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A Massive Galaxy Supercluster in the Early Universe | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
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While the CMB is well understood, and the details of present-day galaxy clusters are well-described, the intermediate phases of evolution lack sufficient observations to constrain the models." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/massive-galaxy-supercluster-early-universe" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/cfa/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <title>A Massive Galaxy Supercluster in the Early Universe | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/align.module.css?snd74s" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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Fields</div> <ul class="sidebar-buttons "> <li> <a href="/research/science-field/cosmology">Cosmology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research/science-field/extragalactic-astronomy">Extragalactic Astronomy</a> </li> </ul> <div class="sidebar-header">Divisions</div> <ul class="sidebar-buttons"> <li> <a href="/people/optical-and-infrared-astronomy">Optical and Infrared Astronomy</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sidebar-gradient"> <div class="gradient bg-expand"></div> <div class="copy-box"> <h2>Experts</h2> <ul class="sidebar-scientists-list"> <li> <a href="/people/matthew-ashby" hreflang="en">Matthew Ashby</a> </li> </ul> <a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/massive-galaxy-supercluster-early-universe/staff?nid=9773" class="h3 arrow-link">See All Staff</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid content-with-floatbar"> <div class="grid__col grid__col--12"> <div class="copy-box"> <div class="node__content"> <div> <div class="image-medium-wrapper"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/max_650x650/public/2022-06/SPT2349-su.jpg?itok=0GKPCppA" alt="A false-color image of the far-infrared emission from a massive protocluster of galaxies (in the circle) dating from the epoch about 1.4 billion years after the big bang."> <div class="caption"> <div class="caption-description"> <div><p>A false-color image of the far-infrared emission from a massive protocluster of galaxies (in the circle) dating from the epoch about 1.4 billion years after the big bang. Astronomers have completed deep optical and infrared observations of the complex and concluded that the star formation processes at work, although exceptionally active, generally seem to follow the same processes seen in our galaxy.</p></div> </div> <div class="caption-credit"> <div>Credit: NASA/ESA/Herschel; Miller et al.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div property="schema:text"><p>The structure of the universe is often described as being a cosmic web of filaments, nodes, and voids, with the nodes being clusters of galaxies, the largest gravitationally bound objects known. These nodes are thought to have been seeded by small-amplitude density fluctuations like those observed in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) which grew until they collapsed into the structures seen today. While the CMB is well understood, and the details of present-day galaxy clusters are well-described, the intermediate phases of evolution lack sufficient observations to constrain the models. Traditional galaxy cluster searches assume these objects have had enough time to equilibrate so that the intergalactic gas has heated up enough to be detected in X-ray emission. To detect the more distant galaxies and protoclusters that are too faint to detect in the X-ray, astronomers use their bright infrared or submillimeter emission instead.</p> <p>The supercluster SPT2349 −56, discovered in the submillimeter band by the South Pole Telescope, is so distant that its light has been traveling for over twelve billion years. It hosts over thirty submillimeter-bright galaxies and dozens of other luminous and/or spectroscopically confirmed star-forming galaxies. It is one of the most active star forming complexes known, producing over ten thousand stars per year. One of its bright sources appears to be the merger of over twenty galaxies. The stellar mass of the system, however, was not known, making it impossible for example to know whether the huge burst of stars was the result of an extraordinary efficiency or simply arose because the system was so extremely large.</p> <p>CfA astronomer Matthew Ashby was a member of a team that has now completed very deep observations at optical and infrared wavelengths to obtain the stellar masses through spectral energy distribution (SED) analyses. They used the Gemini and Hubble Space Telescopes to obtain optical/near infrared flux measurements and Spitzer's IRAC camera for the infrared flux. In order to model the SEDs, the many point sources detected need to be matched to one another at all wavelengths. This is a complex undertaking, and the scientists describe the processes for doing so while also addressing the serious blending that can occur due to inadequate spatial resolution in the infrared.</p> <p>The astronomers find that the stellar mass in this primordial cluster as compared with its star formation rate is close to the value measured in nearby ("normal") galaxies, a conclusion that suggests that the star formation processes at work are similar to those in the local universe. The cluster does, however, show a deficit of molecular gas, suggesting that the activity is nearing the end of this tumultuous phase as the gaseous raw material for stars is being dissipated.</p> <p><strong>Reference:</strong> "Rapid Build-up of the Stellar Content in the Protocluster Core SPT2349 −56 at Z = 4.3," Ryley Hill, Scott Chapman, Kedar A. Phadke, Manuel Aravena, Melanie Archipley, Matthew L. N. Ashby, Matthieu Bethermin, Rebecca E. A. Canning, Anthony Gonzalez, Thomas R. Greve,Gayathri Gururajan, Christopher C. Hayward, Yashar Hezaveh, Sreevani Jarugula, Duncan MacIntyre, Daniel P. Marrone, Tim Miller, Douglas Rennehan, Cassie Reuter, Kaja M. Rotermund, Douglas Scott, Justin Spilker, Joaquin D. Vieira, George Wang and Axel Weiß, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3539" target="_blank"><cite>MNRAS<cite> 512, 4352, 2022</cite></cite></a>.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node__content-components"> </div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="curated-news-section js-view-dom-id-ff19ab591c6f32ff3f9cfda02f573d8c3e355d73cf263963a51d39b10b50e75d"> <div class="gutter-lock gutter-lock--center"> <div class="standard-column"> <div class="copy-box headline"> <h2>Related News</h2> </div> <div> <a class="copy-box" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/cfa-celebrates-25-years-chandra-x-ray-observatory"> <div class="grid grid--no-gutters grid--no-bottom-margin"> <div class="grid__col grid__col--6-700 grid__col--5-950"> <div class="news-photo-frame" style="background-image: url('https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/max_650x650/public/2024-07/x25th_lg_1000_2.jpg?itok=uD7aHHTG')"></div> </div> <div class="grid__col 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grid__col--5-950"> <div class="news-photo-frame" style="background-image: url('https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/max_650x650/public/2021-01/lightcone_AbacusSummit%20-%20Christine%20Benoit-Cropped%202.jpg?itok=Zr-eMC_S')"></div> </div> <div class="grid__col grid__col--6-700 grid__col--7-950"> <div class="inside-copy"> <h3>AbacusSummit</h3> <div class="meta"> <div>Theoretical Astrophysics, Institute for Theory and Computation</div> </div> <div class="h4">AbacusSummit is the world’s largest suite of high-performance cosmological N-body simulations, developed to meet and exceed the analysis requirements of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. These simulations allow one to predict the large-scale structure that results from a wide range of cosmological models, enabling detailed investigations of theories of cosmological structure formation and comparison to the coming decade of observational surveys.</div> </div> </div> <div class="item-number">1</div> </div> </a> <a class="copy-box" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/astroai"> <div class="grid grid--no-gutters grid--no-bottom-margin"> <div class="grid__col grid__col--6-700 grid__col--5-950"> <div class="news-photo-frame" style="background-image: url('https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/max_650x650/public/2024-01/AAI_logo_mini.jpg?itok=xZ97pss-')"></div> </div> <div class="grid__col grid__col--6-700 grid__col--7-950"> <div class="inside-copy"> <h3>AstroAI</h3> <div class="meta"> <div>Atomic and Molecular Physics, High Energy Astrophysics, Optical and Infrared Astronomy, Radio and Geoastronomy, Solar, Stellar, and Planetary Sciences, Theoretical Astrophysics, Harvard University Department of Astronomy, Science Education Department, Central Engineering, Director's Office, Chandra X-ray Center, Institute for Theoretical Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics, Institute for Theory and Computation</div> </div> <div class="h4">AstroAI is a institute dedicated to the development of artificial intelligence to enable next generation astrophysics at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian. Learn More</div> </div> </div> <div class="item-number">2</div> </div> </a> <a class="copy-box" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/dark-energy-spectroscopic-instrument-desi"> <div class="grid grid--no-gutters grid--no-bottom-margin"> <div class="grid__col grid__col--6-700 grid__col--5-950"> <div class="news-photo-frame" style="background-image: url('https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/max_650x650/public/2021-01/DESI%20image3%20-%20Christine%20Benoit.png?itok=Gugw_-Gi')"></div> </div> <div class="grid__col grid__col--6-700 grid__col--7-950"> <div class="inside-copy"> <h3>Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI)</h3> <div class="meta"> <div>Optical and Infrared Astronomy</div> </div> <div class="h4">The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) consortium is conducting a five-year survey to map the large-scale structure of the Universe over one-third of the sky and 11 billion years of cosmic history, aiming to study the physics of dark energy.</div> </div> </div> <div class="item-number">3</div> </div> </a> <a class="copy-box" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/gmacs"> <div class="grid grid--no-gutters grid--no-bottom-margin"> <div class="grid__col grid__col--6-700 grid__col--5-950"> <div class="news-photo-frame" style="background-image: url('https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/max_650x650/public/2022-03/GMACS-Image.jpg?itok=dgL3QYT-')"></div> </div> <div class="grid__col grid__col--6-700 grid__col--7-950"> <div class="inside-copy"> <h3>GMACS</h3> <div class="meta"> <div>Optical and Infrared Astronomy, Central Engineering</div> </div> <div class="h4">GMACS - Moderate Dispersion Optical Spectrograph for the Giant Magellan Telescope is a powerful optical spectrograph that will unlock the power of the Giant Magellan Telescope for research ranging from the formation of stars and planets to cosmology.<br /> <br /> For Scientists</div> </div> </div> <div class="item-number">4</div> </div> </a> <a class="copy-box" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/physics-primordial-universe"> <div class="grid grid--no-gutters grid--no-bottom-margin"> <div class="grid__col grid__col--6-700 grid__col--5-950"> <div class="news-photo-frame" style="background-image: url('https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/max_650x650/public/2021-01/PRL_image%20-%20Xingang%20Chen-Cropped%202.jpg?itok=fyIhMj9f')"></div> </div> <div class="grid__col grid__col--6-700 grid__col--7-950"> <div class="inside-copy"> <h3>Physics of the Primordial Universe</h3> <div class="meta"> <div>Harvard University Department of Astronomy, Institute for Theory and Computation</div> </div> <div class="h4">The Big Bang theory of cosmology successfully describes the 13.7 billion years of evolutionary history of our Universe. However, it is known that the current Big Bang theory cannot self-consistently explain its initial conditions. We are interested in finding out what caused the Big Bang, and the physics involved in this primordial epoch. We study physics, build models and propose observables for the primordial universe using quantum field theory, general relativity and/or string theory, and test them with data from astrophysical observations.</div> </div> </div> <div class="item-number">5</div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer style="background-image: url(/sites/default/files/2018-06/CfA_Footer.jpg)"> <nav aria-label="Footer Navigation"> <div class="inside-nav"> <div class="grid"> <div class="grid__col grid__col--6 grid__col--4-600 grid__col--2-1000"> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footercolumntwo-menu" id="block-footercolumntwo" class="menu-hold block block-menu navigation menu--footer-column-two"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-footercolumntwo-menu">Footer Column Two</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/big-questions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3206">Big Questions</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research" 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