Examining the role of risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: case studies in West and Central Africa

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-GB"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/>  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta id="viewport" name="viewport" content="width=device-width">  <meta name="theme-color" content="#00D297"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.51414/sei2024.060"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="10.51414/sei2024.060"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Examining the role of risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: case studies in West and Central Africa"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Daniel Duma"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Miquel Muñoz Cabré"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/12/19"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa.pdf"> <script type='application/ld+json'>{ "@context": "http:\/\/www.schema.org", "dateCreated": "2024-12-20 00:29:54", "dateModified": "2024-12-20 00:29:54", "datePublished": "2024-12-20 00:29:54", "description": "This report explores the financial landscape of renewable energy projects in West and Central Africa, with recommendations on how to maximize success.", "image": "https:\/\/www.sei.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2023-10-26-12.13.25-1.webp?modtime=", "inLanguage": { "@type": "Language", "name": "English" }, "keywords": "", "name": "Examining the role of risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: case studies in West and Central Africa", "url": "https:\/\/www.sei.org\/publications\/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa\/", "@type": "CreativeWork", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "email": "daniel.duma@sei.org", "familyName": "Daniel", "givenName": "Duma", "jobTitle": "Research Fellow", "telephone": "", "url": "" }, { "@type": "Person", "email": "miquel.munozcabre@sei.org", "familyName": "Miquel ", "givenName": "Mu\u00f1oz Cabr\u00e9", "jobTitle": "Senior Scientist", "telephone": "", "url": "" } ], "sameAs": "" }</script>  <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push( { 'event': 'content', 'data' : { "publicationType": "SEI reports", "postPublishedDate": "2024-12-20", "prioritiesForChange": "Climate transitions, Accelerate energy transitions away from fossil fuels and towards renewables" } }, ); </script>  <script class="_iub_cs_activate" data-iub-purposes="2" type="text/plain"> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start' : new Date().getTime(), event : 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-WGWZMTT'); </script>  <link rel="preload" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/fonts/calibre-regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/fonts/calibre-semibold.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">  <script type="text/javascript" class="_iub_cs_skip"> var _iub = _iub || {}; _iub.csConfiguration = _iub.csConfiguration || {}; _iub.csConfiguration.siteId = "2825234"; _iub.csConfiguration.cookiePolicyId = "19848806"; </script> <script class="_iub_cs_skip" src="https://cs.iubenda.com/autoblocking/2825234.js"></script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <title>Examining the role of risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: case studies in West and Central Africa | SEI</title> <meta name="description" content="This report explores the financial landscape of renewable energy projects in West and Central Africa, with recommendations on how to maximize success." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.sei.org/publications/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Examining the role of risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: case studies in West and Central Africa" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This report explores the financial landscape of renewable energy projects in West and Central Africa, with recommendations on how to maximize success." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.sei.org/publications/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SEI" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="http://www.facebook.com/StockholmEnvironmentInstitute" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2023-10-26-12.13.25-1-1221x916.webp?modtime=" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2023-10-26-12.13.25-1-1221x916.webp?modtime=" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SEIresearch" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Estimated reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="2 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.sei.org/publications/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa/","url":"https://www.sei.org/publications/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa/","name":"Examining the role of risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: case studies in West and Central Africa | SEI","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.sei.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2024-12-19T23:29:54+00:00","description":"This report explores the financial landscape of renewable energy projects in West and Central Africa, with recommendations on how to maximize success.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.sei.org/publications/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.sei.org/publications/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.sei.org/publications/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.sei.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Publications","item":"https://www.sei.org/publications/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Examining the role of risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: case studies in West and Central Africa"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.sei.org/#website","url":"https://www.sei.org/","name":"SEI","description":"Bridging science and policy since 1989","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.sei.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.sei.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.sei.org/#organization","name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","url":"https://www.sei.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https://www.sei.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/sei-logo.png?modtime=","contentUrl":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/sei-logo.png?modtime=","width":1,"height":1,"caption":"Stockholm Environment Institute"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.sei.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["http://www.facebook.com/StockholmEnvironmentInstitute","https://x.com/SEIresearch","http://www.linkedin.com/company/stockholm-environment-institute"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.iubenda.com' /> <style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-styles-css' href='https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/css/style.min.css?ver=2.26' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.sei.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.sei.org/?p=184581' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sei.org%2Fpublications%2Fexamining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sei.org%2Fpublications%2Fexamining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa%2F&format=xml" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/cropped-favicon-20180207-2-150x150.jpg?modtime=" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/cropped-favicon-20180207-2-201x201.jpg?modtime=" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/cropped-favicon-20180207-2-201x201.jpg?modtime=" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/cropped-favicon-20180207-2-300x300.jpg?modtime=" />  <meta property="article:topic" content="energy access"><meta property="article:topic" content="finance"><meta property="article:topic" content="finance"><meta property="article:topic" content="public policy"><meta property="article:topic" content="renewables"><meta property="article:centre" content="SEI US"><meta property="article:centre" content="SEI York"> </head> <body class="publication-template-default single single-publication postid-184581 publication-examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa">  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WGWZMTT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <a class="c-skip-navigation" href="#content" title="Skip navigation"> <div class="o-container"> <span class="c-skip-navigation__text">Skip navigation</span> </div> </a> <header class="c-header js-header"> <div class="o-container"> <div class="c-header__inner"> <a class="c-header__logo-wrapper" href="https://www.sei.org"> <img class="c-header__logo" src="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/src/sprite-images/logo.svg?v2.0" alt="SEI Logo"/> </a> <div class="c-header__content-wrapper"> <button class="c-header__hamburger js-header-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobile-menu-wrapper" type="button"> <span class="u-accessible-hide">Menu</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--hamburger "><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#hamburger"/></svg> </button> <div class="c-header__menu-wrapper js-menu-wrapper"> <div class="c-header__left-menu-wrapper"><ul id="menu-main-menu-left" class="c-main-menu c-main-menu--left"><li id="menu-item-96" class="c-main-menu__list-item js-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-96 current-page-ancestor"><a href="https://www.sei.org/publications/">Publications</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146689" class="c-main-menu__list-item js-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-146689"><button class="c-main-menu__list-item-button js-sub-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sub-menu-146689" type="button">Commentary <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron-bold c-main-menu__list-item-button-icon c-main-menu__list-item-button-icon--bold"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron-bold"/></svg> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron c-main-menu__list-item-button-icon c-main-menu__list-item-button-icon--regular"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron"/></svg> </button><div class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-wrapper c-main-menu__sub-menu-wrapper--level-0 js-sub-menu" id="sub-menu-146689"> <div class="c-mega-nav-featured js-mega-nav-featured"> <div class="o-container"> <div class="c-mega-nav-featured__inner js-mega-nav-featured-inner"> <p class="c-mega-nav-featured__heading">Editor’s choice</p> <div class="c-mega-nav-featured__card-container"> <article class="c-card c-card--in-menu "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/gettyimages-1251525167-748x420.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/gettyimages-1251525167-550x309.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/gettyimages-1251525167-1000x561.webp?modtime=" alt="A snow leopard bounding along a snowy cliff-edge, in front of a wide valley; snow-capped mountains in the distance." class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/features/life-extinction-risk-metric/"> <span class="c-card__title"> LIFE at the edges of extinction </span> </a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="c-card c-card--in-menu "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gettyimage1142828089-748x420.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gettyimage1142828089-550x309.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gettyimage1142828089-1000x561.webp?modtime=" alt="Bright image of wooden promenade at the waterfront of Bridgetown in Barbados. Colorful building against blue sky with white clouds. Boats and yachts in the harbor." class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/publications/decolonial-climate-finance-assessing-proposed-reforms/"> <span class="c-card__title"> Decolonial climate finance in practice: assessing proposed reforms </span> </a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="c-card c-card--in-menu "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gettyimages-485899154-748x420.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gettyimages-485899154-550x309.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gettyimages-485899154-1000x561.webp?modtime=" alt="" class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/publications/climate-migration-justice-pathways/"> <span class="c-card__title"> Climate change, migration and justice: SEI’s research and pathways for overcoming challenges </span> </a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="c-card c-card--in-menu "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gettyimages-1461631610-cropped-748x420.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gettyimages-1461631610-cropped-550x309.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gettyimages-1461631610-cropped-1000x561.webp?modtime=" alt="Illegal deforestation in the Amazon, Brazil." class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/features/brazilian-soy-exports-and-deforestation/"> <span class="c-card__title"> Trase: Brazilian soy exports and deforestation </span> </a> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='c-main-menu__sub-menu c-main-menu__sub-menu--level-0'><button class="c-main-menu__back-button js-menu-back-button" type="button"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron c-main-menu__back-arrow"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron"/></svg> Back</button><div class='o-container'><ul class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-list"> <li id="menu-item-99" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-99"><a href="https://www.sei.org/perspectives/">Perspectives</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146694" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146694"><a href="https://www.sei.org/features/">Features</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146691" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146691"><a href="https://www.sei.org/press-room/">Press room</a> </li > </ul></div></div> </div ></li > <li id="menu-item-146690" class="c-main-menu__list-item js-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146690"><a href="https://www.sei.org/tools/">Tools</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-109" class="c-main-menu__list-item js-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-109"><a href="https://www.sei.org/events/">Events</a> </li > </ul></div> <div class="c-header__right-menu-wrapper"><ul id="menu-main-menu-right" class="c-main-menu c-main-menu--right"><li id="menu-item-146659" class="c-main-menu__list-item js-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146659"><a href="https://www.sei.org/projects/">Projects</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146660" class="c-main-menu__list-item js-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146660"><a href="https://www.sei.org/people/">People</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146661" class="c-main-menu__list-item js-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146661"><a href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/organization/centres/">Centres</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146662" class="c-main-menu__list-item js-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-146662"><button class="c-main-menu__list-item-button js-sub-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sub-menu-146662" type="button">About <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron-bold c-main-menu__list-item-button-icon c-main-menu__list-item-button-icon--bold"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron-bold"/></svg> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron c-main-menu__list-item-button-icon c-main-menu__list-item-button-icon--regular"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron"/></svg> </button><div class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-wrapper c-main-menu__sub-menu-wrapper--level-0 js-sub-menu" id="sub-menu-146662"> <div class="c-mega-nav-featured js-mega-nav-featured"> <div class="o-container"> <div class="c-mega-nav-featured__inner js-mega-nav-featured-inner"> <p class="c-mega-nav-featured__heading">Announcements</p> <div class="c-mega-nav-featured__card-container"> <article class="c-card c-card--in-menu "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/strategy-cover-748x420.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/strategy-cover-550x309.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/strategy-cover-1000x561.webp?modtime=" alt="" class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/publications/strategy-2025-29/"> <span class="c-card__title"> SEI strategy 2025–29 </span> </a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="c-card c-card--in-menu "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gettyimages-8737947241-748x420.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gettyimages-8737947241-550x309.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/gettyimages-8737947241-1000x561.webp?modtime=" alt="The view from under a breaking wave with the sun shining through" class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/collections/sei-currents-2025/"> <span class="c-card__title"> SEI Currents 2025 </span> </a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="c-card c-card--in-menu "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/gettyimages-1667314776-748x420.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/gettyimages-1667314776-550x309.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/gettyimages-1667314776-1000x561.webp?modtime=" alt="Four people commuting along a riverside pathway, with two riding bicycles, one on an electric scooter, and one walking. The background features calm water and a cityscape with modern buildings under a clear sky." class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/organization/policies/sustainability-at-sei/"> <span class="c-card__title"> Sustainability at SEI </span> </a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="c-card c-card--in-menu "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/appolinary-kalashnikova-wyghtlym344-unsplash-748x420.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/appolinary-kalashnikova-wyghtlym344-unsplash-550x309.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/appolinary-kalashnikova-wyghtlym344-unsplash-1000x561.jpg?modtime=" alt="Valley of windmills" class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/contact/newsletter/"> <span class="c-card__title"> Global newsletter </span> </a> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='c-main-menu__sub-menu c-main-menu__sub-menu--level-0'><button class="c-main-menu__back-button js-menu-back-button" type="button"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron c-main-menu__back-arrow"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron"/></svg> Back</button><div class='o-container'><ul class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-list"> <li id="menu-item-146663" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-146663"><a href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/">About SEI</a><button class="c-main-menu__sub-list-item-button js-sub-sub-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false" type="button"><span class="u-accessible-hide">Toggle the sub-menu</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron-bold c-main-menu__sub-list-item-button-icon"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron-bold"/></svg> </button> <div class='c-main-menu__sub-menu c-main-menu__sub-menu--level-1 js-sub-menu js-horizontal-scrolling'><button class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-button c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-button--left js-arrow js-arrow-left" aria-label="Scroll left"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron-right c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-arrow"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron-right"/></svg> </button><button class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-button c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-button--right js-arrow js-arrow-right" aria-label=\"Scroll right\"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron-right c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-arrow"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron-right"/></svg> </button><ul class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-list js-horizontal-scrolling__scrollable"> <li id="menu-item-146664" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146664"><a href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/governance/">Governance</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146665" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146665"><a href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/organization/">Organization</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146666" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146666"><a href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/strategy/">Strategy</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-183216" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-183216"><a href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/results-and-impact/">Results and impact</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146668" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146668"><a href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/opportunities/">Opportunities</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146805" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146805"><a href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/contact/">Contact</a> </li > </ul></div> </li > <li id="menu-item-146673" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-146673"><a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/">Topics</a><button class="c-main-menu__sub-list-item-button js-sub-sub-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false" type="button"><span class="u-accessible-hide">Toggle the sub-menu</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron-bold c-main-menu__sub-list-item-button-icon"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron-bold"/></svg> </button> <div class='c-main-menu__sub-menu c-main-menu__sub-menu--level-1 js-sub-menu js-horizontal-scrolling'><button class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-button c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-button--left js-arrow js-arrow-left" aria-label="Scroll left"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron-right c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-arrow"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron-right"/></svg> </button><button class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-button c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-button--right js-arrow js-arrow-right" aria-label=\"Scroll right\"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron-right c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-arrow"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron-right"/></svg> </button><ul class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-list js-horizontal-scrolling__scrollable"> <li id="menu-item-146674" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-topic menu-item-146674"><a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/climate/">Climate</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146675" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-topic menu-item-146675"><a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/water/">Water</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146676" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-topic menu-item-146676"><a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/air/">Air</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146677" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-topic menu-item-146677"><a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/land/">Land</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146678" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-topic menu-item-146678"><a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/energy/">Energy</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146679" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-topic menu-item-146679"><a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/governance/">Governance</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146680" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-topic menu-item-146680"><a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/economy/">Economy</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146681" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-topic menu-item-146681"><a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/gender/">Gender</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146682" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-topic menu-item-146682"><a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/health/">Health</a> </li > </ul></div> </li > <li id="menu-item-146683" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-146683"><a href="https://www.sei.org/regions/">Regions</a><button class="c-main-menu__sub-list-item-button js-sub-sub-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false" type="button"><span class="u-accessible-hide">Toggle the sub-menu</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron-bold c-main-menu__sub-list-item-button-icon"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron-bold"/></svg> </button> <div class='c-main-menu__sub-menu c-main-menu__sub-menu--level-1 js-sub-menu js-horizontal-scrolling'><button class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-button c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-button--left js-arrow js-arrow-left" aria-label="Scroll left"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron-right c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-arrow"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron-right"/></svg> </button><button class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-button c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-button--right js-arrow js-arrow-right" aria-label=\"Scroll right\"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron-right c-main-menu__sub-menu-scrolling-arrow"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#chevron-right"/></svg> </button><ul class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-list js-horizontal-scrolling__scrollable"> <li id="menu-item-146686" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-region current-publication-ancestor current-menu-parent current-publication-parent menu-item-146686"><a href="https://www.sei.org/region/africa/">Africa</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146687" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-region menu-item-146687"><a href="https://www.sei.org/region/americas/">Americas</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146783" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-region menu-item-146783"><a href="https://www.sei.org/region/antarctica/">Antarctica</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-162560" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-region menu-item-162560"><a href="https://www.sei.org/region/arctic/">Arctic</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146685" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-region menu-item-146685"><a href="https://www.sei.org/region/asia/">Asia</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146688" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-region menu-item-146688"><a href="https://www.sei.org/region/australia-and-oceania/">Australia and Oceania</a> </li > <li id="menu-item-146684" class="c-main-menu__sub-menu-item js-sub-menu-list-item menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-region menu-item-146684"><a href="https://www.sei.org/region/europe/">Europe</a> </li > </ul></div> </li > </ul></div></div> </div ></li > </ul></div> </div> <button class="c-header__search-button js-header-search-button" aria-controls="header-search" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="u-accessible-hide">Toggle the keyword search input</span> <span class="c-header__search-button-icon c-header__search-button-icon--regular"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--search "><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#search"/></svg> </span> <span class="c-header__search-button-icon c-header__search-button-icon--bold"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--search-bold "><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#search-bold"/></svg> </span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="c-header-search js-header-search" id="header-search"> <div class="o-container o-container--grid"> <form class="c-header-search__form js-header-search" action="https://www.sei.org/" method="get" role="search"> <div class="c-autocomplete c-autocomplete--header js-autocomplete"> <input class="c-header-search__form-input js-header-search-input js-autocomplete-field" name="s" maxlength="50" type="search" placeholder="Type to search" aria-label="Search" autocomplete="off"/> <ul class="c-autocomplete__list js-autocomplete-list"></ul> <button class="c-header-search__submit o-button o-button--large" type="submit"> <span class="c-header-search__submit-text">Search</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--search-large c-header-search__submit-icon"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#search-large"/></svg> </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="content"></div> <nav class="c-breadcrumbs " aria-label="Breadcrumb navigation"> <div class="c-breadcrumbs__container o-container"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs__inner"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__crumb "> <a class="c-breadcrumbs__crumb-link" href="https://www.sei.org"> SEI </a> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__crumb ancestor c-breadcrumbs__crumb--is-last"> <a class="c-breadcrumbs__crumb-link" href="https://www.sei.org/publications/"> Publications </a> </li> </ol> </div> </nav> <header class="c-immersive-header js-immersive-header"> <div class="c-immersive-header__top"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2023-10-26-12.13.25-1-1800x770.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1025px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2023-10-26-12.13.25-1-1024x685.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2023-10-26-12.13.25-1-550x883.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2023-10-26-12.13.25-1-1800x770.webp?modtime=" alt="" class="c-immersive-header__banner-image" fetchpriority="high"></picture> <div class="c-immersive-header__top-content-wrapper"> <div class="c-immersive-header__top-content"> <div class="c-immersive-header__top-meta"> <small class="c-immersive-header__content-type"> SEI report </small> </div> <h1 class="c-immersive-header__title"> Examining the role of risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: case studies in West and Central Africa </h1> <p class="c-immersive-header__collections"> part of <a href="https://www.sei.org/collections/renewable-energy/">Renewable energy</a> </p> <a class="c-immersive-header__start-reading" href="#start-of-content"> Start reading <svg class="o-svg o-svg--arrow-bold "><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#arrow-bold"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-immersive-header__bottom"> <div class="c-immersive-header__bottom-content has-dark-background"> <div class="c-immersive-header__bottom-content-inner"> <small class="c-immersive-header__content-type">SEI report</small> <div class="c-immersive-header__content"> <h1 class="c-immersive-header__title">Examining the role of risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: case studies in West and Central Africa</h1> <div class="c-immersive-header__intro o-content-from-editor"> <p>This report explores how risk mitigation and transfer instruments enable investments in renewable energy projects in West and Central Africa.</p> </div> <p class="c-immersive-header__meta"> <span class="c-immersive-header__inline-authors"> <a class="c-immersive-header__author c-immersive-header__author--link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/daniel-duma/">Daniel Duma</a>, <a class="c-immersive-header__author c-immersive-header__author--link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/miquel-munoz-cabre/">Miquel Muñoz Cabré</a> / </span> <span>Published on 19 December 2024</span> </p> <section class="c-single-header-meta c-single-header-meta--publication"> <div class="c-single-header-meta__inner o-container"> <div class="c-single-header-meta__block c-single-header-meta__block--download"> <div class="c-single-header-meta__block-content"> <div class="c-single-header-meta__download"> <a class="o-button o-button--transparent" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa.pdf" target="_blank"> Download </a> <span><strong>Read the report</strong> / PDF / 3 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-single-header-meta__block c-single-header-meta__block--citation"> <strong class="c-single-header-meta__block-heading">Citation</strong> <p class="c-single-header-meta__block-content">Duma, D. & Muñoz Cabré, M. (2024). <i>Examining the role of risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: case studies in West and Central Africa.</i> Stockholm Environment Institute. https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2024.060</p> </div> <div class="c-single-header-meta__block c-single-header-meta__block--doi"> <strong class="c-single-header-meta__block-heading">DOI</strong> <p class="c-single-header-meta__block-content"><a href="https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2024.060" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2024.060</a></p> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="c-immersive-header__sidebar"> <div class="c-immersive-header__sidebar-inner"> <div class="c-immersive-header__image-credit"><p>Photo: Miquel Muñoz Cabré / SEI</p> </div> <div class="c-immersive-header__authors "> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--internal c-person-card--small"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/daniel-duma-250x250.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/daniel-duma-250x250.jpg?modtime=" alt="Daniel Duma" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/daniel-duma/"> Daniel Duma </a> <p class="c-person-card__job-title"> Research Fellow </p> <p class="c-person-card__centre">SEI Headquarters</p> </div> </div> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--internal c-person-card--small"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/miquel2-250x250.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/miquel2-250x250.jpg?modtime=" alt="" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/miquel-munoz-cabre/"> Miquel Muñoz Cabré </a> <p class="c-person-card__job-title"> Senior Scientist </p> <p class="c-person-card__centre">SEI US</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </header> <a id="start-of-content"></a> <section class="c-wysiwyg-block o-section js-toc-content" lang="en"> <div class="c-wysiwyg-block__container o-container"> <div class="c-wysiwyg-block__wrapper o-content-from-editor"> <p>Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the greatest need for additional energy to meet the demands of its growing economies and populations. Under any scenario of development and economic growth in the area, electricity consumption is bound to increase dramatically in the following decades.</p> <p>This report surveys planned and existing renewable energy projects to support the growing energy demand, with a focus on the financial strategies used to develop them and minimize risk to investors.</p> <p>By interviewing key project stakeholders, we outline the importance of such tools in addressing various risks, particularly offtaker obligations. We conclude that risk mitigation is needed, but far from sufficient in overcoming the structural macroeconomic barriers that many countries in the region face. We recommend pursuing models that circumvent these barriers in the short term, such as leasing or using viable businesses as anchor loads, along with addressing structural issues in the long term, especially reducing debt in the energy sector.</p> <p>This is the second in a series of <a href="https://www.sei.org/projects/finance-sustainable-development-program/" target="_self"><span>Finance for Sustainable Development</span><span class="u-no-wrap-icon"></span></a> reports that will eventually cover all sub-Saharan Africa regions and is accompanied by a <a href="https://www.sei.org/publications/risk-mitigation-transfer-investments" target="_self"><span>conceptual review of risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments</span><span class="u-no-wrap-icon"></span></a>.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="c-download-publication o-section"> <div class="c-download-publication__container o-container"> <div class="c-download-publication__buttons"> <div class="c-download-publication__wrapper"> <a class="c-download-publication__button o-button" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa.pdf" target="_blank"> Download </a> <p class="c-download-publication__text"> <strong>Read the report</strong> / PDF / 3 MB </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="c-card-block c-card-block--people-list c-card-block--full-width o-section c-card-block--authors c-card-block--layout-3_per_row js-full-width"> <div class="o-container"> <div class="c-card-block__header"> <h2 class="c-card-block__title"> SEI authors </h2> </div> <div class="c-card-block__card-outer"> <div class="c-card-block__cards"> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--internal"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/daniel-duma-250x250.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/daniel-duma-250x250.jpg?modtime=" alt="Daniel Duma" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/daniel-duma/"> Daniel Duma </a> <p class="c-person-card__job-title"> Research Fellow </p> <p class="c-person-card__centre">SEI Headquarters</p> </div> </div> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--internal"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/miquel2-250x250.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/miquel2-250x250.jpg?modtime=" alt="" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/miquel-munoz-cabre/"> Miquel Muñoz Cabré </a> <p class="c-person-card__job-title"> Senior Scientist </p> <p class="c-person-card__centre">SEI US</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="c-meta o-section o-section--has-background"> <div class="c-meta__container o-container"> <div class="c-meta__container-inner"> <dl class="c-meta__inner"> <div class="c-meta__row c-meta__row--topics-and-subtopics"> <dt class="c-meta__label"> Topics and subtopics </dt> <dd class="c-meta__values"> <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/topics/economy/"><span class="c-meta__link-text">Economy</span></a> <span class="c-meta__item-separator">:</span> <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/topics/finance/?parent_topic=economy"><span class="c-meta__link-text">Finance</span></a> / <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/topics/energy/"><span class="c-meta__link-text">Energy</span></a> <span class="c-meta__item-separator">:</span> <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/topics/energy-access/?parent_topic=energy"><span class="c-meta__link-text">Energy access</span></a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/topics/renewables/?parent_topic=energy"><span class="c-meta__link-text">Renewables</span></a> / <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/topics/governance/"><span class="c-meta__link-text">Governance</span></a> <span class="c-meta__item-separator">:</span> <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/topics/finance/?parent_topic=governance"><span class="c-meta__link-text">Finance</span></a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/topics/public-policy/?parent_topic=governance"><span class="c-meta__link-text">Public policy</span></a> </dd> </div> <div class="c-meta__row c-meta__row--tag"> <dt class="c-meta__label"> Tags </dt> <dd class="c-meta__values"> <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/tag/clean-energy/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">clean energy</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/tag/economics/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">economics</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/tag/policy-engagement/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">policy engagement</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/tag/private-sector/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">private sector</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/tag/renewable-energy/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">renewable energy</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/tag/risk/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">risk</span> </a> </dd> </div> <div class="c-meta__row c-meta__row--centre"> <dt class="c-meta__label"> Related centres </dt> <dd class="c-meta__values"> <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/centres/us/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">SEI US</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/centres/york/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">SEI York</span> </a> </dd> </div> <div class="c-meta__row c-meta__row--region"> <dt class="c-meta__label"> Regions </dt> <dd class="c-meta__values"> <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/africa/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Africa</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/sub-saharan-africa/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Sub-Saharan Africa</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/burkina-faso/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Burkina Faso</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/ghana/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Ghana</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/cameroon/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Cameroon</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/senegal/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Senegal</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/togo/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Togo</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/benin/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Benin</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/chad/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Chad</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/guinea/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Guinea</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/liberia/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Liberia</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/mali/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Mali</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/mauritania/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Mauritania</span> </a>, <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/region/sierra-leone/" > <span class="c-meta__link-text">Sierra Leone</span> </a> </dd> </div> </dl> </div> <div class="c-meta__share"> <div class="c-share c-share--meta">  <a class="c-share__link c-share__link--twitter js-social-share js-social-share--twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Examining%20the%20role%20of%20risk%20mitigation%20and%20transfer%20for%20renewable%20energy%20investments:%20case%20studies%20in%20West%20and%20Central%20Africa&url=https://www.sei.org/publications/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa/&via=SEIresearch" target="_blank" aria-label="Share via Twitter"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--twitter "><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#twitter" /></svg> </a>  <a class="c-share__link c-share__link--facebook js-social-share js-social-share--facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.sei.org/publications/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa/&t=Examining%20the%20role%20of%20risk%20mitigation%20and%20transfer%20for%20renewable%20energy%20investments:%20case%20studies%20in%20West%20and%20Central%20Africa" target="_blank" aria-label="Share via Facebook"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--facebook "><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#facebook" /></svg> </a>  <a class="c-share__link c-share__link--linkedin js-social-share js-social-share--linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.sei.org/publications/examining-the-role-of-risk-mitigation-and-transfer-for-renewable-energy-investments-case-studies-in-west-and-central-africa/&title=Examining%20the%20role%20of%20risk%20mitigation%20and%20transfer%20for%20renewable%20energy%20investments:%20case%20studies%20in%20West%20and%20Central%20Africa&summary=This%20report%20explores%20the%20financial%20landscape%20of%20renewable%20energy%20projects%20in%20West%20and%20Central%20Africa,%20with%20recommendations%20on%20how%20to%20maximize%20success.&source=SEI" target="_blank" aria-label="Share via LinkedIn"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--linkedin "><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#linkedin" /></svg> </a>  <a class="c-share__link c-share__link--email js-social-share--email" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" target="_blank" aria-label="Share via Email"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--email "><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#email" /></svg> </a>  <button class="c-share__link c-share__link--print js-social-share--print" aria-label="Print page"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--print "><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#print" /></svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="c-related-content c-related-content--has-background o-section--has-background o-section"> <div class="c-related-content__wrapper o-container"> <h3 class="c-related-content__title"> Related projects </h3> <div class="c-related-content__items"> <article class="c-card "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20231026-173105-748x420.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20231026-173105-550x309.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20231026-173105-1000x561.webp?modtime=" alt="Bui floating solar photovoltaic plant in Ghana" class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/projects/finance-sustainable-development-program/"> <span class="c-card__title"> SEI Finance for Sustainable Development Program </span> </a> <p class="c-card__description"> <span class="c-card__type">Program</span> <span class="c-card__type"> / </span> Our mission is to help accelerate the allocation of capital to sustainable economic activities. </p> <div class="c-card__bottom-meta"> <p class="c-card__bottom-meta-text"> <span class="c-card__date">2022 - 2025 /</span> <span>About</span> <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/finance/?parent_topic=climate" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Finance</a>, <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/renewables/?parent_topic=energy" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Renewables</a> and <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/sustainable-development-goals/?parent_topic=governance" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Sustainable Development Goals</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article class="c-card "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/charl-folscher-o8oenp4t-lq-unsplash-748x420.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/charl-folscher-o8oenp4t-lq-unsplash-550x309.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/charl-folscher-o8oenp4t-lq-unsplash-1000x561.jpg?modtime=" alt="Wind turbines stand against a backdrop of snow-capped mountains beneath a pink sunset sky." class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/projects/renewable-energy-investment-africa/"> <span class="c-card__title"> The role of risk mitigation in renewable energy investments in sub-Saharan Africa </span> </a> <p class="c-card__description"> <span class="c-card__type">Project</span> <span class="c-card__type"> / </span> This research project explores the effectiveness of financial risk mitigation in attracting private investment in renewable energy in sub-Saharan Africa. </p> <div class="c-card__bottom-meta"> <p class="c-card__bottom-meta-text"> <span class="c-card__date">2021 - 2025 /</span> <span>About</span> <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/energy-access/?parent_topic=energy" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Energy access</a>, <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/finance/?parent_topic=climate" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Finance</a>, <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/mitigation/?parent_topic=climate" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Mitigation</a>, <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/public-policy/?parent_topic=governance" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Public policy</a>, <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/renewables/?parent_topic=energy" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Renewables</a> and <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/sustainable-development-goals/?parent_topic=governance" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Sustainable Development Goals</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <section class="c-related-content o-section"> <div class="c-related-content__wrapper o-container"> <h3 class="c-related-content__title"> You might also be interested in </h3> <div class="c-related-content__items"> <article class="c-card "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/dji-0697-photo-748x420.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/dji-0697-photo-550x309.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/dji-0697-photo-1000x561.webp?modtime=" alt="Wind turbine foundation" class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/publications/risk-mitigation-transfer-investments/"> <span class="c-card__title"> Risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: a conceptual review </span> </a> <p class="c-card__description"> <span class="c-card__type">SEI report</span> <span class="c-card__type"> / </span> This report examines the use of risk mitigation and transfer (RMT) instruments in private utility-scale renewable energy investments. </p> <div class="c-card__bottom-meta"> <p class="c-card__bottom-meta-text"> <span class="c-card__date">1 September 2023 /</span> <span>About</span> <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/finance/?parent_topic=economy" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Finance</a> and <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/renewables/?parent_topic=energy" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Renewables</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article class="c-card "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/img-20221103-171005751-riversidesolarfarm-scaled.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/img-20221103-171005751-riversidesolarfarm-scaled.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/img-20221103-171005751-riversidesolarfarm-scaled.jpg?modtime=" alt="A photograph of solar cells at a riverside solar farm in Kitwe, Zambia" class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/publications/risk-mitigation-renewable-energy-sadc/"> <span class="c-card__title"> Risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: case studies in the Southern Africa Development Community </span> </a> <p class="c-card__description"> <span class="c-card__type">SEI report</span> <span class="c-card__type"> / </span> This report explores the role of risk mitigation and transfer (RMT) instruments for enabling renewable energy investments in SADC countries. </p> <div class="c-card__bottom-meta"> <p class="c-card__bottom-meta-text"> <span class="c-card__date">28 June 2023 /</span> <span>About</span> <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/finance/?parent_topic=economy" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Finance</a> and <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/renewables/?parent_topic=energy" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Renewables</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article class="c-card "> <div class="c-card__link-wrapper"> <div class="c-card__image-wrapper"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cover-photo-resize-748x420.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cover-photo-resize-550x309.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cover-photo-resize-1000x561.webp?modtime=" alt="White wind turbines stand above green and brown rolling hills under the shadows of white and gray clouds against a blue sky in Mongolia" class="c-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> </div> <div class="c-card__text-wrapper"> <a class="c-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/publications/solar-wind-mongolia-2024-policy/"> <span class="c-card__title"> Solar and wind power in Mongolia: 2024 policy overview </span> </a> <p class="c-card__description"> <span class="c-card__type">SEI brief</span> <span class="c-card__type"> / </span> This brief summarizes the 2024 solar and wind power policy landscape in Mongolia. </p> <div class="c-card__bottom-meta"> <p class="c-card__bottom-meta-text"> <span class="c-card__date">29 October 2024 /</span> <span>About</span> <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/finance/?parent_topic=governance" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Finance</a> and <a href="https://www.sei.org/topics/renewables/?parent_topic=energy" class="c-card__bottom-meta-link">Renewables</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <button class="c-back-to-top o-button js-back-to-top"> <span class="c-back-to-top__text">Back to top</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--arrow-bold "><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#arrow-bold" /></svg> </button> <footer class="c-footer"> <section class="c-newsletter-signup js-newsletter"> <div class="c-newsletter-signup__background-image"></div> <div class="c-newsletter-signup__container o-container"> <div class="c-newsletter-signup__wrapper"> <h2 class="c-newsletter-signup__heading">Sign up to the global SEI newsletter</h2> <div class="c-newsletter-signup__text"> <p>Get the latest updates and invitations to your inbox with SEI’s global newsletter.</p> </div>  <form action="/about-sei/contact/newsletter/" method="get" class="validate c-newsletter-signup__form" target="_blank"> <div class="c-newsletter-signup__fields"> <div class="c-newsletter-signup__group"> <label class="c-newsletter-signup__label" for="mc-email">Email address <span class="asterisk">*</span></label> <div class="c-newsletter-signup__input-wrapper"> <input type="email" value="" name="mc-email" class="required email c-newsletter-signup__input js-newsletter-input" id="mc-email" placeholder="Your email address" required> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="c-newsletter-signup__form-button js-newsletter-btn" tabindex="0"> </div> </div> <div class="c-newsletter-signup__checkbox-wrapper"> <input class="c-newsletter-signup__checkbox js-newsletter-checkbox" type="checkbox" name="mc-accepted" id="accepted" value="1" tabindex="0" required/> <label class="c-newsletter-signup__label c-newsletter-signup__label--checkbox" for="accepted"> <span class="c-newsletter-signup__checkbox-icon"></span> <span class="c-newsletter-signup__checkbox-text">I accept the <a href="http://www.sei.org/privacy" target="_blank">privacy policy</a> and want to receive newsletters from SEI</span> </label> </div> </div> </form> <p class="c-newsletter-signup__error ts-body js-newsletter-error"></p>  </div> </div> </section> <section class="o-section c-footer__menu"> <div class="o-container"> <nav class="c-footer__menu-wrapper"> <ul class="c-footer__menu-list"> <li class="c-footer__menu-item c-footer__menu-item--"> <a class="c-footer__menu-link c-footer__menu-link--social" href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/contact/social/" title="View our social media page" target="_blank"> <span>Social media</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item c-footer__menu-item--facebook"> <a class="c-footer__menu-link c-footer__menu-link--social" href="https://www.facebook.com/StockholmEnvironmentInstitute" title="Visit SEI on Facebook" target="_blank"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--facebook c-footer__social-icon"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#facebook" /></svg> <span>Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item c-footer__menu-item--linkedin"> <a class="c-footer__menu-link c-footer__menu-link--social" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/stockholm-environment-institute" title="Visit SEI on LinkedIn" target="_blank"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--linkedin c-footer__social-icon"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#linkedin" /></svg> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item c-footer__menu-item--twitter"> <a class="c-footer__menu-link c-footer__menu-link--social" href="//twitter.com/SEIresearch" title="Visit @SEIresearchon X (previously Twitter)" target="_blank"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--twitter c-footer__social-icon"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#twitter" /></svg> <span>X (previously Twitter)</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item "> <a class="c-footer__menu-link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/jobs/"> Jobs </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item "> <a class="c-footer__menu-link" href="https://www.sei.org/press-room/"> Press room </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item "> <a class="c-footer__menu-link" href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/"> About SEI </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item "> <a class="c-footer__menu-link" href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/contact/whistleblowing/"> Whistleblowing </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item "> <a class="c-footer__menu-link" href="https://www.sei.org/website-policies/privacy/"> Privacy policy </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item "> <a class="c-footer__menu-link" href="https://www.sei.org/website-policies/cookies/"> Cookie notice </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item "> <a class="c-footer__menu-link" href="https://www.sei.org/website-policies/accessibility/"> Accessibility </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item "> <a class="c-footer__menu-link" href="https://www.sei.org/about-sei/contact/"> Contact </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </section> <section class="o-section c-footer__full-width-nav"> <div class="o-container c-footer__full-width-nav-container js-horizontal-scrolling"> <nav class="c-footer__full-width-nav-wrapper js-horizontal-scrolling__scrollable"> <span class="c-footer__full-width-nav-title">Centres:</span> <ul class="c-footer__full-width-nav-items"> <li class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item"> <a class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item-link" href="https://www.sei.org/centres/africa/"> SEI Africa </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item"> <a class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item-link" href="https://www.sei.org/centres/asia/"> SEI Asia </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item"> <a class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item-link" href="https://www.sei.org/centres/headquarters/"> SEI Headquarters </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item"> <a class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item-link" href="https://www.sei.org/centres/latin-america/"> SEI Latin America </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item"> <a class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item-link" href="https://www.sei.org/centres/oxford/"> SEI Oxford </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item"> <a class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item-link" href="https://www.sei.org/centres/tallinn/"> SEI Tallinn </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item"> <a class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item-link" href="https://www.sei.org/centres/us/"> SEI US </a> </li> <li class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item"> <a class="c-footer__full-width-nav-item-link" href="https://www.sei.org/centres/york/"> SEI York </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </section> <section class="o-section"> <div class="o-container"> <p class="c-footer__credit"> © Stockholm Environment Institute 2025 </p> </div> </section> </footer> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"> var filterArray = JSON.parse('["2030 Agenda","adaptation","air","air pollution","agriculture","biodiversity","bioeconomy","bioenergy","biomass","blog","carbon market","chemical","climate","climate change","conservation","consumption","cookstoves","COP","drought","footprint","fossil fuel","economics","economy","energy","equality","equity","EU","flood","food","food security","forests","gender","Gordon Goodman","Green Climate Fund","hydropower","initiatives","job","Johan","livelihoods","M\u00e5ns Nilsson","methodology","mitigation","modelling","nexus","nitrogen","ozone","palm oil","Paris Agreement","phosphorus","planetary boundaries","planning","pollution","poverty","renewable energy","resilience","risk","scenario","security","Science Forum","Small Island Developing States","soil","sustainable development","trade","vulnerability","waste","water"]'); </script> <script type="text/javascript" class=" _iub_cs_skip" type="text/javascript" id="iubenda-head-inline-scripts-0"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var _iub = _iub || []; _iub.csConfiguration = { "askConsentAtCookiePolicyUpdate" : true, "countryDetection" : true, "enableFadp" : true, "enableLgpd" : true, "enableUspr" : true, "lang" : "en-GB", "lgpdAppliesGlobally" : false, "rebuildIframe" : true, "localConsentDomain" : "www.sei.org", "localConsentDomainExact" : true, "perPurposeConsent" : true, "purposes" : "1,2,3,4,5", "reloadOnConsent" : false, "siteId" : 2825234, "cookiePolicyId" : 19848806, "cookiePolicyUrl" : "https://www.sei.org/website-policies/cookies/", "privacyPolicyUrl" : "https://www.sei.org/about-sei/website-policies/privacy/", "privacyPolicyNoticeAtCollectionUrl" : "https://www.sei.org/about-sei/website-policies/privacy/", "banner" : { "acceptButtonCaptionColor" : "#000000", "acceptButtonColor" : "#8DFEC4", "acceptButtonDisplay" : true, "backgroundColor" : "#263238", "closeButtonDisplay" : false, "customizeButtonCaptionColor" : "#000000", "customizeButtonColor" : "#00B180", "customizeButtonDisplay" : true, "explicitWithdrawal" : true, "listPurposes" : true, "position" : "float-center", "rejectButtonColor" : "#8DFEC4", "rejectButtonDisplay" : true }, "callback" : { "onPreferenceExpressed" : function (preference) { // console.log('onPreferenceExpressed', preference); /* Purposes: 1: Strictly necessary 2: Basic interactions & functionalities 3: Experience enhancement 4: Measurement 5: Targeting & Advertising */ if (preference['purposes']['1']) { console.log('Consent given: Strictly necessary'); jQuery('[data-iub-purposes^="1"]').closest('.o-section').find('.content-before-consent').addClass('hidden').hide(); } if (preference['purposes']['2']) { console.log('Consent given: Basic interactions & functionalities'); jQuery('[data-iub-purposes^="2"]').closest('.o-section').find('.content-before-consent').addClass('hidden').hide(); } if (preference['purposes']['3']) { console.log('Consent given: Experience enhancement'); jQuery('[data-iub-purposes^="3"]').closest('.o-section').find('.content-before-consent').addClass('hidden').hide(); } if (preference['purposes']['4']) { console.log('Consent given: Measurement'); jQuery('[data-iub-purposes^="4"]').closest('.o-section').find('.content-before-consent').addClass('hidden').hide(); } if (preference['purposes']['5']) { console.log('Consent given: Targeting & Advertising'); jQuery('[data-iub-purposes^="5"]').closest('.o-section').find('.content-before-consent').addClass('hidden').hide(); } } } }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script src="//cdn.iubenda.com/cs/gpp/stub.js" type="text/javascript" class=" _iub_cs_skip" type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.iubenda.com/cs/gpp/stub.js?ver=3.12.0" id="iubenda-head-scripts-1-js"></script> <script async="async" charset="UTF-8" src="//cdn.iubenda.com/cs/iubenda_cs.js" type="text/javascript" class=" _iub_cs_skip" type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.iubenda.com/cs/iubenda_cs.js?ver=3.12.0" id="iubenda-head-scripts-2-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="breeze-prefetch-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var breeze_prefetch = {"local_url":"https:\/\/www.sei.org","ignore_remote_prefetch":"1","ignore_list":["\/pdf\/(.)","https:\/\/sei.org\/pdf\/(.)","wp-admin","wp-login.php"]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/plugins/breeze/assets/js/js-front-end/breeze-prefetch-links.min.js?ver=2.2.2" id="breeze-prefetch-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sei.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sei.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="iubenda-forms-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var iubFormParams = []; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/plugins/iubenda-cookie-law-solution/assets/js/frontend.js?ver=3.12.0" id="iubenda-forms-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="site-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ajax_params = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.sei.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/js/script.min.js?ver=2.21" id="site-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.iubenda.com/cons/iubenda_cons.js?ver=3.12.0" id="iubenda-cons-cdn-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="iubenda-cons-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var iubConsParams = {"api_key":"3H6ewe6y4BRbqsSyQZOQJVKYCEHy1vAd","log_level":"error","logger":"console","send_from_local_storage_at_load":"true"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/plugins/iubenda-cookie-law-solution/assets/js/cons.js?ver=3.12.0" id="iubenda-cons-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/picturefill/3.0.3/picturefill.min.js?ver=3.0.3" id="wpe_picturefill-js"></script> <p class="u-accessible-hide"> Design and development by <a href="https://www.designbysoapbox.com">Soapbox</a>. </p> <script type="text/javascript"> console.log('%cDesign and development by Soapbox.', 'color: #e72e28; font-size: 16px;'); console.log('%chttps://www.designbysoapbox.com', 'font-size: 12px;'); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Examining the role of risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: case studies in West and Central Africa | SEI