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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Complete, but not independent, musical idea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about musical form. For groups of like instruments, see <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble#Larger_ensembles" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble § Larger ensembles</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhythm_changes_bridge_in_C.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rhythm_changes_bridge_in_C.png/220px-Rhythm_changes_bridge_in_C.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rhythm_changes_bridge_in_C.png/330px-Rhythm_changes_bridge_in_C.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rhythm_changes_bridge_in_C.png/440px-Rhythm_changes_bridge_in_C.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_changes" title="Rhythm changes">Rhythm changes</a> bridge (B section of an <a href="/wiki/Thirty-two-bar_form" title="Thirty-two-bar form">AABA form</a>) in the key of C. <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/af\/Rhythm_changes_bridge_in_C.mid\/Rhythm_changes_bridge_in_C.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rhythm changes bridge in C.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Rhythm_changes_bridge_in_C.mid/Rhythm_changes_bridge_in_C.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhythm_changes_bridge_in_C.mid" title="File:Rhythm changes bridge in C.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, a <b>section</b> is a complete, but not independent, <a href="/wiki/Musical_idea" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical idea">musical idea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Types of sections include the <a href="/wiki/Introduction_(music)" title="Introduction (music)">introduction</a> or intro, <a href="/wiki/Exposition_(music)" title="Exposition (music)">exposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical development">development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_(music)" title="Recapitulation (music)">recapitulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verse-chorus_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse-chorus form">verse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verse-chorus_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse-chorus form">chorus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">refrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conclusion_(music)" title="Conclusion (music)">conclusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coda_(music)" title="Coda (music)">coda</a> or outro, <a href="/wiki/Fade_(audio_engineering)#Origins_and_early_examples" title="Fade (audio engineering)">fadeout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(music)" title="Bridge (music)">bridge</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interlude" class="extiw" title="wikt:interlude">interlude</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sectional_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectional form">sectional forms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Binary_form" title="Binary form">binary</a>, the larger unit (<a href="/wiki/Form_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (music)">form</a>) is built from various smaller clear-cut units (sections) in combination, analogous to <a href="/wiki/Stanzas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanzas">stanzas</a> in poetry or somewhat like stacking <a href="/wiki/Lego" title="Lego">Lego</a>. </p><p>Some well known songs consist of only one or two sections, for example "<a href="/wiki/Jingle_Bells" title="Jingle Bells">Jingle Bells</a>" commonly contains verses ("Dashing through the snow...") and choruses ("Oh, jingle bells..."). It may contain "auxiliary members"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as an introduction and/or outro, especially when accompanied by instruments (the piano starts and then: "Dashing..."). </p><p>A section is, "a major structural unit perceived as the result of the coincidence of relatively large numbers of structural phenomena."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <b>episode</b> may also refer to a section. This term is particularly common in analysis of a <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a> to designate sections during which a fugue subject is not heard (though it may still draw on <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motifs</a> from the subject). After the opening <a href="/wiki/Exposition_(music)" title="Exposition (music)">exposition</a>, fugues generally follow a plan of alternating thematic statements and episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <b>passage</b> is a musical idea that may or may not be complete or independent. For example, <a href="/wiki/Fill_(music)" title="Fill (music)">fill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riff_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riff (music)">riff</a>, and all sections. </p><p><b>Musical material</b> is any musical idea, complete or not, independent or not, including <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motifs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_(music)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_structure_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Song structure (popular music)">Song structure (popular music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_(music)" title="Period (music)">Period (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">Phrase (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">Repetition (music)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repeat_sign" title="Repeat sign">repeat sign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_(music)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bye, L. Dean (1993). <i>Mel Bay Presents Student's Musical Dictionary</i>, p.51. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87166-313-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87166-313-9">0-87166-313-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benward & Saker (2003). <i>Music: In Theory and Practice</i>, Vol. I, p.315. Seventh Edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-294262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-294262-0">978-0-07-294262-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spencer & Temko (1988). <i>Form in Music</i>, p.31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88133-806-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88133-806-0">0-88133-806-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_M._Walker2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paul M. Walker (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08892">"Episode"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span 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(music)">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">Repetition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reprise" title="Reprise">Reprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">Riff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo">Rondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B2" title="Rondò">Rondò</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">Sonata form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_rondo_form" title="Sonata rondo form">Sonata rondo form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_structure" title="Song structure">Song structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strophic_form" title="Strophic form">Strophic form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_form" title="Ternary form">Ternary form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(music)" title="Subject (music)">Theme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-two-bar_form" title="Thirty-two-bar form">Thirty-two-bar form</a></li> <li><a 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