CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135799f6a534090',cH: 'gpjRgb7qG7zItAWsStg2Q_U.C8bR0h4jFzpP_su.CMg-1739792138-1.2.1.1-839._HEIE8VC2oypiEFxLuE4i2_4ZhdvAZrH4d1cGyktzOs6ySoKioBuvtLi8pQB',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=time-skew%20error&__cf_chl_tk=NWU7QkwleLWa5Vax4kAY1NQgHCc9t5aHDWaY.QGTWcg-1739792138-1.0.1.1-_sparNJrVgDOywNFIML5b4ubDKj3cQTkQKRMcQpherA",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792138',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=time-skew%20error&__cf_chl_f_tk=NWU7QkwleLWa5Vax4kAY1NQgHCc9t5aHDWaY.QGTWcg-1739792138-1.0.1.1-_sparNJrVgDOywNFIML5b4ubDKj3cQTkQKRMcQpherA",md: "QQAe2s65o0MxyqRRjzTb5Zd7SM3FFWeXEK2pOFywBNg-1739792138-1.2.1.1-mhgjEzUyM0drD4wpNIIHr39F2PDgQI83_oCT.qr1epZcOXCU4N5VyVUQ0VN2KQeOInCgLtaOkcWbewRYri9FkJp_yL9pICFEkCZjERstr9Mz6xdcu6RjRy8zqSQ_2PX7Xc_dSsjbAEhdy6Qbd6.Or1H.XyI1svJse9DRtNrX6vtgBWa.MKbV5BaOmhDU.ZzNn03oSnaCViKimkBEVqSEwBdTJ_QnDZxwgRI_6aFDz5fdU1pjijLSU_V1w5uSYewop8jc7EUVU.sUgBVoVpEC_klJb3VyQb7GmdzSF7.eVMosPpzp5K6Wl6L1RR_Ps8Nv1d_HemIHbh6KBxjiJfdndEOO_9It_OXoFp5oH0kRmG.GjNgQDpaEB98lW7_QlN1MH42annJsm8448e7Yj2T0.7P9nq._62IspGFpPvDFMgnhX_3KC8dalDbXiusfrwGvu8xCJh_ziZ4OSIyABlGe.4TqloGcltw49kQ0NACHPGfkPsPNKIDdKxgDz83WKzh6Mpn0W0wUub9U1saSAsHCFXT1jW9e30GRIO.uVt.znKdYzkFtovD37MFpO43rv5v22S3sKk6If6HEFaGF_BJ8_6HvYH6VCRPm.7ITSW40PZ.waP9Fsg5w2KlbP6O510HKdD8NXghS2okWd7WFJUpL.9vV_1lDjpdOekrKemi02ysNXvYmOf6r2PLjyR2Y5xAbTTN0GV9RJljkB0BWNcpo56cgqi7ojp0LspTKBv4xySle4yeyxx94aUYlYIlAdDFj9udE95KnWyzmCg9qJtOaL0J2XkeawppPU4pPFbyAcmnnexs03Wl4C9WZE2aRdFHvDVfJA3WpDDZFg5zpv3XYgGlLhYQe5g7OJX_d3VUuLpGIZ4S7xLjorF2XXS9eOVnUMcMp.kTpy7l8tEmeFLrm_5rTrYCmBHV_9gKcuPQHYDK0YY45ji5v3DJIl8c.jd8LqH8IZjzNKN4wzcBmBWH2oBNvpnwJBnr7frwoOO6_bXMCsKeKuYEqiV_FyarLAEjB_Tak492RGZC8SBCoj.mP4HIPZZsA5oc5oNZZM_eAY_BZSELxj0G6AYn44j7pdEAoM7YqDm7UxnS9e7nvtAiR2zgt_HAfEhsS1frTk3EFM_ijDQSQu5OQlZSt_kTEiZft7NppEj3_QC64Vn7Ut1RtHWrLNCdJ6IONUQAAKitYzziPZGOlACKoiDPiAHi1yphXPdSv_YOwHQyPnJsc_YxzghzAJTm.WnaonAfpLvYrqOl2XTL5PiShSBB9x2Z24zw1O_WUivXE2YkyaBidwA7NQiYa_CqpsOC3mFxXKc0fKGp7gA3flbuhBhY.UFtBff8QJw8BBsdi3sMwBdtHLeBjbUCdlHweeY_Rr3EBjhxsr7P2sUwzg0xRi_EF8vFmcbKW4J43mfBej.m6hs_Qk3Ym4e3vfKI_bdr8ude1DgIgrxQNdtPpET4rrSflKax.8L9Ga3f9i5F0TbLXDdexBaaX1tfLSxauvV84eN6J9XbiBPDTaYR5rNvVXRj5wQj68XlOWISOXfuRJZSvx_GQ8Tk9bZCuGFos_UXZMfn4DemZt56LRFO9CGyN4OFivg1AiFJDwLEvwsV1rcu2rReI_UxqkMK84XQhb9N0UlW7WX9BlSCKHxiGCeor_uawirz6tujm8oquZQCxCmAIBbv76SHPMSfGwOULEW4ub9r8RQFPKQU0FPXGtGi3TL8FUsGpAGcXM.ymYpLlETHrLtNPmfiQ2untGzmzExvkJDQy.kWZD2QIyBM_L.Gm4Ry9tSAPEo7LBoYSv0RusOzpU0CFYNPivl_K7G8_3A450U.4I6NrlYUVQi2GNMLimp1d_EAy99ps8CxaY4qUmvTiheM1RTXTQlxdHoSbLCrsrePDTqerb3v2Pt.B2o5hGLd5ghjjxU6kpwFbraucNAGrVvkOrks4xw",mdrd: "pQAvvQGLJ2XgUVIDgciMYJ2.TUIqbfgx9q7hgSdr.Ow-1739792138-1.2.1.1-MMk9NBXjRdNBFyctc313Xt6TGWIis60E_ecQdW.gTHHWtX_UavpLqSA5qz.U95WO9s1Wjc1Bm9ACiuYoUzn6PFjDP3ijKG0CQkgmUBV5SUTATI.3FKtzRlRXy9RtFCIRhzmD21LtkFeVVW0.ix2gQCS6UqH9G8epU6kxQwIjZ3sR1LpWayoN5gw4DnpWs5y7PCbwHRIPwA3Z.uoiNd0OrkWhaRuIV5h.9W0L9kRZUa7BYwa6CiZg0BPtt7eSn22_v3m2mR4gJgWIWevg6TD04YXQiUIY_8L2yEp7FJw4uBrEQPGDpOXWsUJG6JsaFDcL_XaWAyMkae9xo5CbJLYPfCIg4Q3uk8hdDOlmuw0phOur0uPd6fUA.3QZtHH3sGbGTONmxR3lSPtTewb2nj9K0PSD8I1THNteXklw.dEmkM3oBEIFqF58v2nS_.nTSYBXaDYpRIAUtkFvVMdUFkBz65n4nXa1jEkgdBdPNS1gG3Q0cKBgcAKa7x1hE.rX2bDP9A33YdODC9ujVT3V6VWcG8jnwgi1zsANdMRAs2Hi3LEcthklL6lxqDAJYNk_jamJiTgyqWixmxHg3P_3dwgB0MoNyMRL1jxTaIpAHx29VS43L7ALmIjggy.TgBR7lPGXk84979r2hLpgbqOmQM4PrcN1x9yxmWpnMITXvO4EIMZXV9m5XWGC8mPYaehA1lq8k_gjQzOkLuhQYfkGhUrX6apMPxLT5U5l_FCx168OL_grXhVd5jKbb0DE9eFNsQluIFxxnaOVkQVIlDI4ZMuQ5PqqeSPisW9fSuzrtQgDVaYR.KSiMXb2IqvF0AtaelCcad80m2sRGInThnL.bEJOVWjcFeAaHZvC1B2DADd5h5qOZ_DJ1ZnSggKq3WSyIk1WaWINkqt4TbZvMXD_njA_hcUCjOzck.gSw27F6398OGFaB4Al4d.Y9.6lEo2gwIqT6WLd1yFlDNhuPrJKDBNmistDQDAfAo5Pz5_INF0qYEqq.ImCjcO2A2roQkR4qmHDQ4prZj4gbkIAMdSkZalbUTLjD60gulgXo0A2tAUm30Ksscmgk0RGpFU1XWAoXs_g5km5Chfgz524_hr_g5HfGgqMUp6uFjyEISuukWql43xesUPzlR7DzWV_zQE0EW9JZkAprCm8pc4crOlA9CbZvfQFzq8nP5.jkZAYtB599_BwdiePoPeI17VdZO9gdfHbrmEV1vIhtmgoE_N4cEUyO4QpiRl2QkJGMHOiNIhP_rSsYfLBmx0HSo4aLTOvVhbP3Qc45Np3R22bu5z14rKExFJOUpvFh.MSaKxitchwYqtYHoGB.VbIWsWTD2jyaI5qorobx861iMU.9rvDgXurNilMFt4yvIiDnUfhit0hoxGMpzTsIpkBR8NDpnCFOuT_vJ9lKoYbfEMIeUrH0nuJAR25Y_LnHsHEt1_iK2bla7bSkCai1LG3hzOwBQbxzETbf_pBHCbm.wsIHwUhV1tYn3X0yXRbzMpTVbJqBuM3jer2Ll2j33l13WjFxOI7_902ygpK88b1bErmZGbx9cp.oYuf6oZJeBSSwhx8YyDRGZOBE.6Q_obu3Dv6uKL3Nr9Wi9Bvpz61DFDoFiCaSy_tBNej0ujO59Nb.g4cfLzQ4AiiVMK.vRuKF2Am7v0PhHbimMMzFxpMIrgAPtcTvvPYeS1qh5Sw7y65nchUtg6EYVrqUSSJz0HsNvRBKBw6fFbI.n4MFpX6fAu1rwE1n.hFIXr2kiKLtLcuV_naofLcQx48fKYNoPnz8vX5tnY6.5gRrtfVbCDWMuU1tqCBvHbTp_FKFNOdLWwcuf_MVncrY5SnhAFasqRei.BckrQLR4esKvX2R1lQ25VllKJ4t0AV15c08vamc3CgMJYN8nnvWk7kbvb3OsgwZXHUzB7URkHoA8rZ.Hs6iLBdyLoMa7t.9ouf.yTZEsMwdul1ylZvsyTpDHE861AEdg0bxXhOEdF0"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135799f6a534090';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=time-skew%20error&__cf_chl_rt_tk=NWU7QkwleLWa5Vax4kAY1NQgHCc9t5aHDWaY.QGTWcg-1739792138-1.0.1.1-_sparNJrVgDOywNFIML5b4ubDKj3cQTkQKRMcQpherA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>