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<span>Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bombing_of_Nagasaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombing_of_Nagasaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bombing of Nagasaki</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bombing_of_Nagasaki-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bombing of Nagasaki subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bombing_of_Nagasaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assembly_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assembly_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assembly_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Detonation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-war development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fat Man</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="الرجل البدين (قنبلة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرجل البدين (قنبلة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ফ্যাট ম্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্যাট ম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дебелака – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дебелака" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82" title="مرد چاق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرد چاق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%BB_%EB%A7%A8" title="팻 맨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팻 맨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF_(%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2)" title="Չաղլիկ (ռումբ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չաղլիկ (ռումբ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="फ़ैट मैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ैट मैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="איש שמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איש שמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98)" title="მსუქანა (ბომბი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მსუქანა (ბომბი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resnais_v%C4%ABrs" title="Resnais vīrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Resnais vīrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C4%8Dkis_(bomba)" title="Dručkis (bomba) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dručkis (bomba)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="फ्याट म्यान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फ्याट म्यान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫാറ്റ് മാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫാറ്റ് മാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ファットマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファットマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫੈਟ ਮੈਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੈਟ ਮੈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فیٹ مین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فیٹ مین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Толстяк (бомба) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Толстяк (бомба)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debeluh_(bomba)" title="Debeluh (bomba) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Debeluh (bomba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Дебељко – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дебељко" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fat Man" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fat 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. atomic bomb type used at Nagasaki, 1945</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the World War II nuclear weapon. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fat Man (disambiguation)">Fat Man (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> Fat Man </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_Man_(replica_of_nuclear_bomb).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fat_Man_%28replica_of_nuclear_bomb%29.jpg/330px-Fat_Man_%28replica_of_nuclear_bomb%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fat_Man_%28replica_of_nuclear_bomb%29.jpg/500px-Fat_Man_%28replica_of_nuclear_bomb%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fat_Man_%28replica_of_nuclear_bomb%29.jpg/600px-Fat_Man_%28replica_of_nuclear_bomb%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="476" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Replica of the original Fat Man bomb</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a> <a href="/wiki/Gravity_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity bomb">gravity bomb</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Produced</th><td class="infobox-data">1945–1949</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> built</th><td class="infobox-data">120</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">10,300 pounds (4,670 kg)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">128 inches (3.3 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">60 inches (1.5 m)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Filling</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Filling weight</th><td class="infobox-data">6.2 kg<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201257_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201257-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Blast yield</th><td class="infobox-data">21 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">kt</a> (88 TJ)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"<b>Fat Man</b>" (also known as <b>Mark III</b>) was the design of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> the United States used for seven of the first eight nuclear weapons ever detonated in history. </p><p>A Fat Man device was <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#Bombing_of_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki</a> on 9 August 1945. It was the second and largest of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in warfare. It was dropped from the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i> piloted by Major <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sweeney" title="Charles Sweeney">Charles Sweeney</a>. Its detonation marked the third nuclear explosion in history. The name Fat Man refers to the wide, round shape. Fat Man was an <a href="/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosion-type nuclear weapon">implosion-type nuclear weapon</a> with a solid plutonium <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_core" title="Nuclear reactor core">core</a>, and later with improved cores. </p><p>The first Fat Man to be detonated was the gadget in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity nuclear test</a> less than a month earlier on 16 July at the <a href="/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base" title="Holloman Air Force Base">Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. It was built by scientists and engineers at <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a> using <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> manufactured at the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a>. The second nuclear explosion, and the first used in warfare, was <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>, a different device based on <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. Two more Fat Mans were detonated during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a> nuclear tests at <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a> in 1946. The three tests in the next series, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sandstone" title="Operation Sandstone">Operation_Sandstone</a> in 1948, used Fat Man devices with improved cores. Fat Man was finally superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Mark_4_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 4 nuclear bomb">Mark 4 nuclear bomb</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ranger" title="Operation Ranger">Operation Ranger</a> tests. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_decisions">Early decisions</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a> held conferences in Chicago in June 1942, and in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, in July, at which various engineers and physicists discussed nuclear bomb design issues. They chose a <a href="/wiki/Gun-type_fission_weapon" title="Gun-type fission weapon">gun-type</a> design in which two sub-critical masses would be brought together by firing a "bullet" into a "target".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199342–44_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199342–44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Tolman" title="Richard C. Tolman">Richard C. Tolman</a> suggested an <a href="/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosion-type nuclear weapon">implosion-type nuclear weapon</a>, but the proposal attracted little interest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The feasibility of a <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> bomb was questioned in 1942. <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Akers" title="Wallace Akers">Wallace Akers</a>, the director of the British "<a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a>" project, told <a href="/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bryant Conant">James Bryant Conant</a> on 14 November that <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> had "concluded that plutonium might not be a practical <a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">fissionable material</a> for weapons because of impurities".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198764_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198764-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conant consulted <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a>, who acknowledged that their scientists at Berkeley and Chicago, respectively, knew about the problem, but they could offer no ready solution. Conant informed <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> director <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie R. Groves Jr.">Leslie R. Groves Jr.</a>, who in turn assembled a special committee consisting of Lawrence, Compton, Oppenheimer, and McMillan to examine the issue. The committee concluded that any problems could be overcome simply by requiring higher purity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198764–65_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198764–65-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oppenheimer reviewed his options in early 1943 and gave priority to the gun-type weapon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he created the E-5 Group at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a> under <a href="/wiki/Seth_Neddermeyer" title="Seth Neddermeyer">Seth Neddermeyer</a> to investigate implosion as a hedge against the threat of pre-<a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonation</a>. Implosion-type bombs were determined to be significantly more efficient in terms of explosive yield per unit mass of fissile material in the bomb, because compressed fissile materials react more rapidly and therefore more completely. Nonetheless, it was decided that the plutonium gun would receive the bulk of the research effort, since it was the project with the least uncertainty involved. It was assumed that the <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> gun-type bomb could be easily adapted from it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199387_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199387-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy#Naming" title="Little Boy">Little Boy § Naming</a></div> <p>The gun-type and implosion-type designs were codenamed "<a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a>" and "Fat Man", respectively. These code names were created by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Serber" title="Robert Serber">Robert Serber</a>, a former student of Oppenheimer's who worked on the Manhattan Project. He chose them based on their design shapes; the Thin Man was a very long device, and the name came from the <a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a> detective novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Man" title="The Thin Man">The Thin Man</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Man_(film)" title="The Thin Man (film)">series of movies</a>. The Fat Man was round and fat and was named after <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Greenstreet" title="Sydney Greenstreet">Sydney Greenstreet</a>'s character in Hammett's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maltese_Falcon_(1941_film)" title="The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)">The Maltese Falcon</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> uranium gun-type design came later and was named only to contrast with the Thin Man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerberCrease1998104_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerberCrease1998104-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Los Alamos's Thin Man and Fat Man code names were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> in their involvement in the Manhattan Project, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a>. A cover story was devised that Silverplate was about modifying a <a href="/wiki/Pullman_(car_or_coach)" title="Pullman (car or coach)">Pullman car</a> for use by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> (Thin Man) and United Kingdom Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (Fat Man) on a secret tour of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen195996_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen195996-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air Forces personnel used the code names over the phone to make it sound as though they were modifying a plane for Roosevelt and Churchill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986481_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986481-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div> <p>Neddermeyer discarded Serber and Tolman's initial concept of implosion as assembling a series of pieces in favor of one in which a hollow sphere was imploded by an explosive shell. He was assisted in this work by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a>, and John Streib. <a href="/wiki/L._T._E._Thompson" title="L. T. E. Thompson">L. T. E. Thompson</a> was brought in as a consultant and discussed the problem with Neddermeyer in June 1943. Thompson was skeptical that an implosion could be made sufficiently symmetric. Oppenheimer arranged for Neddermeyer and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> to visit the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Research_Committee" title="National Defense Research Committee">National Defense Research Committee</a>'s Explosives Research Laboratory near the <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Mine,_U.S._Bureau_of_Mines" title="Experimental Mine, U.S. Bureau of Mines">laboratories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Mines" title="United States Bureau of Mines">Bureau of Mines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bruceton,_Pennsylvania" title="Bruceton, Pennsylvania">Bruceton, Pennsylvania</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> suburb), where they spoke to <a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a> and his team. But Neddermeyer's efforts in July and August at imploding tubes to produce cylinders tended to produce objects that resembled rocks. Neddermeyer was the only person who believed that implosion was practical, and only his enthusiasm kept the project alive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199386–90_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199386–90-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AirForceMuseum_FatManReplica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fat Man Replica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/AirForceMuseum_FatManReplica.jpg/280px-AirForceMuseum_FatManReplica.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/AirForceMuseum_FatManReplica.jpg/420px-AirForceMuseum_FatManReplica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/AirForceMuseum_FatManReplica.jpg/560px-AirForceMuseum_FatManReplica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Replica mockup of a <i>Fat Man</i> displayed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum of the United States Air Force</a>, beside the <i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i> B-29 that dropped the original device – black liquid asphalt sealant was sprayed over the original bomb casing's seams, simulated on the mockup.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oppenheimer brought <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> to Los Alamos in September to take a fresh look at implosion. After reviewing Neddermeyer's studies, and discussing the matter with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>, von Neumann suggested the use of high explosives in <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charges</a> to implode a sphere, which he showed could not only result in a faster assembly of fissile material than was possible with the gun method, but greatly reduce the amount of material required because of the resulting higher density.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993130–133_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993130–133-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that, under such pressures, the plutonium metal would be compressed came from Teller, whose knowledge of how dense metals behaved under heavy pressure was influenced by his pre-war theoretical studies of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's core">Earth's core</a> with <a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">George Gamow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeller2001174–176_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeller2001174–176-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prospect of more-efficient nuclear weapons impressed Oppenheimer, Teller, and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a>, but they decided that an expert on explosives would be required. Kistiakowsky's name was immediately suggested, and Kistiakowsky was brought into the project as a consultant in October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993130–133_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993130–133-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The implosion project remained a backup until April 1944, when experiments by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio G. Segrè">Emilio G. Segrè</a> and his P-5 Group at Los Alamos on the newly reactor-produced plutonium from the <a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/B_Reactor" title="B Reactor">B Reactor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a> showed that it contained impurities in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-240" title="Plutonium-240">plutonium-240</a>. This has a far higher spontaneous fission rate and radioactivity than <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>-produced isotopes, on which the original measurements had been made, held much lower traces of plutonium-240. Its inclusion in reactor-bred plutonium appeared unavoidable. This meant that the spontaneous fission rate of the reactor plutonium was so high that pre-detonation was highly likely and that the bomb would blow itself apart during the initial formation of <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical mass</a>, creating a "<a href="/wiki/Fizzle_(nuclear_explosion)" title="Fizzle (nuclear explosion)">fizzle</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993228_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993228-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distance required to accelerate the plutonium to speeds where pre--detonation would be less likely would need a gun barrel too long for any existing or planned bomber. The only way to use plutonium in a workable bomb was therefore implosion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impracticability of a gun-type bomb using plutonium was agreed at a meeting in Los Alamos on 17 July 1944. All gun-type work in the Manhattan Project was re-directed towards the Little Boy, <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a> gun design, and the Los Alamos Laboratory was reorganized with almost all of the research focused on the problems of implosion for the Fat Man bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of using shaped charges as three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Explosive_lens" title="Explosive lens">explosive lenses</a> came from <a href="/wiki/James_L._Tuck" title="James L. Tuck">James L. Tuck</a> and was developed by von Neumann.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993163_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993163-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the bomb relied on absolute precision in all of the plates moving inward at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen2012110_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen2012110-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To overcome the difficulty of synchronizing multiple detonations, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._Johnston" title="Lawrence H. Johnston">Lawrence Johnston</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Exploding-bridgewire_detonator" title="Exploding-bridgewire detonator">exploding-bridgewire detonators</a> to replace the less precise <a href="/wiki/Primacord" title="Primacord">primacord</a> detonation system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993163_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993163-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Christy">Robert Christy</a> is credited with doing the calculations that showed how a solid subcritical sphere of plutonium could be compressed to a critical state, greatly simplifying the task, since earlier efforts had attempted the more-difficult compression of a hollow spherical shell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993270–271_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993270–271-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Christy's report, the solid-plutonium core weapon was referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Pit_(nuclear_weapon)#Christy_pits" title="Pit (nuclear weapon)">Christy Gadget</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993293,_307–308_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993293,_307–308-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The task of the <a href="/wiki/Metallurgist" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgist">metallurgists</a> was to determine how to cast plutonium into a sphere. The difficulties became apparent when attempts to measure the density of plutonium gave inconsistent results. At first contamination was believed to be the cause, but it was soon determined that there were multiple <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_plutonium" title="Allotropes of plutonium">allotropes of plutonium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962244–245_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962244–245-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brittle α phase that exists at room temperature changes to the plastic β phase at higher temperatures. Attention then shifted to the even more malleable δ phase that normally exists in the 300–450 °C (570–840 °F) range. It was found that this was stable at room temperature when alloyed with aluminum, but aluminum emits neutrons when bombarded with <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>, which would exacerbate the pre-ignition problem. The metallurgists then hit upon a <a href="/wiki/Plutonium%E2%80%93gallium_alloy" title="Plutonium–gallium alloy">plutonium–gallium alloy</a>, which stabilized the δ phase and could be <a href="/wiki/Hot_pressing" title="Hot pressing">hot pressed</a> into the desired shape. They found it easier to cast hemispheres than spheres. The core consisted of two hemispheres with a ring with a triangular cross-section between them to keep them aligned and prevent jets forming. As plutonium was found to corrode readily, the sphere was coated with nickel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerHeckerHarbur1983144–145_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerHeckerHarbur1983144–145-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_Man_test_unit_being_raised_from_the_pit_into_the_bomb_bay_of_a_B-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fat_Man_test_unit_being_raised_from_the_pit_into_the_bomb_bay_of_a_B-29.jpg/250px-Fat_Man_test_unit_being_raised_from_the_pit_into_the_bomb_bay_of_a_B-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fat_Man_test_unit_being_raised_from_the_pit_into_the_bomb_bay_of_a_B-29.jpg/330px-Fat_Man_test_unit_being_raised_from_the_pit_into_the_bomb_bay_of_a_B-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fat_Man_test_unit_being_raised_from_the_pit_into_the_bomb_bay_of_a_B-29.jpg/440px-Fat_Man_test_unit_being_raised_from_the_pit_into_the_bomb_bay_of_a_B-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">pumpkin bomb</a> (Fat Man test unit) being raised from the pit into the bomb bay of a B-29 for bombing practice during the weeks before the attack on Nagasaki</figcaption></figure> <p>The size of the bomb was constrained by the available aircraft, which were investigated for suitability by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey</a>. The only Allied bombers considered capable of carrying the Fat Man without major modification were the British <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> and the American <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993380–383_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993380–383-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995119–120_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995119–120-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves1962254_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962254-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British scientist <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> advocated the Lancaster which had a limited range but had a larger single bomb bay; but this was less of a problem when the Fat Man replaced the long (17 feet (5.2 m) <a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(bomb)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin Man (bomb)">Thin Man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987172_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987172-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the B-29 represented the epitome of bomber technology with significant advantages in <a href="/wiki/Maximum_takeoff_weight" title="Maximum takeoff weight">maximum takeoff weight</a>, range, speed, flight ceiling, and survivability. Without the availability of the B-29, dropping the bomb would likely have been impossible. However, this still constrained the bomb to a maximum length of 11 feet (3.4 m), width of 5 feet (1.5 m) and weight of 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg). Removing the bomb rails allowed a maximum width of 5.5 feet (1.7 m).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995119–120_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995119–120-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drop tests began in March 1944 and resulted in modifications to the Silverplate aircraft due to the weight of the bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell20058–10_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell20058–10-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-speed photographs revealed that the tail fins folded under the pressure, resulting in an erratic descent. Various combinations of stabilizer boxes and fins were tested on the Fat Man shape to eliminate its persistent wobble until an arrangement dubbed a "California Parachute" was approved, a cubical open-rear tail box outer surface with eight radial fins inside of it, four angled at 45 degrees and four perpendicular to the line of fall holding the outer square-fin box to the bomb's rear end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993380–383_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993380–383-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In drop tests in early weeks, the Fat Man missed its target by an average of 1,857 feet (566 m), but this was halved by June as the bombardiers became more proficient with it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995131_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995131-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Y-1222 model Fat Man was assembled with some 1,500 bolts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201252_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201252-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995121_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995121-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was superseded by the Y-1291 design in December 1944. This redesign work was substantial, and only the Y-1222 tail design was retained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995121_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995121-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later versions included the Y-1560, which had 72 detonators; the Y-1561, which had 32; and the Y-1562, which had 132. There were also the Y-1563 and Y-1564, which were practice bombs with no detonators at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995127_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995127-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final wartime Y-1561 design was assembled with just 90 bolts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201252_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201252-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 July 1945, a Y-1561 model Fat Man, known as the Gadget, was detonated in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">test explosion</a> at a remote site in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a>" test. It gave a yield of about 25 kilotonnes (100 TJ).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some minor changes were made to the design as a result of the Trinity test.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993377_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993377-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morrison" title="Philip Morrison">Philip Morrison</a> recalled that "There were some changes of importance... The fundamental thing was, of course, very much the same."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201253_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201253-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior">Interior</h2></div> <p>The bomb was 128.375 inches (3.2607 m) long and 60.25 inches (153.0 cm) in diameter. It weighed 10,265 pounds (4,656 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201247_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201247-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 495.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 493.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_Man_External.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fat Man external schematic. 1. One of four AN 219 contact fuzes 2. Archie radar antenna 3. Plate with batteries (to detonate charge surrounding nuclear components) 4. X-Unit, a firing set placed near the charge 5. Hinge fixing the two ellipsoidal parts of the bomb 6. Physics package (see details below) 7. Plate with instruments (radars, baroswitches, and timers) 8. Barotube collector 9. California Parachute tail assembly (0.20-inch [5.1 mm] aluminum sheet)"><img alt="Fat Man external schematic. 1. One of four AN 219 contact fuzes 2. Archie radar antenna 3. Plate with batteries (to detonate charge surrounding nuclear components) 4. X-Unit, a firing set placed near the charge 5. Hinge fixing the two ellipsoidal parts of the bomb 6. Physics package (see details below) 7. Plate with instruments (radars, baroswitches, and timers) 8. Barotube collector 9. California Parachute tail assembly (0.20-inch [5.1 mm] aluminum sheet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fat_Man_External.svg/740px-Fat_Man_External.svg.png" decoding="async" width="494" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fat_Man_External.svg/1109px-Fat_Man_External.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fat_Man_External.svg/1479px-Fat_Man_External.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fat Man external schematic. <br />1. One of four AN 219 contact <a href="/wiki/Fuze" title="Fuze">fuzes</a> <br />2. <i>Archie</i> radar antenna <br />3. Plate with batteries (to detonate charge surrounding nuclear components) <br />4. <i>X-Unit,</i> a firing set placed near the charge <br />5. Hinge fixing the two ellipsoidal parts of the bomb <br />6. Physics package (see details below) <br />7. Plate with instruments (radars, baroswitches, and timers) <br />8. Barotube collector <br />9. <i>California Parachute</i> tail assembly (0.20-inch [5.1 mm] aluminum sheet)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 281.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 279.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_Man_Internal_Components.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fat Man internal schematic"><img alt="Fat Man internal schematic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fat_Man_Internal_Components.png/500px-Fat_Man_Internal_Components.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fat_Man_Internal_Components.png/629px-Fat_Man_Internal_Components.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Fat_Man_Internal_Components.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="789" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fat Man internal schematic</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assembly">Assembly</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_Man_Detonation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fat_Man_Detonation.png/440px-Fat_Man_Detonation.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Fat_Man_Detonation.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of the Fat Man "physics package". See description and colors in this section for details.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_Man_Assembly_Tinian_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fat_Man_Assembly_Tinian_1945.jpg/250px-Fat_Man_Assembly_Tinian_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fat_Man_Assembly_Tinian_1945.jpg/330px-Fat_Man_Assembly_Tinian_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Fat_Man_Assembly_Tinian_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>Fat Man's "physics package" nuclear device about to be encased</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_Man_Assembled_Tinian_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fat_Man_Assembled_Tinian_1945.jpg/250px-Fat_Man_Assembled_Tinian_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fat_Man_Assembled_Tinian_1945.jpg/330px-Fat_Man_Assembled_Tinian_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fat_Man_Assembled_Tinian_1945.jpg/500px-Fat_Man_Assembled_Tinian_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2530" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Fat Man on its transport carriage, with liquid asphalt sealant applied over the casing's seams</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_Bomb_Pits_-_Tinian_-_panoramio_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Atomic_Bomb_Pits_-_Tinian_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/220px-Atomic_Bomb_Pits_-_Tinian_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Atomic_Bomb_Pits_-_Tinian_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/330px-Atomic_Bomb_Pits_-_Tinian_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Atomic_Bomb_Pits_-_Tinian_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/440px-Atomic_Bomb_Pits_-_Tinian_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Preserved Tinian "bomb pit#2", where Fat Man was loaded aboard <i>Bockscar</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Plutonium_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium pit">plutonium pit</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201252_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201252-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was 3.62 inches (92 mm) in diameter and contained an "Urchin" <a href="/wiki/Modulated_neutron_initiator" title="Modulated neutron initiator">modulated neutron initiator</a> that was 0.8 inches (20 mm) in diameter. The <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamper_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Tamper (nuclear weapon)">tamper</a> was an 8.75-inch-diameter (222 mm) sphere, surrounded by a 0.125-inch-thick (3.2 mm) shell of boron-impregnated plastic. The plastic shell had a 5-inch-diameter (130 mm) cylindrical hole running through it, like the hole in a cored apple, in order to allow insertion of the pit as late as possible. The missing tamper cylinder containing the pit could be slipped in through a hole in the surrounding 18.5-inch-diameter (470 mm) aluminum pusher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen2012186_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen2012186-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pit was warm to the touch, emitting 2.4 W/kg-Pu, about 15 W for the 6.19-kilogram (13.6 lb) core.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201249_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201249-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The explosion symmetrically compressed the plutonium to twice its normal density before the "Urchin" added <a href="/wiki/Free_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Free neutron">free neutrons</a> to initiate a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">chain reaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201245_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201245-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <span style="font-size:98%;">An <a href="/wiki/Exploding-bridgewire_detonator" title="Exploding-bridgewire detonator">exploding-bridgewire detonator</a> simultaneously starts a <a href="/wiki/Detonation_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Detonation wave">detonation wave</a> in each of the 32 tapered high-explosive columns (positioned around the explosive material at the face centers of a <a href="/wiki/Truncated_icosahedron" title="Truncated icosahedron">truncated icosahedron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201241_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201241-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a geometry popularly known from the pattern of common <a href="/wiki/Soccer_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer ball">soccer balls</a>).</span></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cc6633 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <span style="font-size:98%;">The detonation wave (arrows) is initially <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convex" class="extiw" title="wikt:convex">convex</a> in the</span>...</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d79563 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> ...<span style="font-size:98%;">faster explosive (<a href="/wiki/Composition_B" title="Composition B">Composition B</a>: 60% <a href="/wiki/RDX" title="RDX">RDX</a>, 40% <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201241_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201241-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wavefront" title="Wavefront">wavefronts</a> become <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/concave" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/concave">concave</a> in the</span>...</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc99 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> ...<span style="font-size:98%;">slower explosive (<a href="/wiki/Baratol_(explosive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baratol (explosive)">Baratol</a>: 70% <a href="/wiki/Barium_nitrate" title="Barium nitrate">barium nitrate</a>, 30% TNT).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201241_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201241-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 32 waves then merge into a single spherical implosive shock-wave which hits the</span>...</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d79563 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> ...<span style="font-size:98%;">inner charges' faster explosive (<a href="/wiki/Composition_B" title="Composition B">Composition B</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen2012186_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen2012186-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c6c6c6 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <span style="font-size:98%;">The medium-density <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> "pusher" transfers the imploding shock-wave from the low-density explosive to the high-density uranium, minimizing undesirable <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995122–123_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995122–123-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shock-wave then compresses the inner components, passing through a</span>...</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff ; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> ...<span style="font-size:98%;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>-plastic shell intended to prevent pre-detonation of the bomb by stray neutrons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995122–123_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995122–123-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shock-wave reaches the center of the bomb, where the...</span></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000 ; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <span style="font-size:98%;">...<a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>–<a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210"><sup>210</sup>Po</a> "Urchin" is crushed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201248_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201248-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pushing the two metals together and thereby releasing a burst of <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> into the compressed</span>...</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <span style="font-size:98%;">...<a href="/wiki/Plutonium_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium pit">pit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>-plated <a href="/wiki/Plutonium%E2%80%93gallium_alloy" title="Plutonium–gallium alloy">delta-phase alloy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239"><sup>239</sup>Pu</a>–<a href="/wiki/Plutonium-240" title="Plutonium-240"><sup>240</sup>Pu</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> (96%–1%–3% by <a href="/wiki/Concentration#Molarity" title="Concentration">molarity</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201257_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201257-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nukearchive_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nukearchive-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fission chain reaction then begins. The tendency of the fissioning pit to blow itself apart prematurely is reduced by the inward <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> of the</span>...</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <span style="font-size:98%;">...natural-<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> "tamper" (inertial confinement). The tamper also <a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">reflects neutrons</a> back into the pit, accelerating the chain reaction. If and when sufficient <a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron">fast neutrons</a> are produced, the tamper itself undergoes fission, accounting for up to 30% of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">weapon's yield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Fat_Man's_Uranium_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Fat_Man's_Uranium-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></li></ul> <p>The result was the fission of about 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of the 6.19 kilograms (13.6 lb) of plutonium in the pit, or about 16% of the fissile material present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201246_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201246-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The detonation released the energy equivalent to the detonation of 21 kilotons of TNT or 88 terajoules.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik198525_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198525-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 30% of the yield came from fission of the uranium tamper.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Fat_Man's_Uranium_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Fat_Man's_Uranium-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bombing_of_Nagasaki">Bombing of Nagasaki</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#Bombing_of_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki § Bombing of Nagasaki</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assembly_2">Assembly</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/250px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/330px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/500px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877" /></a><figcaption>Mushroom cloud after Fat Man exploded over <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> on 9 August 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The first plutonium core was transported with its polonium-beryllium modulated neutron initiator in the custody of <a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a> courier <a href="/wiki/Raemer_Schreiber" title="Raemer Schreiber">Raemer Schreiber</a> in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison. Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201245_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201245-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It left <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland Army Air Field</a> on a <a href="/wiki/C-54" class="mw-redirect" title="C-54">C-54</a> transport aircraft of the <a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a>'s 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on 26 July and arrived at <a href="/wiki/North_Field_(Tinian)" title="North Field (Tinian)">North Field</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tinian,_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Tinian, Northern Mariana Islands">Tinian</a> on 28 July. Three Fat Man high-explosive pre-assemblies (designated F31, F32, and F33) were picked up at Kirtland on 28 July by three B-29s: <i><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Spook" title="Luke the Spook">Luke the Spook</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Laggin%27_Dragon" title="Laggin' Dragon">Laggin' Dragon</a></i> from the 509th Composite Group's <a href="/wiki/393d_Bombardment_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="393d Bombardment Squadron">393d Bombardment Squadron</a>, and another from the <a href="/wiki/216th_Army_Air_Forces_Base_Unit" title="216th Army Air Forces Base Unit">216th Army Air Forces Base Unit</a>. The cores were transported to North Field, arriving on 2 August, when F31 was partly disassembled in order to check all its components. F33 was expended near Tinian during a final rehearsal on 8 August. F32 presumably would have been used for a third attack or its rehearsal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200538–40_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200538–40-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 August, the day after the bombing of Hiroshima, <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral (United States)">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William R. Purnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral (United States)">Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/William_S._Parsons" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Parsons">William S. Parsons</a>, Tibbets, <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a> met on Guam to discuss what should be done next.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999283–284_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999283–284-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they decided to proceed with their orders and drop another bomb. Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by 11 August, but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm and asked if the bomb could be made ready by 9 August. Parsons agreed to try to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves1962342_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962342-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fat Man F31 was assembled on Tinian by Project Alberta personnel,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200538–40_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200538–40-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the physics package was fully assembled and wired. It was placed inside its ellipsoidal aerodynamic bombshell, which was painted mustard yellow, and wheeled out, where it was signed by nearly 60 people, including Purnell, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Farrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas F. Farrell">Thomas F. Farrell</a>, and Parsons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201267_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201267-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acronym "JANCFU" was stenciled on the bomb's nose, standing for "Joint Army-Navy-Civilian Fuckup", a play on the acronym "<a href="/wiki/SNAFU" title="SNAFU">SNAFU</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then wheeled to the <a href="/wiki/Bomb_bay" title="Bomb bay">bomb bay</a> of the B-29 Superfortress named <i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i> after the plane's command pilot Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Bock" title="Frederick C. Bock">Frederick C. Bock</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who flew <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></i> with his crew on the mission. <i>Bockscar</i> was flown by Major <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Sweeney" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. Sweeney">Charles W. Sweeney</a> and his crew, with Commander <a href="/wiki/Frederick_L._Ashworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick L. Ashworth">Frederick L. Ashworth</a> from Project Alberta as the weaponeer in charge of the bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200532_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200532-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detonation">Detonation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during wars § World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasaki509th_1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nagasaki509th_1.gif/250px-Nagasaki509th_1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Nagasaki509th_1.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>Detonation of the Mark III 'Fat Man' and ensuing mushroom cloud.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasaki509th_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nagasaki509th_2.gif/250px-Nagasaki509th_2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Nagasaki509th_2.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg/250px-Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg/330px-Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg/500px-Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">Hypocenter</a> of Fat Man Atomic bomb in Nagasaki</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Bockscar</i> lifted off at 03:47 on 9 August 1945, with <a href="/wiki/Kokura" title="Kokura">Kokura</a> as the primary target and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> the secondary target. The weapon was already armed but with the green electrical safety plugs still engaged. Ashworth changed them to red after ten minutes so that Sweeney could climb to 17,000 feet (5,200 m) in order to get above storm clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986740_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986740-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the pre-flight inspection of <i>Bockscar</i>, the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons (2,400 L) of fuel carried in a reserve tank. This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a> and Sweeney therefore elected to have <i>Bockscar</i> continue the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997204–205_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997204–205-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_(adjusted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg/220px-Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg/330px-Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg/440px-Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Effects of the Fat Man's detonation on Nagasaki</figcaption></figure> <p>Kokura was obscured by clouds and drifting smoke from fires started by a major <a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">firebombing</a> raid by 224 B-29s on nearby <a href="/wiki/Yahata,_Fukuoka" title="Yahata, Fukuoka">Yahata</a> the previous day. This covered 70% of the area over Kokura, obscuring the aiming point. Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and repeatedly exposing the aircraft to the heavy defenses of Yahata, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. By the time of the third bomb run, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft fire</a> was getting close; Second Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Beser" title="Jacob Beser">Jacob Beser</a> was monitoring Japanese communications, and he reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997179,_213–215_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997179,_213–215-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweeney then proceeded to the alternative target of Nagasaki. It was obscured by clouds as well, and Ashworth ordered Sweeney to make a radar approach. At the last minute, however, bombardier<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986740_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986740-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain <a href="/wiki/Kermit_K._Beahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermit K. Beahan">Kermit K. Beahan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200532_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200532-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found a hole in the clouds. The Fat Man was dropped and exploded at 11:02 local time, following a 43-second free-fall, at an altitude of about 1,650 feet (500 m).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986740_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986740-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An estimated 35,000–40,000 people were killed outright by the bombing at Nagasaki. A total of 60,000–80,000 fatalities resulted, including from long-term health effects, the strongest of which was leukemia with an attributable risk of 46% for bomb victims.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others died later from related blast and burn injuries, and hundreds more from radiation illnesses from exposure to the bomb's initial radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953723–725_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953723–725-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the direct deaths and injuries were among munitions or industrial workers.<sup id="cite_ref-HOG_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOG-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitsubishi's industrial production in the city was severed by the attack; the dockyard would have produced at 80 percent of its full capacity within three to four months, the steelworks would have required a year to get back to substantial production, the electric works would have resumed some production within two months and been back at capacity within six months, and the arms plant would have required 15 months to return to 60 to 70 percent of former capacity. The Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, which manufactured the <a href="/wiki/Type_91_torpedo" title="Type 91 torpedo">Type 91 torpedoes</a> released in the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, was destroyed in the blast.<sup id="cite_ref-HOG_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOG-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_development">Post-war development</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossroads_Baker.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Crossroads_Baker.gif/220px-Crossroads_Baker.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Crossroads_Baker.gif/330px-Crossroads_Baker.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Crossroads_Baker.gif 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Crossroads-<i>Baker</i>, 23-kilotons.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, two Y-1561 Fat Man bombs were used in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a> nuclear tests at <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a> in the Pacific. The first was known as <i>Gilda</i> after <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a>'s character in the 1946 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Gilda_(film)" title="Gilda (film)">Gilda</a>,</i> and it was dropped by the B-29 <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Stink_(aircraft)" title="Big Stink (aircraft)">Dave's Dream</a></i>; it missed its aim point by 710 yards (650 m). The second bomb was nicknamed <i>Helen of Bikini</i> and was placed without its tail fin assembly in a steel caisson made from a submarine's conning tower; it was detonated 90 feet (27 m) beneath the landing craft <a href="/wiki/USS_LSM-60" title="USS LSM-60">USS <i>LSM-60</i></a>. The two weapons yielded about 23 kilotonnes (96 TJ) each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201284–85_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201284–85-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Los Alamos Laboratory and the Army Air Forces had already commenced work on improving the design. The <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-45_Tornado" title="North American B-45 Tornado">North American B-45 Tornado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convair_XB-46" title="Convair XB-46">Convair XB-46</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-48" title="Martin XB-48">Martin XB-48</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">Boeing B-47 Stratojet</a> bombers had bomb bays sized to carry the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(bomb)" title="Grand Slam (bomb)">Grand Slam</a>, which was much longer but not as wide as the Fat Man. The only American bombers that could carry the Fat Man were the B-29 and the <a href="/wiki/Convair_B-36" class="mw-redirect" title="Convair B-36">Convair B-36</a>. In November 1945, the Army Air Forces asked Los Alamos for 200 Fat Man bombs, but there were only two sets of plutonium cores and high-explosive assemblies at the time. The Army Air Forces wanted improvements to the design to make it easier to manufacture, assemble, handle, transport, and stockpile. The wartime <a href="/wiki/Project_W-47" class="mw-redirect" title="Project W-47">Project W-47</a> was continued, and drop tests resumed in January 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995137–142_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995137–142-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SandstoneYoke.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SandstoneYoke.gif/220px-SandstoneYoke.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SandstoneYoke.gif/330px-SandstoneYoke.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SandstoneYoke.gif/440px-SandstoneYoke.gif 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Sandstone-<i>Yoke</i>, 49-kilotons; utilized a newly designed 'levitated-pit' to increase yield efficiency.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mark III Mod 0 Fat Man was ordered into production in mid-1946. High explosives were manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a>, which had been established by the Manhattan Project as part of <a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Project Camel</a>, and a new plant was established at the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Army_Ammunition_Plant" title="Iowa Army Ammunition Plant">Iowa Army Ammunition Plant</a>. Mechanical components were made or procured by the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_Arsenal" title="Rock Island Arsenal">Rock Island Arsenal</a>; electrical and mechanical components for about 50 bombs were stockpiled at Kirtland Army Air Field by August 1946, but only nine plutonium cores were available. Production of the Mod 0 ended in December 1948, by which time there were still only 53 cores available. It was replaced by improved versions known as Mods 1 and 2 which contained a number of minor changes, the most important of which was that they did not charge the X-Unit firing system's capacitors until released from the aircraft. The Mod 0s were withdrawn from service between March and July 1949, and by October they had all been rebuilt as Mods 1 and 2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995142–145_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995142–145-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 120 Mark III Fat Man units were added to the stockpile between 1947 and 1949,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201287_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201287-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Mark_4_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 4 nuclear bomb">Mark 4 nuclear bomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995143_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995143-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mark III Fat Man was retired in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201287_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201287-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995150_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995150-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casing_for_the_first_Soviet_atomic_bomb,_RDS-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Casing_for_the_first_Soviet_atomic_bomb%2C_RDS-1.jpg/250px-Casing_for_the_first_Soviet_atomic_bomb%2C_RDS-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Casing_for_the_first_Soviet_atomic_bomb%2C_RDS-1.jpg/330px-Casing_for_the_first_Soviet_atomic_bomb%2C_RDS-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/23/Casing_for_the_first_Soviet_atomic_bomb%2C_RDS-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Espionage information procured by <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hall" title="Theodore Hall">Theodore Hall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Greenglass" title="David Greenglass">David Greenglass</a> led to the first Soviet device "<a href="/wiki/Joe_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe 1">RDS–1</a>" (above), which closely resembled Fat Man, even in its external shape.</figcaption></figure> <p>A nuclear strike would have been a formidable undertaking in the post-war 1940s due to the limitations of the Mark III Fat Man. The lead-acid batteries which powered the fuzing system remained charged for only 36 hours, after which they needed to be recharged. To do this meant disassembling the bomb, and recharging took 72 hours. The batteries had to be removed in any case after nine days or they corroded. The plutonium core could not be left in for much longer, because its heat damaged the high explosives. Replacing the core also required the bomb to be completely disassembled and reassembled. This required about 40 to 50 men and took between 56 and 72 hours, depending on the skill of the bomb assembly team, and the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Weapons_Project" title="Armed Forces Special Weapons Project">Armed Forces Special Weapons Project</a> had only three teams in June 1948. The only aircraft capable of carrying the bomb were Silverplate B-29s, and the only group equipped with them was the 509th Bombardment Group at <a href="/wiki/Walker_Air_Force_Base" title="Walker Air Force Base">Walker Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico" title="Roswell, New Mexico">Roswell, New Mexico</a>. They would first have to fly to <a href="/wiki/Sandia_Base" title="Sandia Base">Sandia Base</a> to collect the bombs and then to an overseas base from which a strike could be mounted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995147–149_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995147–149-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1948, during the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a>, all the assembly teams were in <a href="/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll" title="Enewetak Atoll">Eniwetok</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sandstone" title="Operation Sandstone">Operation Sandstone</a> test, and the military teams were not yet qualified to assemble atomic weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987260,_264,_265_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987260,_264,_265-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1948, General <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, Major General <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gruenther" title="Alfred Gruenther">Alfred Gruenther</a> and Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Anthony_McAuliffe" title="Anthony McAuliffe">Anthony McAuliffe</a> visited Sandia and Los Alamos to be shown the "special requirements" of atomic weapons. Gruenther asked Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a> (hosting): "When are you going to show us the real thing? Surely this laboratory monstrosity is not the only type of atomic bomb we have in stockpile?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987264_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987264-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nichols told him that better weapons would soon become available. After the "astonishingly good" results of Operation Sandstone were available, stockpiling of improved weapons began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987264_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987264-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon was based closely on Fat Man's design thanks to spies <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hall" title="Theodore Hall">Theodore Hall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Greenglass" title="David Greenglass">David Greenglass</a>, who provided them with secret information concerning the Manhattan Project and Fat Man. It was detonated on 29 August 1949 as part of <a href="/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1">Operation "First Lightning"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201257-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201257_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201257_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoster-Mullen2012">Coster-Mullen 2012</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199342–44-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199342–44_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 42–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198764-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198764_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198764–65-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198764–65_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199387-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199387_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESerberCrease1998104-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerberCrease1998104_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSerberCrease1998">Serber & Crease 1998</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen195996-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen195996_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1959">Bowen 1959</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986481-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986481_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes1986">Rhodes 1986</a>, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199386–90-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199386–90_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 86–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993130–133-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993130–133_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993130–133_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 130–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeller2001174–176-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeller2001174–176_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeller2001">Teller 2001</a>, pp. 174–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993228-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993228_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 240–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993163-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993163_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993163_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen2012110-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen2012110_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoster-Mullen2012">Coster-Mullen 2012</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993270–271-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993270–271_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 270–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993293,_307–308-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993293,_307–308_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 293, 307–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962244–245-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962244–245_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHewlettAnderson1962">Hewlett & Anderson 1962</a>, pp. 244–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerHeckerHarbur1983144–145-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerHeckerHarbur1983144–145_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakerHeckerHarbur1983">Baker, Hecker & Harbur 1983</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>. <q>It even had a code: JANCFU for "joint army navy combined foul up" which was a cousin of "SNAFU", military vernacular for "situation normal, all f***ed up."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=The+harrowing+story+of+the+Nagasaki+bombing+mission&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Blakeslee%2C+Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2F2022%2F08%2Fharrowing-story-of-the-nagasaki-bombing-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awesometalks.wordpress.com/2008/08/07/bockscar-the-forgotten-plane-that-dropped-the-atomic-bomb/">"Bockscar … The Forgotten Plane That Dropped The Atomic Bomb « A Little Touch of History"</a>. 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The History of Air Force Participation in the Atomic Energy Program, 1943–1953. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Air Force, Air University Historical Liaison Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foia.af.mil/shared/media/document/afd-091021-044.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vol.+I%2C+Project+Silverplate+1943%E2%80%931946&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=The+History+of+Air+Force+Participation+in+the+Atomic+Energy+Program%2C+1943%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=U.S.+Air+Force%2C+Air+University+Historical+Liaison+Office&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foia.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2Fafd-091021-044.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2005" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Richard H. (2005). <i>The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2139-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2139-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-2139-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58554961">58554961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silverplate+Bombers%3A+A+History+and+Registry+of+the+Enola+Gay+and+Other+B-29s+Configured+to+Carry+Atomic+Bombs&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58554961&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2139-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoster-Mullen2012" class="citation book cs1">Coster-Mullen, John (2012). <i>Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man</i>. Waukesha, Wisconsin: J. Coster-Mullen. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006S2AJ0">B0006S2AJ0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298514167">298514167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atom+Bombs%3A+The+Top+Secret+Inside+Story+of+Little+Boy+and+Fat+Man&rft.place=Waukesha%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=J.+Coster-Mullen&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298514167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006S2AJ0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Coster-Mullen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCravenCate1953" class="citation book cs1">Craven, Wesley; Cate, James, eds. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/V/index.html"><i>The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki</i></a>. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256469807">256469807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific%3A+Matterhorn+to+Nagasaki&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=The+Army+Air+Forces+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F256469807&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FAAF%2FV%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroves1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Groves, Leslie</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nowitcanbetolds00grov"><i>Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project</i></a></span>. New York: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-70738-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-70738-1"><bdi>0-306-70738-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/537684">537684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Now+It+Can+Be+Told%3A+The+Story+of+the+Manhattan+Project&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F537684&rft.isbn=0-306-70738-1&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnowitcanbetolds00grov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrank1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Frank" title="Richard B. Frank">Frank, Richard B.</a> (1999). <i>Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41424-7"><bdi>978-0-679-41424-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Downfall%3A+The+End+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-679-41424-7&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansen1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hansen" title="Chuck Hansen">Hansen, Chuck</a> (1995). <i>Volume V: US Nuclear Weapons Histories</i>. Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, California: Chukelea Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9791915-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9791915-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9791915-0-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231585284">231585284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+V%3A+US+Nuclear+Weapons+Histories&rft.place=Sunnyvale%2C+California&rft.series=Swords+of+Armageddon%3A+US+Nuclear+Weapons+Development+since+1945&rft.pub=Chukelea+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231585284&rft.isbn=978-0-9791915-0-3&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHewlettAnderson1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hewlett" title="Richard G. Hewlett">Hewlett, Richard G.</a>; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/TheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf"><i>The New World, 1939–1946</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07186-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07186-5"><bdi>978-0-520-07186-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/637004643">637004643</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227010123/http://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/TheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+World%2C+1939%E2%80%931946&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F637004643&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07186-5&rft.aulast=Hewlett&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Oscar+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governmentattic.org%2F5docs%2FTheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hoddeson" title="Lillian Hoddeson">Hoddeson, Lillian</a>; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Westfall" title="Catherine Westfall">Westfall, Catherine L.</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalassembly0000unse"><i>Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945</i></a></span>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44132-2"><bdi>978-0-521-44132-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26764320">26764320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Assembly%3A+A+Technical+History+of+Los+Alamos+During+the+Oppenheimer+Years%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26764320&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44132-2&rft.aulast=Hoddeson&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft.au=Henriksen%2C+Paul+W.&rft.au=Meade%2C+Roger+A.&rft.au=Westfall%2C+Catherine+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalassembly0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalik1985" class="citation web cs1">Malik, John (September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227053729/http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf">"The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Los Alamos National Laboratory. p. 16. LA-8819. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+yields+of+the+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki+nuclear+explosions&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&rft.date=1985-09&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbe.doe.gov%2Fme70%2Fmanhattan%2Fpublications%2FLANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNichols1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Nichols, Kenneth D.</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achive.org/details/roadtotrinity0000nich"><i>The Road to Trinity</i></a></span>. New York: William Morrow and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06910-0"><bdi>978-0-688-06910-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15223648">15223648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Trinity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15223648&rft.isbn=978-0-688-06910-0&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadtotrinity0000nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo00rhod"><i>The Making of the Atomic Bomb</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81378-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81378-3"><bdi>978-0-684-81378-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13793436">13793436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13793436&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81378-3&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofatomicbo00rhod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuss1990" class="citation book cs1">Russ, Harlow W. (1990). <i>Project Alberta: The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II</i>. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Exceptional Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944482-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-944482-01-8"><bdi>978-0-944482-01-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24429257">24429257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Alberta%3A+The+Preparation+of+Atomic+Bombs+For+Use+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Los+Alamos%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=Exceptional+Books&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24429257&rft.isbn=978-0-944482-01-8&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Harlow+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSerberCrease1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Serber" title="Robert Serber">Serber, Robert</a>; Crease, Robert P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peacewarreminisc00serb"><i>Peace & War: Reminiscences of a Life on the Frontiers of Science</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231105460" title="Special:BookSources/9780231105460"><bdi>9780231105460</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37631186">37631186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+%26+War%3A+Reminiscences+of+a+Life+on+the+Frontiers+of+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37631186&rft.isbn=9780231105460&rft.aulast=Serber&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Crease%2C+Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeacewarreminisc00serb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sweeney" title="Charles Sweeney">Sweeney, Charles</a>; Antonucci, James A.; Antonucci, Marion K. (1997). <i>War's End: An Eyewitness Account of America's Last Atomic Mission</i>. Quill Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-78874-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-78874-3"><bdi>978-0-380-78874-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%27s+End%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account+of+America%27s+Last+Atomic+Mission&rft.pub=Quill+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-380-78874-3&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Antonucci%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Antonucci%2C+Marion+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeller2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Teller, Edward</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirstwentieth0000tell"><i>Memoirs: A Twentieth-Century Journey in Science and Politics</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738205328" title="Special:BookSources/9780738205328"><bdi>9780738205328</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48150267">48150267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs%3A+A+Twentieth-Century+Journey+in+Science+and+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Perseus+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48150267&rft.isbn=9780738205328&rft.aulast=Teller&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirstwentieth0000tell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Shot" title="Third Shot">Third Shot</a>, a Fat Man-type weapon intended for a third Japanese target after Nagasaki</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man" class="extiw" title="commons:Fat Man"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Fat Man</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-10/CMH_Pub_11-10.pdf">Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9v5sW6t0zI"><span class="plainlinks">Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki (silent)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie3.shtml">Fat Man Model</a> in QuickTime VR format</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Samuels, David (23 January 2009) [15 December 2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/12/15/081215fa_fact_samuels">"Atomic John: A truck driver uncovers secrets about the first nuclear bombs"</a>. A Reporter at Large (column). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Atomic+John%3A+A+truck+driver+uncovers+secrets+about+the+first+nuclear+bombs&rft.date=2009-01-23&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2008%2F12%2F15%2F081215fa_fact_samuels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Man" class="Z3988"></span> Essay and interview with John Coster-Mullen, the author of <i>Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man</i>, 2003 (first printed in 1996, self-published), considered a definitive text about Fat Man; illustrations from which are used in the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Physics_package">Physics Package</a> section above.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_nuclear_devices" title="Template:United States nuclear devices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_nuclear_devices" title="Template talk:United States nuclear devices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_nuclear_devices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States nuclear devices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_nuclear_devices228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons#United_States" title="List of nuclear weapons">United States nuclear devices</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Fission<br />(including<br />boosted)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Unguided_bomb" title="Unguided bomb">Gravity bombs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> (Mark 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a> (Mark 2)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fat Man</a> (Mark 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_4_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 4 nuclear bomb">Mark 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_5_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 5 nuclear bomb">Mark 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_6_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 6 nuclear bomb">Mark 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_7_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 7 nuclear bomb">Mark 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_8_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 8 nuclear bomb">Mark 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_10_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 10 nuclear bomb">Mark 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_11_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 11 nuclear bomb">Mark 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_12_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 12 nuclear bomb">Mark 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 13 nuclear bomb">Mark 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_18_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 18 nuclear bomb">Mark 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13_nuclear_bomb#Mark_20" title="Mark 13 nuclear bomb">Mark 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_105_Hotpoint" title="Mk 105 Hotpoint">Mk 105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B57_nuclear_bomb" title="B57 nuclear bomb">B57</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Warheads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_4_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 4 nuclear bomb">W4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_5_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 5 nuclear bomb">W5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_7_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 7 nuclear bomb">W7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_8_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 8 nuclear bomb">W8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_12_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 12 nuclear bomb">W12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 13 nuclear bomb">W13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W25_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W25 (nuclear warhead)">W25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W30_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W30 (nuclear warhead)">W30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W31" title="W31">W31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W34_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W34 (nuclear warhead)">W34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W31" title="W31">W37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W40_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W40 (nuclear warhead)">W40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W42_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W42 (nuclear warhead)">W42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUR-5_ASROC#W44_nuclear_depth_charge" title="RUR-5 ASROC">W44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W45_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W45 (nuclear warhead)">W45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W54" title="W54">XW-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W54" title="W54">W54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W54" title="W54">W72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W76" title="W76">W76-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W81" title="W81">W81</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Depth bombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_90_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 90 nuclear bomb">Mark 90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_101_Lulu" title="Mk 101 Lulu">Mk 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_105_Hotpoint" title="Mk 105 Hotpoint">Mk 105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B57_nuclear_bomb" title="B57 nuclear bomb">B57</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Artillery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W9_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W9 (nuclear warhead)">W9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W19_(nuclear_artillery_shell)" title="W19 (nuclear artillery shell)">W19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W19_(nuclear_artillery_shell)" title="W19 (nuclear artillery shell)">W23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W33_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W33 (nuclear warhead)">W33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W48" title="W48">W48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W54" title="W54">W54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W74_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W74 (nuclear warhead)">W74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W74_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W74 (nuclear warhead)">W75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W79_Artillery-Fired_Atomic_Projectile" title="W79 Artillery-Fired Atomic Projectile">W79</a>-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W82" title="W82">W82</a>-1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_demolition_munition" title="Atomic demolition munition">Atomic demolition<br />munitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_6_nuclear_bomb#XM1_Atomic_Demolition_Munition" title="Mark 6 nuclear bomb">XM1 ADM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_7_nuclear_bomb#T2_Atomic_Demolition_Munition" title="Mark 7 nuclear bomb">T2 ADM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-4_Atomic_Demolition_Munition" title="T-4 Atomic Demolition Munition">T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Atomic_Demolition_Munition" title="Medium Atomic Demolition Munition">Medium Atomic Demolition Munition</a> (MADM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Atomic_Demolition_Munition" title="Special Atomic Demolition Munition">Special Atomic Demolition Munition</a> (SADM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Atomic_Demolition_Munition" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical Atomic Demolition Munition">Tactical Atomic Demolition Munition</a> (TADM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">Thermonuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Gravity bombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_14_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 14 nuclear bomb">Mark 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_15_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 15 nuclear bomb">Mark 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_16_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 16 nuclear bomb">TX16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_17_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 17 nuclear bomb">Mark 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_21_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 21 nuclear bomb">Mark 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_22_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 22 nuclear bomb">TX22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_24_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 24 nuclear bomb">Mark 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_26_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 26 nuclear bomb">Mark 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_27_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 27 nuclear bomb">Mark 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B28_nuclear_bomb" title="B28 nuclear bomb">B28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_36_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 36 nuclear bomb">Mark 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_39_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 39 nuclear bomb">Mark 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B41_nuclear_bomb" title="B41 nuclear bomb">B41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B43_nuclear_bomb" title="B43 nuclear bomb">B43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B46_nuclear_bomb" title="B46 nuclear bomb">TX46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B53_nuclear_bomb" title="B53 nuclear bomb">B53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B77_nuclear_bomb" title="B77 nuclear bomb">B77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B83_nuclear_bomb" title="B83 nuclear bomb">B83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B90_nuclear_bomb" title="B90 nuclear bomb">B90</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Depth bombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B90_nuclear_bomb" title="B90 nuclear bomb">B90</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Warheads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_15_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 15 nuclear bomb">W15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_27_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 27 nuclear bomb">W27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B28_nuclear_bomb" title="B28 nuclear bomb">W28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W29_(nuclear_warhead)" class="mw-redirect" title="W29 (nuclear warhead)">TX29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XW-35" title="XW-35">XW-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W38_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W38 (nuclear warhead)">W38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_39_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 39 nuclear bomb">W39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B41_nuclear_bomb" title="B41 nuclear bomb">W41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B46_nuclear_bomb" title="B46 nuclear bomb">XW-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W47" title="W47">W47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W49" title="W49">W49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W50_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W50 (nuclear warhead)">W50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W52_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W52 (nuclear warhead)">W52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B53_nuclear_bomb" title="B53 nuclear bomb">W53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W55_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W55 (nuclear warhead)">W55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W56" title="W56">W56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W58" title="W58">W58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W59" title="W59">W59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W60_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W60 (nuclear warhead)">W60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb#W61_Earth_Penetrator_Warhead" title="B61 nuclear bomb">W61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W62" title="W62">W62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W63_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W63 (nuclear warhead)">W63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W64_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W64 (nuclear warhead)">W64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W67_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W67 (nuclear warhead)">W67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W68" title="W68">W68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W69" title="W69">W69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W70" title="W70">W70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W71" title="W71">W71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W73_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W73 (nuclear warhead)">W73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W76" title="W76">W76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W78" title="W78">W78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W80_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W80 (nuclear warhead)">W80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W84" title="W84">W84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W85_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W85 (nuclear warhead)">W85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W86" title="W86">W86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W87" title="W87">W87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W88" title="W88">W88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W89" title="W89">W89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W91" title="W91">W91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliable_Replacement_Warhead" title="Reliable Replacement Warhead">Reliable Replacement Warhead</a> (RRW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W93" title="W93">W93</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neutron_bomb" title="Neutron bomb">Enhanced<br />radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Warheads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W63_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W63 (nuclear warhead)">W63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W64_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W64 (nuclear warhead)">W64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W65_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W65 (nuclear warhead)">W65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W66_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W66 (nuclear warhead)">W66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W70" title="W70">W70</a>-3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Artillery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W79_Artillery-Fired_Atomic_Projectile" title="W79 Artillery-Fired Atomic Projectile">W79</a>-0</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W82" title="W82">W82</a>-0</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robin_(nuclear_primary)" title="Robin (nuclear primary)">Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_(nuclear_primary)" title="Swan (nuclear primary)">Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(nuclear_primary)" title="Python (nuclear primary)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsetse_(nuclear_primary)" title="Tsetse (nuclear primary)">Tsetse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinglet_(nuclear_primary)" title="Kinglet (nuclear primary)">Kinglet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starling_(nuclear_primary)" title="Starling (nuclear primary)">Starling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_(nuclear_primary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Komodo (nuclear primary)">Komodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Gadget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RACER_IV" title="RACER IV">RACER IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manhattan_Project245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manhattan_Project" title="Template talk:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manhattan_Project245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Site_A" title="Site A">Site A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Project" title="Dayton Project">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" title="Priscilla Duffield">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Farrell (United States Army officer)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." title="John Lansdale Jr.">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Matthias" title="Franklin Matthias">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McKibbin" title="Dorothy McKibbin">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_scientists_and_technicians_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="African-American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate_process" title="Bismuth phosphate process">Bismuth phosphate process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core">Demon core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project_feed_materials_program" title="Manhattan Project feed materials program">Feed materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec 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