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[{"id":72747991,"identifier":"Attachment_72747991","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":58239503,"created_at":"2021-10-15T16:33:26.280-07:00","from_world_paper_id":179535059,"updated_at":"2024-11-30T05:31:07.299-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","ai_title_tag":"Maternal α-Linolenic Acid Intake Boosts Offspring Birth Weight","grobid_abstract":"Background: The amount and type of fat in the maternal diet during pregnancy are important contributors to fetal growth. The importance of plant-based omega-3 fatty acid (α-linolenic acid, ALA) intake in fetal growth has not been previously examined. Objective: We sought to determine the association of maternal ALA intake during pregnancy with birth weight and body composition of the offspring. Methods: Mothers and their newborn infants (n = 224) were recruited from the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia. Maternal diet during pregnancy was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Plasma fatty acid composition was analyzed in a subset of mothers (n = 41). Newborn body composition was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. All analyses were adjusted for gestational age, sex, physical activity, and total energy intake. Results: Dietary fatty acid intakes were positively associated with plasma phospholipid fatty acids for total omega-3 fatty acids (β = 0.452, P = 0.003), ALA (β = 0.339, P = 0.03), linoleic acid (β = 0.353, P = 0.03), eicosapentaenoic acid (β = 0.407, P = 0.009), and docosahexaenoic acid (β = 0.388, P = 0.01). Higher maternal intake of ALA (% total fat) was associated with higher offspring birth weight [189.7-g increase per 1% higher ALA (95% CI: 14, 365 g); P = .04], although individually neither newborn fat mass nor fat-free mass was significant. Birth weight increased across tertiles of maternal ALA intake (P ANOVA = 0.05), with birth weight being 221 g (95% CI: 12, 429 g) higher in those with the highest maternal ALA intake compared with those with the lowest intake (P = 0.04). Mothers of infants born small for gestational age (n = 32) had a lower ALA intake than those born appropriate for gestational age (n = 162) or large for gestational age [(n = 21); P = 0.05]. Conclusions: In otherwise healthy women giving birth at a major tertiary hospital in Australia, intake of ALA during pregnancy is associated with higher offspring birth weight. This may have implications for dietary strategies aimed at optimizing fetal growth via modification of maternal diet.","publication_date":"2018,10,18","publication_name":"Current Developments in Nutrition","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"72747991"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Increased α-Linolenic Acid Intake during Pregnancy is Associated with Higher Offspring Birth Weight","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [15312534]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div 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linear growth</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="226957935" href="https://iberoamericana.academia.edu/AlejandraCantoral">Alejandra Cantoral</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study investigates relations of maternal N-3 and N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake during pregnancy with offspring body mass index (BMI), height z-score and metabolic risk (fasting glucose, C-peptide, leptin, lipid profile) during peripuberty (8–14 years) among 236 mother–child pairs in Mexico. 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We found that higher second trimester intake of EPA, DHA ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maternal intake of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids during mid-pregnancy is inversely associated with linear growth","attachmentId":96181106,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93444732/Maternal_intake_of_omega_3_and_omega_6_polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_during_mid_pregnancy_is_inversely_associated_with_linear_growth","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93444732/Maternal_intake_of_omega_3_and_omega_6_polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_during_mid_pregnancy_is_inversely_associated_with_linear_growth"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="25677912" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25677912/Maternal_trans_fatty_acid_intake_and_fetal_growth">Maternal trans fatty acid intake and fetal growth</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49349551" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CohenJuliana">Juliana Cohen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maternal trans fatty acid intake and fetal growth","attachmentId":46017686,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25677912/Maternal_trans_fatty_acid_intake_and_fetal_growth","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25677912/Maternal_trans_fatty_acid_intake_and_fetal_growth"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="72049422" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72049422/Inadequate_dietary_%CE%B1_linolenic_acid_intake_among_Indonesian_pregnant_women_is_associated_with_lower_newborn_weights_in_urban_Jakarta">Inadequate dietary α-linolenic acid intake among Indonesian pregnant women is associated with lower newborn weights in urban Jakarta</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="117110995" href="https://independent.academia.edu/dudungangkasa">dudung angkasa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Omega-3 fatty acid intake during pregnancy has been confirmed to affect newborn birth outcomes in the developed world. However, the association between maternal omega-3 fatty acid intake and birth size is unknown in developing countries. To examine the association of maternal omega-3 fatty acid intake with newborn birth size. A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 282 pregnant women aged 19-40 years who had a gestational age of &gt;32 weeks and received antenatal care at 10 health centres and one referral hospital in East Jakarta, Indonesia. Maternal habitual intake of omega-3 fatty acids, including α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid, was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Birth weight and head circumference were measured using a paediatric weighing scale and tape, respectively, and birth length was obtained from medical records. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to provide adjusted associations. T...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Inadequate dietary α-linolenic acid intake among Indonesian pregnant women is associated with lower newborn weights in urban Jakarta","attachmentId":81137564,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72049422/Inadequate_dietary_%CE%B1_linolenic_acid_intake_among_Indonesian_pregnant_women_is_associated_with_lower_newborn_weights_in_urban_Jakarta","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72049422/Inadequate_dietary_%CE%B1_linolenic_acid_intake_among_Indonesian_pregnant_women_is_associated_with_lower_newborn_weights_in_urban_Jakarta"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="49539711" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49539711/Maternal_Fatty_Acids_and_Their_Association_with_Birth_Outcome_A_Prospective_Study">Maternal Fatty Acids and Their Association with Birth Outcome: A Prospective Study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="69187415" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GirijaWagh">Girija Wagh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PloS one, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Maternal nutrition, especially LCPUFA, is an important factor in determining fetal growth and development. Our earlier cross sectional study reports lower docosahexanoic acid (DHA) levels at the time of delivery in mothers delivering low birth weight (LBW) babies. This study was undertaken to examine the role of the maternal omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profile across the gestation in fetal growth. This is a hospital based study where women were recruited in early gestation. Maternal blood was collected at 3 time points, i.e., T1 = 16th-20th week, T2 = 26th-30th week and T3 = at delivery. Cord blood was collected at delivery. At delivery, these women were divided into 2 groups: those delivering at term a baby weighing &gt;2.5kg [Normal birth weight (NBW) group] and those delivering at term a baby weighing &lt;2.5kg [LBW group]. The study reports data on 111 women recruited at T1, out of which 60 women delivered an NBW baby at term and 51 women delivered an LBW baby at term. Fatty ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maternal Fatty Acids and Their Association with Birth Outcome: A Prospective Study","attachmentId":67869398,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49539711/Maternal_Fatty_Acids_and_Their_Association_with_Birth_Outcome_A_Prospective_Study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49539711/Maternal_Fatty_Acids_and_Their_Association_with_Birth_Outcome_A_Prospective_Study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="7465853" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7465853/Maternal_n3_n6_and_trans_fatty_acid_profile_early_in_pregnancy_and_term_birth_weight_a_prospective_cohort_study1_3">Maternal n3, n6, and trans fatty acid profile early in pregnancy and term birth weight: a prospective cohort study1-3</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13299088" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ManonvanEijsden">Manon van Eijsden</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maternal n3, n6, and trans fatty acid profile early in pregnancy and term birth weight: a prospective cohort study1-3","attachmentId":34042346,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7465853/Maternal_n3_n6_and_trans_fatty_acid_profile_early_in_pregnancy_and_term_birth_weight_a_prospective_cohort_study1_3","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7465853/Maternal_n3_n6_and_trans_fatty_acid_profile_early_in_pregnancy_and_term_birth_weight_a_prospective_cohort_study1_3"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="90783491" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90783491/Insufficient_intake_of_alpha_linolenic_fatty_acid_18_3n_3_during_pregnancy_and_associated_factors">Insufficient intake of alpha-linolenic fatty acid (18:3n-3) during pregnancy and associated factors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32945692" href="https://usp-br.academia.edu/MariaHelenaDAquinoBen%C3%ADcio">Maria Helena D'Aquino Benício</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Revista de Nutrição, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objective: To analyze alpha-linolenic fatty acid intake in two cohorts of pregnant women, and to identify factors associated with alpha-linolenic acid intake. Methods: This is a cohort study involving pregnant women with low obstetric risk (N=353) in public health system from a municipality of São Paulo state, Brazil. In each trimester, two 24-hour food recalls were collected. Descriptive analyses of dietary lipid profiles were performed, followed by a multiple comparison test. According to the trimester of pregnancy, differences were assessed using the mean difference test. To evaluate the adequacy of linoleic fatty acid and alpha-linolenic acid intake, the adequate intake test was used. The association between alpha-linolenic acid intake adequacy and maternal characteristics was investigated using a binary logistic regression model. Results: Total lipids intake and the percentage contribution to dietary energy met recommended levels. One-third of the diets demonstrated a lower tha...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Insufficient intake of alpha-linolenic fatty acid (18:3n-3) during pregnancy and associated factors","attachmentId":94250623,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90783491/Insufficient_intake_of_alpha_linolenic_fatty_acid_18_3n_3_during_pregnancy_and_associated_factors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90783491/Insufficient_intake_of_alpha_linolenic_fatty_acid_18_3n_3_during_pregnancy_and_associated_factors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="20931615" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20931615/Maternal_fatty_acid_status_during_pregnancy_and_lactation_and_relation_to_newborn_and_infant_status">Maternal fatty acid status during pregnancy and lactation and relation to newborn and infant status</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33562962" href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/LotteLauritzen">Lotte Lauritzen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Maternal & Child Nutrition, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maternal fatty acid status during pregnancy and lactation and relation to newborn and infant status","attachmentId":41634185,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20931615/Maternal_fatty_acid_status_during_pregnancy_and_lactation_and_relation_to_newborn_and_infant_status","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20931615/Maternal_fatty_acid_status_during_pregnancy_and_lactation_and_relation_to_newborn_and_infant_status"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="47585236" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47585236/Effect_of_alpha_linolenic_acid_supplementation_during_pregnancy_on_maternal_and_neonatal_polyunsaturated_fatty_acid_status_and_pregnancy_outcome">Effect of alpha-linolenic acid supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid status and pregnancy outcome</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53132236" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FransRoumen">Frans Roumen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Maternal essential fatty acid status declines during pregnancy, and as a result, neonatal concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) may not be optimal. Our objective was to improve maternal and neonatal fatty acid status by supplementing pregnant women with a combination of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6), the ultimate dietary precursors of DHA and AA, respectively. From week 14 of gestation until delivery, pregnant women consumed daily 25 g margarine supplying either 2.8 g ALA + 9.0 g LA (n = 29) or 10.9 g LA (n = 29). Venous blood was collected for plasma phospholipid fatty acid analyses at weeks 14, 26, and 36 of pregnancy, at delivery, and at 32 wk postpartum. Umbilical cord blood and vascular tissue samples were collected to study neonatal fatty acid status also. Pregnancy outcome variables were assessed. ALA+LA supplementation did not prevent decreases in maternal DHA and AA concentrations durin...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effect of alpha-linolenic acid supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid status and pregnancy outcome","attachmentId":66603461,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47585236/Effect_of_alpha_linolenic_acid_supplementation_during_pregnancy_on_maternal_and_neonatal_polyunsaturated_fatty_acid_status_and_pregnancy_outcome","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47585236/Effect_of_alpha_linolenic_acid_supplementation_during_pregnancy_on_maternal_and_neonatal_polyunsaturated_fatty_acid_status_and_pregnancy_outcome"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="10505591" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10505591/Measurement_of_Dietary_Intake_of_Fatty_Acids_in_Pregnant_Women_Comparison_of_Self_Reported_Intakes_with_Adipose_Tissue_Levels">Measurement of Dietary Intake of Fatty Acids in Pregnant Women: Comparison of Self-Reported Intakes with Adipose Tissue Levels</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25761631" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarlaLopes13">Carla Lopes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Annals of Epidemiology, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Measurement of Dietary Intake of Fatty Acids in Pregnant Women: Comparison of Self-Reported Intakes with Adipose Tissue Levels","attachmentId":47339894,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10505591/Measurement_of_Dietary_Intake_of_Fatty_Acids_in_Pregnant_Women_Comparison_of_Self_Reported_Intakes_with_Adipose_Tissue_Levels","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10505591/Measurement_of_Dietary_Intake_of_Fatty_Acids_in_Pregnant_Women_Comparison_of_Self_Reported_Intakes_with_Adipose_Tissue_Levels"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":72747991,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":72747991,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_72747991" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/123172603/Effect_of_%CE%B1_linolenic_acid_supplementation_during_pregnancy_on_maternal_and_neonatal_polyunsaturated_fatty_acid_status_and_pregnancy_outcome">Effect of α-linolenic acid supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid status and pregnancy outcome</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53132236" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FransRoumen">Frans Roumen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effect of α-linolenic acid supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid status and pregnancy 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data-entity-id="84841413" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/84841413/Maternal_dietary_intake_during_pregnancy_and_offspring_body_composition_The_Healthy_Start_Study">Maternal dietary intake during pregnancy and offspring body composition: The Healthy Start Study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="154341968" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JillKaar">Jill Kaar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maternal dietary intake during pregnancy and offspring body composition: The Healthy Start 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