkogonov1994181Read2005249-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964195Pipes1990794Volkogonov1994181Read2005249_232-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 195 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 794 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 181 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 249 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000385White2001164Read2005218-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000385White2001164Read2005218_233-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 385 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 164 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 218 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966344Pipes1990790–791Volkogonov1994181,_196Read2005247–248-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966344Pipes1990790–791Volkogonov1994181,_196Read2005247–248_234-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 344 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 790–791 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 181, 196 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 247–248 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966312-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966312_235-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub 1966</a>, 312 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964435–436-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964435–436_236-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 435–436 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966345–347Rigby197920–21Pipes1990800Volkogonov1994233Service2000321–322White2001153Read2005186,_208–209-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966345–347Rigby197920–21Pipes1990800Volkogonov1994233Service2000321–322White2001153Read2005186,_208–209_237-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 345–347 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby, 1979</a>, 20–21 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 800 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 233 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 321–322 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 153 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 186, 208–209 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981174Volkogonov1994233–234Sandle1999112Ryan2012111-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981174Volkogonov1994233–234Sandle1999112Ryan2012111_238-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 174 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 233–234 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 112 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 111 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966366Sandle1999112-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966366Sandle1999112_239-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 366 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 112 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012116-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012116_240-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, 116 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990821Ryan2012114–115-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990821Ryan2012114–115_241-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 821 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 114–115 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966366Sandle1999113Read2005210Ryan2012114–115-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966366Sandle1999113Read2005210Ryan2012114–115_242-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 366 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 113 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 210 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 114–115 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981173–174Pipes1990801-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981173–174Pipes1990801_243-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 173–174 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 801 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981199–200Pipes1990819–820Ryan2012107-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981199–200Pipes1990819–820Ryan2012107_244-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 199–200 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 819–820 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 107 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966364Ryan2012114-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966364Ryan2012114_245-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 364 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 114 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990837-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990837_246-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, 837 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012114-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012114_247-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, 114 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990834-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990834_248-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, 834 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994202Read2005247-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994202Read2005247_249-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 202 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 247 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990796-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990796_250-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, 796 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994202-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994202_251-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 202 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990825Ryan2012117,_120-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990825Ryan2012117,_120_252-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 825 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 117, 120 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981174–175,_183Pipes1990828–829Ryan2012121-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981174–175,_183Pipes1990828–829Ryan2012121_253-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 174–175, 183 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 828–829 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 121 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990829–830,_832-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990829–830,_832_254-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, 829–830, 832 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981176–177Pipes1990832,_834-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981176–177Pipes1990832,_834_255-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 176–177 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 832, 834 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990835Volkogonov1994235-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990835Volkogonov1994235_256-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 835 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 235 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981178Pipes1990836-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981178Pipes1990836_257-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 178 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 836 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981176Pipes1990832–833-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981176Pipes1990832–833_258-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 176 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 832–833 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994358–360Ryan2012172–173,_175–176-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994358–360Ryan2012172–173,_175–176_259-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 358–360 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 172–173, 175–176 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994376–377Read2005239Ryan2012179-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994376–377Read2005239Ryan2012179_260-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 376–377 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 239 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 179 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994381-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994381_261-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 381 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990610-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990610_262-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, 610 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000357-263">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000357_263-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000357_263-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 357 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000391–392-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000391–392_264-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 391–392 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200384,_88-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200384,_88_265-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, 84, 88 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005205-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2005205_266-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, 205 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966355Leggett1981204Rice1990173,_175Volkogonov1994198Service2000357,_382Read2005187-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966355Leggett1981204Rice1990173,_175Volkogonov1994198Service2000357,_382Read2005187_267-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 355 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 204 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 173, 175 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 198 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 357, 382 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 187 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964334,_343,_357Leggett1981204Service2000382,_392Read2005205–206-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964334,_343,_357Leggett1981204Service2000382,_392Read2005205–206_268-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 334, 343, 357 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 204 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 382, 392 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 205–206 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981204Read2005206-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981204Read2005206_269-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 204 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 206 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964288–289Pipes1990624–630Service2000360White2001161–162Read2005205-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964288–289Pipes1990624–630Service2000360White2001161–162Read2005205_270-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 288–289 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 624–630 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 360 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 161–162 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 205 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964262–263-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964262–263_271-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 262–263 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964291Shub1966354-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964291Shub1966354_272-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 291 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 354 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964331,_333-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964331,_333_273-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 331, 333 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990610,_612Volkogonov1994198-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990610,_612Volkogonov1994198_274-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 610, 612 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 198 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964337Pipes1990609,_612,_629Volkogonov1994198Service2000383Read2005217-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964337Pipes1990609,_612,_629Volkogonov1994198Service2000383Read2005217_275-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 337 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 609, 612, 629 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 198 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 383 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 217 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964248,_262-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964248,_262_276-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 248, 262 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990651Volkogonov1994200White2001162Lee200381-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990651Volkogonov1994200White2001162Lee200381_277-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 651 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 200 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 162 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee, 2003</a>, 81 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964251White2001163Read2005220-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964251White2001163Read2005220_278-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 251 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 163 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 220 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981201Pipes1990792Volkogonov1994202–203Read2005250-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981201Pipes1990792Volkogonov1994202–203Read2005250_279-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 201 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 792 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 202–203 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 250 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981201Volkogonov1994203–204-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981201Volkogonov1994203–204_280-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 201 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 203–204 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966357–358Pipes1990781–782Volkogonov1994206–207Service2000364–365-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966357–358Pipes1990781–782Volkogonov1994206–207Service2000364–365_281-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 357–358 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 781–782 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 206–207 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 364–365 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990763,_770–771Volkogonov1994211-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990763,_770–771Volkogonov1994211_282-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 763, 770–771 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 211 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012109-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012109_283-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, 109 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994208-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994208_284-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 208 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990635-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990635_285-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, 635 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964244Shub1966355Pipes1990636–640Service2000360–361White2001159Read2005199-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964244Shub1966355Pipes1990636–640Service2000360–361White2001159Read2005199_286-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 244 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 355 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 636–640 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 360–361 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 159 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 199 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964242Pipes1990642–644Read2005250-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964242Pipes1990642–644Read2005250_287-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 242 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 642–644 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 250 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964244Pipes1990644Volkogonov1994172-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964244Pipes1990644Volkogonov1994172_288-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 244 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 644 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 172 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggett1981184Service2000402Read2005206-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggett1981184Service2000402Read2005206_289-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 184 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 402 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 206 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall201583-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall201583_290-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2015">Hall 2015</a>, 83 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein201350-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein201350_291-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein2013">Goldstein 2013</a>, 50 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall201584-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall201584_292-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2015">Hall 2015</a>, 84 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200326–27-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200326–27_293-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies 2003</a>, 26–27 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200327–30-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200327–30_294-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies 2003</a>, 27–30 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200322,_27-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200322,_27_295-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies 2003</a>, 22, 27 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964389Rice1990182Volkogonov1994281Service2000407White2001161Davies200329–30-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964389Rice1990182Volkogonov1994281Service2000407White2001161Davies200329–30_296-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 389 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 182 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 281 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 407 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 161 or.; <a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies, 2003</a>, 29–30 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964389Rice1990182Volkogonov1994281Service2000407White2001161-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964389Rice1990182Volkogonov1994281Service2000407White2001161_297-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 389 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 182 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 281 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 407 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 161 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964391–395Shub1966396Rice1990182–183Service2000408–409,_412White2001161-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964391–395Shub1966396Rice1990182–183Service2000408–409,_412White2001161_298-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 391–395 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 396 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 182–183 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 408–409, 412 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 161 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990183Volkogonov1994388Service2000412-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990183Volkogonov1994388Service2000412_299-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 183 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 388 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 412 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966387Rice1990173-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966387Rice1990173_300-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 387 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 173 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964333Shub1966388Rice1990173Volkogonov1994395-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964333Shub1966388Rice1990173Volkogonov1994395_301-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 333 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 388 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 173 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 395 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000385–386-302">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000385–386_302-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000385–386_302-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 385–386 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964531,_536-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964531,_536_303-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 531, 536 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000386-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000386_304-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 386 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966389–390-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966389–390_305-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub 1966</a>, 389–390 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966390-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966390_306-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub 1966</a>, 390 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964525Shub1966390Rice1990174Volkogonov1994390Service2000386White2001160Read2005225-307">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964525Shub1966390Rice1990174Volkogonov1994390Service2000386White2001160Read2005225_307-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964525Shub1966390Rice1990174Volkogonov1994390Service2000386White2001160Read2005225_307-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 525 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 390 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 174 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 390 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 386 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 160 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 225 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964525Shub1966398Read2005225–226-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964525Shub1966398Read2005225–226_308-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 525 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 398 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 225–226 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000387-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000387_309-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 387 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966395Volkogonov1994391-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966395Volkogonov1994391_310-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 395 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 391 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966397Service2000409-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966397Service2000409_311-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 397 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 409 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000409–410-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000409–410_312-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 409–410 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFaurreralangileria2020-12-25">aurreralangileria.  (2020-12-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aurreralangileria.wordpress.com/2020/12/25/ezkerkeriaren-haur-gaixotasuna-komunismoan-lenin/">«“EZKERKERIAREN” HAUR-GAIXOTASUNA KOMUNISMOAN (LENIN)»</a> <i>Aurrera Langileria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-08-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964415–420White2001161,_180–181-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964415–420White2001161,_180–181_314-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 415–420 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 161, 180–181 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000410-315"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000410_315-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 410 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966397-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966397_316-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub 1966</a>, 397 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964341Shub1966396Rice1990174-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964341Shub1966396Rice1990174_317-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 341 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 396 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 174 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964437–438Shub1966406Rice1990183Service2000419White2001167–168-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964437–438Shub1966406Rice1990183Service2000419White2001167–168_318-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 437–438 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 406 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 183 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 419 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 167–168 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966406Service2000419White2001167-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966406Service2000419White2001167_319-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 406 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 419 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 167 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964436,_442Rice1990183–184Sandle1999104–105Service2000422–423White2001168Read2005269-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964436,_442Rice1990183–184Sandle1999104–105Service2000422–423White2001168Read2005269_320-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 436, 442 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 183–184 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 104–105 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 422–423 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 168 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 269 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2001170-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2001170_321-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White 2001</a>, 170 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964507–508Rice1990185–186-322"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964507–508Rice1990185–186_322-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 507–508 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 185–186 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012164-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012164_323-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, 164 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994343,_347-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994343,_347_324-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 343, 347 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964508Shub1966414Volkogonov1994345White2001172-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964508Shub1966414Volkogonov1994345White2001172_325-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 508 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 414 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 345 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 172 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994346-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994346_326-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 346 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994374–375-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994374–375_327-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 374–375 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994375–376Read2005251Ryan2012176,_177-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994375–376Read2005251Ryan2012176,_177_328-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 375–376 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 251 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 176, 177 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994376Ryan2012178-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994376Ryan2012178_329-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 376 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 178 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964467Shub1966406Volkogonov1994343Service2000425White2001168Read2005220Ryan2012154-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964467Shub1966406Volkogonov1994343Service2000425White2001168Read2005220Ryan2012154_330-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 467 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 406 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 343 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 425 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 168 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 220 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 154 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964459Leggett1981330–333Service2000423–424White2001168Ryan2012154–155-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964459Leggett1981330–333Service2000423–424White2001168Ryan2012154–155_331-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 459 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 330–333 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 423–424 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 168 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 154–155 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966406–407Leggett1981324–325Rice1990184Read2005220Ryan2012170-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966406–407Leggett1981324–325Rice1990184Read2005220Ryan2012170_332-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 406–407 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 324–325 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 184 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 220 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 170 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964469–470Shub1966405Leggett1981325–326Rice1990184Service2000427White2001169Ryan2012170-333"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964469–470Shub1966405Leggett1981325–326Rice1990184Service2000427White2001169Ryan2012170_333-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 469–470 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 405 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 325–326 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 184 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 427 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 169 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 170 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964470–471Shub1966408–409Leggett1981327–328Rice1990184–185Service2000427–428Ryan2012171–172-334"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964470–471Shub1966408–409Leggett1981327–328Rice1990184–185Service2000427–428Ryan2012171–172_334-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 470–471 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 408–409 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 327–328 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 184–185 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 427–428 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 171–172 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966411Rice1990185Service2000421,_424–427,_429Read2005264-335"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966411Rice1990185Service2000421,_424–427,_429Read2005264_335-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 411 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 185 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 421, 424–427, 429 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 264 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964479–480Sandle1999155Service2000430White2001170,_171-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964479–480Sandle1999155Service2000430White2001170,_171_336-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 479–480 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 155 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 430 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 170, 171 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966411Sandle1999153,_158Service2000430White2001169Read2005264–265-337"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966411Sandle1999153,_158Service2000430White2001169Read2005264–265_337-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 411 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 153, 158 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 430 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 169 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 264–265 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966412Service2000430Read2005266Ryan2012159-338"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966412Service2000430Read2005266Ryan2012159_338-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 412 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 430 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 266 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 159 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964479Shub1966412Sandle1999155Ryan2012159-339"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964479Shub1966412Sandle1999155Ryan2012159_339-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 479 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 412 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 155 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 159 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle1999151Service2000422White2001171-340"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle1999151Service2000422White2001171_340-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 151 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 422 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 171 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000421,_434-341"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000421,_434_341-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 421, 434 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990703–707Sandle1999103Ryan2012143-342"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990703–707Sandle1999103Ryan2012143_342-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 703–707 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 103 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 143 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964423,_582Sandle1999107White2001165Read2005230-343"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964423,_582Sandle1999107White2001165Read2005230_343-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 423, 582 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 107 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 165 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 230 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964567–569-344"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964567–569_344-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 567–569 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964574,_576–577Service2000432,_441-345"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964574,_576–577Service2000432,_441_345-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 574, 576–577 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 432, 441 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964424–427-346"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964424–427_346-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 424–427 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964414Rice1990177–178Service2000405Read2005260–261-347"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964414Rice1990177–178Service2000405Read2005260–261_347-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 414 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 177–178 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 405 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 260–261 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994283-348"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994283_348-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 283 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964404–409Rice1990178–179Service2000440-349"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964404–409Rice1990178–179Service2000440_349-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 404–409 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 178–179 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 440 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964409–411-350"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964409–411_350-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 409–411 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964433–434Shub1966380–381Rice1990181Service2000414–415Read2005258-351"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964433–434Shub1966380–381Rice1990181Service2000414–415Read2005258_351-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 433–434 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 380–381 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 181 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 414–415 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 258 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964434Shub1966381–382Rice1990181Service2000415Read2005258-352"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964434Shub1966381–382Rice1990181Service2000415Read2005258_352-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 434 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 381–382 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 181 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 415 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 258 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990181–182Service2000416–417Read2005258-353"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990181–182Service2000416–417Read2005258_353-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 181–182 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 416–417 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 258 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966426Lewin196933Rice1990187Volkogonov1994409Service2000435-354"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966426Lewin196933Rice1990187Volkogonov1994409Service2000435_354-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 426 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 33 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 187 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 409 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 435 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966426Rice1990187Service2000435-355"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966426Rice1990187Service2000435_355-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 426 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 187 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 435 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000436Read2005281Rice1990187-356"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000436Read2005281Rice1990187_356-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 436 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 281 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 187 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994420,_425–426Service2000439Read2005280,_282-357"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994420,_425–426Service2000439Read2005280,_282_357-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 420, 425–426 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 439 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 280, 282 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994443Service2000437-358"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994443Service2000437_358-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 443 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 437 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964598–599Shub1966426Service2000443White2001172Read2005258-359"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964598–599Shub1966426Service2000443White2001172Read2005258_359-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 598–599 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 426 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 443 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 172 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 258 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000444–445-360"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000444–445_360-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 444–445 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004372-361"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004372_361-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004">Lerner, Finkelstein & Witztum 2004</a>, 372 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964600Shub1966426–427Lewin196933Service2000443White2001173Read2005258-362"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964600Shub1966426–427Lewin196933Service2000443White2001173Read2005258_362-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 600 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 426–427 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 33 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 443 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 173 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 258 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966427–428Service2000446-363"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966427–428Service2000446_363-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 427–428 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 446 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964634Shub1966431–432Lewin196933–34White2001173-364"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964634Shub1966431–432Lewin196933–34White2001173_364-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 634 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 431–432 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 33–34 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 173 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964600–602Shub1966428–430Leggett1981318Sandle1999164Service2000442–443Read2005269Ryan2012174–175-365"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964600–602Shub1966428–430Leggett1981318Sandle1999164Service2000442–443Read2005269Ryan2012174–175_365-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 600–602 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 428–430 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 318 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 164 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 442–443 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 269 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 174–175 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994310Leggett1981320–322Aves1996175–178Sandle1999164Lee2003103–104Ryan2012172-366"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994310Leggett1981320–322Aves1996175–178Sandle1999164Lee2003103–104Ryan2012172_366-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 310 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 320–322 or.; <a href="#CITEREFAves1996">Aves, 1996</a>, 175–178 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 164 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee, 2003</a>, 103–104 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 172 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964578Rice1990189-367"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964578Rice1990189_367-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 578 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 189 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990192–193-368"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990192–193_368-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice 1990</a>, 192–193 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964578-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964578_369-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 578 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964638–639Shub1966433Lewin196973–75Volkogonov1994417Service2000464White2001173–174-370"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964638–639Shub1966433Lewin196973–75Volkogonov1994417Service2000464White2001173–174_370-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 638–639 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 433 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 73–75 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 417 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 464 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 173–174 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964647Shub1966434–435Rice1990192Volkogonov1994273Service2000469White2001174–175Read2005278–279-371"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964647Shub1966434–435Rice1990192Volkogonov1994273Service2000469White2001174–175Read2005278–279_371-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 647 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 434–435 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 192 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 273 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 469 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 174–175 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 278–279 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964640Shub1966434–435Volkogonov1994249,_418Service2000465White2001174-372"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964640Shub1966434–435Volkogonov1994249,_418Service2000465White2001174_372-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 640 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 434–435 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 249, 418 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 465 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 174 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964666–667,_669Lewin1969120–121Service2000468Read2005273-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964666–667,_669Lewin1969120–121Service2000468Read2005273_373-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 666–667, 669 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 120–121 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 468 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 273 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964650–654Service2000470-374"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964650–654Service2000470_374-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 650–654 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 470 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966426,_434Lewin196934–35-375"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966426,_434Lewin196934–35_375-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 426, 434 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 34–35 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994263–264-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994263–264_376-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 263–264 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin196970Rice1990191Volkogonov1994273,_416-377"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewin196970Rice1990191Volkogonov1994273,_416_377-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 70 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 191 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 273, 416 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964635Lewin196935–40Service2000451–452White2001173-378"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964635Lewin196935–40Service2000451–452White2001173_378-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 635 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 35–40 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 451–452 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 173 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964637–638,_669Shub1966435–436Lewin196971,_85,_101Volkogonov1994273–274,_422–423Service2000463,_472–473White2001173,_176Read2005279-379"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964637–638,_669Shub1966435–436Lewin196971,_85,_101Volkogonov1994273–274,_422–423Service2000463,_472–473White2001173,_176Read2005279_379-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 637–638, 669 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 435–436 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 71, 85, 101 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 273–274, 422–423 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 463, 472–473 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 173, 176 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 279 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964607–608Lewin196943–49Rice1990190–191Volkogonov1994421Service2000452,_453–455White2001175–176-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964607–608Lewin196943–49Rice1990190–191Volkogonov1994421Service2000452,_453–455White2001175–176_380-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 607–608 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 43–49 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 190–191 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 421 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 452, 453–455 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 175–176 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964608Lewin196950Leggett1981354Volkogonov1994421Service2000455White2001175-381"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964608Lewin196950Leggett1981354Volkogonov1994421Service2000455White2001175_381-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 608 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 50 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 354 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 421 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 455 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 175 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000455,_456-382"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000455,_456_382-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 455, 456 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin196940,_99–100Volkogonov1994421Service2000460–461,_468-383"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewin196940,_99–100Volkogonov1994421Service2000460–461,_468_383-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 40, 99–100 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 421 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 460–461, 468 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERigby1979221-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigby1979221_384-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby 1979</a>, 221 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964671Shub1966436Lewin1969103Leggett1981355Rice1990193White2001176Read2005281-385"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964671Shub1966436Lewin1969103Leggett1981355Rice1990193White2001176Read2005281_385-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 671 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 436 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 103 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 355 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 193 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 176 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 281 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964671Shub1966436Volkogonov1994425Service2000474LernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004372-386"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964671Shub1966436Volkogonov1994425Service2000474LernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004372_386-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 671 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 436 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 425 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 474 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004">Lerner, Finkelstein eta Witztum, 2004</a>, 372 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964672Rigby1979192Rice1990193–194Volkogonov1994429–430-387"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964672Rigby1979192Rice1990193–194Volkogonov1994429–430_387-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 672 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby, 1979</a>, 192 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 193–194 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 429–430 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964672Shub1966437Volkogonov1994431Service2000476Read2005281-388"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964672Shub1966437Volkogonov1994431Service2000476Read2005281_388-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 672 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 437 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 431 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 476 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 281 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990194Volkogonov1994299Service2000477–478-389"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990194Volkogonov1994299Service2000477–478_389-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 194 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 299 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 477–478 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964673–674Shub1966438Rice1990194Volkogonov1994435Service2000478–479White2001176Read2005269-390"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964673–674Shub1966438Rice1990194Volkogonov1994435Service2000478–479White2001176Read2005269_390-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 673–674 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 438 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 194 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 435 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 478–479 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 176 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 269 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994435LernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004372-391"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994435LernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004372_391-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 435 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004">Lerner, Finkelstein eta Witztum, 2004</a>, 372 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice19907-392"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice19907_392-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice 1990</a>, 7 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice19907–8-393"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice19907–8_393-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice 1990</a>, 7–8 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964674Shub1966439Rice19907–8Service2000479-394"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964674Shub1966439Rice19907–8Service2000479_394-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 674 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 439 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 7–8 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 479 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice19909-395"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice19909_395-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice 1990</a>, 9 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966439Rice19909Service2000479–480-396"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966439Rice19909Service2000479–480_396-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 439 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 9 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 479–480 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994440-397">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994440_397-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994440_397-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 440 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964674Shub1966438Volkogonov1994437–438Service2000481-398"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964674Shub1966438Volkogonov1994437–438Service2000481_398-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 674 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 438 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 437–438 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 481 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964625–626Volkogonov1994446-399"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964625–626Volkogonov1994446_399-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 625–626 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 446 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994444,_445-400"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994444,_445_400-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 444, 445 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994444-401"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994444_401-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 444 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964150-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964150_402-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 150 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan201218-403">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201218_403-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201218_403-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201218_403-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201218_403-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, 18 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994409-404"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994409_404-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 409 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199935Service2000237-405"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199935Service2000237_405-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 35 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 237 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199941-406">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199941_406-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199941_406-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199941_406-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle 1999</a>, 41 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994206-407"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994206_407-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 206 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199935-408">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199935_408-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199935_408-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle 1999</a>, 35 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199942–43-409"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199942–43_409-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle 1999</a>, 42–43 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199938-410"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199938_410-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle 1999</a>, 38 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199943–44,_63-411"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199943–44,_63_411-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle 1999</a>, 43–44, 63 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199936-412"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199936_412-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle 1999</a>, 36 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000203-413"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000203_413-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 203 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199929White20011-414"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199929White20011_414-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 29 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 1 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000173-415"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000173_415-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 173 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan201213-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201213_416-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, 13 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199957White2001151-417"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199957White2001151_417-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 57 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 151 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199934-418"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199934_418-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle 1999</a>, 34 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2001150–151-419"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2001150–151_419-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White 2001</a>, 150–151 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan201219-420">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201219_420-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201219_420-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan201219_420-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, 19 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20123-421">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20123_421-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20123_421-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, 3 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1990121-422">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990121_422-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1990121_422-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice 1990</a>, 121 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994471-423"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994471_423-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 471 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966443-424"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966443_424-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub 1966</a>, 443 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964310Shub1966442-425"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964310Shub1966442_425-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 310 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 442 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle199936–37-426"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle199936–37_426-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle 1999</a>, 36–37 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196454Shub1966423Pipes1990352-427"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196454Shub1966423Pipes1990352_427-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 54 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 423 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 352 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196488–89-428"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196488–89_428-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 88–89 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196487Montefiore2007266-429"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196487Montefiore2007266_429-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 87 or.; <a href="#CITEREFMontefiore2007">Montefiore, 2007</a>, 266 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196487-430"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196487_430-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 87 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196491,_93-431"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196491,_93_431-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 91, 93 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2007266-432"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2007266_432-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontefiore2007">Montefiore 2007</a>, 266 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage194817Page1950354-433"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage194817Page1950354_433-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPage1948">Page, 1948</a>, 17 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPage1950">Page, 1950</a>, 354 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage1950355-434"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage1950355_434-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPage1950">Page 1950</a>, 355 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage1950342-435"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage1950342_435-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPage1950">Page 1950</a>, 342 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000159,_202Read2005207-436"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000159,_202Read2005207_436-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 159, 202 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 207 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196447,_148-437"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196447,_148_437-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 47, 148 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990348,_351-438"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990348,_351_438-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, 348, 351 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994246-439"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994246_439-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 246 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196457-440"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196457_440-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 57 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService200073-441"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService200073_441-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 73 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196444Service200081-442"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196444Service200081_442-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 44 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 81 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000118-443"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000118_443-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 118 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000232Lih201113-444"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000232Lih201113_444-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 232 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 13 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200188-445"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200188_445-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White 2001</a>, 88 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994362-446"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994362_446-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 362 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964409-447"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964409_447-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 409 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005262-448"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2005262_448-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, 262 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196440–41Volkogonov1994373Service2000149-449"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196440–41Volkogonov1994373Service2000149_449-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 40–41 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 373 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 149 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000116-450"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000116_450-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 116 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes199611Read2005287-451"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes199611Read2005287_451-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1996">Pipes, 1996</a>, 11 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 287 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005259-452"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2005259_452-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, 259 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196467Pipes1990353Read2005207,_212-453"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196467Pipes1990353Read2005207,_212_453-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 67 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 353 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 207, 212 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201093-454"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201093_454-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrovsky-Shtern2010">Petrovsky-Shtern 2010</a>, 93 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990353-455"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990353_455-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, 353 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196469-456"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196469_456-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 69 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000244Read2005153-457"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000244Read2005153_457-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 244 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 153 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196445Pipes1990350Volkogonov1994182Service2000177Read2005208Ryan20126-458"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196445Pipes1990350Volkogonov1994182Service2000177Read2005208Ryan20126_458-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 45 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 350 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 182 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 177 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 208 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 6 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964415Shub1966422Read2005247-459"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964415Shub1966422Read2005247_459-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 415 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 422 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 247 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000293-460"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000293_460-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 293 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000242-461"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000242_461-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 242 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196456Rice1990106Service2000160-462"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196456Rice1990106Service2000160_462-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 56 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice, 1990</a>, 106 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 160 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196456Service2000188-463"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196456Service2000188_463-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 56 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 188 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966423-464"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966423_464-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub 1966</a>, 423 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964367-465"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964367_465-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 367 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964368-466"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964368_466-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 368 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990812-467"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990812_467-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, 812 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService200099–100,_160-468"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService200099–100,_160_468-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 99–100, 160 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964245-469"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964245_469-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 245 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990349–350Read2005284,_259–260-470"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990349–350Read2005284,_259–260_470-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 349–350 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 284, 259–260 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964489,_491Shub1966420–421Sandle1999125Read2005237-471"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964489,_491Shub1966420–421Sandle1999125Read2005237_471-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 489, 491 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 420–421 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 125 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 237 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196479Read2005237-472"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196479Read2005237_472-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 79 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 237 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000199-473"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000199_473-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 199 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966424Service2000213Rappaport201038-474"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966424Service2000213Rappaport201038_474-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 424 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 213 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport, 2010</a>, 38 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead200519-475"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead200519_475-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, 19 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964515Volkogonov1994246-476"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964515Volkogonov1994246_476-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 515 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 246 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201067-477"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201067_477-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrovsky-Shtern2010">Petrovsky-Shtern 2010</a>, 67 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000453-478"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000453_478-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 453 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000389-479"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000389_479-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 389 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes199611Service2000389–400-480"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes199611Service2000389–400_480-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1996">Pipes, 1996</a>, 11 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 389–400 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994326-481"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994326_481-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 326 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000391-482"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000391_482-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 391 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994259-483"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994259_483-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 259 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964414-484"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964414_484-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 414 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebman197519–20-485"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebman197519–20_485-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiebman1975">Liebman 1975</a>, 19–20 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2001iix-486"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2001iix_486-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White 2001</a>, iix orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000488-487"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000488_487-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 488 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20125-488">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20125_488-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20125_488-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, 5 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200314Ryan20123-489"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200314Ryan20123_489-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee, 2003</a>, 14 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 3 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200314-490"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200314_490-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, 14 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003123-491"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003123_491-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, 123 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003124-492"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003124_492-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, 124 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964516Shub1966415Leggett1981364Volkogonov1994307,_312-493"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964516Shub1966415Leggett1981364Volkogonov1994307,_312_493-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 516 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 415 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, 1981</a>, 364 or.; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 307, 312 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin196912Rigby1979x,_161Sandle1999164Service2000506Lee200397Read2005190Ryan20129-494"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewin196912Rigby1979x,_161Sandle1999164Service2000506Lee200397Read2005190Ryan20129_494-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, 1969</a>, 12 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby, 1979</a>, x, 161 or.; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, 1999</a>, 164 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 506 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee, 2003</a>, 97 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 190 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 9 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964417Shub1966416Pipes1990511Pipes19963Read2005247-495"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964417Shub1966416Pipes1990511Pipes19963Read2005247_495-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer, 1964</a>, 417 or.; <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 416 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 511 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1996">Pipes, 1996</a>, 3 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 247 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20121-496"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20121_496-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, 1 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1964524-497"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1964524_497-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, 524 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994313-498"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994313_498-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 313 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003120-499"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003120_499-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, 120 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012191-500"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012191_500-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, 191 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012184-501"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012184_501-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, 184 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20123BudgenKouvelakisŽižek20071–4-502"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20123BudgenKouvelakisŽižek20071–4_502-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, 2012</a>, 3 or.; <a href="#CITEREFBudgenKouvelakisŽižek2007">Budgen, Kouvelakis eta Žižek, 2007</a>, 1–4 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994327Tumarkin19972White2001185Read2005260-503"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994327Tumarkin19972White2001185Read2005260_503-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 327 or.; <a href="#CITEREFTumarkin1997">Tumarkin, 1997</a>, 2 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 185 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 260 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETumarkin19972-504"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETumarkin19972_504-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTumarkin1997">Tumarkin 1997</a>, 2 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990814Service2000485White2001185Petrovsky-Shtern2010114Read2005284-505"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990814Service2000485White2001185Petrovsky-Shtern2010114Read2005284_505-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes, 1990</a>, 814 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 485 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 185 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPetrovsky-Shtern2010">Petrovsky-Shtern, 2010</a>, 114 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 284 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994328-506">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994328_506-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994328_506-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994328_506-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 328 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000486-507">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000486_507-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000486_507-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000486_507-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 486 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994437Service2000482-508"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994437Service2000482_508-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 437 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 482 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub1966439Pipes19961Service2000482-509"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub1966439Pipes19961Service2000482_509-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 439 or.; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1996">Pipes, 1996</a>, 1 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 482 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes19961-510"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes19961_510-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1996">Pipes 1996</a>, 1 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000484White2001185Read2005260,_284-511"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000484White2001185Read2005260,_284_511-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 484 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 185 or.; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read, 2005</a>, 260, 284 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994274–275-512"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994274–275_512-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 274–275 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994262-513"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994262_513-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 262 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994263-514"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994263_514-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov 1994</a>, 263 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201099Lih201120-515"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern201099Lih201120_515-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPetrovsky-Shtern2010">Petrovsky-Shtern, 2010</a>, 99 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih, 2011</a>, 20 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead20056-516">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead20056_516-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead20056_516-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, 6 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern2010108-517"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern2010108_517-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrovsky-Shtern2010">Petrovsky-Shtern 2010</a>, 108 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern2010134,_159–161-518"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovsky-Shtern2010134,_159–161_518-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrovsky-Shtern2010">Petrovsky-Shtern 2010</a>, 134, 159–161 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000485-519"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000485_519-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 485 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes19961–2White2001183-520"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes19961–2White2001183_520-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1996">Pipes, 1996</a>, 1–2 or.; <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White, 2001</a>, 183 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994452–453Service2000491–492Lee2003131-521"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1994452–453Service2000491–492Lee2003131_521-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1994">Volkogonov, 1994</a>, 452–453 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 491–492 or.; <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee, 2003</a>, 131 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000491–492-522"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000491–492_522-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 491–492 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes19962–3-523"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes19962–3_523-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1996">Pipes 1996</a>, 2–3 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000492-524"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000492_524-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, 492 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTimes2013-10-24">Times, The Moscow.  (2013-10-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2013/10/24/lenin-statue-beheaded-in-orenburg-a28915">«Lenin Statue Beheaded in Orenburg»</a> <i>The Moscow Times</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-08-06)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19940437">«Mongolia capital Ulan-Bator removes Lenin statue»</a> <i>BBC News</i> 2012-10-14 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-08-06)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-527"><a href="#cite_ref-527">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-26306737">«Lenin statues toppled in Ukraine»</a> <i>BBC News</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-08-06)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><a href="#cite_ref-528">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32267075">«Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols»</a> <i>BBC News</i> 2015-04-14 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-08-06)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub196610-529"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub196610_529-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub 1966</a>, 10 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebman197522-530"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebman197522_530-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiebman1975">Liebman 1975</a>, 22 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub19669Service2000482-531"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub19669Service2000482_531-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFShub1966">Shub, 1966</a>, 9 or.; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service, 2000</a>, 482 or..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003132-532"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003132_532-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, 132 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005283-533"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2005283_533-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, 283 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAngulo1979-03-08">Angulo, Javier.  (1979-03-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/1979/03/09/espana/289782009_850215.html">«"Herri Batasuna es la cristalización de un nuevo movimiento patriótico vasco, socialista y revolucionario"»</a> <i>El País</i> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-08-06)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003132–133-535"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003132–133_535-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, 132–133 orr. .</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2;column-count:2;-moz-column-gap:1em;-webkit-column-gap:1em;column-gap:1em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAves1996">Aves, Jonathan.  (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workersagainstle0000aves"><i>Workers Against Lenin: Labour Protest and the Bolshevik Dictatorship. </i></a> London: I.B. Tauris <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-86064-067-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-86064-067-4">978-1-86064-067-4</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBrackman2000">Brackman, Roman.  (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretfileofjose0000brac"><i>The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. </i></a> Portland, Oregon: Psychology Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7146-5050-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7146-5050-0">978-0-7146-5050-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBudgenKouvelakisŽižek2007">Budgen, Sebastian; Kouvelakis, Stathis; Žižek, Slavoj.  (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leninreloadedtow01unse"><i>Lenin Reloaded: Toward a Politics of Truth. </i></a> Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8223-3941-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8223-3941-0">978-0-8223-3941-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDavid1974">David, H. P..  (1974). <i>Abortion and Family Planning in the Soviet Union: Public Policies and Private Behaviour. </i>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021932000009846">10.1017/S0021932000009846</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0021-9320">0021-9320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4473125">4473125</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDavies2003">Davies, Norman.  (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whiteeagleredsta00unse"><i>White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919–20 and 'the Miracle on the Vistula'. </i></a> London: Pimlico <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7126-0694-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7126-0694-3">978-0-7126-0694-3</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFischer1964"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Fischer (sortu gabe)">Fischer, Louis</a>.  (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofleninfischer"><i>The Life of Lenin. </i></a> London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHazard1965"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_N._Hazard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John N. Hazard (sortu gabe)">Hazard, John N.</a>.  (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3056&context=lcp"><i>Unity and Diversity in Socialist Law. </i></a>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1190515">10.2307/1190515</a></span>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLee2003">Lee, Stephen J..  (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leninrevolutiona0000lees"><i>Lenin and Revolutionary Russia. </i></a> London: Routledge <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-28718-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-28718-0">978-0-415-28718-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLeggett1981">Leggett, George.  (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chekaleninspolit0000legg"><i>The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. </i></a> Oxford: Oxford University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-822552-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-822552-2">978-0-19-822552-2</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLernerFinkelsteinWitztum2004">Lerner, Vladimir; Finkelstein, Y.; Witztum, E..  (2004). <i>The Enigma of Lenin's (1870–1924) Malady. </i>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-1331.2004.00839.x">10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00839.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15171732">15171732</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGoldstein2013">Goldstein, Erik.  (2013). <i>The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925. </i> London: Routledge <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-31-7883-678" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-31-7883-678">978-1-31-7883-678</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHall2015">Hall, Richard C..  (2015). <i>Consumed by War: European Conflict in the 20th Century. </i> Lexington: University Press of Kentucky <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-81-3159-959" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-81-3159-959">978-0-81-3159-959</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLiebman1975">Liebman, Marcel.  (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leninismunderlen0000lieb_f2h6"><i>Leninism Under Lenin. </i></a> London: Jonathan Cape <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-224-01072-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-224-01072-6">978-0-224-01072-6</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMerridale2017">Merridale, Catherine.  (2017). <i>Lenin on the Train. </i> London: Penguin Books <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-241-01132-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-241-01132-4">978-0-241-01132-4</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMontefiore2007"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Montefiore, Simon Sebag</a>.  (2007). <i>Young Stalin. </i> London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-297-85068-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-297-85068-7">978-0-297-85068-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin, Moshe.  (1969). <i>Lenin's Last Struggle. </i> London: Faber and Faber</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLih2011">Lih, Lars T..  (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lenin0000lihl"><i>Lenin. </i></a> London: Reaktion Books <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-86189-793-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-86189-793-0">978-1-86189-793-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPage1948">Page, Stanley W..  (1948). <i>Lenin, the National Question and the Baltic States, 1917–19. </i>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2492116">10.2307/2492116</a></span>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPage1950">Page, Stanley W..  (1950). <i>Lenin and Self-Determination. </i></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPetrovsky-Shtern2010">Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan.  (2010). <i>Lenin's Jewish Question. </i> New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-300-15210-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-300-15210-4">978-0-300-15210-4</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPipes1990"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Pipes (sortu gabe)">Pipes, Richard</a>.  (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianrevolutio00pipe_0"><i>The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. </i></a> London: Collins Harvill <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-679-73660-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-679-73660-8">978-0-679-73660-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPipes1996">Pipes, Richard.  (1996). <i>The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. </i> New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-300-06919-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-300-06919-8">978-0-300-06919-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRappaport2010"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Rappaport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Rappaport (sortu gabe)">Rappaport, Helen</a>.  (2010). <i>Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. </i> New York: Basic Books <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-465-01395-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-465-01395-1">978-0-465-01395-1</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRead2005">Read, Christopher.  (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leninrevolutiona0000read"><i>Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. </i></a> London: Routledge <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-20649-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-20649-5">978-0-415-20649-5</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRemnick">Remnick, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/leaders/profile/lenin.html"><i>TIME 100: Vladimir Lenin. </i></a></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFResis">Resis, Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335881/Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin"><i>Vladimir Ilich Lenin. </i></a></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRice1990">Rice, Christopher.  (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leninportraitofp0000rice"><i>Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. </i></a> London: Cassell <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-304-31814-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-304-31814-8">978-0-304-31814-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby, T. H..  (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leninsgovernment0000rigb"><i>Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. </i></a> Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-22281-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-22281-5">978-0-521-22281-5</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan, James.  (2012). <i>Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. </i> London: Routledge <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-138-81568-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-138-81568-1">978-1-138-81568-1</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle, Mark.  (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofso0000sand"><i>A Short History of Soviet Socialism. </i></a> London: UCL Press  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203500279">10.4324/9780203500279</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-85728-355-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-85728-355-6">978-1-85728-355-6</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSchmermundEdwards2016">Schmermund, Elizabeth; Edwards, Judith.  (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vladimirleninrus0000schm"><i>Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Revolution. </i></a> Enslow Publishing <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7660-7414-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7660-7414-9">978-0-7660-7414-9</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSebestyen2017"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Sebestyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Sebestyen (sortu gabe)">Sebestyen, Victor</a>.  (2017). <i>Lenin the Dictator: An Intimate Portrait. </i> London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-47460-044-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-47460-044-6">978-1-47460-044-6</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFService2000">Service, Robert.  (2000). <i>Lenin: A Biography. </i> London: Macmillan <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-333-72625-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-333-72625-9">978-0-333-72625-9</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFShevchenko">Shevchenko, Vitaly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32267075"><i>Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols. </i></a></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFShub1966"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Shub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Shub (sortu gabe)">Shub, David</a>.  (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leninbiographyshub"><i>Lenin: A Biography. </i></a> London: Pelican</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSun">Sun, Feifei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2046285_2045996_2046096,00.html"><i>Top 25 Political Icons: Lenin. </i></a></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFThatcher">Thatcher, Ian D.. <i>Trotskii and Lenin's Funeral, 27 January 1924: A Brief Note. </i>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2009.00451.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.2009.00451.x</a></span>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTheen2004">Theen, Rolf.  (2004). <i>Lenin: Genesis and Development of a Revolutionary. </i> Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-691-64358-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-691-64358-8">978-0-691-64358-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTumarkin1997">Tumarkin, Nina.  (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leninlivesleninc0000tuma"><i>Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia. </i></a> Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-674-52431-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-674-52431-6">978-0-674-52431-6</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVolkogonov1994"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Volkogonov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitri Volkogonov (sortu gabe)">Volkogonov, Dmitri</a>.  (1994). <i>Lenin: Life and Legacy. </i> London: HarperCollins <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-00-255123-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-00-255123-6">978-0-00-255123-6</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWhite2001">White, James D..  (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leninpracticethe0000whit"><i>Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. </i></a> Basingstoke, England: Palgrave <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-333-72157-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-333-72157-5">978-0-333-72157-5</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <i>Trotsky: Fate of a Revolutionary. </i> Stein & Day <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-8128-2774-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-8128-2774-0">0-8128-2774-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFYakovlev1988"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yegor_Yakovlev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yegor Yakovlev (sortu gabe)">Yakovlev, Yegor</a>.  (1988). <i>The Beginning The Story about the Ulyanov Family, Lenin's Childhood and Youth. </i> Progress Publishers <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-5010005009" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-5010005009">978-5010005009</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lenin">«Lenin»</a> <i>Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</i></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPayne1967">Payne, Robert.  (1967). <i>The Life And Death of Lenin. </i> Simon & Schuster</span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euskaraz">Euskaraz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Euskaraz»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Euskaraz"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gotzon_Garate" title="Gotzon Garate">Gotzon Garate</a>, <i>Lenin eta nazioen autodeterminazio eskubidea</i>, Mensajero, 1980.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotzon_Garate" title="Gotzon Garate">Gotzon Garate</a>, <i>Leninen marxismoa: leninismoa</i>, Mensajero, 1983.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lan_hautatuak">Lan hautatuak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lan hautatuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Lan hautatuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2;column-count:2;-moz-column-gap:1em;-webkit-column-gap:1em;column-gap:1em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/euskara/lenin/1917/apiril/tesiak.htm">Langileriaren egitekoak egungo iraultzan (“Apirileko Tesiak")</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/euskara/lenin/1917/urri/26an.htm">Langile Kontrolari buruzko dekretu proiektua</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/euskara/lenin/1917/urri/25an.htm">Errusiako herritarrei!</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/euskara/lenin/1917/urri/30an.htmHerriaren">Komisarioen Kontseiluaren Erradiograma</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1899/devel/index.htm">Kapitalismoaren bilakaera errusian</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1901/witbd/index.htm">Zer egin? (panfletoa)</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1904/onestep/index.htm">Urrats bat aurrera, bi pauso atzera</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1905/tactics/index.htm">Sozialdemokraziaren taktika bi Iraultza demokratikoan</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1915/oct/16.htm">Herriek burujabetzarako duten eskubidea</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/index.htm">Inperialismoa, Kapitalismoaren maila gorena</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/index.htm">Estatua eta Iraultza</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1918/oct/10.htm">Langileen Iraultza eta Kautsky arnegatua</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/testamnt/index.htm">Leninen testamentua</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1923/mar/05.htm">Leninek Stalini bidalitako azken gutuna</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1904/sep/15a.htm">Rosa Luxemburgi erantzuna</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo">Marxismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninen_testamentua" title="Leninen testamentua">Leninen testamentua</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022003631/http://www.jakingunea.com/50urte/html/Jakin66_22/Jakin66_22.html">Xabier Mendiguren Bereziartu: <i>Lenin, kondaira eta mito</i>, <b>Jakin</b> aldizkaria, 1966</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022003617/http://www.jakingunea.com/50urte/html/Jakin80_13/Jakin80_13.html">Joxe Azurmendi eta Manolo Pagola: <i>Lenin. Ohar batzuk nazio-arazoaz</i>, <b>Jakin</b> aldizkaria, 1980</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/index.htm">Lenin Internet Archive: Leninen bizitza, idazlanak, argazkiak, elkarrizketak...</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marx2mao.com/Lenin/Index.html">Lenin Internet Library</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1939/1939-lenin02.htm">Trotskyk Encyclopedia Britannicarako idatzi zuen Leninen gaineko artikulua</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060404061700/http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/archive/krupskaya/works/rol/index.htm">N. K. Krupskayaren, Leninen emaztearen, oroitzapenak</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/bryant/works/1923-mom/lenin.htm"><i>Mirrors of Moscow: Nikolai Lenin</i>, Louise Bryant-en lana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argia.com/argia-astekaria/2238/lenin-oporretan/osoa">Lenineri buruzko artikulu laburra ARGIA astekarian</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_k6zs48zwoa7uubyw6w15bkorhqx59b5"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbatxev" coords="814,34,900,55" title="Mikhail Gorbatxev" alt="Mikhail Gorbatxev" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Konstantin_Txernenko" coords="793,34,834,55" title="Konstantin Txernenko" alt="Konstantin Txernenko" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" coords="774,34,816,55" 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class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Marxismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Marxismoa (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi" style="background: red;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Marxismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Marxismoa (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu" style="background: red;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Marxismoa&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu" style="background: red;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marxismoa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo">Marxismoa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: red;width:1%">Kontzeptuak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Materialismo_dialektiko" title="Materialismo dialektiko">Materialismo dialektikoa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Materialismo_historiko" title="Materialismo historiko">Materialismo historikoa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Klase-borroka" title="Klase-borroka">Klase-borroka</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Alienazio" title="Alienazio">Alienazioa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Ekoizpen-modu" title="Ekoizpen-modu">Ekoizpen-modua</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Proletarioen_diktadura" title="Proletarioen diktadura">Proletarioen diktadura</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Abertzaletasun_sozialista" title="Abertzaletasun sozialista">Abertzaletasun sozialista</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: red;width:1%">Lanak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i>, Kapitala (1867, 1885, 1894)  •  <a href="/wiki/Alderdi_Komunistaren_Manifestua" title="Alderdi Komunistaren Manifestua">Agiri Komunista</a> (1848)  •  <a href="/wiki/Anti-D%C3%BChring" title="Anti-Dühring">Anti-Dühring</a> (1877)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: red;width:1%">Mugimenduak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sozialismo" title="Sozialismo">Sozialismoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sozialdemokrazia" title="Sozialdemokrazia">sozialdemokrazia</a>)  •  <a href="/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo">Komunismoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trotskismo" title="Trotskismo">trotskismoa</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: red;width:1%">Marxistak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a>  •  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vladimir Lenin</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Stalin" title="Iosif Stalin">Iosif Stalin</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Toni_Negri" title="Toni Negri">Toni Negri</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1394">Q1394</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vladimir_Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q1394%22">Q1394</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikiteka" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Jatorrizko testuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://eu.wikisource.org/wiki/Egilea:Vladimir_Ilitx_Ulianov" class="extiw" title="s:Egilea:Vladimir Ilitx Ulianov">Egilea:Vladimir Ilitx Ulianov</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-7393146">WorldCat</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7393146/">7393146</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120988915">0000000120988915</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Argentina">BNA</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000023423">000023423</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1124861">XX1124861</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11912439p">11912439p</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11912439p">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">BNC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F/?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000041848">000041848</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kataluniako_Liburutegia" title="Kataluniako Liburutegia">CANTIC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a10444063">a10444063</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118640402">118640402</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80067085">n80067085</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Central_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Central Library (sortu gabe)">NCL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=002267873">002267873</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00447347">00447347</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001737">jn19981001737</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=35300014">35300014</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Errusiar_Estatuaren_Liburutegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Errusiar Estatuaren Liburutegia">BER</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000083509&CON_LNG=ENG">000083509</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tabakalera" title="Tabakalera">Tabakalera ID</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katalogoa.tabakalera.eus/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=107713">107713</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00160222">DA00160222</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581755">10581755</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29861311" class="extiw" title="d:Q29861311">SNAC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w37w7g">w6w37w7g</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22908627" class="extiw" title="d:Q22908627">S2</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/-/84216092">84216092</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026983184">026983184</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500321338">500321338</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BIBSYS" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90066588">90066588</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bartzelonako_Unibertsitatea" title="Bartzelonako Unibertsitatea">UB</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://crai.ub.edu/sites/default/files/autoritats/permanent/a1147597">a1147597</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Centrale_per_il_Catalogo_Unico" title="Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico">ICCU</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/risultati-autori/-/opac-autori/detail/CFIV057903?core=autoriall">CFIV057903</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1104A?mode=all">OL1104A</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/PARES" class="mw-redirect" title="PARES">PARES</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/141138">141138</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=KulturNav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KulturNav (sortu gabe)">KulturNav</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kulturnav.org/f3a4aa26-e8d1-4d07-967c-a0d47392a17f">id</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lur_Hiztegi_Entziklopedikoa" title="Lur Hiztegi Entziklopedikoa">Lur</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskadi.eus/web01-a2lurhiz/eu/contenidos/termino/_c03806/eu_l_1494/l1494.html">03806/eu_l_1494/l1494</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/028375">028375</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vladimir-Lenin">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Bilduma digitalak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_proiektua" title="Gutenberg proiektua">Gutenberg proiektua</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/37547">37547</a></span></li> <li><b>Ondare historikoa</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fornminnesregistret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fornminnesregistret (sortu gabe)">FMIS</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kulturarvsdata.se/SMVK-EM/name/1551296">SMVK-EM/name/1551296</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1394">Q1394</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vladimir_Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q1394%22">Q1394</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikiteka" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Jatorrizko testuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://eu.wikisource.org/wiki/Egilea:Vladimir_Ilitx_Ulianov" class="extiw" title="s:Egilea:Vladimir Ilitx Ulianov">Egilea:Vladimir Ilitx Ulianov</a></span></li></ul> </div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐gdkxt Cached time: 20241122095637 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 3.145 seconds Real time usage: 3.814 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 174180/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 506201/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 148851/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 38/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip 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