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itemtype=http://schema.org/WebSite><div id=wrapper-navbar><a class="skip-link sr-only sr-only-focusable" href=#content>Skip to content</a><nav id=main-nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-primary" aria-labelledby=main-nav-label><h2 id="main-nav-label" class="sr-only"> Main Navigation</h2><div class=container> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow> <img width=183 height=58 src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20183%2058'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/themes/botheme/images/logo.png class="img-fluid lazy" alt="Biology Online Logo"> </a> <button class=navbar-toggler type=button data-toggle=collapse data-target=#navbarNavDropdown aria-controls=navbarNavDropdown aria-expanded=false aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class=navbar-toggler-icon></span> </button><div class=site-search><form method=get id=searchform action=https://www.biologyonline.com/ 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show-ad-label" data-ad-mapping=rail data-ad-slot=BO_dictionary_pages data-ad-targetingpos=rail></div></div><div class=wrapper id=page-wrapper><div class=container id=content><div class=row><div class="col-md-8 col-sm-12 pb-4 content-single-article"><article class="post-65702 glossary type-glossary status-publish hentry glossary_cat-l glossary_cat-most-popular grow-content-body" id=post-65702><header class=entry-header><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><div class=pb-2><a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Dictionary</a> > Lactose</div><div class=d-inline-block><h1 class="entry-title">Lactose</h1></div><div class="float-right pt-md-4"><g:sharetoclassroom size=32 url="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/lactose"></g:sharetoclassroom></div></header><div class=entry-content><div id=ez-toc-container class="ez-toc-v2_0_68_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction"><p class=ez-toc-title>Table of Contents</p> <label for=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6759a2196afb9 class=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label><span class><span class=eztoc-hide style=display:none;>Toggle</span><span class=ez-toc-icon-toggle-span><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg class=list-377408 width=20px height=20px viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill=none><path d="M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z" fill=currentColor></path></svg><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" class=arrow-unsorted-368013 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg width=10px height=10px viewBox="0 0 24 24" version=1.2 baseProfile=tiny><path d="M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z"/></svg></span></span></label><input type=checkbox id=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6759a2196afb9 checked aria-label=Toggle><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1" href=#Definition title=Definition>Definition</a></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2" href=#Details title=Details>Details</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3" href=#Discovery_of_lactose title="Discovery of lactose">Discovery of lactose</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4" href=#Overview title=Overview>Overview</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5" href=#Properties_of_lactose title="Properties of lactose">Properties of lactose</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6" href=#Lactose_vs_Sucrose_vs_Maltose title="Lactose vs. Sucrose vs. Maltose">Lactose vs. Sucrose vs. Maltose</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7" href=#Common_biological_reactions_involving_lactose title="Common biological reactions involving lactose">Common biological reactions involving lactose</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8" href=#Common_biological_reactions_involving_lactose-2 title="Common biological reactions involving lactose">Common biological reactions involving lactose</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9" href=#Common_biological_reactions_involving_lactose-3 title="Common biological reactions involving lactose">Common biological reactions involving lactose</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10" href=#Common_biological_reactions_involving_lactose-4 title="Common biological reactions involving lactose">Common biological reactions involving lactose</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11" href=#Metabolic_disorders title="Metabolic disorders">Metabolic disorders</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12" href=#Biological_importancefunctions title="Biological importance/functions">Biological importance/functions</a></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13" href=#Supplementary title=Supplementary>Supplementary</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14" href=#Etymology title=Etymology>Etymology</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15" href=#IUPAC title=IUPAC>IUPAC</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16" href=#Chemical_formula title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17" href=#Synonyms title=Synonym(s)>Synonym(s)</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18" href=#Derived_terms title="Derived terms">Derived terms</a></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19" href=#Further_reading title="Further reading">Further reading</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20" href=#Compare title=Compare>Compare</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21" href=#See_also title="See also">See also</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22" href=#Mentions title=Mention(s)>Mention(s)</a></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23" href=#Reference title=Reference>Reference</a></li></ul></nav></div><p id=tbl-cont><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Definition></span> Definition <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p><strong>noun</strong><br> <em>plural: lactoses</em><br> lac·tose, ˈlæk.toʊs<br> A <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/disaccharide data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>disaccharide</a> (chemical formula: C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>) made up of one <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/galactose data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>galactose</a> and one <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/glucose data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>glucose</a>, joined together via β-(1→4) glycosidic bond</p><div class='code-block code-block-7 code-block-block-7' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <script language=javascript src="https://live.primis.tech/live/liveView.php?s=103834&cbuster=%%CACHEBUSTER%%"></script> </div><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODEyJyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Details></span>Details<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Discovery_of_lactose></span> Discovery of lactose <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Lactose has long been known and used but it was recognized as a sugar only in 1780 by the chemist <em>Carl Scheele</em> 1742 – 1786. <em>Fabriccio Bartoletti</em> 1576 – 1630 was credited as the first to be able to crudely isolate lactose in milk. Lactose accounts for the roughly 2-8% of the weight of the milk. The monosaccharide components of lactose were identified later. The first monosaccharide component identified was <em>glucose</em> by <em>Heinrich Vogel</em> 1778 – 1867 in 1812. The other monosaccharide component, galactose, was identified by Louis Pasteur 1822 –1895 in 1856.<br> The name “lactose” comes from the word <em>lac</em> or <em>lactis</em> (meaning “milk”) and the suffix <em>-ose</em> to indicate it is a <em>sugar</em>. Its name was given by the French chemist <em>Jean Baptiste André Dumas</em> in 1843. However, when Pasteur was able to isolate galactose, he referred to it as “lactose”.<sup><strong>1</strong></sup> The compound was later renamed galactose (or “glucose lactique”) by the French chemist <em>Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot</em> 1827–1907<sup><strong>2</strong></sup>, and then he called the <em>milk sugar</em> as <em>lactose</em>, just as what we know today.</p><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODEzJyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Overview></span> Overview <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Lactose is one of the most common <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/disaccharide data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>disaccharide</a> carbohydrates; other examples are <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/sucrose data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>sucrose</a> and <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/maltose data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>maltose</a>. <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/carbohydrates data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Carbohydrates</a>s are a major class of biomolecules that can be classified based on the saccharide constituents. A <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/disaccharide data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>disaccharide</a> is a carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharides that are linked together by a glycosidic bond (glycosidic linkage).</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Properties_of_lactose></span> Properties of lactose <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Lactose is a white crystalline non-hygroscopic solid. Its molar mass is 342.30 g·mol<sup>−1</sup>. Its melting point is 202.8 °C. It is soluble in water. Similar to sucrose and maltose, lactose has a general formula of C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>. Lactose, though, is a <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/disaccharide data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>disaccharide</a> made up of one <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/galactose data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>galactose</a> and one <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/glucose data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>glucose</a>. They are linked together by β-1→4 glycosidic bond, which means the covalent bond forms between the <em>β</em>-anomeric form of Carbon-1 (C-1) on galactose and the hydroxyl oxygen atom on C-4 on glucose.</p><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODE0JyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Lactose_vs_Sucrose_vs_Maltose></span> Lactose vs. Sucrose vs. Maltose <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Lactose (<em>milk sugar</em>), maltose (<em>malt sugar</em>), and sucrose (<em>common table sugar</em>) are the three common dietary disaccharides. As already specified earlier, the three disaccharides have the same chemical formula: C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>. All three have a glucose constituent. In maltose, two glucose units make up the compound. In lactose and sucrose though, there is only one glucose unit that combines with another monosaccharide – a galactose and a fructose, respectively. In maltose, α-(1,4) glycosidic bond joins the two sugars, i.e. between C1 and C4. In lactose, β-(1,4) glycosidic bond occurs between C1 of galactose and C4 of glucose. In sucrose, α-(1,2)-β bond forms between C1 of glucose and C2 of fructose.<br> Both lactose and maltose are reducing sugars whereas sucrose is a non-reducing sugar. Maltose and lactose are reducing sugars because one of the monosaccharide constituents could present a free aldehyde group. As for sucrose, the glycosidic bond forms between the reducing ends of the two monosaccharide constituents. Thus, sucrose could not join any further with other saccharide units.<br> Dietary lactose typically comes from milk and dairy products whereas sucrose is usually from food sweetened by sugar extracted from sugar cane and sugar beet and maltose, often from the digestion of starchy food. The digestion of these sugars is aided by specific digestive enzymes, particularly <em>lactase</em>, <em>sucrase</em> and <em>maltase</em>. In humans, these enzymes are located on the outer surface of the epithelial cells that line the small intestine. Lactase, for instance, aids in the digestion of lactose. <em>β -galactosidase</em> is the counterpart of lactase in bacteria. Maltase helps digest maltose whereas <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/sucrase data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>sucrase</a> helps digest sucrose. These enzymes cleave the bond between the two monosaccharide components. Of these three, sucrose is the sweetest, followed by maltose.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Common_biological_reactions_involving_lactose></span> Common biological reactions involving lactose<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODE1JyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Common_biological_reactions_involving_lactose-2></span> Common biological reactions involving lactose<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>The biosynthesis of lactose involves one galactosyl unit and one glucosyl unit joined via β-1→4 glycosidic linkage. The joining of these two monosaccharides results in the release of water. Galactose is in the <em>beta</em>-pyranose form whereas glucose may either be <em>alpha</em>– or <em>beta</em>-pyranose.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Common_biological_reactions_involving_lactose-3></span> Common biological reactions involving lactose<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>The process whereby complex carbohydrates are broken down into simpler forms is <em>saccharification</em>. It is the opposite of <em>dehydration synthesis</em>. In dehydration synthesis, the condensation reaction causes the glycosidic bond to form between the joining sugars to form complex carbohydrates and then water is released in the process. In saccharification, hydrolysis uses water molecule and causes the glycosidic bond to break, thereby releasing the sugar constituents.<br> Lactose in milk and dairy products (e.g. cheese, yoghurt, cream) are digested in the small intestine through the enzyme <em>lactase</em>. In bacteria, the enzyme used in the hydrolysis of lactose is <em>β-galactosidase</em>. Lactase is secreted by the intestinal villi. It cleaves lactose into galactose and glucose, which can then be absorbed by the enterocytes (intestinal cells), released into the bloodstream, and finally, taken up by the cells of various tissues, e.g. liver, kidney, muscle, <em>etc</em>.</p><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODE2JyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Common_biological_reactions_involving_lactose-4></span> Common biological reactions involving lactose<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>In <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/human data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>human</a>s and other <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/mammal data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>mammal</a>s, mothers feed their infants with breast milk secreted by the mammary glands. Breast milk is a body fluid produced by the mammary glands of human breasts. Lactose is the primary carbohydrate in human milk. Lactose composition of human milk is about 7g/100mL.<sup>3</sup><br> Under the influence of hormones (e.g. prolactin and oxytocin), milk is produced especially after child delivery. <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/prolactin data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Prolactin</a> is a hormone secreted by the lactotropic cells in the anterior pituitary. It stimulates the growth of the mammary glands and lactation after parturition. It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk. <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/oxytocin data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Oxytocin</a>, in turn, is produced chiefly by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus of the supraoptic nucleus of the <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/hypothalamus data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>hypothalamus</a>. Then, it is stored in the posterior pituitary. When needed, oxytocin is released into the circulation in order to reach target cells where it exerts its effects, such as the stimulation of nipples (for milk ejection). It stimulates the muscles around the alveoli to squeeze the milk through the milk ducts.<br> During milk production, some of the glucose molecules are converted into galactose so that there would more galactose to combine with glucose to produce lactose. <em>N.B.</em>: galactose may be obtained as well from dietary sources. The <em>de novo</em> synthesis of glucose and galactose in the mammary gland is called <em>hexoneogenesis</em>.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Metabolic_disorders></span> Metabolic disorders <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>In some individuals, the production of <em>lactase</em> decreases with maturity. Others maintain the production of this enzyme and thus remain capable of digesting lactose. Conversely, in the absence, or inadequacy, of lactase, lactose cannot be digested into simpler monosaccharides and as such, leads to <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/lactose-intolerance data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>lactose intolerance</a>.<br> People who are lactose intolerant cannot digest or break down lactose. Lactose that is undigested in the small intestine moves to colon where the gut bacteria ferment it to <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/lactic-acid data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>lactic acid</a>. As a result, methane and hydrogen gas are produced and cause discomfort, gut distention, and flatulence. Diarrhea ensues as water is drawn in to the intestine by the osmotically active lactic acid. Microorganisms, such as <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/escherichia-coli data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Escherichia coli</a>, can metabolize lactose by producing β-galactosidase from its lac operon system.</p><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODE3JyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Biological_importancefunctions></span> Biological importance/functions <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Lactose is produced naturally and is present in milk of mammals, including humans. It is collected from bovine to be used in preparing infant formulas. A cow’s milk, in particular, has about 4.7% lactose. As of now, there is no infant formula that can match breast milk. Breast milk remains the best provider of vitamins, minerals, hormones, and digestive enzymes. It also has suitable amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.<br> Apart from milk, dietary lactose is also present in dairy products. Lactose is a vital dietary carbohydrate since it has a low glycemic index, which means it does not cause spikes in blood sugar level. Just as the other dietary disaccharides, lactose is an important energy source. Hydrolysis of lactose provides simple sugars (galactose and glucose) that the body readily absorbs and metabolizes. Glucose, for instance, is essential since it is favored for use in energy metabolism. It is the form of monosaccharide that the cell commonly uses to synthesize ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation (glycolysis) and/or oxidative phosphorylation (involving redox reactions and chemiosmosis).<br> Lactose can be converted to lactic acid. Microorganisms, such as <em>Lactobacilli</em>, can convert lactose to lactic acid, which is used in the food industry, e.g. in the production of dairy products like yoghurt and cheese.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Supplementary></span>Supplementary<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODE4JyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Etymology></span> Etymology <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><ul> <li> Latin <em>lac</em> (“milk”) + –<em>ose</em> (a suffix used in chemical naming of <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/sugar data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>sugar</a>s)</li></ul><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=IUPAC></span> IUPAC <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3> <li> β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose</li><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODE5JyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Chemical_formula></span> Chemical formula <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><ul> <li> C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub></li></ul><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Synonyms></span> Synonym(s) <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3> <li> Milk sugar</li> <li> 4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose</li><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODIwJyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Derived_terms></span> Derived terms <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><ul> <li> Lactose carrier protein</li> <li> Lactose factors</li> <li> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/lactose-intolerance data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Lactose intolerance</a></li> <li> Lactose permease</li> <li> Lactose repressor </li> <li> Lactose synthase</li> <li> Lactose-litmus agar</li></ul><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Further_reading></span>Further reading<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODIxJyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Compare></span> Compare <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><ul> <li> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/maltose data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>maltose</a></li> <li> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/sucrose data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>sucrose</a></li></ul><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=See_also></span> See also <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3> <li> carbohydrate</li> <li> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/disaccharide data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>disaccharide</a></li> <li> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/glucose data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>glucose</a></li> <li> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/galactose data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>galactose</a></li> <li> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/lac-operon data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>lac operon</a></li> <li> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/milk data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>milk</a></li><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODIyJyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Mentions></span> Mention(s) <span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><ul> <li> Breath analysis test</li> <li> Dulcite</li></ul><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Reference></span>Reference<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><ol> <li> Pasteur, L. (1856). “Note sur le sucre de lait” Note on milk sugar. Comptes rendus (in French). 42: 347–351. From page 348: Je propose de le nommer lactose. (I propose to name it lactose.)</li> <li> Berthelot, Marcellin. (1860). Chimie organique fondée sur la synthèse. Mallet-Bachelier (publisher). p.248. Retrieved January 24, 2019, from <a href="https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=7AtQYV5FlVwC&pg=PA248&redir-esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false" data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">Link</a></li> <li> Food and nutrition bulletin – Volume 17, Number 4, December 1996. (2019). Retrieved from <a href=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F174e/8F174E04.htm data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">Link</a></li></ol><hr><p>© Biology Online. 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]?(C800|C900|E400|E610|E900|E-900|F160|F180K|F180L|F180S|730|855|L160|LS740|LS840|LS970|LU6200|MS690|MS695|MS770|MS840|MS870|MS910|P500|P700|P705|VM696|AS680|AS695|AX840|C729|E970|GS505|272|C395|E739BK|E960|L55C|L75C|LS696|LS860|P769BK|P350|P500|P509|P870|UN272|US730|VS840|VS950|LN272|LN510|LS670|LS855|LW690|MN270|MN510|P509|P769|P930|UN200|UN270|UN510|UN610|US670|US740|US760|UX265|UX840|VN271|VN530|VS660|VS700|VS740|VS750|VS910|VS920|VS930|VX9200|VX11000|AX840A|LW770|P506|P925|P999|E612|D955|D802|MS323|M257)|LM-G710",Sony:"SonyST|SonyLT|SonyEricsson|SonyEricssonLT15iv|LT18i|E10i|LT28h|LT26w|SonyEricssonMT27i|C5303|C6902|C6903|C6906|C6943|D2533|SOV34|601SO|F8332",Asus:"Asus.*Galaxy|PadFone.*Mobile",Xiaomi:"^(?!.*\\bx11\\b).*xiaomi.*$|POCOPHONE F1|MI 8|Redmi Note 9S|Redmi Note 5A Prime|N2G47H|M2001J2G|M2001J2I|M1805E10A|M2004J11G|M1902F1G|M2002J9G|M2004J19G|M2003J6A1G",NokiaLumia:"Lumia [0-9]{3,4}",Micromax:"Micromax.*\\b(A210|A92|A88|A72|A111|A110Q|A115|A116|A110|A90S|A26|A51|A35|A54|A25|A27|A89|A68|A65|A57|A90)\\b",Palm:"PalmSource|Palm",Vertu:"Vertu|Vertu.*Ltd|Vertu.*Ascent|Vertu.*Ayxta|Vertu.*Constellation(F|Quest)?|Vertu.*Monika|Vertu.*Signature",Pantech:"PANTECH|IM-A850S|IM-A840S|IM-A830L|IM-A830K|IM-A830S|IM-A820L|IM-A810K|IM-A810S|IM-A800S|IM-T100K|IM-A725L|IM-A780L|IM-A775C|IM-A770K|IM-A760S|IM-A750K|IM-A740S|IM-A730S|IM-A720L|IM-A710K|IM-A690L|IM-A690S|IM-A650S|IM-A630K|IM-A600S|VEGA PTL21|PT003|P8010|ADR910L|P6030|P6020|P9070|P4100|P9060|P5000|CDM8992|TXT8045|ADR8995|IS11PT|P2030|P6010|P8000|PT002|IS06|CDM8999|P9050|PT001|TXT8040|P2020|P9020|P2000|P7040|P7000|C790",Fly:"IQ230|IQ444|IQ450|IQ440|IQ442|IQ441|IQ245|IQ256|IQ236|IQ255|IQ235|IQ245|IQ275|IQ240|IQ285|IQ280|IQ270|IQ260|IQ250",Wiko:"KITE 4G|HIGHWAY|GETAWAY|STAIRWAY|DARKSIDE|DARKFULL|DARKNIGHT|DARKMOON|SLIDE|WAX 4G|RAINBOW|BLOOM|SUNSET|GOA(?!nna)|LENNY|BARRY|IGGY|OZZY|CINK FIVE|CINK PEAX|CINK PEAX 2|CINK SLIM|CINK SLIM 2|CINK +|CINK KING|CINK PEAX|CINK SLIM|SUBLIM",iMobile:"i-mobile (IQ|i-STYLE|idea|ZAA|Hitz)",SimValley:"\\b(SP-80|XT-930|SX-340|XT-930|SX-310|SP-360|SP60|SPT-800|SP-120|SPT-800|SP-140|SPX-5|SPX-8|SP-100|SPX-8|SPX-12)\\b",Wolfgang:"AT-B24D|AT-AS50HD|AT-AS40W|AT-AS55HD|AT-AS45q2|AT-B26D|AT-AS50Q",Alcatel:"Alcatel",Nintendo:"Nintendo (3DS|Switch)",Amoi:"Amoi",INQ:"INQ",OnePlus:"ONEPLUS",GenericPhone:"Tapatalk|PDA;|SAGEM|\\bmmp\\b|pocket|\\bpsp\\b|symbian|Smartphone|smartfon|treo|up.browser|up.link|vodafone|\\bwap\\b|nokia|Series40|Series60|S60|SonyEricsson|N900|MAUI.*WAP.*Browser"},tablets:{iPad:"iPad|iPad.*Mobile",NexusTablet:"Android.*Nexus[\\s]+(7|9|10)",GoogleTablet:"Android.*Pixel C",SamsungTablet:"SAMSUNG.*Tablet|Galaxy.*Tab|SC-01C|GT-P1000|GT-P1003|GT-P1010|GT-P3105|GT-P6210|GT-P6800|GT-P6810|GT-P7100|GT-P7300|GT-P7310|GT-P7500|GT-P7510|SCH-I800|SCH-I815|SCH-I905|SGH-I957|SGH-I987|SGH-T849|SGH-T859|SGH-T869|SPH-P100|GT-P3100|GT-P3108|GT-P3110|GT-P5100|GT-P5110|GT-P6200|GT-P7320|GT-P7511|GT-N8000|GT-P8510|SGH-I497|SPH-P500|SGH-T779|SCH-I705|SCH-I915|GT-N8013|GT-P3113|GT-P5113|GT-P8110|GT-N8010|GT-N8005|GT-N8020|GT-P1013|GT-P6201|GT-P7501|GT-N5100|GT-N5105|GT-N5110|SHV-E140K|SHV-E140L|SHV-E140S|SHV-E150S|SHV-E230K|SHV-E230L|SHV-E230S|SHW-M180K|SHW-M180L|SHW-M180S|SHW-M180W|SHW-M300W|SHW-M305W|SHW-M380K|SHW-M380S|SHW-M380W|SHW-M430W|SHW-M480K|SHW-M480S|SHW-M480W|SHW-M485W|SHW-M486W|SHW-M500W|GT-I9228|SCH-P739|SCH-I925|GT-I9200|GT-P5200|GT-P5210|GT-P5210X|SM-T311|SM-T310|SM-T310X|SM-T210|SM-T210R|SM-T211|SM-P600|SM-P601|SM-P605|SM-P900|SM-P901|SM-T217|SM-T217A|SM-T217S|SM-P6000|SM-T3100|SGH-I467|XE500|SM-T110|GT-P5220|GT-I9200X|GT-N5110X|GT-N5120|SM-P905|SM-T111|SM-T2105|SM-T315|SM-T320|SM-T320X|SM-T321|SM-T520|SM-T525|SM-T530NU|SM-T230NU|SM-T330NU|SM-T900|XE500T1C|SM-P605V|SM-P905V|SM-T337V|SM-T537V|SM-T707V|SM-T807V|SM-P600X|SM-P900X|SM-T210X|SM-T230|SM-T230X|SM-T325|GT-P7503|SM-T531|SM-T330|SM-T530|SM-T705|SM-T705C|SM-T535|SM-T331|SM-T800|SM-T700|SM-T537|SM-T807|SM-P907A|SM-T337A|SM-T537A|SM-T707A|SM-T807A|SM-T237|SM-T807P|SM-P607T|SM-T217T|SM-T337T|SM-T807T|SM-T116NQ|SM-T116BU|SM-P550|SM-T350|SM-T550|SM-T9000|SM-P9000|SM-T705Y|SM-T805|GT-P3113|SM-T710|SM-T810|SM-T815|SM-T360|SM-T533|SM-T113|SM-T335|SM-T715|SM-T560|SM-T670|SM-T677|SM-T377|SM-T567|SM-T357T|SM-T555|SM-T561|SM-T713|SM-T719|SM-T813|SM-T819|SM-T580|SM-T355Y?|SM-T280|SM-T817A|SM-T820|SM-W700|SM-P580|SM-T587|SM-P350|SM-P555M|SM-P355M|SM-T113NU|SM-T815Y|SM-T585|SM-T285|SM-T825|SM-W708|SM-T835|SM-T830|SM-T837V|SM-T720|SM-T510|SM-T387V|SM-P610|SM-T290|SM-T515|SM-T590|SM-T595|SM-T725|SM-T817P|SM-P585N0|SM-T395|SM-T295|SM-T865|SM-P610N|SM-P615|SM-T970|SM-T380|SM-T5950|SM-T905|SM-T231|SM-T500|SM-T860",Kindle:"Kindle|Silk.*Accelerated|Android.*\\b(KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFOTE|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|WFJWAE|KFSAWA|KFSAWI|KFASWI|KFARWI|KFFOWI|KFGIWI|KFMEWI)\\b|Android.*Silk/[0-9.]+ like Chrome/[0-9.]+ (?!Mobile)",SurfaceTablet:"Windows NT [0-9.]+; ARM;.*(Tablet|ARMBJS)",HPTablet:"HP Slate (7|8|10)|HP ElitePad 900|hp-tablet|EliteBook.*Touch|HP 8|Slate 21|HP SlateBook 10",AsusTablet:"^.*PadFone((?!Mobile).)*$|Transformer|TF101|TF101G|TF300T|TF300TG|TF300TL|TF700T|TF700KL|TF701T|TF810C|ME171|ME301T|ME302C|ME371MG|ME370T|ME372MG|ME172V|ME173X|ME400C|Slider SL101|\\bK00F\\b|\\bK00C\\b|\\bK00E\\b|\\bK00L\\b|TX201LA|ME176C|ME102A|\\bM80TA\\b|ME372CL|ME560CG|ME372CG|ME302KL| K010 | K011 | K017 | K01E |ME572C|ME103K|ME170C|ME171C|\\bME70C\\b|ME581C|ME581CL|ME8510C|ME181C|P01Y|PO1MA|P01Z|\\bP027\\b|\\bP024\\b|\\bP00C\\b",BlackBerryTablet:"PlayBook|RIM Tablet",HTCtablet:"HTC_Flyer_P512|HTC Flyer|HTC Jetstream|HTC-P715a|HTC EVO View 4G|PG41200|PG09410",MotorolaTablet:"xoom|sholest|MZ615|MZ605|MZ505|MZ601|MZ602|MZ603|MZ604|MZ606|MZ607|MZ608|MZ609|MZ615|MZ616|MZ617",NookTablet:"Android.*Nook|NookColor|nook browser|BNRV200|BNRV200A|BNTV250|BNTV250A|BNTV400|BNTV600|LogicPD Zoom2",AcerTablet:"Android.*; \\b(A100|A101|A110|A200|A210|A211|A500|A501|A510|A511|A700|A701|W500|W500P|W501|W501P|W510|W511|W700|G100|G100W|B1-A71|B1-710|B1-711|A1-810|A1-811|A1-830)\\b|W3-810|\\bA3-A10\\b|\\bA3-A11\\b|\\bA3-A20\\b|\\bA3-A30|A3-A40",ToshibaTablet:"Android.*(AT100|AT105|AT200|AT205|AT270|AT275|AT300|AT305|AT1S5|AT500|AT570|AT700|AT830)|TOSHIBA.*FOLIO",LGTablet:"\\bL-06C|LG-V909|LG-V900|LG-V700|LG-V510|LG-V500|LG-V410|LG-V400|LG-VK810\\b",FujitsuTablet:"Android.*\\b(F-01D|F-02F|F-05E|F-10D|M532|Q572)\\b",PrestigioTablet:"PMP3170B|PMP3270B|PMP3470B|PMP7170B|PMP3370B|PMP3570C|PMP5870C|PMP3670B|PMP5570C|PMP5770D|PMP3970B|PMP3870C|PMP5580C|PMP5880D|PMP5780D|PMP5588C|PMP7280C|PMP7280C3G|PMP7280|PMP7880D|PMP5597D|PMP5597|PMP7100D|PER3464|PER3274|PER3574|PER3884|PER5274|PER5474|PMP5097CPRO|PMP5097|PMP7380D|PMP5297C|PMP5297C_QUAD|PMP812E|PMP812E3G|PMP812F|PMP810E|PMP880TD|PMT3017|PMT3037|PMT3047|PMT3057|PMT7008|PMT5887|PMT5001|PMT5002",LenovoTablet:"Lenovo TAB|Idea(Tab|Pad)( 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7",YarvikTablet:"Android.*\\b(TAB210|TAB211|TAB224|TAB250|TAB260|TAB264|TAB310|TAB360|TAB364|TAB410|TAB411|TAB420|TAB424|TAB450|TAB460|TAB461|TAB464|TAB465|TAB467|TAB468|TAB07-100|TAB07-101|TAB07-150|TAB07-151|TAB07-152|TAB07-200|TAB07-201-3G|TAB07-210|TAB07-211|TAB07-212|TAB07-214|TAB07-220|TAB07-400|TAB07-485|TAB08-150|TAB08-200|TAB08-201-3G|TAB08-201-30|TAB09-100|TAB09-211|TAB09-410|TAB10-150|TAB10-201|TAB10-211|TAB10-400|TAB10-410|TAB13-201|TAB274EUK|TAB275EUK|TAB374EUK|TAB462EUK|TAB474EUK|TAB9-200)\\b",MedionTablet:"Android.*\\bOYO\\b|LIFE.*(P9212|P9514|P9516|S9512)|LIFETAB",ArnovaTablet:"97G4|AN10G2|AN7bG3|AN7fG3|AN8G3|AN8cG3|AN7G3|AN9G3|AN7dG3|AN7dG3ST|AN7dG3ChildPad|AN10bG3|AN10bG3DT|AN9G2",IntensoTablet:"INM8002KP|INM1010FP|INM805ND|Intenso Tab|TAB1004",IRUTablet:"M702pro",MegafonTablet:"MegaFon V9|\\bZTE V9\\b|Android.*\\bMT7A\\b",EbodaTablet:"E-Boda (Supreme|Impresspeed|Izzycomm|Essential)",AllViewTablet:"Allview.*(Viva|Alldro|City|Speed|All TV|Frenzy|Quasar|Shine|TX1|AX1|AX2)",ArchosTablet:"\\b(101G9|80G9|A101IT)\\b|Qilive 97R|Archos5|\\bARCHOS (70|79|80|90|97|101|FAMILYPAD|)(b|c|)(G10| Cobalt| TITANIUM(HD|)| Xenon| Neon|XSK| 2| XS 2| PLATINUM| CARBON|GAMEPAD)\\b",AinolTablet:"NOVO7|NOVO8|NOVO10|Novo7Aurora|Novo7Basic|NOVO7PALADIN|novo9-Spark",NokiaLumiaTablet:"Lumia 2520",SonyTablet:"Sony.*Tablet|Xperia Tablet|Sony Tablet S|SO-03E|SGPT12|SGPT13|SGPT114|SGPT121|SGPT122|SGPT123|SGPT111|SGPT112|SGPT113|SGPT131|SGPT132|SGPT133|SGPT211|SGPT212|SGPT213|SGP311|SGP312|SGP321|EBRD1101|EBRD1102|EBRD1201|SGP351|SGP341|SGP511|SGP512|SGP521|SGP541|SGP551|SGP621|SGP641|SGP612|SOT31|SGP771|SGP611|SGP612|SGP712",PhilipsTablet:"\\b(PI2010|PI3000|PI3100|PI3105|PI3110|PI3205|PI3210|PI3900|PI4010|PI7000|PI7100)\\b",CubeTablet:"Android.*(K8GT|U9GT|U10GT|U16GT|U17GT|U18GT|U19GT|U20GT|U23GT|U30GT)|CUBE 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\\b(E3A|T3X|T5C|T5B|T3E|T3C|T3B|T1J|T1F|T2A|T1H|T1i|E1C|T1-E|T5-A|T4|E1-B|T2Ci|T1-B|T1-D|O1-A|E1-A|T1-A|T3A|T4i)\\b ",DanyTechTablet:"Genius Tab G3|Genius Tab S2|Genius Tab Q3|Genius Tab G4|Genius Tab Q4|Genius Tab G-II|Genius TAB GII|Genius TAB GIII|Genius Tab S1",GalapadTablet:"Android [0-9.]+; [a-z-]+; \\bG1\\b",MicromaxTablet:"Funbook|Micromax.*\\b(P250|P560|P360|P362|P600|P300|P350|P500|P275)\\b",KarbonnTablet:"Android.*\\b(A39|A37|A34|ST8|ST10|ST7|Smart Tab3|Smart Tab2)\\b",AllFineTablet:"Fine7 Genius|Fine7 Shine|Fine7 Air|Fine8 Style|Fine9 More|Fine10 Joy|Fine11 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7004|FreeTAB 7800|FreeTAB 2096|FreeTAB 7.5|FreeTAB 1014|FreeTAB 1001 |FreeTAB 8001|FreeTAB 9706|FreeTAB 9702|FreeTAB 7003|FreeTAB 7002|FreeTAB 1002|FreeTAB 7801|FreeTAB 1331|FreeTAB 1004|FreeTAB 8002|FreeTAB 8014|FreeTAB 9704|FreeTAB 1003",VoninoTablet:"\\b(Argus[ _]?S|Diamond[ _]?79HD|Emerald[ _]?78E|Luna[ _]?70C|Onyx[ _]?S|Onyx[ _]?Z|Orin[ _]?HD|Orin[ _]?S|Otis[ _]?S|SpeedStar[ _]?S|Magnet[ _]?M9|Primus[ _]?94[ _]?3G|Primus[ _]?94HD|Primus[ _]?QS|Android.*\\bQ8\\b|Sirius[ _]?EVO[ _]?QS|Sirius[ _]?QS|Spirit[ _]?S)\\b",ECSTablet:"V07OT2|TM105A|S10OT1|TR10CS1",StorexTablet:"eZee[_']?(Tab|Go)[0-9]+|TabLC7|Looney Tunes Tab",VodafoneTablet:"SmartTab([ ]+)?[0-9]+|SmartTabII10|SmartTabII7|VF-1497|VFD 1400",EssentielBTablet:"Smart[ ']?TAB[ ]+?[0-9]+|Family[ ']?TAB2",RossMoorTablet:"RM-790|RM-997|RMD-878G|RMD-974R|RMT-705A|RMT-701|RME-601|RMT-501|RMT-711",iMobileTablet:"i-mobile i-note",TolinoTablet:"tolino tab [0-9.]+|tolino shine",AudioSonicTablet:"\\bC-22Q|T7-QC|T-17B|T-17P\\b",AMPETablet:"Android.* A78 ",SkkTablet:"Android.* (SKYPAD|PHOENIX|CYCLOPS)",TecnoTablet:"TECNO P9|TECNO DP8D",JXDTablet:"Android.* \\b(F3000|A3300|JXD5000|JXD3000|JXD2000|JXD300B|JXD300|S5800|S7800|S602b|S5110b|S7300|S5300|S602|S603|S5100|S5110|S601|S7100a|P3000F|P3000s|P101|P200s|P1000m|P200m|P9100|P1000s|S6600b|S908|P1000|P300|S18|S6600|S9100)\\b",iJoyTablet:"Tablet (Spirit 7|Essentia|Galatea|Fusion|Onix 7|Landa|Titan|Scooby|Deox|Stella|Themis|Argon|Unique 7|Sygnus|Hexen|Finity 7|Cream|Cream X2|Jade|Neon 7|Neron 7|Kandy|Scape|Saphyr 7|Rebel|Biox|Rebel|Rebel 8GB|Myst|Draco 7|Myst|Tab7-004|Myst|Tadeo Jones|Tablet Boing|Arrow|Draco Dual Cam|Aurix|Mint|Amity|Revolution|Finity 9|Neon 9|T9w|Amity 4GB Dual Cam|Stone 4GB|Stone 8GB|Andromeda|Silken|X2|Andromeda II|Halley|Flame|Saphyr 9,7|Touch 8|Planet|Triton|Unique 10|Hexen 10|Memphis 4GB|Memphis 8GB|Onix 10)",FX2Tablet:"FX2 PAD7|FX2 PAD10",XoroTablet:"KidsPAD 701|PAD[ ]?712|PAD[ ]?714|PAD[ ]?716|PAD[ ]?717|PAD[ ]?718|PAD[ ]?720|PAD[ ]?721|PAD[ ]?722|PAD[ ]?790|PAD[ ]?792|PAD[ ]?900|PAD[ ]?9715D|PAD[ ]?9716DR|PAD[ ]?9718DR|PAD[ ]?9719QR|PAD[ ]?9720QR|TelePAD1030|Telepad1032|TelePAD730|TelePAD731|TelePAD732|TelePAD735Q|TelePAD830|TelePAD9730|TelePAD795|MegaPAD 1331|MegaPAD 1851|MegaPAD 2151",ViewsonicTablet:"ViewPad 10pi|ViewPad 10e|ViewPad 10s|ViewPad E72|ViewPad7|ViewPad E100|ViewPad 7e|ViewSonic VB733|VB100a",VerizonTablet:"QTAQZ3|QTAIR7|QTAQTZ3|QTASUN1|QTASUN2|QTAXIA1",OdysTablet:"LOOX|XENO10|ODYS[ -](Space|EVO|Xpress|NOON)|\\bXELIO\\b|Xelio10Pro|XELIO7PHONETAB|XELIO10EXTREME|XELIOPT2|NEO_QUAD10",CaptivaTablet:"CAPTIVA PAD",IconbitTablet:"NetTAB|NT-3702|NT-3702S|NT-3702S|NT-3603P|NT-3603P|NT-0704S|NT-0704S|NT-3805C|NT-3805C|NT-0806C|NT-0806C|NT-0909T|NT-0909T|NT-0907S|NT-0907S|NT-0902S|NT-0902S",TeclastTablet:"T98 4G|\\bP80\\b|\\bX90HD\\b|X98 Air|X98 Air 3G|\\bX89\\b|P80 3G|\\bX80h\\b|P98 Air|\\bX89HD\\b|P98 3G|\\bP90HD\\b|P89 3G|X98 3G|\\bP70h\\b|P79HD 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;]{1}",Android:"Android [VER]",Sailfish:"Sailfish [VER]",BlackBerry:["BlackBerry[\\w]+/[VER]","BlackBerry.*Version/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],BREW:"BREW [VER]",Java:"Java/[VER]","Windows Phone OS":["Windows Phone OS [VER]","Windows Phone [VER]"],"Windows Phone":"Windows Phone [VER]","Windows CE":"Windows CE/[VER]","Windows NT":"Windows NT [VER]",Symbian:["SymbianOS/[VER]","Symbian/[VER]"],webOS:["webOS/[VER]","hpwOS/[VER];"]},utils:{Bot:"Googlebot|facebookexternalhit|Google-AMPHTML|s~amp-validator|AdsBot-Google|Google Keyword Suggestion|Facebot|YandexBot|YandexMobileBot|bingbot|ia_archiver|AhrefsBot|Ezooms|GSLFbot|WBSearchBot|Twitterbot|TweetmemeBot|Twikle|PaperLiBot|Wotbox|UnwindFetchor|Exabot|MJ12bot|YandexImages|TurnitinBot|Pingdom|contentkingapp|AspiegelBot",MobileBot:"Googlebot-Mobile|AdsBot-Google-Mobile|YahooSeeker/M1A1-R2D2",DesktopMode:"WPDesktop",TV:"SonyDTV|HbbTV",WebKit:"(webkit)[ /]([\\w.]+)",Console:"\\b(Nintendo|Nintendo WiiU|Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo 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