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class="mw-page-title-main">Malagasy Republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_R%C3%A9publique_(Madagascar)" title="Première République (Madagascar) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première République (Madagascar)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phoblacht_Mhalag%C3%A1sach" title="An Phoblacht Mhalagásach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phoblacht Mhalagásach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Malagasi" title="Republik Malagasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Malagasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblika_Malagasy" title="Repoblika Malagasy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Repoblika Malagasy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagassische_Republiek" title="Malagassische Republiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Malagassische Republiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B7%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="マラガシ共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マラガシ共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasiya_Respublikasi" title="Malagasiya Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Malagasiya Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Малагасийская Республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малагасийская Республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="สาธารณรัฐมาลากาซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐมาลากาซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malga%C5%9F%C3%A7a_Cumhuriyeti" title="Malgaşça Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malgaşça Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E4%BB%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="马尔加什共和国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马尔加什共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6740997#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Malagasy_Republic&params=18_56_S_47_31_E_type:county"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°56′S</span> <span class="longitude">47°31′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.933°S 47.517°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-18.933; 47.517</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Government of Madagascar from 1958 to 1975</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the modern day country, see <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Malagasy Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Malagasy-language text"><i lang="mg">Repoblika Malagasy</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République malgache</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1958–1975</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Madagascar"><img alt="Flag of Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/125px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/188px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/250px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Madagascar" title="Flag of Madagascar">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Malagasy_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Madagascar"><img alt="Emblem of Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Emblem_of_the_Malagasy_Republic.svg/85px-Emblem_of_the_Malagasy_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Emblem_of_the_Malagasy_Republic.svg/128px-Emblem_of_the_Malagasy_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Emblem_of_the_Malagasy_Republic.svg/170px-Emblem_of_the_Malagasy_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Madagascar"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Malagasy-language text"><i lang="mg">Fitiavana, Tanindrazana, Fandrosoana</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Malagasy)</span></span></li><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Amour, Patrie, Progrès</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span></li><li>"Love, Fatherland, Progress"<sup id="cite_ref-4thRepublic_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4thRepublic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Malagasy-language text"><i lang="mg"><a href="/wiki/Ry_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4!" title="Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô!">Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô!</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Malagasy)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ô Terre de nos ancêtres bien-aimés!</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span><br />"Oh, land of our beloved ancestors!"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Ry_Tanindrazanay_malala_ô!_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Ry_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Ry_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg/Ry_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARy_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARy_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARy_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARy_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=mg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mg" label="Malagasy ‪(mg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationMadagascar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the Malagasy Republic in Africa"><img alt="Location of the Malagasy Republic in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationMadagascar.svg/250px-LocationMadagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationMadagascar.svg/375px-LocationMadagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationMadagascar.svg/500px-LocationMadagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of the Malagasy Republic in Africa</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tananarive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tananarive">Tananarive</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Traditional beliefs</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Madagascar" title="Politics of Madagascar">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a> within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a><br /><small>(1958–1960)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a><br /><small>(1960–1975)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Madagascar" title="List of colonial governors of Madagascar">High Commissioner</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1958–1959 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Soucadaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Soucadaux (page does not exist)">André Soucadaux</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Madagascar">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1959–1972 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philibert_Tsiranana" title="Philibert Tsiranana">Philibert Tsiranana</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1972–1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Ramanantsoa" title="Gabriel Ramanantsoa">Gabriel Ramanantsoa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ratsimandrava" title="Richard Ratsimandrava">Richard Ratsimandrava</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Andriamahazo" title="Gilles Andriamahazo">Gilles Andriamahazo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Didier_Ratsiraka" title="Didier Ratsiraka">Didier Ratsiraka</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Madagascar" title="Prime Minister of Madagascar">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1958–1959 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philibert_Tsiranana" title="Philibert Tsiranana">Philibert Tsiranana</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1972–1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Ramanantsoa" title="Gabriel Ramanantsoa">Gabriel Ramanantsoa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Madagascar" title="Parliament of Madagascar">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Madagascar)" title="Senate (Madagascar)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Madagascar)" title="National Assembly (Madagascar)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">October 14 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Detachment of the <a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 1, 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">June 26, 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">December 30 1975</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1961<sup id="cite_ref-WP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">587,040 km<sup>2</sup> (226,660 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1975<sup id="cite_ref-WP_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">587,040 km<sup>2</sup> (226,660 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Madagascar" title="Demographics of Madagascar">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1961<sup id="cite_ref-WP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,590,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1975<sup id="cite_ref-WP_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,568,577</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data">Madagascar-Comores CFA franc<br /><small>(1960–1963)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_franc" title="Malagasy franc">Malagasy franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malagasy_ariary" title="Malagasy ariary">ariary</a>)<br /><small>(1963–1975)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MG" title="ISO 3166-2:MG">MG</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">French Madagascar</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Democratic Republic of Madagascar</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/20px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/40px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser">Banc du Geyser</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Madagascar" title="Category:History of Madagascar">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar" title="History of Madagascar">History of <span class="fn org label">Madagascar</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding-bottom:1em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_070-INSULA_LAVRENTII,_Vulgo_MADAGASCAR.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="INSULA LAVRENTII, Vulgo MADAGASCAR"><img alt="INSULA LAVRENTII, Vulgo MADAGASCAR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_070-INSULA_LAVRENTII%2C_Vulgo_MADAGASCAR.jpeg/150px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_070-INSULA_LAVRENTII%2C_Vulgo_MADAGASCAR.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_070-INSULA_LAVRENTII%2C_Vulgo_MADAGASCAR.jpeg/225px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_070-INSULA_LAVRENTII%2C_Vulgo_MADAGASCAR.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_070-INSULA_LAVRENTII%2C_Vulgo_MADAGASCAR.jpeg/300px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_070-INSULA_LAVRENTII%2C_Vulgo_MADAGASCAR.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4287" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em; padding-left:.4em; padding-right:.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar#First_inhabitants_and_settlements_(500_BCE–700_CE)" title="History of Madagascar">Ancient history</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">c. 500 BCE–700</span></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar#Traders,_explorers,_and_immigration_(700–1500)" title="History of Madagascar">Exploration era</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700–1500</span></span></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Merina Kingdom</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1540–1897</span></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Protectorate" title="Malagasy Protectorate">French protectorate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1882–1897</span></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">French colony</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1897–1958</span></div></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Republic</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1958–1975</span></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Second Republic</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1975–1992</span></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Third Republic of Madagascar">Third Republic</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1992–2010</span></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/High_Transitional_Authority" title="High Transitional Authority">High Transitional Authority</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2009–2014</span></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Fourth Republic</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2014–<i>present</i></span></div></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Madagascar" title="Category:History of Madagascar">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Madagascar" class="extiw" title="c:Category:History of Madagascar">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Madagascar" title="Portal:Madagascar">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Madagascar" title="Template:History of Madagascar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Madagascar" title="Template talk:History of Madagascar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Madagascar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Madagascar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Malagasy Republic</b> (<a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>: <i lang="mg">Repoblika Malagasy</i>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">République malgache</i>) was a state situated in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Madagascar">island of Madagascar</a>. It was established in 1958 as an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">autonomous republic</a> within the newly created <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>, became fully independent in 1960, and existed until the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Democratic Republic of Madagascar</a> in 1975. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of the Fifth Republic</a> under the leadership of General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, on September 28, 1958, <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_constitutional_referendum,_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy constitutional referendum, 1958">a referendum was held</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">Colony of Madagascar</a> to determine whether the country should become a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-governing">self-governing</a> republic within the French Community. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Madagascar" title="Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar">AKFM</a> and other nationalists opposed to the concept of limited self-rule mustered about 25 percent of votes cast. The vast majority of the population, at the urging of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Madagascar_and_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party of Madagascar and the Comoros">Social Democratic Party of Madagascar and the Comoros</a> (PSD) leadership, voted in favor. The vote led to the election of <a href="/wiki/Philibert_Tsiranana" title="Philibert Tsiranana">Philibert Tsiranana</a> as the country's first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Madagascar">president</a> on April 27, 1959. After a year of negotiations between Tsiranana and his French counterparts, Madagascar's status as a self-governing republic officially was altered on June 26, 1960, to that of a fully independent and sovereign state. The cornerstone of Tsiranana's government was the signing with France of fourteen agreements and conventions designed to maintain and strengthen Franco-Malagasy ties. These agreements were to provide the basis for increasing opposition from Tsiranana's critics. </p><p>A spirit of political reconciliation prevailed in the early 1960s. By achieving independence and obtaining the release of the MDRM leaders detained since the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Revolt of 1947</a>, Tsiranana had co-opted the chief issues on which the more aggressively nationalist elements had built much of their support. Tsiranana made plain his intent to maintain strong ties to France and the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> in economic, military, and cultural spheres. Not entirely sanguine about this prospect, the opposition initially concurred in the interest of consolidating the gains of the previous decade, and most ethnic and regional interests supported Tsiranana. </p><p>Similar to other African leaders during the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Africa">immediate independence era</a>, Tsiranana oversaw the consolidation of his own party's power at the expense of the others. A political system that strongly favored the incumbent complemented these actions. For example, although the political process allowed minority parties to participate, the constitution mandated a winner-take-all system that effectively denied the opposition a voice in governance. Tsiranana's position was further strengthened by the broad, multiethnic popular base of the PSD among the côtiers, whereas the opposition was severely disorganized. The AKFM continued to experience intraparty rifts between leftist and ultranationalist, more orthodox Marxist factions; it was unable to capitalize on increasingly active but relatively less privileged <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy</a> youth because the party's base was the <a href="/wiki/Merina_people" title="Merina people">Merina</a> middle class. </p><p>A new force on the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Madagascar" title="Politics of Madagascar">political scene</a> provided the first serious challenge to the Tsiranana government in April 1971. The <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_for_the_Malagasy" title="Madagascar for the Malagasy">National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar (<i>Mouvement National pour l'Indépendance de Madagascar</i> – Monima)</a> led a peasant uprising in <a href="/wiki/Toliara_Province" title="Toliara Province">Toliara Province</a>. The creator and leader of Monima was <a href="/wiki/Monja_Jaona" title="Monja Jaona">Monja Jaona</a>, a côtier from the south who also participated in the Revolt of 1947. The main issue was government pressure for tax collection at a time when local cattle herds were being ravaged by disease. The protesters attacked <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Madagascar">military</a> and administrative centers in the area, apparently hoping for support in the form of weapons and reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Such help never arrived, and the revolt was harshly and quickly suppressed. An estimated fifty to 1,000 persons died, Monima was dissolved, and Monima leaders, including Jaona and several hundred protesters, were arrested and deported to the island of <a href="/wiki/Barren_Isles" title="Barren Isles">Nosy Lava</a>. </p><p>Another movement came on the scene in early 1972, in the form of student protests in <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a>. A general strike involving the nation's roughly 100,000 secondary-level students focused on three principal issues: ending the cultural cooperation agreements with France; replacing educational programs designed for schools in France and taught by French teachers with programs emphasizing Malagasy life and culture and taught by Malagasy instructors; and increasing access for economically underprivileged youth to secondary-level institutions. By early May, the PSD sought to end the student strike at any cost; on May 12 and 13, the government arrested several hundred student leaders and sent them to Nosy Lava. Authorities also closed the schools and banned demonstrations. </p><p>Mounting economic stagnation – as revealed in scarcities of investment capital, a general decline in living standards, and the failure to meet even modest development goals – further undermined the government's position. Forces unleashed by the growing economic crisis combined with student unrest to create an opposition alliance. Workers, public servants, peasants, and many unemployed urban youth of Antananarivo joined the student strike, which spread to the provinces. Protesters set fire to the town hall and to the offices of a French-language newspaper in the capital. </p><p>The turning point occurred on May 13 when the Republican Security Force (Force Républicaine de Sécurité – FRS) opened fire on the rioters; in the ensuing melee between fifteen and forty persons were killed and about 150 injured. Tsiranana declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of national emergency</a> and on May 18 dissolved his government, effectively ending the First Republic. He then turned over full power to the National Army under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Ramanantsoa" title="Gabriel Ramanantsoa">Gabriel Ramanantsoa</a>, a politically conservative Merina and former career officer in the <a href="/wiki/French_army" class="mw-redirect" title="French army">French army</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Madagascar">National Army</a> had maintained strict political neutrality in the crisis, and its intervention to restore order was welcomed by protesters and opposition elements. </p><p>The Ramanantsoa military regime could not resolve rising economic and ethnic problems, and narrowly survived an attempted coup d'état on December 31, 1974. The fact that the coup was led by several côtier officers against a Merina military leader underscored the growing Merina/côtier polarization in the military. In an attempt at restoring unity, Ramanantsoa, on February 5, 1975, turned over power to Colonel <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ratsimandrava" title="Richard Ratsimandrava">Richard Ratsimandrava</a> (a Merina with a less "aristocratic" background). Five days later, Ratsimandrava was assassinated, and a National Military Directorate was formed to restore order by declaring <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, strictly <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censoring</a> political expression, and suspending all political parties. </p><p>The political transition crisis was resolved on June 15, 1975, when the National Military Directorate selected Lieutenant Commander <a href="/wiki/Didier_Ratsiraka" title="Didier Ratsiraka">Didier Ratsiraka</a> as head of state and president of a new ruling body, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Madagascar)" title="Supreme Revolutionary Council (Madagascar)">Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC)</a>. The choice of Ratsiraka allayed ethnic concerns because he was a côtier belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Betsimisaraka_people" title="Betsimisaraka people">Betsimisaraka ethnic group</a>. In addition, Ratsiraka – a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> – was perceived by his military peers as a consensus candidate capable of forging unity among the various leftist political parties (such as AKFM and Monima), students, urban workers, the peasantry, and the armed forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar" title="History of Madagascar">History of Madagascar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4thRepublic-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4thRepublic_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLe_Comité_Consultatif_Constitutionnel2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Comité Consultatif Constitutionnel (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/IMG/pdf/constitution.pdf">"<i>Projet de Constitution de la Quatrième République de Madagascar</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Madagascar Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628042414/http://madagascar-tribune.com/IMG/pdf/constitution.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Projet+de+Constitution+de+la+Quatri%C3%A8me+R%C3%A9publique+de+Madagascar&rft.pub=Madagascar+Tribune&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.au=Le+Comit%C3%A9+Consultatif+Constitutionnel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madagascar-tribune.com%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fconstitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000877911/2020-10-21/">Decree No. 60-555 of April 1, 1960</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rG5meGzRsd0C&pg=PA102">International Demographic Data Center (U.S.), United States Bureau of the Census (1980). World Population 1979: Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World. The Bureau. pp. 102-103.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/"><i>Country Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Madagascar_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Madagascar_topics" title="Template:Madagascar topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Madagascar_topics" title="Template talk:Madagascar 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title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Hova_Wars" title="Franco-Hova Wars">Franco-Hova Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Protectorate" title="Malagasy Protectorate">Malagasy Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">French Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Madagascar" title="List of colonial governors of Madagascar">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Malagasy_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 Malagasy constitutional referendum">Independence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malagasy Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Third Republic of Madagascar">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Malagasy_political_crisis" title="2009 Malagasy political crisis">2009 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Transitional_Authority" title="High Transitional Authority">Transitional Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Madagascar_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 Madagascar famine">2021–2022 famine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Madagascar" title="Coat of arms of Madagascar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/100px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/150px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/200px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of biosphere reserves in Madagascar">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Madagascar" title="List of cities in Madagascar">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Madagascar" title="Districts of Madagascar">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_of_Madagascar" title="Ecoregions of Madagascar">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Madagascar" title="List of islands of Madagascar">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Madagascar" title="Protected areas of Madagascar">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Madagascar" title="Provinces of Madagascar">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Madagascar" title="Regions of Madagascar">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Madagascar" title="List of rivers of Madagascar">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Madagascar" title="List of volcanoes in Madagascar">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Madagascar" title="Wildlife of Madagascar">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Madagascar" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Madagascar">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Madagascar" title="Politics of Madagascar">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Madagascar" title="Constitution of Madagascar">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Madagascar" title="Elections in Madagascar">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Madagascar" title="Foreign relations of Madagascar">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Madagascar" title="Human rights in Madagascar">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Madagascar" title="Law enforcement in Madagascar">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_People%27s_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Madagascar People's Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Madagascar" title="Parliament of Madagascar">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Madagascar)" title="National Assembly (Madagascar)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Madagascar)" title="Senate (Madagascar)">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Madagascar" title="List of political parties in Madagascar">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Madagascar" title="List of presidents of Madagascar">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Madagascar" title="Prime Minister of Madagascar">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Madagascar" title="Subdivisions of Madagascar">Subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Madagascar" title="Agriculture in Madagascar">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_ariary" title="Malagasy ariary">Ariary <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Madagascar" title="Central Bank of Madagascar">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Madagascar" title="List of companies of Madagascar">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security_in_Madagascar" title="Food security in Madagascar">Food security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging_in_Madagascar" title="Illegal logging in Madagascar">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Madagascar" title="Tourism in Madagascar">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Madagascar" title="Transport in Madagascar">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_Madagascar" title="Driving in Madagascar">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Madagascar" title="Rail transport in Madagascar">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Madagascar" title="Category:Society of Madagascar">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Madagascar" title="Abortion in Madagascar">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4!" title="Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô!">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Madagascar" title="Seal of Madagascar">Seal</a></li> <li><a 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articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Madagascar" title="Category:Madagascar">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Madagascar" title="Portal:Madagascar">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Malagasy_Republic&params=18_56_S_47_31_E_type:county"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°56′S</span> <span 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