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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Апошнія змены</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:NewPages"><span>Новыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="n-Village-pump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC"><span>Форум</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Random" title="Паказаць выпадковую старонку [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Выпадковая старонка</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дзе можна атрымаць тлумачэнні."><span>Даведка</span></a></li><li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96"><span>Паведаміць пра памылку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Вікіпедыя" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-be.svg" style="width: 7.625em; height: 1.3125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-be.svg" width="117" height="12" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Пошук</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" aria-label="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Адмысловае:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Пошук</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Выгляд" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Выгляд</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be" class=""><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова" class=""><span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Меню ўдзельніка" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be"><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для ананімных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" aria-label="Даведацца больш пра праўку"><span>даведацца больш</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyContributions" title="Спіс правак, зробленых з гэтага IP-адраса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Уклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyTalk" title="Размовы пра праўкі, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адраса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Змест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Змест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Этымалогія" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Этымалогія"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Этымалогія</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Этымалогія-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Адметныя_прыкметы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Адметныя_прыкметы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Адметныя прыкметы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Адметныя_прыкметы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Эвалюцыя_і_філагенез" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Эвалюцыя_і_філагенез"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Эвалюцыя і філагенез</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Эвалюцыя_і_філагенез-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Сістэматыка" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Сістэматыка"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Сістэматыка</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Сістэматыка-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Крыніцы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Крыніцы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Крыніцы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Крыніцы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Літаратура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Літаратура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Літаратура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Літаратура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Спасылкі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Спасылкі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Спасылкі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Спасылкі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Змест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Пераключыць змест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Пераключыць змест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Сківічнаротыя</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсці да артыкула на іншай мове. Даступны на 68 мовах." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 моў</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaakdiere" title="Kaakdiere – афрыкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaakdiere" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="афрыкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieferm%C3%A4uler" title="Kiefermäuler – швейцарская нямецкая" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kiefermäuler" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарская нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فكيات – арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فكيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فكيات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فكيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – астурыйская" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1z%C3%A7%C9%99n%C9%99lil%C9%99r" title="Ağızçənəlilər – азербайджанская" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağızçənəlilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B2%DA%86%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="آغیزچنه‌لیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغیزچنه‌لیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B0%D2%A1%D2%BB%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Яңаҡһөйәклеләр – башкірская" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яңаҡһөйәклеләр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкірская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Челюстни – балгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Челюстни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="балгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnatostomats" title="Gnatostomats – каталанская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gnatostomats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – себуана" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуана" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celistnatci" title="Čelistnatci – чэшская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čelistnatci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэшская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0_%C3%A7%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Янахла çăварли – чувашская" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Янахла çăварли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieferm%C3%A4uler" title="Kiefermäuler – нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kiefermäuler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Γναθοστόματα – грэчаская" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γναθοστόματα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грэчаская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – англійская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makzelulo" title="Makzelulo – эсперанта" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makzelulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанта" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – іспанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="іспанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnatostomatu" title="Gnatostomatu – баскская" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gnatostomatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آرواره‌دهانان – фарсі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرواره‌دهانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leualliset_selk%C3%A4rankaiset" title="Leualliset selkärankaiset – фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leualliset selkärankaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – французская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjaapdiarten" title="Tjaapdiarten – паўночнафрызская" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjaapdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="паўночнафрызская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaakdieren" title="Kaakdieren – заходняя фрызская" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kaakdieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="заходняя фрызская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – ірландская" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ірландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnat%C3%B3stomos" title="Gnatóstomos – галісійская" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gnatóstomos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галісійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – мэнская" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="мэнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חולייתנים לסתניים – іўрыт" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חולייתנים לסתניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="іўрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celjustouste" title="Čeljustouste – харвацкая" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čeljustouste" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="харвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llkapcsosok" title="Állkapcsosok – венгерская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állkapcsosok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – інтэрлінгва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="інтэрлінгва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – інданезійская" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="інданезійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%A1lkad%C3%BDr" title="Kjálkadýr – ісландская" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kjálkadýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ісландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – італьянская" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="італьянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%8E%E5%8F%A3%E4%B8%8A%E7%B6%B1" title="顎口上綱 – японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="顎口上綱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ყბიანები – грузінская" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყბიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жақ ауыздылар – казахская" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жақ ауыздылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%95%85%EB%A5%98" title="유악류 – карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유악류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – лацінская" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="лацінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDok%C4%BCai%C5%86i" title="Žokļaiņi – латышская" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žokļaiņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%E2%80%99%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Вилични ’рбетници – македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилични ’рбетници" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Онгылашлуанвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Онгылашлуанвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaakdieren" title="Kaakdieren – нідэрландская" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaakdieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjevemunnar" title="Kjevemunnar – нарвежская (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjevemunnar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjevemunner" title="Kjevemunner – нарвежская (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjevemunner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyaats%CA%BCiin_Dah%C3%B3l%C3%B3n%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Biyaatsʼiin Dahólónígíí – наваха" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Biyaatsʼiin Dahólónígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="наваха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata_(Vertebrata)" title="Gnathostomata (Vertebrata) – аксітанская" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gnathostomata (Vertebrata)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="аксітанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBuchwowce" title="Żuchwowce – польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żuchwowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnatostomados" title="Gnatostomados – партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gnatostomados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnatostomate" title="Gnatostomate – румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gnatostomate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Челюстноротые – руская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Челюстноротые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – сіцылійская" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сіцылійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – шатландская" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шатландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celjustouste" title="Čeljustouste – сербскахарвацкая" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čeljustouste" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскахарвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%BEustnatce" title="Čeľustnatce – славацкая" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čeľustnatce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="славацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%99%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Чељустоусте – сербская" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чељустоусте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4kf%C3%B6rsedda_ryggradsdjur" title="Käkförsedda ryggradsdjur – шведская" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Käkförsedda ryggradsdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE" title="నేతోస్టొమాటా – тэлугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నేతోస్టొమాటా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="тэлугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%C3%A7ek%C3%A7eneliler" title="Gerçekçeneliler – турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gerçekçeneliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Щелепні – украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Щелепні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_quai_h%C3%A0m" title="Động vật có quai hàm – в’етнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật có quai hàm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="в’етнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gnathostomata" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%94%E4%B8%8B%E9%97%A8" title="有颔下门 – ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="有颔下门" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%8C%E4%B8%8B%E9%97%A8" title="有颌下门 – кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="有颌下门" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%A0%9C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="有頜動物 – кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="有頜動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26214#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Правіць міжмоўныя спасылкі" class="wbc-editpage">Правіць спасылкі</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Прасторы назваў"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Паказаць уласна змест старонкі [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Старонка</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B:%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Размовы пра змест гэтай старонкі (няма такой старонкі) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Змяніць моўны варыянт" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">беларуская</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Віды"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit" title="Правіць старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Правіць</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit" title="Правіць зыходны код гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Правіць зыходнік</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=history" title="Ранейшыя версіі гэтай старонкі. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Інструменты" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Інструменты</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дзеянні </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit" title="Правіць старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Правіць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit" title="Правіць зыходны код гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Правіць зыходнік</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=history"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Агульныя </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:WhatLinksHere/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Спіс вікістаронак, якія спасылаюцца сюды [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Сюды спасылаюцца</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:RecentChangesLinked/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" rel="nofollow" title="Нядаўнія змены ў старонках, на якія спасылаецца гэтая старонка [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Звязаныя праўкі</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:SpecialPages" title="Пералік усіх адмысловых старонак [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Адмысловыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&oldid=4814509" title="Нязменная спасылка на гэтую версію гэтай старонкі"><span>Нязменная спасылка</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=info" title="Больш звестак пра гэту старонку"><span>Звесткі пра старонку</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CiteThisPage&page=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&id=4814509&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Інфармацыя пра тое, як цытаваць гэтую старонку"><span>Цытаваць гэту старонку</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%258F"><span>Атрымаць скарочаны URL-адрас</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%258F"><span>Спампаваць QR-код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Друк/экспарт </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F"><span>Стварыць кнігу</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=show-download-screen"><span>Спампаваць як PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&printable=yes" title="Друкавальная версія гэтай старонкі [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Для друку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> У іншых праектах </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gnathostomata" hreflang="en"><span>Вікісховішча</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata_(Vertebrata)" hreflang="en"><span>Віківіды</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26214" title="Спасылка на звязаны элемент рэпазітара даных [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Элемент Вікіданых</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div 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.ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-good{border-left:10px solid #66cc44}.mw-parser-output .ambox-discussion{border-left:10px solid #339966}.mw-parser-output .ambox-merge{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Translation_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Пераклад"><img alt="Пераклад" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Артыкул — <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4#Машынны_пераклад" title="Вікіпедыя:Пераклад">машынны пераклад</a> іншамоўнага тэксту.</b></div><div class="mbox-textsmall-div hide-when-compact" style="font-size:85%">Можа змяшчаць пэўную колькасць граматычных, лексічных і сэнсавых памылак.<br />Вы можаце дапамагчы праекту, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:EditPage/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Адмысловае:EditPage/Сківічнаротыя">выправіўшы яго</a>.<br /><span style="color:#E30;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Шаблон:Машынны пераклад/Дакументацыя">Крыніца перакладу не пазначана</a></span>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" cellspacing="2" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; width:275px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background: #D3D3A4;font-size:130%;">Сківічнаротыя</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span data-wikidata-property-id="P18" class="no-wikidata"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Gnathostomata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gnathostomata.jpg/265px-Gnathostomata.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gnathostomata.jpg/398px-Gnathostomata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gnathostomata.jpg/530px-Gnathostomata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1192" /></a></span></span> <br /> <p><span style="">1-ы шэраг: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дунклеастэй (няма такой старонкі)">дунклеастэй</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Панцырныя рыбы">панцырныя рыбы</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Плямісты вабегонг (няма такой старонкі)">плямісты вабегонг</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Храстковыя рыбы">храстковыя рыбы</a>); </span></p> 2-і шэраг: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аравана (няма такой старонкі)">аравана</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Касцявыя рыбы">касцявыя рыбы</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Нільскі кракадзіл (няма такой старонкі)">нільскі кракадзіл</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чатырохногія">чатырохногія</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background: #D3D3A4;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Біялагічная сістэматыка">Навуковая класіфікацыя</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="background:transparent; color:inherit; border:0px;"> <div class="NavHead" style="background:transparent; color:inherit; border:0"><small>прамежныя рангі</small></div> <div class=""> <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">Дамен: </td><td width="60%" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Эўкарыёты</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class=""> <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">Царства: </td><td width="60%" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Жывёлы</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="NavContent"> <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"><span style="background-color: ; color: Teal">Падцарства</span>: </td><td width="60%" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumetazoa">Эўметазоі</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="NavContent"> <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"><span style="background-color: ; color: Darkred">Без рангу</span>: </td><td width="60%" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateria">Двухбакова-сіметрычныя</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="NavContent"> <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"><span style="background-color: ; color: Darkred">Без рангу</span>: </td><td width="60%" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomia">Другаснаротыя</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class=""> <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">Тып: </td><td width="60%" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Хордавыя</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="NavContent"> <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"><span style="background-color: ; color: Teal">Падтып</span>: </td><td width="60%" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">Пазваночныя</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div><table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"><span style="background-color: ; color: Teal">Інфратып</span>: </td><td width="60%" align="left"><b>Сківічнаротыя</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background: #D3D3A4;font-size:110%;">Міжнародная навуковая назва</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;"> <p><span style="font-style: italic">Gnathostomata</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;font-style: normal;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Карл Альфрэд фон Цытэль">Zittel</a>, <a href="/wiki/1879" title="1879">1879</a></span> </p> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background: #D3D3A4;font-size:110%;">Надклас</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;"> <div align="left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Рыбы">Рыбы</a> (<i>Pisces</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чатырохногія">Чатырохногія</a> (<i>Tetrapoda</i>)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background: #D3D3A4;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Геахраналогія">Геахраналогія</a><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; width: none; margin:none; padding:5px;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-weight:bold; font-style:normal; background-color:transparent; text-align:center; ; width:none;"> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; background-color:transparent; text-align:left; display:none; padding:5px;"> <div style="text-align:left; width: 270px; clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0; padding: 0px; spacing: 0px; float: right; position:relative; top:0px;left:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF;"> <table style="text-align:center;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;"> <th rowspan="15" width="50px" style="background-color:#fff;"> </th> <th height="10px;" width="25px;" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;font-size:60%;line-height:8px;cursor:help;" title="Пачатак геалагічнага перыяду ў мільёнах гадоў назад">млн. гадоў </th> <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:70%;" width="50px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Геалагічны перыяд">Перыяд</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:70%;" width="20px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Геалагічная эра">Эра</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:70%;" width="20px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эон">Эон</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey; font-size:60%; line-height:8px; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:left;">2,588 </td> <td style="cursor:help;font-size:60%;line-height:2px;vertical-align:bottom;" title="Чацвярцічны, апошні геалагічны перыяд, доўжыцца апошнія 2,588 млн. гадоў, завяршае кайназойскую эру."><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Чацвярцічны перыяд"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Чац-ны</span></a> </td> <td colspan="2" height="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="1.176px" style="background-color:#DC143C; cursor:help;" title="Чацвярцічны, апошні геалагічны перыяд, доўжыцца апошнія 2,588 млн. гадоў, завяршае кайназойскую эру."> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(242,249,29);line-height:8px;font-size:70%;cursor:help;vertical-align:middle;" title="Кайназойская эра пачалася 65,5±0,3 млн. гадоў назад, доўжыцца па цяперашні час."><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Кайназой"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Ка</span></a> </td> <td rowspan="12" style="background-color:rgb(154,217,221); cursor:help;font-size:100%;line-height:14px;vertical-align:middle;" title="Геалагічны эон, які пачаўся ~ 570 млн гадоў назад і што працягваецца ў наш час."><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Фанеразой"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Ф<br />а<br />н<br />е<br />р<br />а<br />з<br />о<br />й</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:60%;line-height:8px;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;">23,03 </td> <td height="9.278px" style="background-color:rgb(255,230,25);cursor:help;font-size:60%;line-height:4px;vertical-align:middle;" title="Неагенавы перыяд пачаўся 23,03 млн. гадоў назад, доўжыўся 20,442 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Неагенавы перыяд"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Неаген</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:60%;line-height:8px;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;">65,5 </td> <td height="19.318px" style="background-color:rgb(253,154,82);font-size:70%;line-height:4px;cursor:help;vertical-align:middle;" title="Палеагенавы перыяд пачаўся 65,5±0,3 млн. гадоў назад, доўжыўся 42,47 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Палеагенавы перыяд"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Палеаген</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:60%;line-height:8px;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;">145,5 </td> <td height="36.364px" style="background-color:rgb(127,198,78);cursor:help;font-size:80%;line-height:8px;vertical-align:middle;" title="Мелавы перыяд пачаўся 145,5±4,0 млн. гадоў назад, доўжыўся 80 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Крэйдавы перыяд"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Мел</span></a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(98,197,202);cursor:help;font-size:70%;line-height:10px;vertical-align:middle;" title="Мезазойская эра пачалася 251,0±0,4 млн. гадоў назад, доўжылася 185,5 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Мезазой"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">М<br />е<br />з<br />а<br />з<br />о<br />й</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:60%;line-height:8px;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;">199,6 </td> <td height="24.591px" style="background-color:rgb(52,178,201);cursor:help;font-size:80%;line-height:5px;vertical-align:middle;" title="Юрскі перыяд пачаўся 199,6±0,6 млн. гадоў назад, доўжыўся 54,1 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Юрскі перыяд"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Юра</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:60%;line-height:8px;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;">251 </td> <td height="23.364px" style="background-color:rgb(129,43,146);cursor:help;font-size:80%;line-height:5px;vertical-align:middle;" title="Трыясавы перыяд пачаўся 251,0±0,4 млн. гадоў назад, доўжыўся 51,4 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Трыясавы перыяд"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Трыяс</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:60%;line-height:8px;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;">299 </td> <td height="21.818px" style="background-color:rgb(240,64,60);cursor:help;font-size:80%;line-height:5px;vertical-align:middle;" title="Пермскі перыяд пачаўся 299,0±0,8 млн. гадоў назад, доўжыўся 48 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Пермскі перыяд"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Перм</span></a> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(153,192,141);cursor:help;font-size:70%;line-height:12px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;" title="Палеазойская эра пачалася 542,0±1,0 млн. гадоў назад, доўжылася 291 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Палеазой"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">П <br />а <br />л <br />е <br />а <br />з <br />о <br />й</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:60%;line-height:8px;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;">359,2 </td> <td height="27.364px" style="background-color:rgb(103,165,153);cursor:help;font-size:80%;line-height:5px;vertical-align:middle;" title="Каменнавугальны перыяд пачаўся 359,2±2,5 млн. гадоў назад, доўжыўся 60,2 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Каменнавугальны перыяд"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Карбон</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:60%;line-height:8px;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;">416 </td> <td height="25.8189px" style="background-color:rgb(203,140,55);cursor:help;font-size:80%;line-height:5px;vertical-align:middle;" title="Дэвонскі перыяд пачаўся 416,0±2,8 млн. гадоў назад, доўжыўся 57 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Дэвонскі перыяд"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Дэвон</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:60%;line-height:8px;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;">443,7 </td> <td height="12.591px" style="background-color:rgb(179,225,182);cursor:help;font-size:70%;line-height:4px;vertical-align:middle;" title="Сілурыйскі перыяд пачаўся 443,7±1,5 млн. гадоў назад, доўжыўся 27.7 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Сілурыйскі перыяд"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Сілур</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:60%;line-height:8px;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;">488,3 </td> <td height="20.273px" style="background-color:rgb(0,146,112);cursor:help;font-size:70%;line-height:4px;vertical-align:middle;" title="Ордовикский перыяд пачаўся 488,3±1,7 млн. гадоў назад, доўжыўся 44,6 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Ардовікскі перыяд"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Ардовік</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:60%;line-height:8px;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;">542 </td> <td height="24.409px" style="background-color:rgb(127,160,86);cursor:help;font-size:80%;line-height:5px;vertical-align:middle;" title="Кембрыйскі перыяд пачаўся 542,0±1,0 млн. гадоў назад, доўжыўся 53,7 млн. гадоў."><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Кембрыйскі перыяд"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Кембрый</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:grey;font-size:60%;line-height:12px;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;"><abbr title="Утварэнне зямлі"><b>4570</b></abbr> </td> <td height="45.909px" valign="middle" colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(247,67,112);cursor:help;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;" title="Час з моманту ўтварэння Зямлі да масавага ўзнікнення арганізмаў, які пачаўся 542 млн. гадоў назад (даўжыня дакембрыйскага адрэзку часу на дыяграме прыкладна ў 100 раз менш адносна маштабу іншых адрэзкаў)"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Дакембрый"><span style="color:#000000; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000;">Дакембрый</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="position:absolute;top:20px; color:#0000aa; left:160px; cursor:help;" title="Цяперашні час">◄</div><span style="position:absolute;top:25px;left:175px;line-height:8px; font-size:9px;background-color:;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Сучаснасць">Наш час</a></span> <div style="position:absolute;top:49px; color:#aa0000; left:160px; cursor:help;" title="65,5 млн. гадоў назад, апошняе масавае выміранне, якое знішчыла шостую частку ўсіх відаў, у тым ліку і дыназаўраў.">◄</div><span style="position:absolute;top:55px;left:175px;line-height:8px; font-size:9px;background-color:;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мел-палеагенавае выміранне (няма такой старонкі)">Мел-палеагенавае выміранне</a></span> <div style="position:absolute;top:108px; color:#aa0000; left:160px; cursor:help;" title="199,6 млн. гадоў назад, адно з найбуйнейшых выміранняў Мезазойскай эры.">◄</div><span style="position:absolute;top:110px;left:175px;line-height:8px; font-size:9px;background-color:;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Трыясавае выміранне (няма такой старонкі)">Трыясавае выміранне</a></span> <div style="position:absolute;top:131px; color:#aa0000; left:160px; cursor:help;" title="251,4 млн. гадоў назад, самае масавае выміранне з усіх, якае прывяло да знікнення больш за 95 % усіх жывых істот.">◄</div><span style="position:absolute;top:135px;left:175px;line-height:8px; font-size:9px;background-color:;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Масавае пермскае выміранне (няма такой старонкі)">Масавае пермскае выміранне</a></span> <div style="position:absolute;top:185px; color:#aa0000; left:160px; cursor:help;" title="364 млн. гадоў назад, колькасць марскіх арганізмаў скарацілася на 50 %.">◄</div><span style="position:absolute;top:190px;left:175px;line-height:8px; font-size:9px;background-color:;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дэвонскае выміранне (няма такой старонкі)">Дэвонскае выміранне</a></span> <div style="position:absolute;top:215px; color:#aa0000; left:160px; cursor:help;" title="440 млн. гадоў назад, знікла больш за 60 % марскіх беспазваночных.">◄</div><span style="position:absolute;top:216px;left:175px;line-height:8px; font-size:9px;background-color:;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA-%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ардовік-сілурскае выміранне (няма такой старонкі)">Ардовік-сілурскае выміранне</a></span> <div style="position:absolute;top:261px; color:#008800; left:160px; cursor:help;" title="542 млн. гадоў назад, раптоўнае (у геалагічным сэнсе) з'яўленне шматлікіх прадстаўнікоў жывёльнага царства.">◄</div><span style="position:absolute;top:270px;left:175px;line-height:8px; font-size:9px;background-color:;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кембрыйскі выбух (няма такой старонкі)">Кембрыйскі выбух</a></span> <div style="background-color:#00aa00;cursor:help; position:absolute;left:20px; width:25px; top:25px; height:210px;" title="Інфратып узнік 462 млн. гадоў назад, існуе ў наш час."> </div> </div></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; background: #D3D3A4;font-size:80%;line-height:140%;"><table width="100%" class="plainlinksneverexpand" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata_(Vertebrata)?uselang=be"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/17px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/26px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span><br /><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata_(Vertebrata)?uselang=be">Сістэматыка<br />на Віківідах</a></td><td style="vertical-align:middle"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gnathostomata"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span><br /><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gnathostomata">Выявы<br />на Вікісховішчы</a></td><td><table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr><td align="right" width="40%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%27%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Аб'яднаная таксанамічная інфармацыйная служба">ITIS</a>  </td><td class="plainlinksneverexpand" align="left"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q26214$E43B8E07-C24A-4398-9DD7-041F5F459E8B" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P815"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=914179">914179</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td align="right" width="40%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Нацыянальны цэнтр біятэхналагічнай інфармацыі">NCBI</a>  </td><td class="plainlinksneverexpand" align="left"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q26214$B85AB1C9-D489-4AFB-B7DC-247BC28D18F3" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P685"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7776">7776</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td align="right" width="40%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Энцыклапедыя жыцця">EOL</a>  </td><td class="plainlinksneverexpand" align="left"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q26214$0b10985a-4301-00e2-45c2-a0bdadb920ae" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P830"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46557929">46557929</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td align="right" width="40%"><a href="/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">FW</a>  </td><td class="plainlinksneverexpand" align="left"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q26214$32f9179b-4522-8a1c-e120-68e12f99a8ac" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P842"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=229694">229694</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Сківічнаротыя</b> (<i>Gnathostomata</i>) — інфратып (група) <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Пазваночныя">пазваночных</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жывёлы">жывёл</a>. Дадзены інфратып уключае ў сябе каля 60 000 відаў (99 % ад усіх пазваночных). Падзяляецца на надкласы рыб і чатырохногіх. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Этымалогія"><span id=".D0.AD.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.96.D1.8F"></span>Этымалогія</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Правіць раздзел: Этымалогія" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Этымалогія"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ад <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова">стар.-грэч.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic; font-style: normal; font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;" lang="grc">γνάθος</span> (гнатос, сківіцу) + <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова">стар.-грэч.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic; font-style: normal; font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;" lang="grc">στόμα</span> (стома, рот). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Адметныя_прыкметы"><span id=".D0.90.D0.B4.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.BD.D1.8B.D1.8F_.D0.BF.D1.80.D1.8B.D0.BA.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D1.8B"></span>Адметныя прыкметы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Правіць раздзел: Адметныя прыкметы" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=2" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Адметныя прыкметы"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Як і вынікае з назвы, яе прадстаўнікі характарызуюцца наяўнасцю супрацьпастаўленых сківіц. Акрамя гэтага сківіцных адрозніваюць ад іншых хордавых наяўнасцю <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Зубы">зубоў</a>, парных канечнасцяў, трэцім (гарызантальным) і паўкруглым каналам ўнутранага вуха. На клеткавым узроўні варта адзначыць наяўнасць у сківіцных міелінавага пакрыцця <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейрон">нейронаў</a> і адаптыўнай <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Імунная сістэма">імуннай сістэмы</a>, якая прымяняе рэкамбінацыі V(D)J ланцужкоў <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Антыцелы">антыцелаў</a> для распазнання <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Антыгены">антыгенаў</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Эвалюцыя_і_філагенез"><span id=".D0.AD.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8E.D1.86.D1.8B.D1.8F_.D1.96_.D1.84.D1.96.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.B7"></span>Эвалюцыя і філагенез</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Правіць раздзел: Эвалюцыя і філагенез" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=3" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Эвалюцыя і філагенез"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Апошнія даныя выкапняў знаходак паказваюць на тое, што сястрынскім таксонаў па адносінах да сківіцных з’яўляюцца <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostracodermi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostracodermi (няма такой старонкі)">Ostracodermi</a> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Сістэматыка"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.96.D1.81.D1.82.D1.8D.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Сістэматыка</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Правіць раздзел: Сістэматыка" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=4" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Сістэматыка"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>У класічнай сістэматыцы сківічнаротых дзеляцца на два надкласа: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Рыбы">рыб</a> (<span lang="la" style="font-style: italic">Pisces</span>) і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чатырохногія">чатырохногіх</a> (<span lang="la" style="font-style: italic">Tetrapoda</span>). Аднак праз тое, што гістарычна апошнія з’яўляюцца часткай першых, рыбы не могуць лічыцца монафілетычным <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таксон">таксонам</a>. Таму <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Рыбы">Рыбы</a></b> з’яўляюцца законным таксонам у рамках эвалюцыйнай таксанаміі (дзе дапускаецца выкарыстанне парафілетычных таксонаў) і не прызнаюцца як натуральная група ў рамках кладыстыкі. </p><p>Асобныя падраздзяленні рыб<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКэрал,_т._31993170—191_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКэрал,_т._31993170—191-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> таксама атрымліваюць розную трактоўку з боку эвалюцыйнай таксанаміі і кладыстыкі. Менавіта, <b>Касцявыя рыбы</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лацінская мова">лац.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;" lang="la">Osteichthyes</span>) и <b>Лопасцевапёрыя рыбы</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лацінская мова">лац.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;" lang="la">Sarcopterygii</span>) у эвалюцыйнай таксанаміі разглядаюцца як парафілетыческія таксоны (не ўключаюць якія адбыліся ад іх <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чатырохногія">чатырохногіх</a>). У кладыстыке назвы гэтых двух таксонаў пазначаюць ўжо скарбы, якія атрымлівае даданнем да іх усіх членаў надкласа <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a>. </p><p>Больш дакладна эвалюцыйна-гістарычныя адносіны сківічнаротых могуць быць апісаны сукупнасцю наступных трох <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кладаграма (няма такой старонкі)">кладаграм</a> (для яснасці ў іх дададзеныя відавочныя ўказанні, у якія менавіта групы варта ўключаць <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чатырохногія">чатырохногіх</a>) </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Пазваночныя">Пазваночныя</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><b>  Сківічнаротыя  </b></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>  †<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Панцырныя рыбы">Панцырныя рыбы</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg/70px-Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg/105px-Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg/140px-Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugnathostomata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugnathostomata (няма такой старонкі)">Eugnathostomata</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acanthodians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acanthodians (няма такой старонкі)">Acanthodians</a>, у том ліку <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Храстковыя рыбы">Храстковыя рыбы</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg/70px-Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg/105px-Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg/140px-Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="546" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Касцявыя рыбы">Касцявыя рыбы</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Прамянёвапёрыя рыбы">Прамянёвапёрыя рыбы</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg/70px-Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg/105px-Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg/140px-Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="116" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Лопасцевапёрыя рыбы">Лопасцевапёрыя рыбы</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чатырохногія">Чатырохногія</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Земнаводныя">Земнаводныя</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_(Salamandra_salamdra).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg/70px-Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg/105px-Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg/140px-Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="588" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Амніёты">Амніёты</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauropsida (няма такой старонкі)">Sauropsida</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauropsida (няма такой старонкі)">Sauropsida</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Description_des_reptiles_nouveaux,_ou,_Imparfaitement_connus_de_la_collection_du_Mus%C3%A9um_d%27histoire_naturelle_et_remarques_sur_la_classification_et_les_caract%C3%A8res_des_reptiles_(1852)_(Crocodylus_moreletii).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Description_des_reptiles_nouveaux%2C_ou%2C_Imparfaitement_connus_de_la_collection_du_Mus%C3%A9um_d%27histoire_naturelle_et_remarques_sur_la_classification_et_les_caract%C3%A8res_des_reptiles_%281852%29_%28Crocodylus_moreletii%29.jpg/70px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Description_des_reptiles_nouveaux%2C_ou%2C_Imparfaitement_connus_de_la_collection_du_Mus%C3%A9um_d%27histoire_naturelle_et_remarques_sur_la_classification_et_les_caract%C3%A8res_des_reptiles_%281852%29_%28Crocodylus_moreletii%29.jpg/105px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Description_des_reptiles_nouveaux%2C_ou%2C_Imparfaitement_connus_de_la_collection_du_Mus%C3%A9um_d%27histoire_naturelle_et_remarques_sur_la_classification_et_les_caract%C3%A8res_des_reptiles_%281852%29_%28Crocodylus_moreletii%29.jpg/140px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сінапсіды">Сінапсіды</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Млекакормячыя">Млекакормячыя</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_(Paucituberculata).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paucituberculata%29.png/70px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paucituberculata%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paucituberculata%29.png/105px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paucituberculata%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paucituberculata%29.png/140px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paucituberculata%29.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Строга кажучы, і пры такім падыходзе дакладную філагеніі чатырохногіх апісаць не ўдалося: апушчаны цэлы шэраг выкапняў формаў, якія стаяць у эвалюцыйным дачыненні бліжэй да <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a>, чым да сучасных <a href="/wiki/Dipnoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipnoi">Dipnoi</a> (у прыватнасці, роды <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tinirau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinirau (няма такой старонкі)">Tinirau</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panderichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panderichthys (няма такой старонкі)">Panderichthys</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiktaalik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiktaalik (няма такой старонкі)">Tiktaalik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpistostege&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpistostege (няма такой старонкі)">Elpistostege</a>). </p><p>Пераходзячы да агульнай характарыстыцы сківічнаротых, заўважым, што іх назва выразна адпавядае важнаму эвалюцыйнага набыцці гэтых жывёл у параўнанні з безсківічнаротых: іх рот узброены рухомымі сківіцамі. Ва ўнутраным вуху маецца ўжо тры паўкругавых канала, а не два, як у безсківічнаротых. Сківічнаротых здольныя да энергічным перамяшчэння, да актыўнага захватыванию знойдзенай ежы<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEНавумаў198246,_49—50_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEНавумаў198246,_49—50-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><br style="clear: both" /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Падгрупы сківічных пазваночных </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Падгрупа </th> <th>Назва на латыні </th> <th>Прыклад </th> <th>Каментары </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Выміранне"><sup>†</sup></a><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Панцырныя рыбы">Панцырныя рыбы</a><br /><small>(extinct)</small> </th> <td align="center">Placodermi </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Coccosteus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Coccosteus_BW.jpg/140px-Coccosteus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Coccosteus_BW.jpg/210px-Coccosteus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Coccosteus_BW.jpg/280px-Coccosteus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="199" /></a></span><center><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coccosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coccosteus (няма такой старонкі)">Coccosteus</a></i></center> </td> <td valign="top"><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Панцырныя рыбы">Панцырныя рыбы</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Выміранне">знікнуўшы</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Клас (біялогія)">клас</a> панцарных дагістарычных рыб, вядомых з <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Акамянеласці">закамянеласцяў</a>, які жылі з канца <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Сілурскі перыяд">Сілурскага перыяду</a> да канца <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Дэвонскі перыяд">Дэвонскага перыяду</a>. Іх <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Галава">галава</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грудная клетка">грудная клетка</a> былі пакрытыя сучлененай браніраваных пласцінай (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Луска">Луской</a>) і астатняя частка цела была скарочана або голай, у залежнасці ад выгляду. Панцырныя рыбы былі аднымі з першых <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Сківіцы">сківіцных</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Рыбы">рыбы</a>; іх <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Сківіцы">сківіцы</a>, верагодна, адбыліся ад першага з сваіх <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Шчэлепы">жаберных дуг</a><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Першыя ідэнтыфікуюцца панцырныя рыбы эвалюцыянавалі ў канцы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Сілурскі перыяд">Сілурскага перыяду</a>; Яны пачалі рэзкае зніжэнне на працягу позняга <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Дэвонскі перыяд">Дэвонскага перыяду</a>, і клас быў цалкам вымерлых да канца Дэвону. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Храстковыя рыбы">Храстковыя рыбы</a> </th> <td align="center">Chondrichthyes </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg/140px-Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg/210px-Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg/280px-Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="546" /></a></span><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Белая акула (няма такой старонкі)">Белая акула</a></center> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Храстковыя рыбы">Храстковыя рыбы</a> сківіцныя рыбы з парнымі плаўнікамі, парнымі <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ноздры">ноздрамі</a>, шалі, і шкілеты з <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Храсток">храстка</a>, а не <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Косць">косткі</a>. Клас дзеліцца на два падкласа: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Пласцінажаберныя">Пласцінажаберныя</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Акулы">акулы</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Скаты">скаты</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ромбавыя">ромбавыя скаты</a>) і <a href="/wiki/Holocephali" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocephali">Злучначэрапныя</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Хімерападобныя">хімерападобныя</a>, якую часам называюць прывід акулы, якія часам падзеленыя на іх уласны клас). У infraphylum сківічнаротых, храстковыя рыбы адрозніваюцца ад усіх іншых сківіцай пазваночных, якія захаваліся члены якога ўсё трапляюць у <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleostomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleostomi (няма такой старонкі)">Канцэваротыя</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Выміранне"><sup>†</sup></a>?<a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthodii">Acanthodii</a><br /><small>(extinct)</small> </th> <td align="center">Spiny sharks </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Acanthodes_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Acanthodes_BW.jpg/140px-Acanthodes_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Acanthodes_BW.jpg/210px-Acanthodes_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Acanthodes_BW.jpg/280px-Acanthodes_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="303" /></a></span><center><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acanthodes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acanthodes (няма такой старонкі)">Acanthodes bronni</a></i></center> </td> <td><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthodii">Acanthodii</a>, альбо калючыя акулы ўяўляюць сабой клас вымерлых рыб, падзяляючы рысы як з <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Касцявыя рыбы">касцявымі</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Храстковыя рыбы">храстковых</a> рыб, у цяперашні час разумеецца як парафілетычэскія зборкі прыводзіць да сучасных <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Храстковыя рыбы">Chondrichthyes</a><sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Па форме яны нагадвалі акул, але іх <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эпідэрміс (няма такой старонкі)">эпідэрміс</a> пакрыты дробнымі ромбападобнай луской як шкалах <a href="/wiki/Holostei" class="mw-redirect" title="Holostei">holosteans</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepisosteidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepisosteidae (няма такой старонкі)">Lepisosteidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Амія">Амія</a>). Яны могуць быць самастойным філагенетычнай галінай рыб, якая ператварылася з маленькіх-спецыялізаваных формаў, блізкіх да нядаўніх <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Храстковыя рыбы">Chondrichthyes</a>. Яны адрозніваюцца ў двух адносінах: яны былі самыя раннія з вядомых <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Пазваночныя">пазваночных</a> жывёл, і ў іх былі моцныя калючкі, якія падтрымліваюць іх плаўнікі, фіксуецца на месцы і не рухомую (напрыклад, акулы спіннога плаўніка). Сківіцы acanthodians, як мяркуецца, адбыліся ад першай жаберной дугі некаторых спрадвечных безсківічнаротых рыб, што мелі жабры шкілет, зроблены з кавалачкаў сучлененага храстка. Агульная назва «калючыя акулы» з’яўляецца на самай справе няправільным для гэтых ранніх сківічных рыб. Назва была прыдумана, таму што яны былі павярхоўна акулы-вобразную форму, з абцякальным целам, парных плаўнікоў, і моцна кірпаты хвост; моцнымі касцяныя калючкі падтрымлівае ўсе рэбры, акрамя хваста — значыць, «калючых акул». </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Касцявыя рыбы">Касцявыя рыбы</a> </th> <td align="center">Osteichthyes </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Blue_runner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Blue_runner.jpg/140px-Blue_runner.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Blue_runner.jpg/210px-Blue_runner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Blue_runner.jpg/280px-Blue_runner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="335" /></a></span><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_runner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue runner (няма такой старонкі)">blue runner</a></center> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Касцявыя рыбы">Касцявыя рыбы</a> уваходзяць у таксанамічную групу рыбін, якія маюць косткі, у адрозненне ад <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Храстковыя рыбы">храстковых</a> шкілетаў. Пераважная большасць рыбы <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Касцявыя рыбы">Osteichthyes</a>, што кажа аб надзвычай разнастайнасць і багацтве групы, якая складаецца з больш чым 435 сем’яў і 28000 відаў <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Гэта самы вялікі клас хрыбетнікаў жывёл сярод існых на сённяшні дзень. Osteichthyes дзеліцца на промні плаўнікамі рыбы (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Прамянёвапёрыя рыбы">Actinopterygii</a>) і пялёстка-рабрыстых рыбы (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Лопасцевапёрыя рыбы">Лопасцевапёрыя рыбы</a>). Самыя старыя з вядомых закамянеласцяў касцявых рыб каля 420 мільёнаў гадоў, якія таксама пераходныя закамянеласці, паказваючы ўзор зуба, што знаходзіцца паміж зубнымі шэрагамі акул і касцявых рыб.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чатырохногія">Чатырохногія</a> </th> <td align="center">Tetrapods </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_(Salamandra_salamdra).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg/140px-Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg/210px-Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg/280px-Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="588" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чатырохногія">Чатырохногія</a> з’яўляюцца група ўсіх чатырох канечнасцямі пазваночных, у тым ліку жывых і вымерлых амфібій, рэптылій, птушак і млекакормячых. Амфібіі сёння ў цэлым застаюцца полуводнымі, якія жывуць на першым этапе свайго жыцця, як рыба, як апалонікі. Некалькі груп Tetrapods, такія як змеі і кітападобных, страцілі частку або ўсе свае канечнасці, і многія чацвераногія вярнуліся часткова воднай або (у выпадку кітападобных) цалкам у ваду. Чатырохногіх эвалюцыянавалі ад мочкі рыб з плаўнікамі каля 395 мільёнаў гадоў таму у <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Дэвонскі перыяд">Дэвонскага перыяду</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Канкрэтныя водныя продкі Tetrapods, і працэс, падчас якой адбылося каланізацыя сушы, застаюцца незразумелымі, і з’яўляюцца абласцямі актыўных даследаванняў і дыскусій сярод палеантолагаў ў цяперашні час. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Крыніцы"><span id=".D0.9A.D1.80.D1.8B.D0.BD.D1.96.D1.86.D1.8B"></span>Крыніцы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Правіць раздзел: Крыніцы" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=5" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Крыніцы"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4817788">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCooper_MD,_Alder_MN2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper MD, Alder MN (February 2006). "The evolution of adaptive immune systems". <i>Cell</i>. <b>124</b> (4): 815–22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (ідэнтыфікатар) (няма такой старонкі)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.02.001">10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (ідэнтыфікатар)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (ідэнтыфікатар)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16497590">16497590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+adaptive+immune+systems&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=815-22&rft.date=2006-02&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16497590&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.02.001&rft.au=Cooper+MD%2C+Alder+MN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Mark V. H. Wilson & Michael W. Caldwell</i>. <span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6411/abs/361442a0.html">New Silurian and Devonian fork-tailed 'thelodonts' are jawless vertebrates with stomachs and deep bodies</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>.  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature (няма такой старонкі)">Nature</a> (4 лютага 1993). <small>Праверана 22 жніўня 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКэрал,_т._31993170—191-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКэрал,_т._31993170—191_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКэрал,_т._31993">Кэрал, т. 3 1993</a>, с. 170—191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEНавумаў198246,_49—50-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEНавумаў198246,_49—50_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFНавумаў1982">Навумаў 1982</a>, с. 46, 49—50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4817788"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7424281.stm">"Fossil reveals oldest live birth"</a>. BBC. May 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Праверана <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fossil+reveals+oldest+live+birth&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F7424281.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v502/n7470/full/nature12617.html">A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/bony-fish/scientific-classification.htm">Bony fishes</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606012932/http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/bony-fish/scientific-classification.htm">Архівавана</a> 6 чэрвеня 2013.</span></small> <i>SeaWorld</i>. Retrieved 2 February 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/070801-jawed-fish.html">Jaws, Teeth of Earliest Bony Fish Discovered</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClack2012">Clack 2012</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Літаратура"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Літаратура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Правіць раздзел: Літаратура" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=6" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Літаратура"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFКэрал,_т._31993"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Роберт Лін Кэрал (няма такой старонкі)">Кэрал Р.</a> </i> Палеанталогія і эвалюцыя пазваночных: У 3 т. Т. 3. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Масква">М</span>.: Мир, 1993. — 312 с. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/5030018190" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-03-001819-0</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFНавумаў1982"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сяргей Паўлавіч Навумаў (няма такой старонкі)">Навумаў С. П.</a> </i> Заалогія пазваночных. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Масква">М</span>.: Просвещение, 1982. — 464 с.</span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFБелЭн2002">Сківічнаро́тыя // <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Беларуская энцыклапедыя">Беларуская энцыклапедыя</a>: У 18 т. Т. 14: Рэле — Слаявіна / Рэдкал.: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Генадзь Пятровіч Пашкоў">Г. П. Пашкоў</a> і інш. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default;" title="Мінск">Мн.</span> : <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Беларуская Энцыклапедыя імя Петруся Броўкі">БелЭн</a>, 2002. — Т. 14. — С. 454. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">10 000 экз.</span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/9851100358" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 985-11-0035-8</a>. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/9851102385" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 985-11-0238-5</a> (т. 14).</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFClack2012"><i>Clack J. A.</i> Gaining ground: the origin and evolution of tetrapods <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="англійскай мовай">(англ.)</span>. — 2nd ed. — Indiana University Press, 2012. — 523 с. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/9780253356758" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-253-35675-8</a>. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/9780253005373" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-253-00537-3</a>.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Спасылкі"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Спасылкі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Правіць раздзел: Спасылкі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=7" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Спасылкі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Gnathostomata&contgroup=Vertebrata">Tree of Life discussion of Gnathostomata</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813153431/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Gnathostomata&contgroup=Vertebrata">Архівавана</a> 13 жніўня 2006.</span></small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Bones/Gill_Arches/Meckelian.html">The Gill Arches: Meckel’s Cartilage</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4785216">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/4681542">Вялікая расійская (старая версія)</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/gnathostome">Britannica (онлайн)</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/gnathostomes/">Universalis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Таксанамія</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46557929">EOL</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=229694">Fossilworks</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/475987">iNaturalist</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=914179">ITIS TSN</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7776">NCBI</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1828">WoRMS</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нарматыўны кантроль">Нарматыўны кантроль</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span title="Microsoft Academic" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">Microsoft</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/2781169711">2781169711</a> · <span title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Чэхіі" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">NKC</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph376362">ph376362</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Узята з "<a dir="ltr" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Сківічнаротыя&oldid=4814509">https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Сківічнаротыя&oldid=4814509</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Categories" title="Адмысловае:Categories">Катэгорыі</a>: <ul><li><a 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