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id="toc-Ilkum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilkum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Ilkum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilkum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_levies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_levies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Medieval levies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_levies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Military slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 In modern times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 World Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_against_conscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_against_conscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Arguments against conscription </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arguments_against_conscription-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arguments against conscription subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arguments_against_conscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sexism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involuntary_servitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involuntary_servitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Involuntary servitude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involuntary_servitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Economic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_for_conscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_for_conscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Arguments for conscription </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arguments_for_conscription-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arguments for conscription subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arguments_for_conscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_and_moral_motives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_moral_motives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Political and moral motives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_moral_motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_and_resource_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_resource_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Economic and resource efficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_resource_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drafting_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drafting_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Drafting of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drafting_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscientious_objection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscientious_objection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Conscientious objection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscientious_objection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 By country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle By country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Austria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Cambodia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Denmark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eritrea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eritrea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Eritrea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eritrea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Estonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.12 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.13 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.14 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.15 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.16 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.17 Lithuania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.18 Luxembourg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moldova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.19 Moldova </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.20 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.21 Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.22 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.23 Serbia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.24 Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.25 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.26 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.27 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.28 Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.29 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.30 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.31 Other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Conscription</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="تجنيد إجباري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجنيد إجباري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99cburi_h%C9%99rbi_xidm%C9%99t" title="Məcburi hərbi xidmət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məcburi hərbi xidmət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B3%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ایجباری عسگرلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایجباری عسگرلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Воінскі абавязак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Воінскі абавязак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Военна повинност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Военна повинност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscripci%C3%B3" title="Conscripció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conscripció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1eobecn%C3%A1_brann%C3%A1_povinnost" title="Všeobecná branná povinnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Všeobecná branná povinnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorfodaeth_filwrol" title="Gorfodaeth filwrol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gorfodaeth filwrol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6rnepligt" title="Værnepligt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Værnepligt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrpflicht" title="Wehrpflicht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wehrpflicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajateenistus" title="Ajateenistus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajateenistus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Στρατολόγηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατολόγηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscripci%C3%B3n" title="Conscripción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conscripción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konskripcio" title="Konskripcio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konskripcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahitaezko_errekrutatze" title="Nahitaezko errekrutatze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nahitaezko errekrutatze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="خدمت وظیفه عمومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدمت وظیفه عمومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conscription" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9B%E5%85%B5" title="招兵 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="招兵" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%95%EB%B3%91%EC%A0%9C" title="징병제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="징병제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Զինվորական ծառայություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զինվորական ծառայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="अनिवार्य सैन्य सेवा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनिवार्य सैन्य सेवा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regrutacija" title="Regrutacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Regrutacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajib_militer" title="Wajib militer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wajib militer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herskylda" title="Herskylda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Herskylda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscrizione" title="Coscrizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coscrizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="גיוס חובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גיוס חובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajib_milit%C3%A8r" title="Wajib militèr – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wajib militèr" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscriptio" title="Conscriptio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conscriptio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaklaus%C4%ABba" title="Karaklausība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karaklausība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscriptie" title="Conscriptie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Conscriptie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorkatonai_szolg%C3%A1lat_Magyarorsz%C3%A1gon" title="Sorkatonai szolgálat Magyarországon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sorkatonai szolgálat Magyarországon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Регрутирање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Регрутирање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="നിർബന്ധിത സൈനിക സേവനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിർബന്ധിത സൈനിക സേവനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengerahan" title="Pengerahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengerahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%95%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B_%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%91%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဥပဒေအရ စစ်မှုထမ်းခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဥပဒေအရ စစ်မှုထမ်းခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienstplicht" title="Dienstplicht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dienstplicht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B4%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="徴兵制度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="徴兵制度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="ТӀемлойн декхар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ТӀемлойн декхар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verneplikt" title="Verneplikt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verneplikt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verneplikt" title="Verneplikt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Verneplikt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscripcion" title="Conscripcion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Conscripcion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%81%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جبري پوځي خدمت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جبري پوځي خدمت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pob%C3%B3r_(wojsko)" title="Pobór (wojsko) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pobór (wojsko)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscri%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Conscrição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conscrição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Воинская обязанность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Воинская обязанность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekrutimi" title="Rekrutimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rekrutimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="හේවායනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හේවායනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Conscription" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brann%C3%A1_povinnos%C5%A5" title="Branná povinnosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Branná povinnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabor" title="Nabor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nabor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8E" title="سەربازیی زۆرەملێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەربازیی زۆرەملێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_obaveza" title="Vojna obaveza – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vojna obaveza" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regrutacija" title="Regrutacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Regrutacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asevelvollisuus" title="Asevelvollisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asevelvollisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rnplikt" title="Värnplikt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Värnplikt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="การเกณฑ์ทหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเกณฑ์ทหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorunlu_askerlik" title="Zorunlu askerlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zorunlu askerlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Військовий обов'язок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Військовий обов'язок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جبری بھرتی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جبری بھرتی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscrision_obligat%C3%B2ria" title="Coscrision obligatòria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Coscrision obligatòria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_qu%C3%A2n_d%E1%BB%8Bch_b%E1%BA%AFt_bu%E1%BB%99c" title="Chế độ quân dịch bắt buộc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chế độ quân dịch bắt buộc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_military_service&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory military service">Compulsory military service</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Compulsory enrollment into national or military service</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Conscript" and "the draft" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Conscript_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Conscript (disambiguation)">Conscript (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_draft_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The draft (disambiguation)">The draft (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conscription_map_of_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Conscription_map_of_the_world.svg/480px-Conscription_map_of_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Conscription_map_of_the_world.svg/720px-Conscription_map_of_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Conscription_map_of_the_world.svg/960px-Conscription_map_of_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  No armed forces</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No enforced conscription</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Active conscription system, but not all the people who are fit for the service are conscripted</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Active conscription</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ddddff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conscription</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1780 caricature of a press gang"><img alt="1780 caricature of a press gang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/250px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/375px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/500px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="954" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">1780 caricature of a <a href="/wiki/Press_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Press gang">press gang</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_civilian_service" title="Alternative civilian service">Alternative civilian service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_crisis" title="Conscription crisis">Conscription crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Draft-card_burning" title="Draft-card burning">Draft-card burning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Military service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">National service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By historical country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Conscription in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Conscription in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#By_country">By modern country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Argentina" title="Conscription in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Australia" title="Conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Azerbaijan" title="Conscription in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_service#Bermuda" title="Military service">Bermuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Brazil" title="Conscription in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_China" title="Conscription in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Conscription in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo-Kinshasa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">child soldiers</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cuba" title="Conscription in Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Conscription in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reduction_of_military_conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Reduction of military conscription in Cyprus">reduction</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Denmark" title="Conscription in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Eritrea" title="Conscription in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Finland" title="Conscription in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_France" title="Conscription in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Georgia" title="Conscription in Georgia">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Germany" title="Conscription in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Iran" title="Conscription in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_North_Korea" title="Conscription in North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea" title="Conscription in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces#Conscription" title="Latvian National Armed Forces">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces#Conscription" title="Lithuanian Armed Forces">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Myanmar" title="Conscription in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Netherlands" title="Conscription in the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_military_training_in_New_Zealand" title="Compulsory military training in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mexico" title="Conscription in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Monaco" title="Conscription in Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mozambique" title="Conscription in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Philippines" title="Conscription in the Philippines">the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Serbia" title="Conscription in Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Africa" title="Conscription in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Conscription in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sweden" title="Conscription in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Turkey" title="Conscription in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Conscription in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ukraine" title="Conscription in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Vietnam" title="Conscription in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By geographical area</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ireland" title="Conscription in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conscription" title="Template:Conscription"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conscription" title="Template talk:Conscription"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conscription" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conscription"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Specialties:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Land units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Naval units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Air units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Combat systems:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Historical:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Development:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Conscription, also known as the draft in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, is the practice in which the compulsory enlistment in a <a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">national service</a>, mainly a <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>, is enforced by law.<a href="#cite_note-mw-1">[1]</a> Conscription dates back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a> and it continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>. Most <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1 to 8 years on <a href="/wiki/Active_duty" title="Active duty">active duty</a> and then transfer to the <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reserve force</a>. Conscription is controversial for a range of reasons, including <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objection</a> to military engagements on religious or philosophical grounds; political objection, for example to service for a disliked government or unpopular war; <a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">sexism</a>, in that historically men have been subject to the draft in the most cases; and ideological objection, for example, to a perceived violation of individual rights. Those conscripted may <a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">evade service</a>, sometimes by leaving the country,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and seeking <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> in another country. Some selection systems accommodate these attitudes by providing <a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a>-operations roles or even outside the military, such as <a href="/wiki/Siviilipalvelus" title="Siviilipalvelus">siviilipalvelus</a> (alternative civil service) in Finland and <a href="/wiki/Zivildienst" title="Zivildienst">Zivildienst</a> (compulsory community service) in Austria and Switzerland. Several countries conscript male soldiers not only for armed forces, but also for paramilitary agencies, which are dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a>-like domestic-only service like <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Troops">internal troops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">border guards</a> or non-combat <a href="/wiki/Rescue" title="Rescue">rescue duties</a> like <a href="/wiki/Civil_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil defence">civil defence</a>. As of 2023, many states no longer conscript their citizens, relying instead upon professional militaries with <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">volunteers</a>. The ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war-fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities. Many states that have abolished conscription still, therefore, reserve the power to resume conscription during wartime or times of crisis.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> States involved in wars or interstate rivalries are most likely to implement conscription, and democracies are less likely than autocracies to implement conscription.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> With a few exceptions, such as Singapore and Egypt, former British colonies are less likely to have conscription, as they are influenced by British anti-conscription norms that can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>; the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> abolished conscription in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_pre-modern_times">In pre-modern times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In pre-modern times">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ilkum">Ilkum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ilkum">edit</a>]</div> Around the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (1791–1750 <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a> used a system of conscription called Ilkum. Under that system those eligible were required to serve in the royal army in time of war. During times of peace they were instead required to provide labour for other activities of the state. In return for this service, people subject to it gained the right to hold land. It is possible that this right was not to hold land per se but specific land supplied by the state.<a href="#cite_note-JN242-5">[5]</a> Various forms of avoiding military service are recorded. While it was outlawed by the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a>, the hiring of substitutes appears to have been practiced both before and after the creation of the code. Later records show that Ilkum commitments could become regularly traded. In other places, people simply left their towns to avoid their Ilkum service. Another option was to sell Ilkum lands and the commitments along with them. With the exception of a few exempted classes, this was forbidden by the Code of Hammurabi.<a href="#cite_note-JN243-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval period">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_levies">Medieval levies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medieval levies">edit</a>]</div> Under the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> laws on the European continent, landowners in the medieval period enforced a system whereby all <a href="/wiki/Peasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasants">peasants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serfdom#Freemen" title="Serfdom">freemen</a> commoners and <a href="/wiki/Noblemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Noblemen">noblemen</a> aged 15 to 60 living in the countryside or in urban centers, were summoned for military duty when required by either the king or the local lord, bringing along the weapons and armor according to their wealth. These levies fought as footmen, sergeants, and men at arms under local superiors appointed by the king or the local lord such as the <a href="/wiki/Arri%C3%A8re-ban" title="Arrière-ban">arrière-ban</a> in France. Arrière-ban denoted a general levy, where all able-bodied males age 15 to 60 living in the Kingdom of France were summoned to go to war by the King (or the constable and the marshals). Men were summoned by the bailiff (or the sénéchal in the south). <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiffs</a> were military and political administrators installed by the King to steward and govern a specific area of a province following the king's commands and orders. The men summoned in this way were then summoned by the lieutenant who was the King's representative and military governor over an entire province comprising many <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">bailiwicks</a>, seneschalties and castellanies. All men from the richest noble to the poorest commoner were summoned under the arrière-ban and they were supposed to present themselves to the King or his officials.<a href="#cite_note-freedictionary-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In medieval <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> the leiðangr (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>), leidang (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>), leding, (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>), ledung (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>), lichting (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>), expeditio (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) or sometimes leþing (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">Old English</a>), was a levy of free farmers conscripted into coastal fleets for seasonal excursions and in defence of the realm.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The bulk of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon English</a> army, called the <a href="/wiki/Fyrd" title="Fyrd">fyrd</a>, was composed of part-time English soldiers drawn from the freemen of each county. In the 690s laws of <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine of Wessex</a>, three levels of fines are imposed on different social classes for neglecting military service.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Some modern writers claim military service in Europe was restricted to the landowning minor nobility. These <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a> were the land-holding aristocracy of the time and were required to serve with their own armour and weapons for a certain number of days each year. The historian David Sturdy has cautioned about regarding the fyrd as a precursor to a modern national army composed of all ranks of society, describing it as a "ridiculous fantasy": <blockquote>The persistent old belief that peasants and small farmers gathered to form a national army or fyrd is a strange delusion dreamt up by antiquarians in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries to justify universal military conscription.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinnyod%C5%8D_engi,_vol.3_(part).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shinnyod%C5%8D_engi%2C_vol.3_%28part%29.jpg/220px-Shinnyod%C5%8D_engi%2C_vol.3_%28part%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shinnyod%C5%8D_engi%2C_vol.3_%28part%29.jpg/330px-Shinnyod%C5%8D_engi%2C_vol.3_%28part%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shinnyod%C5%8D_engi%2C_vol.3_%28part%29.jpg/440px-Shinnyod%C5%8D_engi%2C_vol.3_%28part%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>Painting depicting a battle during the Ōnin War</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Feudal_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal Japan">feudal Japan</a> the <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shogun</a> decree of 1393 exempted <a href="/wiki/Money_lender" class="mw-redirect" title="Money lender">money lenders</a> from religious or military levies, in return for a yearly tax. The <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a> weakened the shogun and levies were imposed again on money lenders. This <a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">overlordism</a> was arbitrary and unpredictable for commoners. While the money lenders were not poor, several overlords tapped them for income. Levies became necessary for the survival of the overlord, allowing the lord to impose taxes at will. These levies included tansen tax on <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">agricultural land</a> for ceremonial expenses. Yakubu takumai tax was raised on all land to rebuild the <a href="/wiki/Ise_Grand_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ise Grand Shrine">Ise Grand Shrine</a>, and munabechisen tax was imposed on all <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">houses</a>. At the time, land in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> was acquired by commoners through <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> and in 1422 the shogun threatened to repossess the land of those commoners who failed to pay their levies.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_slavery">Military slavery</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military slavery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg/170px-Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg/255px-Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg/340px-Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a></figcaption></figure> The system of military <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a> was widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, beginning with the creation of the corps of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">slave-soldiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghulam" title="Ghulam">ghulams</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluks</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliph">Abbasid caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> in the 820s and 830s. The Turkic troops soon came to <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">dominate the government</a>, establishing a pattern throughout the Islamic world of a ruling military class, often separated by ethnicity, culture and even religion[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] by the mass of the population, a paradigm that found its apogee in the <a href="/wiki/Mamluks_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks of Egypt">Mamluks of Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Janissary_corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissary corps">Janissary corps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, institutions that survived until the early 19th century. In the middle of the 14th century, Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a> developed personal troops to be loyal to him, with a slave army called the <a href="/wiki/Kap%C4%B1kulu" title="Kapıkulu">Kapıkulu</a>. The new force was built by taking Christian children from newly conquered lands, especially from the far areas of his empire, in a system known as the <a href="/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme" class="mw-redirect" title="Devşirme">devşirme</a> (translated "gathering" or "converting"). The captive children were forced to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The Sultans <a href="/wiki/Military_use_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Military use of children">had the young boys trained</a> over several years. Those who showed special promise in fighting skills were trained in advanced warrior skills, put into the sultan's personal service, and turned into the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a>, the elite branch of the Kapıkulu. A number of distinguished military commanders of the Ottomans, and most of the imperial administrators and upper-level officials of the Empire, such as <a href="/wiki/Pargal%C4%B1_%C4%B0brahim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pargalı İbrahim Pasha">Pargalı İbrahim Pasha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmet_Pa%C5%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokollu Mehmet Paşa">Sokollu Mehmet Paşa</a>, were recruited in this way.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> By 1609, the Sultan's Kapıkulu forces increased to about 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In later years, Sultans turned to the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary Pirates">Barbary Pirates</a> to supply their Jannissaries corps. Their attacks on ships off the coast of Africa or in the Mediterranean, and subsequent capture of able-bodied men for ransom or sale provided some captives for the Sultan's system. Starting in the 17th century, Christian families living under the Ottoman rule began to submit their sons into the Kapikulu system willingly, as they saw this as a potentially invaluable career opportunity for their children. Eventually the Sultan turned to foreign volunteers from the warrior clans of <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> in southern Russia to fill his Janissary armies. As a whole the system began to break down, the loyalty of the Jannissaries became increasingly suspect. <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> forcibly disbanded the Janissary corps in 1826.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Similar to the Janissaries in origin and means of development were the Mamluks of Egypt in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> were usually captive non-Muslim Iranian and Turkic children who had been kidnapped or bought as slaves from the Barbary coasts. The Egyptians assimilated and trained the boys and young men to become Islamic soldiers who served the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliphs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> sultans during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The first mamluks served the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> caliphs in 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Over time they became a powerful military <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>. On more than one occasion, they seized power, for example, ruling <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> from 1250 to 1517. From 1250 <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> had been ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak people">Kipchak</a> origin. Slaves from the <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a> served in the army and formed an elite corps of troops. They eventually revolted in Egypt to form the <a href="/wiki/Burgi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgi dynasty">Burgi dynasty</a>. The Mamluks' excellent fighting abilities, massed Islamic armies, and overwhelming numbers succeeded in overcoming the Christian <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> fortresses in the Holy Land. The Mamluks were the most successful defence against the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Mongol Ilkhanate</a> of Persia and Iraq from entering Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> On the western coast of Africa, Berber Muslims captured non-Muslims to put to work as laborers. They generally converted the younger people to Islam and many became quite assimilated. In Morocco, the Berber looked south rather than north. The Moroccan Sultan <a href="/wiki/Moulay_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulay Ismail">Moulay Ismail</a>, called "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727), employed a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his <a href="/wiki/Black_Guard" title="Black Guard">Black Guard</a>. He used them to coerce the country into submission.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_modern_times">In modern times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In modern times">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Remplacement" title="Remplacement">Remplacement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_-_Departure_of_the_Conscripts_in_1807_-_WGA02349.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_-_Departure_of_the_Conscripts_in_1807_-_WGA02349.jpg/220px-Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_-_Departure_of_the_Conscripts_in_1807_-_WGA02349.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_-_Departure_of_the_Conscripts_in_1807_-_WGA02349.jpg/330px-Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_-_Departure_of_the_Conscripts_in_1807_-_WGA02349.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_-_Departure_of_the_Conscripts_in_1807_-_WGA02349.jpg/440px-Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_-_Departure_of_the_Conscripts_in_1807_-_WGA02349.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5356" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Painting depicting the Departure of the Conscripts of 1807 by <a href="/wiki/Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly" title="Louis-Léopold Boilly">Louis-Léopold Boilly</a> </figcaption></figure> Modern conscription, the massed military enrollment of national citizens (<a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">levée en masse</a>), was devised during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, to enable the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a> to defend itself from the attacks of European monarchies. Deputy <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a> gave its name to the 5 September 1798 Act, whose first article stated: "Any Frenchman is a soldier and owes himself to the defense of the nation." It enabled the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a>, what <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> called "the nation in arms", which overwhelmed European professional armies that often numbered only into the low tens of thousands. More than 2.6 million men were inducted into the French military in this way between the years 1800 and 1813.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> in particular shocked the Prussian establishment, which had believed it was invincible after the victories of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>. The Prussians were used to relying on superior organization and tactical factors such as order of battle to focus superior troops against inferior ones. Given approximately equivalent forces, as was generally the case with professional armies, these factors showed considerable importance. However, they became considerably less important when the Prussian armies faced Napoleon's forces that outnumbered their own in some cases by more than ten to one. <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_von_Scharnhorst" title="Gerhard von Scharnhorst">Scharnhorst</a> advocated adopting the levée en masse, the military conscription used by France. The Krümpersystem was the beginning of short-term compulsory service in Prussia, as opposed to the long-term conscription previously used.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Branka_1863.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Branka_1863.JPG/220px-Branka_1863.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Branka_1863.JPG/330px-Branka_1863.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Branka_1863.JPG/440px-Branka_1863.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption>Conscription of Poles to the Russian Army in 1863 (by <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Sochaczewski" title="Aleksander Sochaczewski">Aleksander Sochaczewski</a>)</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the military service time "owed" by serfs was 25 years at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1834 it was decreased to 20 years. The recruits were to be not younger than 17 and not older than 35.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1874 Russia introduced universal conscription in the modern pattern, an innovation only made possible by the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">serfdom</a> in 1861. New military law decreed that all male Russian subjects, when they reached the age of 20, were eligible to serve in the military for six years.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In the decades prior to World War I universal conscription along broadly Prussian lines became the norm for European armies, and those modeled on them. By 1914 the only substantial armies still completely dependent on voluntary enlistment were those of Britain and the United States. Some colonial powers such as France reserved their conscript armies for home service while maintaining professional units for overseas duties.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Wars">World Wars</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World Wars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription,_New_York_City,_June_5,_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg/220px-Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg/330px-Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg/440px-Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Young men registering for conscription during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, New York City, June 5, 1917</figcaption></figure> The range of eligible ages for conscripting was expanded to meet national demand during the <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World Wars</a>. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service System</a> drafted men for World War I initially in an age range from 21 to 30 but expanded its eligibility in 1918 to an age range of 18 to 45.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the case of a widespread <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a> of forces where service includes homefront defense, ages of conscripts may range much higher, with the oldest conscripts serving in roles requiring lesser mobility.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Expanded-age conscription was common during the Second World War: in Britain, it was commonly known as "call-up" and extended to age 51. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> termed it <a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a> ("People's Storm") and included boys as young as 16 and men as old as 60.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> During the Second World War, both Britain and the Soviet Union conscripted women. The United States was on the verge of drafting women into the Nurse Corps because it anticipated it would need the extra personnel for its planned invasion of Japan. However, the Japanese surrendered and the idea was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_662758_Recruits_entering_Voroshilov_Barracks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/RIAN_archive_662758_Recruits_entering_Voroshilov_Barracks.jpg/170px-RIAN_archive_662758_Recruits_entering_Voroshilov_Barracks.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/RIAN_archive_662758_Recruits_entering_Voroshilov_Barracks.jpg/255px-RIAN_archive_662758_Recruits_entering_Voroshilov_Barracks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/RIAN_archive_662758_Recruits_entering_Voroshilov_Barracks.jpg/340px-RIAN_archive_662758_Recruits_entering_Voroshilov_Barracks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="5354" /></a><figcaption>Soviet conscripts in Moscow after <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">invaded the Soviet Union</a>, 1941</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Great Patriotic War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> conscripted nearly 30 million men.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_against_conscription">Arguments against conscription</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arguments against conscription">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section focuses primarily on the United States and not a worldwide view.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexism">Sexism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sexism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexism_and_conscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexism and conscription">Sexism and conscription</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement" title="Men's rights movement">Men's rights activists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-BoydLongwood1996-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and opponents of discrimination against men<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a>: 102  have criticized military conscription, or compulsory military service, as <a href="/wiki/Sexist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexist">sexist</a>. The National Coalition for Men, a <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement" title="Men's rights movement">men's rights group</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Men_v._Selective_Service_System" title="National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System">sued</a> the US <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service System</a> in 2019, leading to it being declared unconstitutional by a US Federal Judge.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The federal district judge's opinion was unanimously overturned on appeal to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In September 2021, the House of Representatives passed the annual Defense Authorization Act, which included an amendment that states that "all Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 must register for selective service." This amendment omitted the word "male", which would have extended a potential draft to women; however, the amendment was removed before the National Defense Authorization Act was passed.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Feminists have argued, first, that military conscription is sexist because wars serve the interests of what they view as the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>; second, that the military is a sexist institution and that conscripts are therefore indoctrinated into sexism; and third, that conscription of men normalizes violence by men as socially acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Feminists have been organizers and participants in resistance to conscription in several countries.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Conscription has also been criticized on the ground that, historically, only men have been subjected to conscription.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Men who opt out or are deemed unfit for military service must often perform alternative service, such as <a href="/wiki/Zivildienst" title="Zivildienst">Zivildienst</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, or pay extra taxes,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> whereas women do not have these obligations. In the US, men who do not register with the Selective Service cannot apply for citizenship, receive federal financial aid, grants or loans, be employed by the federal government, be admitted to public colleges or universities, or, in some states, obtain a driver's license.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involuntary_servitude">Involuntary servitude</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Involuntary servitude">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg/200px-Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg/300px-Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg/400px-Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Rioters attacking a building during the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York anti-draft riots</a> of 1863</figcaption></figure> Many <a href="/wiki/American_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="American libertarian">American libertarians</a> oppose conscription and call for the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service System</a>, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressment</a> of individuals into the armed forces amounts to <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">involuntary servitude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, a former U.S. <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> presidential nominee, has said that conscription "is wrongly associated with <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>, when it really represents slavery and involuntary servitude".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> opposed conscription, opining that "of all the statist violations of individual rights in a mixed economy, the military draft is the worst. It is an abrogation of rights. It negates man's fundamental right—the right to life—and establishes the fundamental principle of <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a>: that a man's life belongs to the state, and the state may claim it by compelling him to sacrifice it in battle."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 1917, a number of radicals[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] and anarchists, including <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, challenged the new draft law in federal court, arguing that it was a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a>'s prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude. However, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the case of <a href="/wiki/Arver_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Arver v. United States">Arver v. United States</a> on 7 January 1918, on the ground that the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> gives <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> the power to <a href="/wiki/Declare_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Declare war">declare war</a> and to raise and support armies. The Court also relied on the principle of the reciprocal rights and duties of citizens. "It may not be doubted that the very conception of a just government in its duty to the citizen includes the reciprocal obligation of the citizen to render military service in case of need and the right to compel."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economic">edit</a>]</div> It can be argued that in a <a href="/wiki/Benefit%E2%80%93cost_ratio" title="Benefit–cost ratio">cost-to-benefit ratio</a>, conscription during peacetime is not worthwhile.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Months or years of service performed by the most fit and capable subtract from the productivity of the economy; add to this the cost of training them, and in some countries paying them. Compared to these extensive costs, some would argue there is very little benefit; if there ever was a war then conscription and basic training could be completed quickly, and in any case there is little threat of a war in most countries with conscription. In the United States, every male resident is required by law to register with the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service System</a> within 30 days following his 18th birthday and be available for a draft; this is often accomplished automatically by a motor vehicle department during licensing or by voter registration.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> the cost of conscription can be related to the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_broken_window" title="Parable of the broken window">parable of the broken window</a> in anti-draft arguments. The cost of the work, military service, does not disappear even if no salary is paid. The work effort of the conscripts is effectively wasted, as an unwilling workforce is extremely inefficient. The impact is especially severe in wartime, when civilian professionals are forced to fight as amateur soldiers. Not only is the work effort of the conscripts wasted and productivity lost, but professionally skilled conscripts are also difficult to replace in the civilian workforce. Every soldier conscripted in the army is taken away from his civilian work, and away from contributing to the economy which funds the military. This may be less a problem in an agrarian or pre-industrialized state where the level of education is generally low, and where a worker is easily replaced by another. However, this is potentially more costly in a <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial society</a> where educational levels are high and where the workforce is sophisticated and a replacement for a conscripted specialist is difficult to find. Even more dire economic consequences result if the professional conscripted as an amateur soldier is killed or maimed for life; his work effort and productivity are lost.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_for_conscription">Arguments for conscription</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arguments for conscription">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_moral_motives">Political and moral motives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political and moral motives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_solidarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social solidarity">Social solidarity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Active_citizenship" title="Active citizenship">Active citizenship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conscription_in_Iran_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Conscription_in_Iran_3.jpg/220px-Conscription_in_Iran_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Conscription_in_Iran_3.jpg/330px-Conscription_in_Iran_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Conscription_in_Iran_3.jpg/440px-Conscription_in_Iran_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Iran" title="Conscription in Iran">Conscription in Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical republicans</a> promoted conscription as a tool for maintaining <a href="/wiki/Civil_control_of_the_military#Composition_of_the_military" title="Civil control of the military">civilian control of the military</a>, thereby preventing usurpation by a select class of <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warriors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Rousseau">Jean Jacques Rousseau</a> argued vehemently against professional armies since he believed that it was the right and privilege of every citizen to participate to the defense of the whole society and that it was a mark of moral decline to leave the business to professionals. He based his belief upon the development of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, which came to an end at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Army">Roman Army</a> changed from a conscript to a professional force.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> linked the division of armed service among the populace intimately with the political order of the state.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> argued strongly for conscription<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli_book)" title="The Art of War (Machiavelli book)">The Art of War</a> and saw the professional armies, made up of mercenary units, as the cause of the failure of societal unity in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-ozio-65">[65]</a> Other proponents, such as <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, consider both mandatory military and <a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">national service</a> as ways of instilling maturity in young adults.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Some proponents, such as <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Alter" title="Jonathan Alter">Jonathan Alter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Kaus" title="Mickey Kaus">Mickey Kaus</a>, support a draft in order to reinforce social equality, create social consciousness, break down class divisions and allow young adults to immerse themselves in public enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> This justification forms the basis of Israel's <a href="/wiki/The_People%27s_Army_Model" title="The People's Army Model">People's Army Model</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">Charles Rangel</a> called for the reinstatement of the draft during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> not because he seriously expected it to be adopted but to stress how the socioeconomic restratification meant that very few children of upper-class Americans served in the all-volunteer American armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_resource_efficiency">Economic and resource efficiency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economic and resource efficiency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_effort" title="War effort">War effort</a></div> It is estimated by the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British military</a> that in a professional military, a company deployed for active duty in peacekeeping corresponds to three inactive companies at home. Salaries for each are paid from the military budget. In contrast, volunteers from a trained reserve are in their civilian jobs when they are not deployed.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Total_defence" title="Total defence">total defense</a> doctrine, conscription paired with periodic <a href="/wiki/Refresher_training_(military)" title="Refresher training (military)">refresher training</a> ensures that the entire able-bodied population of a country can be mobilized to defend against invasion or <a href="/wiki/Military_aid_to_the_civil_community" title="Military aid to the civil community">assist civil authorities</a> during emergencies. For this reason, some European countries have <a href="/wiki/Peace_dividend#Europe" title="Peace dividend">reintroduced</a> or debated reintroducing conscription during the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Military_Keynesianism" title="Military Keynesianism">Military Keynesians</a> often argue for conscription as a <a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">job guarantee</a>. For example, it was more financially beneficial for less-educated young Portuguese men born in 1967 to participate in conscription than to participate in the highly competitive job market with men of the same age who continued to higher education.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drafting_of_women">Drafting of women</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Drafting of women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women in the military</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK-416_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/HK-416_Norway.jpg/220px-HK-416_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/HK-416_Norway.jpg/330px-HK-416_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/HK-416_Norway.jpg/440px-HK-416_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Norwegian woman soldier. <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> became, in 2015, the first <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member to have a legally compulsory national service for both men and women, and the first country in the world to draft women on the same formal terms as men.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Karakal_Winter_Training_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Karakal_Winter_Training_%281%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Karakal_Winter_Training_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Karakal_Winter_Training_%281%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Karakal_Winter_Training_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Karakal_Winter_Training_%281%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Karakal_Winter_Training_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>Female Israeli soldiers</figcaption></figure> Throughout history, women have only been conscripted to join armed forces in a few countries, in contrast to the universal practice of conscription from among the male population. The traditional view has been that military service is a <a href="/wiki/Initiation_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiation rite">test of manhood</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a> from boyhood into manhood.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In recent years, this position has been challenged on the basis that it violates <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, and some countries, especially in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, have extended conscription obligations to women. In 2006, eight countries (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>) conscripted women into military service.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> introduced female conscription in 2015, making it the first <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member to have a legally compulsory national service for both men and women,<a href="#cite_note-:4-76">[76]</a> and the first country in the world to draft women on the same formal terms as men.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In practice only motivated volunteers are selected to join the army in Norway.<a href="#cite_note-auto-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sweden" title="Conscription in Sweden">Sweden</a> introduced female conscription in 2010, but it was not activated until 2017. This made Sweden the second nation in Europe to draft women, and the second in the world (after Norway) to draft women on the same formal terms as men.<a href="#cite_note-:5-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> will extend conscription to women from 2027, also on a gender-neutral model.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">Israel</a> has universal female conscription, although it is possible to avoid service by claiming a religious exemption and over a third of Israeli women do so.<a href="#cite_note-cbccami-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-theecono-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Finland" title="Conscription in Finland">Finland</a> introduced voluntary female conscription in 1995, giving women between the ages of 18 and 29 an option to complete their military service alongside men.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudanese</a> law allows for conscription of women, but this is not implemented in practice.<a href="#cite_note-wri-irg_org-88">[88]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">United Kingdom during World War II</a>, beginning in 1941, women were brought into the scope of conscription but, as all women with dependent children were exempt and many women were informally left in occupations such as nursing or teaching, the number conscripted was relatively few.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Most women who were conscripted were sent to the factories, although some were part of the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service" title="Auxiliary Territorial Service">Auxiliary Territorial Service</a> (ATS), <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Land_Army" title="Women's Land Army">Women's Land Army</a>, and other women's services. None were assigned to combat roles unless they volunteered.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In contemporary United Kingdom, in July 2016, all exclusions on women serving in Ground Close Combat (GCC) roles were lifted.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Conscription in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, there was never conscription of women for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">armed forces</a>, but the severe disruption of normal life and the high proportion of civilians affected by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> after the German invasion attracted many volunteers for "<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">The Great Patriotic War</a>".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Medical doctors of both sexes could and would be conscripted (as officers). Also, the Soviet university education system required Department of Chemistry students of both sexes to complete an <a href="/wiki/ROTC" class="mw-redirect" title="ROTC">ROTC</a> course in <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">NBC defense</a>, and such female reservist officers could be conscripted in times of war. The United States came close to drafting women into the <a href="/wiki/Nurse_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse Corps">Nurse Corps</a> in preparation for a planned <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">invasion of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 1981 in the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">United States</a>, several men filed lawsuit in the case <a href="/wiki/Rostker_v._Goldberg" title="Rostker v. Goldberg">Rostker v. Goldberg</a>, alleging that the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Service Act of 1948">Selective Service Act of 1948</a> violates the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a> by requiring that only men register with the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service System</a> (SSS). The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> eventually upheld the Act, stating that "the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than 'equity.'"<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 2013, Judge <a href="/wiki/Gray_H._Miller" title="Gray H. Miller">Gray H. Miller</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas">United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas</a> ruled that the Service's men-only requirement was unconstitutional, as while at the time Rostker was decided, women were banned from serving in combat, the situation had since changed with the 2013 and 2015 restriction removals.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Miller's opinion was reversed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">Fifth Circuit</a>, stating that only the Supreme Court could overturn the Supreme Court precedence from Rostker. The Supreme Court considered but declined to review the Fifth Circuit's ruling in June 2021.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In an opinion authored by Justice <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> and joined by Justices <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a>, the three justices agreed that the male-only draft was likely unconstitutional given the changes in the military's stance on the roles, but because Congress had been reviewing and evaluating legislation to eliminate its male-only draft requirement via the National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service (NCMNPS) since 2016, it would have been inappropriate for the Court to act at that time.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> On 1 October 1999, in <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Yuan" title="Judicial Yuan">Judicial Yuan</a> of the Republic of China in its Interpretation 490 considered that the physical differences between males and females and the derived role differentiation in their respective social functions and lives would not make drafting only males a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">(see discussion) verification needed</a>] Though women are not conscripted in Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">transsexual</a> persons are exempt.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> started including women in its draft registration system, although conscription is not currently enforced for either sex.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, where conscription was abolished, extended their symbolic, mandatory day of information on the armed forces for young people - called <a href="/wiki/Defence_and_Citizenship_Day_(France)" title="Defence and Citizenship Day (France)">Defence and Citizenship Day</a> in France and Day of National Defence in Portugal – to women in 1997 and 2008, respectively; at the same time, the military registry of both countries and obligation of military service in case of war was extended to women.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conscientious_objection">Conscientious objection</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conscientious objection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objection">Conscientious objection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_throughout_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objection throughout the world">Conscientious objection throughout the world</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a> is an individual whose personal beliefs are incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">military service</a>, or, more often, with any role in the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In some countries, conscientious objectors have special legal status, which augments their conscription duties. For example, Sweden allows conscientious objectors to choose a service in the weapons-free <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">civil defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The reasons for refusing to serve in the military are varied. Some people are conscientious objectors for religious reasons. In particular, the members of the historic <a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">peace churches</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> by doctrine, and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, while not strictly pacifists, refuse to participate in the armed forces on the ground that they believe that Christians should be neutral in international conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Military service</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Conscription by country – Examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="170">Country </th> <th>Conscription<a href="#cite_note-NM-conscription-109">[109]</a> </th> <th>Sex </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in 1992) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in 2010)<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Argentina" title="Conscription in Argentina">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. Voluntary; conscription may be required for specified reasons per Article 19 of Public Law No.24.429 promulgated on 5 January 1995.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Australia" title="Conscription in Australia">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished by parliament in 1972)<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available)<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (but can volunteer for service in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Ansar" title="Bangladesh Ansar">Bangladesh Ansar</a>) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (suspended in 1992; service not required of draftees inducted for 1994 military classes or any thereafter)<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. Laws allow for conscription only if volunteers are insufficient, but conscription has never been implemented.<a href="#cite_note-the-world-factbook-fields-2024-115">[115]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No<a href="#cite_note-the-world-factbook-fields-2024-115">[115]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (whenever annual number of volunteers falls short of government's goal)<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished on 1 January 2006)<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Brazil" title="Conscription in Brazil">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes, but almost all recruits have been volunteers in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-Brasil-118">[118]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">Alternative service</a> is cited in Brazilian law,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> but a system has not been implemented.)<a href="#cite_note-Brasil-118">[118]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished by law on 1 January 2008)<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. Legislative provision making all men of military age a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_militia#British-rule_and_post-Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian militia">Reserve Militia</a> member was removed in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Conscription into a full-time military service took place in both world wars, with 1945 being the last year conscription was practice.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (selective compulsory military service) </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No, however Male citizens 18 years of age and over are required to register for military service in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> recruiting offices (registration exempted for residents of Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions).<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kang2015-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-times_china-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (ended in 1969) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (conscription is reportedly not enforced) </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. Abolished by law in 2008, pending reintroduction.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Conscription in Cyprus">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available) </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in 2005)<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Denmark" title="Conscription in Denmark">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available)<a href="#cite_note-retsinformation.dk-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> </td> <td>Male until 2026; Male and female from 2026.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (suspended in 2008) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available) </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. Legal, not practiced. </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (18 months by law, but often extended indefinitely) </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available) </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No, but the military can conduct callups when necessary. </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Finland" title="Conscription in Finland">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available) </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (suspended during peacetime in 2001).<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> A voluntary national service (<a href="/wiki/Service_national_universel" title="Service national universel">Service national universel</a>, with the option of military or civil service for men and women) was instituted in 2021. </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Georgia" title="Conscription in Georgia">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Germany" title="Conscription in Germany">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (suspended during <a href="/wiki/State_of_Defence_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Defence (Germany)">peacetime</a> by the federal legislature from 1 July 2011)<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in 2023) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available) </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (peacetime conscription abolished in 2014)<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. But has a similar system called PKRS (Pertahanan Keamanan Rakyat Semesta, or Universal People's Defense and Security). In the event of war, the government will draft all men and women.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in 2003) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male and female Jews, male Druze and Circassians </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (suspended during peacetime in 2005)<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in 1945)<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (ended in 1992, reinstated in September 2020 for unemployed men) <a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> (abolished in 2007, reintroduced on January 1, 2024)<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in 2007)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-le-148">[148]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> About 3,000–4,000 conscripts each year must be selected, of whom up to 10% serve involuntarily.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a>) </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian National Service">Malaysian National Service</a> was suspended from January 2015 due to government budget cuts.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> It resumed in 2016, then was abolished in 2018. However, in 2023 the government announced its revival pending approval. </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (there is a compulsory two-year military service law, but the law has never been enforced in practice.) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (reintroduced in 2018)<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mozambique" title="Conscription in Mozambique">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Myanmar" title="Conscription in Myanmar">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes, enforced as of February 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apnews_com-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" />   <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Netherlands" title="Conscription in the Netherlands">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. Active conscription suspended in 1997 (except in <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in December 1972) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in 1990) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (selective compulsory military service for unmarried men and women) </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. However, under Nigeria's National Youths Service Corps Act, graduates from tertiary institutions are required to undertake national service for a year. The service begins with a 3-week military training. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in 2006)<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes by law, but in practice people are not forced to serve against their will.<a href="#cite_note-auto-78">[78]</a> Conscientious objectors have not been prosecuted since 2011; they are simply exempted from service.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in 1999) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Philippines" title="Conscription in the Philippines">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in 2016)<a href="#cite_note-NM-FWCC-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. Ended in 2008, but military registration is still required.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. Peacetime conscription abolished in 2004, but there remains a symbolic military obligation for all 18-year-olds, of both sexes: National Defense Day (Dia da Defesa Nacional).<a href="#cite_note-def-168">[168]</a> </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (stopped in January 2007)<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available) </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Serbia" title="Conscription in Serbia">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. Abolished on January 1, 2011 but will be reintroduced in November 2025.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;"><a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">Yes</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished on January 1, 2006)<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (conscription of men aged 18-40 and women aged 18-30 is authorized, but not currently used) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (ended in 1994)<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea" title="Conscription in South Korea">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available). The military service law was established in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished by law on 31 December 2001)<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes. <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudanese</a> law allows for conscription of women, but this is not implemented in practice.<a href="#cite_note-wri-irg_org-88">[88]</a> </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes. Abolished in 2010 but reintroduced in 2017 (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available)<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available)<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available).<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> According to the Defence Minister, from 2018 there will be no compulsory enrollment for military service;<a href="#cite_note-auto1-180">[180]</a> however, all men born after 1995 will be subject to four months of compulsory military training, increasing to one full year after 2024 (for men born after 2005).<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (selective conscription for 2 years of public service) </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes, but can be exempted if three years of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Student" title="Territorial Defense Student">Territorial Defense Student</a> training are completed. Students who start but do not complete a Ror Dor course in high school are still permitted to continue coursework for two more years at a university. Otherwise, they face training or must draw a conscription lottery "black card". The government intends to abolish these rules in 2027. <a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (authorized in 2020) </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Turkey" title="Conscription in Turkey">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (abolished in 2013, reinstated in 2014 due to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>)<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-184">[184]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative service">alternative service</a> available). Implemented in 2014, compulsory for all male citizens aged 18–30.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. Required from 1916 until 1920 and from 1939 until 31 December 1960 (except for the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Regiment">Bermuda Regiment</a>, abolished in 2018).<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">(see details)</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No. Ended in 1973, but registration is still required of all men aged 18–25.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> </td> <td>Male and female </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td style="background:#ddf;">Yes </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No (abolished in 2001) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td> <td style="background:#dff;">No </td> <td>N/A </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a>]</div> Every male citizen of the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Republic of Austria</a> from the age of 17 up to 50, specialists up to 65 years is liable to military service. However, besides mobilization, conscription calls to a six-month long basic military training in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Armed_Forces" title="Austrian Armed Forces">Bundesheer</a> can be done up to the age of 35. For men refusing to undergo this training, a nine-month lasting <a href="/wiki/Zivildienst_in_Austria" title="Zivildienst in Austria">community service</a> is mandatory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> abolished the conscription in 1994. The last conscripts left active service in February 1995. To this day (2019), a small minority of the Belgian citizens supports the idea of reintroducing military conscription, for both men and women. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> had conscription for males above 18 until it was ended in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Due to a shortfall in the army of some 5,500 soldiers,<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> parts of the former ruling coalition have expressed their support for the return of conscription, most notably <a href="/wiki/Krasimir_Karakachanov" title="Krasimir Karakachanov">Krasimir Karakachanov</a>. Opposition towards this idea from the main coalition partner, <a href="/wiki/GERB" title="GERB">GERB</a>, saw a compromise in 2018, where instead of conscription, Bulgaria could have possibly introduced a voluntary military service by 2019 where young citizens can volunteer for a period of 6 to 9 months, receiving a basic wage. However, this has not gone forward.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cambodia">edit</a>]</div> Since the signing of the Peace Accord in 1993, there has been no official conscription in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. Also the National Assembly has repeatedly rejected to reintroduce it due to popular resentment.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> However, in November 2006, it was reintroduced. Although mandatory for all males between the ages of 18 and 30 (with some sources stating up to age 35), less than 20% of those in the age group are recruited amidst a downsizing of the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">Conscription in Canada</a></div> Compulsory service in a sedentary militia was practiced in Canada as early as 1669. In peacetime, compulsory service was typically limited to attending an annual muster, although the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian militia">Canadian militia</a> was mobilized for longer periods during wartime. Compulsory service in the sedentary militia continued until the early 1880s when Canada's sedentary Reserve Militia system fell into disuse. The legislative provision that formally made every male inhabitant aged 16 to 60 member of the Reserve Militia was removed in 1904, replaced with provisions that made them theoretically "liable to serve in the militia".<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Conscription into a full-time military service had only been instituted twice by the government of Canada, during both world wars. Conscription into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a> was practiced in the last year of the First World War in 1918. During the Second World War, conscription for home defence was introduced in 1940 and for overseas service in 1944. Conscription has not been practiced in Canada since the end of the Second World War in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldier_Horse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Soldier_Horse.JPG/170px-Soldier_Horse.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Soldier_Horse.JPG/255px-Soldier_Horse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Soldier_Horse.JPG/340px-Soldier_Horse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">terracotta</a> soldier with his horse, China, 210–209 BC</figcaption></figure> Universal <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_China" title="Conscription in China">conscription in China</a> dates back to the State of <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a>, which eventually became the Qin Empire of 221 BC. Following unification, historical records show that a total of 300,000 conscript soldiers and 500,000 conscript labourers constructed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In the following dynasties, universal conscription was abolished and reintroduced on numerous occasions. As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-198">[198]</a> universal military conscription is theoretically mandatory in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and reinforced by law. However, due to the large population of China and large pool of candidates available for recruitment, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> has always had sufficient volunteers, so conscription has not been required in practice.<a href="#cite_note-china_wri-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kang2015-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-times_china-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cuba">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cuba" title="Conscription in Cuba">Conscription in Cuba</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Conscription in Cyprus">Conscription in Cyprus</a></div> Military service in Cyprus has a deep rooted history entangled with the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus problem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Military service in the <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cypriot National Guard</a> is mandatory for all male citizens of the Republic of Cyprus, as well as any male non-citizens born of a parent of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriot</a> descent, lasting from the 1 January of the year in which they turn 18 years of age to 31 December, of the year in which they turn 50.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> All male residents of Cyprus who are of military age (16 and over) are required to obtain an <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">exit visa</a> from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Defense_(Cyprus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Defense (Cyprus) (page does not exist)">Ministry of Defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Currently, military conscription in Cyprus lasts up to 14 months. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Denmark">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Denmark" title="Conscription in Denmark">Conscription in Denmark</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copenhagen_royal_guard_waiting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Copenhagen_royal_guard_waiting.jpg/170px-Copenhagen_royal_guard_waiting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Copenhagen_royal_guard_waiting.jpg/255px-Copenhagen_royal_guard_waiting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Copenhagen_royal_guard_waiting.jpg/340px-Copenhagen_royal_guard_waiting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1979" /></a><figcaption>Conscription duty as <a href="/wiki/Royal_Life_Guards_(Denmark)" title="Royal Life Guards (Denmark)">Royal Life Guards</a> in Copenhagen</figcaption></figure> Conscription is known in Denmark since the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>, where one man out of every 10 had to serve the king. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark" title="Frederick IV of Denmark">Frederick IV of Denmark</a> changed the law in 1710 to every 4th man. The men were chosen by the landowner and it was seen as a penalty. Since 12 February 1849, every physically fit man must do military service. According to §81 in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Denmark" title="Constitution of Denmark">Constitution of Denmark</a>, which was promulgated in 1849: <blockquote>Every male person able to carry arms shall be liable with his person to contribute to the defence of his country under such rules as are laid down by Statute. — Constitution of Denmark<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></blockquote>The legislation about compulsory military service is articulated in the Danish Law of Conscription.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> National service takes 4–12 months.<a href="#cite_note-:1-207">[207]</a> It is possible to postpone the duty when one is still in full-time education.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Every male turning 18 will be drafted to the 'Day of Defence', where they will be introduced to the Danish military and their health will be tested.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Physically unfit persons are not required to do military service.<a href="#cite_note-:1-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> It is only compulsory for men, while women are free to choose to join the Danish army.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Almost all of the men have been volunteers in recent years,<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> 96.9% of the total number of recruits having been volunteers in the 2015 draft.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> After lottery,<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> one can become a conscientious objector.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Total objection (refusal from alternative civilian service) results in up to 4 months jailtime according to the law.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> However, in 2014 a Danish man, who signed up for the service and objected later, got only 14 days of home arrest.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> In many countries the act of <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertion</a> (objection after signing up) is punished harder than objecting the compulsory service. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eritrea">Eritrea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Eritrea">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Eritrea" title="Conscription in Eritrea">Conscription in Eritrea</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Eritrea&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Eritrea" title="Conscription in Eritrea">Conscription in Eritrea</a> requires every able bodied man and woman to serve, ostensibly, for 18 months. In this time, they receive six months of <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Defence_Forces" title="Eritrean Defence Forces">military training</a> and the rest of their time is spent working on national reconstruction projects. This program allegedly aims to compensate for <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>'s lack of capital and to reduce dependence on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> This is outlined in both the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Eritrea" title="Constitution of Eritrea">Constitution of Eritrea</a>, as well as Proclamation 82 issued by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Eritrea)" title="National Assembly (Eritrea)">National Assembly</a> in October 1995.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> However, the period of enrollment may be extended during times of national crisis, and in practice, the typical period of national service is considerably longer than the minimum. Since the 1990s, conscription has been effectively open-ended; this draft policy has been likened to "slavery" and has earned international condemnation.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conscription_in_Eritrea_:0-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Estonia">edit</a>]</div> Estonia adopted a policy of ajateenistus (literally "time service") in late 1991, having inherited the concept from <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> legislature. According to §124 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">1992 constitution</a>, "Estonian citizens have a duty to participate in national defence on the bases and pursuant to a procedure provided by a law",<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> which in practice means that men aged 18–27 are subject to the draft.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> In the formative years, conscripts had to serve an 18-month term. An amendment passed in 1994 shortened this to 12 months. Further revisions in 2003 established an eleven-month term for draftees trained as NCOs and drivers, and an eight-month term for rank & file. Under the current system, the yearly draft is divided into three "waves" - separate batches of eleven-month conscripts start their service in January and July while those selected for an eight-month term are brought in on October.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> An estimated 3200 people go through conscript service every year. Conscripts serve in all branches of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Estonian Defence Forces">Estonian Defence Forces</a> except the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Air_Force" title="Estonian Air Force">air force</a> which only relies on paid professionals due to its highly technical nature and security concerns. Historically, draftees could also be assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Border_Guard" title="Estonian Border Guard">border guard</a> (before it switched to an all-volunteer model in 2000), <a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisekaitse_Operatiivr%C3%BCgement" class="extiw" title="et:Sisekaitse Operatiivrügement">a special rapid response unit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Police" title="Estonian Police">police force</a> (disbanded in 1997) or three militarized rescue companies within the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Rescue_Board" title="Estonian Rescue Board">Estonian Rescue Board</a> (disbanded in 2004). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Finland" title="Conscription in Finland">Conscription in Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suomalainen_sotilasvala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Suomalainen_sotilasvala.jpg/220px-Suomalainen_sotilasvala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Suomalainen_sotilasvala.jpg/330px-Suomalainen_sotilasvala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Suomalainen_sotilasvala.jpg/440px-Suomalainen_sotilasvala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Finnish conscripts swearing their <a href="/wiki/Military_oath" title="Military oath">military oath</a> at the end of their basic training period</figcaption></figure> Conscription in Finland is part of a general compulsion for <a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">national military service</a> for all adult males (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: maanpuolustusvelvollisuus; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: totalförsvarsplikt) defined in the 127§ of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution of Finland</a>. Conscription can take the form of military or of civilian service. According to 2021 data, 65%<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> of Finnish males entered and finished the military service. The number of female volunteers to annually enter armed service had stabilised at approximately 300.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The service period is 165, 255 or 347 days for the rank and file conscripts and 347 days for conscripts trained as <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">NCOs</a> or reserve officers. The length of civilian service is always twelve months. Those electing to serve unarmed in duties where unarmed service is possible serve either nine or twelve months, depending on their training.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Any Finnish male citizen who refuses to perform both military and civilian service faces a penalty of 173 days in prison, minus any served days. Such sentences are usually served fully in prison, with no <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Jehovah's Witnesses are no longer exempted from service as of 27 February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> The inhabitants of demilitarized <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> are exempt from military service. By the Conscription Act of 1951, they are, however, required to serve a time at a local institution, like the coast guard. However, until such service has been arranged, they are freed from service obligation. The non-military service of Åland has not been arranged since the introduction of the act, and there are no plans to institute it. The inhabitants of Åland can also volunteer for military service on the mainland. As of 1995, women <a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_military#Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in the military">are permitted</a> to serve on a voluntary basis and pursue careers in the military after their initial voluntary military service. The military service takes place in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Border_Guard" title="Finnish Border Guard">Finnish Border Guard</a>. All services of the Finnish Defence Forces train conscripts. However, the Border Guard trains conscripts only in land-based units, not in coast guard detachments or in the Border Guard Air Wing. Civilian service may take place in the Civilian Service Center in <a href="/wiki/Lapinj%C3%A4rvi_(municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapinjärvi (municipality)">Lapinjärvi</a> or in an accepted non-profit organization of educational, social or medical nature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Germany" title="Conscription in Germany">Conscription in Germany</a></div> Between 1956 and 2011 conscription was mandatory for all male citizens in the German <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">federal armed forces</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Bundeswehr), as well as for the <a href="/wiki/Bundesgrenzschutz" title="Bundesgrenzschutz">Federal Border Guard</a> (Bundesgrenzschutz) in the 1970s (see <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Border_Guard_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory Border Guard Service">Border Guard Service</a>). With the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">German government</a> drastically reduced the size of its armed forces. The low demand for conscripts led to the suspension of compulsory conscription in 2011. Since then, only volunteer professionals serve in the Bundeswehr. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2017)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Conscription in Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changing_of_the_Guard-Unknown_Soldier-Hellenic_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Changing_of_the_Guard-Unknown_Soldier-Hellenic_Army.jpg/220px-Changing_of_the_Guard-Unknown_Soldier-Hellenic_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Changing_of_the_Guard-Unknown_Soldier-Hellenic_Army.jpg/330px-Changing_of_the_Guard-Unknown_Soldier-Hellenic_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Changing_of_the_Guard-Unknown_Soldier-Hellenic_Army.jpg/440px-Changing_of_the_Guard-Unknown_Soldier-Hellenic_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> of the Presidential Guard in front of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Parliament">Greek Parliament</a> armed with M1 Garands</figcaption></figure> Since 1914 <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> has been enforcing mandatory <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> service, currently lasting 12 months (but historically up to 36 months) for all adult men. Citizens discharged from active service are normally placed in the reserve and are subject to periodic recalls of 1–10 days at irregular intervals.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Universal conscription was introduced in Greece during the military reforms of 1909, although various forms of selective conscription had been in place earlier. In more recent years, conscription was associated with the state of general mobilisation declared on 20 July 1974, due to the crisis in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (the mobilisation was formally ended on 18 December 2002). The duration of military service has historically ranged between 9 and 36 months depending on various factors either particular to the conscript or the political situation in the Eastern Mediterranean. Although women are employed by the Greek army as officers and soldiers, they are not obliged to enlist. Soldiers receive no health insurance, but they are provided with medical support during their army service, including hospitalization costs. <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> enforces conscription for all male citizens aged between 19 and 45. In August 2009, duration of the mandatory service was reduced from 12 months as it was before to 9 months for the army, but remained at 12 months for the navy and the air force. The number of conscripts allocated to the latter two has been greatly reduced aiming at full professionalization. Nevertheless, mandatory military service at the army was once again raised to 12 months in March 2021, unless served in units in Evros or the North Aegean islands where duration was kept at 9 months. Although full professionalization is under consideration, severe financial difficulties and mismanagement, including delays and reduced rates in the hiring of professional soldiers, as well as widespread abuse of the deferment process, has resulted in the postponement of such a plan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_in_Kermanshah,_Iran-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Soldiers_in_Kermanshah%2C_Iran-12.jpg/220px-Soldiers_in_Kermanshah%2C_Iran-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Soldiers_in_Kermanshah%2C_Iran-12.jpg/330px-Soldiers_in_Kermanshah%2C_Iran-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Soldiers_in_Kermanshah%2C_Iran-12.jpg/440px-Soldiers_in_Kermanshah%2C_Iran-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Assembling and disassembling gun parts by Iranian soldiers with closed eyes.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, all men who reach the age of 18 must do about two years of compulsory military service in the <a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Command_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Law Enforcement Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran">IR police department</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Iranian army</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-234">[234]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">1979 revolution</a>, women could serve in the military.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> However, after the establishment of the Islamic Republic, some Ayatollahs considered women's military service to be disrespectful to women by the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi government</a> and banned women's military service in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Therefore, Iranian women and girls were completely exempted from military service, which caused Iranian men and boys to oppose.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> In Iran, men who refuse to go to military service are deprived of their citizenship rights, such as employment, <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> continuing their education at university,<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> finding a job, going abroad, opening a bank account,<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> etc.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Iranian men have so far opposed mandatory military service and demanded that military service in Iran become a job like in other countries, but the Islamic Republic is opposed to this demand.<a href="#cite_note-:6-234">[234]</a> Some Iranian military commanders consider the elimination of conscription or improving the condition of soldiers as a security issue and one of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>'s powers as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces,<a href="#cite_note-:6-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> so they treat it with caution.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> In Iran, usually wealthy people are exempted from conscription.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Some other men can be exempted from conscription due to their fathers serving in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran-Iraq war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">Conscription in Israel</a></div> There is a mandatory military service for all men and women in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> who are fit and 18 years old. Men must serve 32 months while women serve 24 months, with the vast majority of conscripts being Jewish. Some Israeli citizens are exempt from mandatory service: <ul><li>Non-Jewish Arab citizens</li> <li>Permanent residents (non-civilian) such as the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> of the Golan Heights</li> <li>Male Ultra-Orthodox Jews can apply for deferment to study in <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a> and the deferment tends to become an exemption, although some do opt to serve in the military</li> <li>Female religious Jews, as long as they declare they are unable to serve due to religious grounds. Most of whom opt for the alternative of volunteering in the national service <a href="/wiki/Sherut_Leumi" title="Sherut Leumi">Sherut Leumi</a></li></ul> All of the exempt above are eligible to volunteer to the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), as long as they declare so. Male <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> and male <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> Israeli citizens are liable for conscription, in accordance with agreement set by their community leaders (their community leaders however signed a clause in which all female Druze and female Circassian are exempt from service). A few male <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> Israeli citizens choose to enlist to the Israeli military in every draft (despite their Muslim-Arab background that exempt them from conscription). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Lithuania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Lithuania">Conscription in Lithuania</a></div> Lithuania abolished its conscription in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In May 2015, the Lithuanian parliament voted to reintroduce conscription and the conscripts started their training in August 2015.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> From 2015 to 2017 there were enough volunteers to avoid drafting civilians.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Luxembourg">edit</a>]</div> Luxembourg practiced military conscription from 1948 until 1967. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldova">Moldova</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Moldova">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> has a 12-month conscription for all males between 18 and 27 years. However, a citizen who completed a military training course at a <a href="/wiki/Military_departments_of_civilian_universities_(Soviet_Union_and_post-Soviet_area)#Moldova" title="Military departments of civilian universities (Soviet Union and post-Soviet area)">military department</a> is exempted from conscription.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Conscription" title="Special:EditPage/Conscription">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (May 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Netherlands" title="Conscription in the Netherlands">Conscription in the Netherlands</a></div> Conscription, which was called "Service Duty" (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: dienstplicht) in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, was first employed in 1810 by French occupying forces. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s brother <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Holland">King of Holland</a> from 1806 to 1810, had tried to introduce conscription a few years earlier, unsuccessfully. Every man aged 20 years or older had to enlist. By means of drawing lots it was decided who had to undertake service in the French army. It was possible to arrange a substitute against payment. Later on, conscription was used for all men over the age of 18. Postponement was possible, due to study, for example. Conscientious objectors could perform an alternative civilian service instead of military service. For various reasons, this forced military service was criticized at the end of the twentieth century. Since the Cold War was over, so was the direct threat of a war. Instead, the Dutch army was employed in more and more peacekeeping operations. The complexity and danger of these missions made the use of conscripts controversial. Furthermore, the conscription system was thought to be unfair as only men were drafted. In the European part of Netherlands, compulsory attendance has been officially suspended since 1 May 1997.<a href="#cite_note-DutchSuspended-252">[252]</a> Between 1991 and 1996, the Dutch armed forces phased out their conscript personnel and converted to an all-professional force. The last conscript troops were inducted in 1995, and demobilized in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-DutchSuspended-252">[252]</a> The suspension means that citizens are no longer forced to serve in the armed forces, as long as it is not required for the safety of the country. Since then, the Dutch army has become an all-professional force. However, to this day, every male and – from January 2020 onward – female<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> citizen aged 17 gets a letter in which they are told that they have been registered but do not have to present themselves for service.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Norway">Conscription in Norway</a></div> Conscription was constitutionally established the 12 April 1907 with Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov § 119..<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> As of March 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> currently employs a weak form of mandatory military service for men and women. In practice recruits are not forced to serve, instead only those who are motivated are selected.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> About 60,000 Norwegians are available for conscription every year, but only 8,000 to 10,000 are conscripted.<a href="#cite_note-Norwegian_Armed_Forces_-_Conscription_Statistics-257">[257]</a> Since 1985, women have been able to enlist for voluntary service as regular recruits. On 14 June 2013 the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Norwegian Parliament</a> voted to extend conscription to women, resulting in universal conscription in effect from 2015.<a href="#cite_note-:4-76">[76]</a> This made Norway the first <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member and first European country to make national service compulsory for both sexes.<a href="#cite_note-NorwayConscription-258">[258]</a> In earlier times, up until at least the early 2000s, all men aged 19–44 were subject to mandatory service, with good reasons required to avoid becoming drafted. There is a right of <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objection">conscientious objection</a>. As of 2020 Norway did not reach gender <a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">equity</a> in conscription with only 33% of all conscripted being women.<a href="#cite_note-q701-259">[259]</a> In addition to the military service, the Norwegian government draft a total of 8,000<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> men and women between 18 and 55 to non-military <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defence</a> duty.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> (Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Alternative_civilian_service" title="Alternative civilian service">Alternative civilian service</a>.) Former service in the military does not exclude anyone from later being drafted to the Civil defence, but an upper limit of total 19 months of service applies.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Neglecting mobilisation orders to training exercises and actual incidents, may impose fines.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription in Russia</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a> draw personnel from various sources. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">conscripts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">2022 Russian mobilization</a> on account of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> revealed <a href="/wiki/Russian_irregular_units_in_Ukraine" title="Russian irregular units in Ukraine">Russian irregular units in Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_penal_military_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian penal military units">Russian penal military units</a> as sources of manpower. This adds to the <a href="/wiki/BARS_(Russia)" title="BARS (Russia)">BARS (Russia)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Russia" title="National Guard of Russia">National Guard of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_volunteer_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian volunteer battalions">Russian volunteer battalions</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Serbia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Serbia" title="Conscription in Serbia">Conscription in Serbia</a></div> As of 1 January 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> no longer practises mandatory military service. Prior to this, mandatory military service lasted 6 months for men. <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objectors</a> could however opt for 9 months of <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> instead. On 15 December 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Serbia">Parliament of Serbia</a> voted to suspend mandatory military service. The decision fully came into force on 1 January 2011.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">National service in Singapore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Africa" title="Conscription in South Africa">Conscription in South Africa</a></div> There was mandatory military conscription for all white men in South Africa from 1968 until the end of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-saho-265">[265]</a> Under South African defense law, young white men had to undergo two years' continuous military training after they leave school, after which they had to serve 720 days in occasional military duty over the next 12 years.<a href="#cite_note-nytsa-266">[266]</a> The <a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">End Conscription Campaign</a> began in 1983 in opposition to the requirement. In the same year the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> government announced plans to extend conscription to white immigrants in the country.<a href="#cite_note-nytsa-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea" title="Conscription in South Korea">Conscription in South Korea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sweden" title="Conscription in Sweden">Conscription in Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_Soldiers_Aiming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Swedish_Soldiers_Aiming.jpg/220px-Swedish_Soldiers_Aiming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Swedish_Soldiers_Aiming.jpg/330px-Swedish_Soldiers_Aiming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Swedish_Soldiers_Aiming.jpg/440px-Swedish_Soldiers_Aiming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>Swedish conscripts in 2008</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> had conscription (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: värnplikt) for men between 1901 and 2010. During the last few decades it was selective.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Since 1980, women have been allowed to sign up by choice, and, if passing the tests, do military training together with male conscripts. Since 1989 women have been allowed to serve in all military positions and units, including combat.<a href="#cite_note-:5-79">[79]</a> In 2010, conscription was made gender-neutral, meaning both women and men would be conscripted on equal terms. The conscription system was simultaneously deactivated in peacetime.<a href="#cite_note-:5-79">[79]</a> Seven years later, referencing increased military threat, the Swedish Government reactivated military conscription. Beginning in 2018, both men and women are conscripted.<a href="#cite_note-:5-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Conscription in Taiwan</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, officially the Republic of China (ROC), maintains an active conscription system. All qualified male citizens of military age are now obligated to receive 4-month of military training. In December 2022, President <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> led the government to announce the reinstatement of the mandatory 1-year active duty military service from January 2024.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">Conscription in the United Kingdom</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> introduced conscription to full-time military service for the first time in January 1916 (the eighteenth month of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>) and abolished it in 1920. <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, then part of the United Kingdom, was exempted from the original 1916 military service legislation, and although further legislation in 1918 gave power for an extension of conscription to Ireland, the power was never put into effect. Conscription was reintroduced in 1939, in the lead up to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and continued in force until 1963. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> was exempted from conscription legislation throughout the whole period. In all, eight million men were conscripted during both World Wars, as well as several hundred thousand younger single women.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> The introduction of conscription in May 1939, before the war began, was partly due to pressure from the French, who emphasized the need for a large British army to oppose the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> From early 1942 unmarried women age 20–30 were conscripted (unmarried women who had dependent children aged 14 or younger, including those who had illegitimate children or were widows with children were excluded). Most women who were conscripted were sent to the factories, but they could volunteer for the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service" title="Auxiliary Territorial Service">Auxiliary Territorial Service</a> (ATS) and other women's services. Some women served in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Land_Army" title="Women's Land Army">Women's Land Army</a>: initially volunteers but later conscription was introduced. However, women who were already working in a skilled job considered helpful to the war effort, such as a <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a> telephonist, were told to continue working as before. None was assigned to combat roles unless she volunteered. By 1943 women were liable to some form of directed labour up to age 51. During the Second World War, 1.4 million British men volunteered for service and 3.2 million were conscripted. Conscripts comprised 50% of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, 60% of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and 80% of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> The abolition of conscription in Britain was announced on 4 April 1957, by new prime minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, with the last conscripts being recruited three years later.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">Conscription in the United States</a></div> Conscription in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> ended in 1973, but males aged between 18 and 25 are required to register with the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service System</a> to enable a reintroduction of conscription if necessary. <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> had suspended mandatory draft registration in 1975, but President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> reinstated that requirement when the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan</a> five years later. Consequently, Selective Service registration is still required of almost all young men.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> There have been no prosecutions for violations of the draft registration law since 1986.<a href="#cite_note-National_Resistance_Committee-274">[274]</a> Males between the ages of 17 and 45, and female members of the <a href="/wiki/US_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Guard">US National Guard</a> may be conscripted for federal militia service pursuant to 10 U.S. Code § 246 and the <a href="/wiki/Militia_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia Clause">Militia Clauses</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> In February 2019, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas ruled that male-only conscription registration breached the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause. In <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Men_v._Selective_Service_System" title="National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System">National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System</a>, a case brought by a non-profit men's rights organization the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Men" title="National Coalition for Men">National Coalition for Men</a> against the U.S. Selective Service System, judge <a href="/wiki/Gray_H._Miller" title="Gray H. Miller">Gray H. Miller</a> issued a declaratory judgment that the male-only registration requirement is unconstitutional, though did not specify what action the government should take.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> That ruling was reversed by the Fifth Circuit. In June 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the decision by the Court of Appeals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Australia" title="Conscription in Australia">Conscription in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Conscription in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_France" title="Conscription in France">Conscription in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Gibraltar">Conscription in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Malaysia">Conscription in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mexico" title="Conscription in Mexico">Conscription in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Myanmar" title="Conscription in Myanmar">Conscription in Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in New Zealand">Conscription in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_North_Korea" title="Conscription in North Korea">Conscription in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Singapore">Conscription in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea" title="Conscription in South Korea">Conscription in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Turkey" title="Conscription in Turkey">Conscription in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ukraine" title="Conscription in Ukraine">Conscription in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Conscription in the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Conscription in the Russian Empire">Conscription in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Vietnam" title="Conscription in Vietnam">Conscription in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Georgia" title="Conscription in Georgia">Conscription in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mozambique" title="Conscription in Mozambique">Conscription in Mozambique</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Public_Service" title="Civilian Public Service">Civilian Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_conscription" title="Economic conscription">Economic conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home front during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_expendability" title="Male expendability">Male expendability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Military recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pospolite_ruszenie" title="Pospolite ruszenie">Pospolite ruszenie</a>, mass mobilization in Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_System_(Royal_Navy)" title="Quota System (Royal Navy)">Quota System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_participation_in_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of women's participation in warfare">Timeline of women's participation in warfare</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mw-1"><a href="#cite_ref-mw_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780404565459" title="Special:BookSources/9780404565459"><bdi>9780404565459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laws+of+the+Earliest+English+Kings&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=9780404565459&rft.aulast=Attenborough&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flawsofearliesten00grea%23page%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Sturdy, David Alfred the Great Constable (1995), p. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay2001" class="citation book cs1">Gay, Suzanne (2001). The Moneylenders of Late Medieval Kyoto. University of Hawaii Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824864880" title="Special:BookSources/9780824864880"><bdi>9780824864880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moneylenders+of+Late+Medieval+Kyoto&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780824864880&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Bernard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010401012040/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html">"Race and Slavery in the Middle East"</a>. Chapter readings for class at Fordham University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html">the original</a> on 2001-04-01. Retrieved 2008-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Race+and+Slavery+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Chapter+readings+for+class+at+Fordham+University&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmed%2Flewis1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInalcik1979" class="citation book cs1">Inalcik, Halil (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504102244/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html">"Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire"</a>. In A. Ascher, B. K. Kiraly; T. Halasi-Kun (eds.). The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern. Brooklyn College. sec. 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Sunnah Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/seerah/0075_popup11.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2008-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunnah+Online&rft.atitle=The+Mamluk+%28Slave%29+Dynasty+%28Timeline%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunnahonline.com%2Film%2Fseerah%2F0075_popup11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation web cs1">Lewis (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010401012040/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html">"Race and Slavery in the Middle East"</a>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html">the original</a> on 2001-04-01. Retrieved 2008-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Race+and+Slavery+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmed%2Flewis1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164817/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561714/Conscription.html">"Conscription"</a>. Encarta. Microsoft. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561714/conscription.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conscription&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761561714%2Fconscription.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Dierk Walter. Preussische Heeresreformen 1807–1870: Militärische Innovation und der Mythos der "Roonschen Reform". 2003, in Citino, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072619/http://www.roots-saknes.lv/Army/military_service_.htm">"Military service in Russia Empire"</a>. roots-saknes.lv. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roots-saknes.lv/Army/military_service_.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+service+in+Russia+Empire&rft.pub=roots-saknes.lv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roots-saknes.lv%2FArmy%2Fmilitary_service_.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603141235/http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/tcimo/tulp/Research/ARMING.htm">"Conscription and Resistance: The Historical Context archived from the original"</a>. 2008-06-03. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/tcimo/tulp/Research/ARMING.htm">the original</a> on 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2008-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conscription+and+Resistance%3A+The+Historical+Context+archived+from+the+original&rft.date=2008-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.leidenuniv.nl%2Ftcimo%2Ftulp%2FResearch%2FARMING.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlavin2001" class="citation book cs1">Slavin, David Henry (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LdRkEwagRlgC&pg=PA140">Colonial Cinema and Imperial France, 1919–1939: White Blind Spots, Male Fantasies, Settler Myths</a>. JHU Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6616-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6616-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-6616-6</bdi></a>. <q>Conscripts guarded the home front, while European professionals were sent overseas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Cinema+and+Imperial+France%2C+1919%E2%80%931939%3A+White+Blind+Spots%2C+Male+Fantasies%2C+Settler+Myths&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6616-6&rft.aulast=Slavin&rft.aufirst=David+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLdRkEwagRlgC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/163.html">"Records of the Selective Service System (World War I)"</a>. 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Selective+Service+System+%28World+War+I%29&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F163.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988">; see also <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">Selective Service Act of 1917</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selective_Training_and_Service_Act_of_1940" title="Selective Training and Service Act of 1940">Selective Training and Service Act of 1940</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/volkssturm/index.html">"The German Volkssturm from Intelligence Bulletin"</a>. LoneSentry.com. February 1945.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LoneSentry.com&rft.atitle=The+German+Volkssturm+from+Intelligence+Bulletin&rft.date=1945-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonesentry.com%2Farticles%2Fvolkssturm%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518040804/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/military-international/">"CBC News Indepth: International military"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/military-international/">the original</a> on 18 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=CBC+News+Indepth%3A+International+military&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbackground%2Fmilitary-international%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКривошеев" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Кривошеев, ГФ [Krivosheev, GF], Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study] (in Russian)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85+XX+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB.+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%93%D0%A4+%5BKrivosheev%2C+GF%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessner1997" class="citation book cs1">Messner, Michael A. (20 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nG8MGcopgWQC&pg=PA41">Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 41–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-5577-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-5577-6"><bdi>978-0-8039-5577-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Masculinities%3A+Men+in+Movements&rft.pages=41-48&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1997-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-5577-6&rft.aulast=Messner&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnG8MGcopgWQC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoydLongwood1996-30"><a href="#cite_ref-BoydLongwood1996_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Blake_BoydW._Merle_LongwoodMark_William_Muesse1996" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Blake Boyd; W. Merle Longwood; Mark William Muesse, eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSrhNzWb6sIC&pg=PR17">Redeeming men: religion and masculinities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster John Knox">Westminster John Knox</a> Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25544-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25544-2"><bdi>978-0-664-25544-2</bdi></a>. <q>In contradistinction to profeminism, however, the men's rights perspective addresses specific legal and cultural factors that put men at a disadvantage. The movement is made up of a variety of formal and informal groups that differ in their approaches and issues; Men's rights advocates, for example, target sex-specific military conscription and judicial practices that discriminate against men in child custody cases.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+men%3A+religion+and+masculinities&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25544-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSrhNzWb6sIC%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1981" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen, Lynn (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.revealdigital.com/cgi-bin/independentvoices?a=d&d=BGJGDDE19761001.1.59&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------------1">"Making the Draft a Women's Issue"</a>. Women: A Journal of Liberation. 8 (1). Retrieved 28 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%3A+A+Journal+of+Liberation&rft.atitle=Making+the+Draft+a+Women%27s+Issue&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.revealdigital.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Findependentvoices%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DBGJGDDE19761001.1.59%26e%3D-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey1982" class="citation book cs1">Lindsey, Karen (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reweavingwebofli00mcal">"Women and the Draft"</a>. In McAllister, Pam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reweavingwebofli00mcal">Reweaving the Web of Life: Feminism and Nonviolence</a>. New Society Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865710163" title="Special:BookSources/0865710163"><bdi>0865710163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+Draft&rft.btitle=Reweaving+the+Web+of+Life%3A+Feminism+and+Nonviolence&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0865710163&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freweavingwebofli00mcal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevertov1982" class="citation book cs1">Levertov, Denise (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndbooks.com/book/candles-in-babylon/">"A Speech: For Antidraft Rally, D.C. March 22, 1980"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/candlesinbabylon00leve">Candles in Babylon</a>. New Directions Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811208314" title="Special:BookSources/9780811208314"><bdi>9780811208314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Speech%3A+For+Antidraft+Rally%2C+D.C.+March+22%2C+1980&rft.btitle=Candles+in+Babylon&rft.pub=New+Directions+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780811208314&rft.aulast=Levertov&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndbooks.com%2Fbook%2Fcandles-in-babylon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlatsky2013" class="citation web cs1">Berlatsky, Noah (May 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/05/when-men-experience-sexism/276355/">"When Men Experience Sexism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105151244/http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/05/when-men-experience-sexism/276355/">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=When+Men+Experience+Sexism&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.aulast=Berlatsky&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fsexes%2Farchive%2F2013%2F05%2Fwhen-men-experience-sexism%2F276355%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenatar2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">Benatar, David</a> (May 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdIrkGLHLPsC">The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67451-2"><bdi>978-0-470-67451-2</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 15 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thestar.com.my&rft.atitle=Budget+Revision%3A+National+Service+2015+suspended+%E2%80%93+Nation+%E2%80%93+The+Star+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2FNews%2FNation%2F2015%2F01%2F20%2FBudget-Revision-National-Service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legis.md/cautare/getResults?doc_id=137299&lang=ro#">"LP1245/2002"</a>. www.legis.md. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geographical.co.uk/people/cultures/item/2949-military-conscription">the original</a> on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reintroduction+of+military+conscription+in+Morocco&rft.date=2018-10-26&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeographical.co.uk%2Fpeople%2Fcultures%2Fitem%2F2949-military-conscription&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/por/Cidadao/Servicos/Defesa-e-Seguranca/Recenseamento-e-Incorporacao-Militar">"Military census and incorporation"</a>. Mozambique government official website. Retrieved 2022-01-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+census+and+incorporation&rft.pub=Mozambique+government+official+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portaldogoverno.gov.mz%2Fpor%2FCidadao%2FServicos%2FDefesa-e-Seguranca%2FRecenseamento-e-Incorporacao-Militar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apnews_com-156"><a href="#cite_ref-apnews_com_156-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/myanmar-military-army-draft-resistance-conflict-conscription-45138c3c465609ff4b4fb39c696252d7">Facing setbacks against resistance forces, Myanmar’s military government activates conscription law</a>. <a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a>. February 10, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240210233754/https://apnews.com/article/myanmar-military-army-draft-resistance-conflict-conscription-45138c3c465609ff4b4fb39c696252d7">Archived</a> February 10, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-68261709">"Myanmar's military government enforces conscription law"</a>. 2024-02-10. Retrieved 2024-02-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Myanmar%27s+military+government+enforces+conscription+law&rft.date=2024-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-68261709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Conscription still exists, but compulsory attendance was held in abeyance in 1 January 1997 (effective from 22 August 1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(unknown)1999" class="citation web cs1">(unknown) (October 12, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823213741/http://www.statengeneraaldigitaal.nl/thema_dienstplicht.html">"Afschaffing dienstplicht"</a>. Tweede Kamer (Dutch House of Representatives) and the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (Royal Dutch Library). 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Based on the Country Studies Series by Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Retrieved 2007-08-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea%2C+Military+Conscription+and+Terms+of+Service&rft.pub=Based+on+the+Country+Studies+Series+by+Federal+Research+Division+of+the+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-9627.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wri-irg.org/node/916">"Macedonia: Conscription abolished"</a>. 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War Resisters' International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+Resisters%27+International&rft.atitle=Norway%3A+end+of+substitute+service+for+conscientious+objectors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wri-irg.org%2Fnode%2F13541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NM-FWCC-162"><a href="#cite_ref-NM-FWCC_162-0">^</a> Nationmaster : Conscription, citing <a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a> (FWCC)<a href="#cite_note-NM-conscription-109">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322125136/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2024.html">"The World Factbook: Military Service Age and Obligation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2024.html">the original</a> on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016. <q>17–23 years of age (officers 20–24) for voluntary military service; no conscription; applicants must be single male or female Philippine citizens with either 72 college credit hours (enlisted) or a baccalaureate degree (officers) (2013)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+Military+Service+Age+and+Obligation&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2024.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1987philconst-164"><a href="#cite_ref-1987philconst_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/philsupremelaw2.html">"1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines"</a>. Chan Robles Law Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1987+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Chan+Robles+Law+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chanrobles.com%2Fphilsupremelaw2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Section 4 Article II of the Philippine constitution reads, "The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service." Section 4 Article XVI of the Philippine constitution reads, "The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed force which shall undergo military training and serve as may be provided by law. It shall keep a regular force necessary for the security of the State."<a href="#cite_note-1987philconst-164">[164]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinárik2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Minárik, Pavol (29 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/zahranicni-polska-armada-svolava-k-odvodovym-komisim-ctvrt-milionu-muzu-a-zen-40458869#dop_ab_variant=0&dop_source_zone_name=novinky.sznhp.box&dop_req_id=iKjSYz24soS-202401291412&dop_id=40458869&source=hp&seq_no=1">"Polská armáda svolává k odvodovým komisím čtvrt milionu mužů a žen - Novinky"</a>. www.novinky.cz (in Czech). 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Retrieved 2009-02-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Poland+ends+army+conscription&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fpoland%2F2505447%2FPoland-ends-army-conscription.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-def-168"><a href="#cite_ref-def_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstituto_Português_da_Juventude" class="citation web cs1">Instituto Português da Juventude. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020161928/http://juventude.gov.pt/Eventos/Cidadania/Paginas/DiaDefesaNacional-epoca2011-2012.aspx">"Portal da Juventude – Dia da Defesa Nacional – Época 2011–2012"</a>. juventude.gov.pt. 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Retrieved 2023-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%3A+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86+%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF&rft.date=2020-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khabaronline.ir%2Fnews%2F1424771%2F%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtebyan.net2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">tebyan.net (2010-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://article.tebyan.net/132040">"اگر سربازی نروید ..."</a> fa (in Persian). Retrieved 2023-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fa&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C+%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF+...&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.au=tebyan.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticle.tebyan.net%2F132040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1399/11/07/2440153/%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA-%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF">"مشمولان غایب سربازی از دریافت چه خدماتی محروم می‌شوند؟- اخبار پلیس - اخبار اجتماعی تسنیم | Tasnim"</a>. خبرگزاری تسنیم | Tasnim (in Persian). Retrieved 2023-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85+%7C+Tasnim&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%BA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA+%DA%86%D9%87+%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85+%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%9F-+%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3+-+%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C+%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85+%7C+Tasnim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tasnimnews.com%2Ffa%2Fnews%2F1399%2F11%2F07%2F2440153%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA-%25DA%2586%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585-%25D9%2585%25DB%258C-%25D8%25B4%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311075553/http://vazifeh.police.ir/index.jsp?siteid=25&fkeyid=&siteid=25&pageid=5132">"سازمان سربازی ناجا - فرمايشات رهبری"</a>. 2018-03-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vazifeh.police.ir/index.jsp?siteid=25&fkeyid=&siteid=25&pageid=5132">the original</a> on 2018-03-11. Retrieved 2023-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7+-+%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C&rft.date=2018-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvazifeh.police.ir%2Findex.jsp%3Fsiteid%3D25%26fkeyid%3D%26siteid%3D25%26pageid%3D5132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/persian/61012214">"یک قرن با پوتین و کلاه سربازی، از 'قبله عالم' تا 'ولی امر'"</a>. BBC News فارسی (in Persian). 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Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Taiwan+to+extend+conscription+to+one+year%2C+citing+rising+China+threat&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Yimou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Ftaiwan-extend-compulsory-military-service-official-media-2022-12-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Roger Broad, Conscription in Britain 1939–1964: The Militarization of a Generation (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Daniel Hucker, "Franco-British Relations and the Question of Conscription in Britain, 1938–1939", Contemporary European History, November 2008, Vol. 17 Issue 4, pp 437–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Jeremy A. Crang, "'Come into the Army, Maud': Women, Military Conscription, and the Markham Inquiry", Defence Studies, November 2008, Vol. 8 Issue 3, pp. 381,–95; statistics from pp. 392–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1950-75/1957.html">"Those were the days"</a>. expressandstar.com. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=expressandstar.com&rft.atitle=Those+were+the+days&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressandstar.com%2Fdays%2F1950-75%2F1957.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2007" class="citation web cs1">Gill, Linda (March 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-military-draft-3368269">"Military Conscription, Recruiting and the Draft"</a>. ThoughtsCo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+Conscription%2C+Recruiting+and+the+Draft&rft.pub=ThoughtsCo&rft.date=2007-03-31&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fthe-military-draft-3368269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Resistance_Committee-274"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Resistance_Committee_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasbrouck" class="citation web cs1">Hasbrouck, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hasbrouck.org/draft/prosecutions.html">"Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters"</a>. Resisters.info. National Resistance Committee. Retrieved 28 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resisters.info&rft.atitle=Prosecutions+of+Draft+Registration+Resisters&rft.aulast=Hasbrouck&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhasbrouck.org%2Fdraft%2Fprosecutions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/246">"10 U.S. Code § 246 – Militia: composition and classes"</a>. LII / Legal Information Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=10+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+246+%E2%80%93+Militia%3A+composition+and+classes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F10%2F246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorte2019" class="citation web cs1">Korte, Gregory (Feb 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/02/24/military-draft-judge-rules-male-only-registration-unconstitutional/2968872002">"With women in combat roles, a federal court rules the male-only draft unconstitutional"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved February 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=With+women+in+combat+roles%2C+a+federal+court+rules+the+male-only+draft+unconstitutional&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft.aulast=Korte&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2019%2F02%2F24%2Fmilitary-draft-judge-rules-male-only-registration-unconstitutional%2F2968872002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Burk, James (April 1989). "Debating the Draft in America", <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces and Society">Armed Forces and Society</a> p. vol. 15: pp. 431–48.</li> <li>Challener, Richard D. The French theory of the nation in arms, 1866–1939 (1955)</li> <li>Chambers, John Whiteclay. To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America (1987)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Fitzpatrick" title="Edward Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Edward</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDBrQgAACAAJ&q=Conscription+and+America:+A+Study+of+Conscription+in+a+Democracy">Conscription and America: A Study of Conscription in a Democracy</a>. Richard Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000GY5QW2">B000GY5QW2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conscription+and+America%3A+A+Study+of+Conscription+in+a+Democracy&rft.pub=Richard+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000GY5QW2%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvDBrQgAACAAJ%26q%3DConscription%2Band%2BAmerica%3A%2BA%2BStudy%2Bof%2BConscription%2Bin%2Ba%2BDemocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Flynn, George Q. (1998 33(1): 5–20). "Conscription and Equity in Western Democracies, 1940–75", Journal of Contemporary History <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/260994">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlynn2001" class="citation book cs1">Flynn, George Q. (2001). Conscription and Democracy: The Draft in France, Great Britain, and the United States. Greenwood. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31912-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31912-X"><bdi>0-313-31912-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conscription+and+Democracy%3A+The+Draft+in+France%2C+Great+Britain%2C+and+the+United+States&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-313-31912-X&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=George+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKestnbaum2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kestnbaum, Meyer (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/27/1/7">"Citizenship and Compulsory Military Service: The Revolutionary Origins of Conscription in the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_%26_Society" title="Armed Forces & Society">Armed Forces & Society</a>. 27: 7–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X0002700103">10.1177/0095327X0002700103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144169554">144169554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Citizenship+and+Compulsory+Military+Service%3A+The+Revolutionary+Origins+of+Conscription+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=7-36&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X0002700103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144169554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kestnbaum&rft.aufirst=Meyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafs.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F27%2F1%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi1997" class="citation book cs1">Levi, Margaret (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4l7Zs-mtA8C">Consent, Dissent and Patriotism</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59961-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59961-0"><bdi>978-0-521-59961-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consent%2C+Dissent+and+Patriotism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59961-0&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4l7Zs-mtA8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"> Looks at citizens' responses to military conscription in several democracies since the French Revolution.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinch2012" class="citation book cs1">Linch, Kevin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011121234">Conscription</a>. Mainz: Institute of European History (IEG).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conscription&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pub=Institute+of+European+History+%28IEG%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Linch&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3A0159-2011121234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Krueger, Christine, and Sonja Levsen, eds. War Volunteering in Modern Times: From the French Revolution to the Second World War (Palgrave Macmillan 2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeander2004" class="citation journal cs1">Leander, Anna (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601072148/http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/4/571">"Drafting Community: Understanding the Fate of Conscription"</a>. Armed Forces & Society. 30 (4): 571–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X0403000404">10.1177/0095327X0403000404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145254127">145254127</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/4/571">the original</a> on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Drafting+Community%3A+Understanding+the+Fate+of+Conscription&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=571-99&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X0403000404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145254127%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leander&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafs.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F30%2F4%2F571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Littlewood, David. "Conscription in Britain, New Zealand, Australia and Canada during the Second World War", History Compass 18#4 (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12611">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLean2008" class="citation journal cs1">MacLean, Alair (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937255">"The Privileges of Rank: The Peacetime Draft and Later-life Attainment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_%26_Society" title="Armed Forces & Society">Armed Forces & Society</a>. 34 (4): 682–713. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X07310336">10.1177/0095327X07310336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937255">2937255</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20842210">20842210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+Privileges+of+Rank%3A+The+Peacetime+Draft+and+Later-life+Attainment&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=682-713&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2937255%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20842210&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X07310336&rft.aulast=MacLean&rft.aufirst=Alair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2937255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMjoset,_LarsVan_Holde,_Stephen2002" class="citation book cs1">Mjoset, Lars; Van Holde, Stephen, eds. (2002). The Comparative Study of Conscription in the Armed Forces. Amsterdam: JAI Press/Elsevier Science Ltd. p. 424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comparative+Study+of+Conscription+in+the+Armed+Forces&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=JAI+Press%2FElsevier+Science+Ltd.&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNau2013" class="citation book cs1">Nau, Terry L. (2013). "Chapter 1: Draft Bait". Reluctant Soldier... Proud Veteran: How a cynical Vietnam vet learned to take pride in his service to the USA. Leipzig: Amazon Distribution GmbH. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482761498" title="Special:BookSources/9781482761498"><bdi>9781482761498</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/870660174">870660174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Draft+Bait&rft.btitle=Reluctant+Soldier...+Proud+Veteran%3A+How+a+cynical+Vietnam+vet+learned+to+take+pride+in+his+service+to+the+USA&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=1-12&rft.pub=Amazon+Distribution+GmbH&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F870660174&rft.isbn=9781482761498&rft.aulast=Nau&rft.aufirst=Terry+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfaffenzeller2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pfaffenzeller, Stephan (2010). "Conscription and Democracy: The Mythology of Civil-Military Relations". <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_%26_Society" title="Armed Forces & Society">Armed Forces & Society</a>. 36 (3): 481–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X09351226">10.1177/0095327X09351226</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145286033">145286033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Conscription+and+Democracy%3A+The+Mythology+of+Civil-Military+Relations&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=481-504&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X09351226&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145286033%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pfaffenzeller&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensen2000" class="citation book cs1">Sorensen, Henning (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/26/2/313">Conscription in Scandinavia During the Last Quarter Century: Developments and Arguments</a>. Vol. 26. <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_%26_Society" title="Armed Forces & Society">Armed Forces & Society</a>. pp. 313–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conscription+in+Scandinavia+During+the+Last+Quarter+Century%3A+Developments+and+Arguments&rft.pages=313-34&rft.pub=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=Henning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafs.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F26%2F2%2F313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2001" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Michael D. (2001). Canada's Greatest Wartime Muddle: National Selective Service and the Mobilization of Human Resources during World War II. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2263-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2263-8"><bdi>0-7735-2263-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Greatest+Wartime+Muddle%3A+National+Selective+Service+and+the+Mobilization+of+Human+Resources+during+World+War+II&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7735-2263-8&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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