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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal proceedings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_proceedings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal proceedings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_proceedings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_opening_of_the_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_opening_of_the_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The opening of the trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_opening_of_the_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Media coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimitrov's_testimony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimitrov's_testimony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dimitrov's testimony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimitrov's_testimony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verdict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verdict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Verdict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verdict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Other outcomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_response_to_the_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_response_to_the_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Artistic response to the trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_response_to_the_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution_of_Van_der_Lubbe,_January_1934" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution_of_Van_der_Lubbe,_January_1934"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Execution of Van der Lubbe, January 1934</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution_of_Van_der_Lubbe,_January_1934-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_restitution,_1967_to_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_restitution,_1967_to_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Posthumous restitution, 1967 to 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_restitution,_1967_to_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dispute about Van der Lubbe's role</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dispute about Van der Lubbe's role subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1955_testimony_of_SA_member_Hans-Martin_Lennings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1955_testimony_of_SA_member_Hans-Martin_Lennings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1955 testimony of SA member Hans-Martin Lennings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1955_testimony_of_SA_member_Hans-Martin_Lennings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Göring's_alleged_commentary,_1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Göring's_alleged_commentary,_1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Göring's alleged commentary, 1943</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Göring's_alleged_commentary,_1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Countertrial"_by_the_German_Communist_Party_in_exile,_1933" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Countertrial"_by_the_German_Communist_Party_in_exile,_1933"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>"Countertrial" by the German Communist Party in exile, 1933</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Countertrial"_by_the_German_Communist_Party_in_exile,_1933-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reichstag fire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstagsbrand" title="Reichstagsbrand – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Reichstagsbrand" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="حريق الرايخستاج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حريق الرايخستاج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Падпал Рэйхстага – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Падпал Рэйхстага" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Пожар в Райхстага – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пожар в Райхстага" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paljenje_Reichstaga" title="Paljenje Reichstaga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paljenje Reichstaga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendi_del_Reichstag" title="Incendi del Reichstag – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Incendi del Reichstag" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BE%C3%A1r_%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1sk%C3%A9ho_sn%C4%9Bmu" title="Požár Říšského sněmu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Požár Říšského sněmu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigsdagsbranden" title="Rigsdagsbranden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rigsdagsbranden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstagsbrand" title="Reichstagsbrand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reichstagsbrand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riigip%C3%A4evahoone_tulekahju" title="Riigipäevahoone tulekahju – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riigipäevahoone tulekahju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Εμπρησμός του Ράιχσταγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμπρησμός του Ράιχσταγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendio_del_Reichstag" title="Incendio del Reichstag – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Incendio del Reichstag" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendio_de_Reichstag" title="Incendio de Reichstag – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Incendio de Reichstag" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstagen_sutea" title="Reichstagen sutea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Reichstagen sutea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="آتش‌سوزی رایشس‌تاگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتش‌سوزی رایشس‌تاگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendie_du_Reichstag" title="Incendie du Reichstag – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Incendie du Reichstag" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryksdeibr%C3%A2n" title="Ryksdeibrân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ryksdeibrân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loscadh_Reichstag_(1933)" title="Loscadh Reichstag (1933) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Loscadh Reichstag (1933)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendio_do_Reichstag" title="Incendio do Reichstag – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Incendio do Reichstag" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C_%EC%9D%98%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B9_%ED%99%94%EC%9E%AC_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="국가의회 의사당 화재 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가의회 의사당 화재 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paljenje_Reichstaga" title="Paljenje Reichstaga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paljenje Reichstaga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebakaran_Reichstag" title="Kebakaran Reichstag – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebakaran Reichstag" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendio_del_Reichstag" title="Incendio del Reichstag – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Incendio del Reichstag" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%92" title="שרפת הרייכסטאג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרפת הרייכסטאג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რაიხსტაგის ხანძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რაიხსტაგის ხანძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reihst%C4%81ga_dedzin%C4%81%C5%A1ana" title="Reihstāga dedzināšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Reihstāga dedzināšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Reichstag_felgy%C3%BAjt%C3%A1sa" title="A Reichstag felgyújtása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Reichstag felgyújtása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97" title="राइशस्टागची आग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राइशस्टागची आग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksdagbrand" title="Rijksdagbrand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rijksdagbrand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0%E4%BA%8B%E5%A0%82%E6%94%BE%E7%81%AB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="ドイツ国会議事堂放火事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ国会議事堂放火事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdagsbrannen" title="Riksdagsbrannen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Riksdagsbrannen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdagsbrannen" title="Riksdagsbrannen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Riksdagsbrannen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BCar_Reichstagu" title="Pożar Reichstagu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pożar Reichstagu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc%C3%AAndio_do_Reichstag" title="Incêndio do Reichstag – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Incêndio do Reichstag" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendierea_Reichstagului" title="Incendierea Reichstagului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Incendierea Reichstagului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Поджог Рейхстага – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поджог Рейхстага" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Berlinit" title="Historia e Berlinit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Berlinit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reichstag fire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEiar_R%C3%AD%C5%A1skeho_snemu" title="Požiar Ríšskeho snemu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Požiar Ríšskeho snemu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Паљење Рајхстага – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паљење Рајхстага" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paljenje_Reichstaga" title="Paljenje Reichstaga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paljenje Reichstaga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_valtiop%C3%A4iv%C3%A4talon_tuhopoltto" title="Saksan valtiopäivätalon tuhopoltto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan valtiopäivätalon tuhopoltto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdagshusbranden" title="Riksdagshusbranden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Riksdagshusbranden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyxstagn%C4%B1_yand%C4%B1ru" title="Reyxstagnı yandıru – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Reyxstagnı yandıru" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="రీచ్‌స్టాగ్ దహనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రీచ్‌స్టాగ్ దహనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="เหตุเพลิงไหม้ไรชส์ทาค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหตุเพลิงไหม้ไรชส์ทาค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_Yang%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Reichstag Yangını – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Reichstag Yangını" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Підпал Рейхстагу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Підпал Рейхстагу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%A5_h%E1%BB%8Fa_ho%E1%BA%A1n_Reichstag" title="Vụ hỏa hoạn Reichstag – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vụ hỏa hoạn Reichstag" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E7%BA%B5%E7%81%AB%E6%A1%88" title="国会纵火案 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国会纵火案" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Reichstag_fire&params=52_31_7_N_13_22_34_E_region:DE-BE_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°31′7″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°22′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.51861°N 13.37611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.51861; 13.37611</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1933 arson attack in Berlin, Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Reichstag fire</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichstagsbrand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Reichstagsbrand.jpg/240px-Reichstagsbrand.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Reichstagsbrand.jpg/360px-Reichstagsbrand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Reichstagsbrand.jpg/480px-Reichstagsbrand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="2434" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Firefighters struggle to extinguish the fire.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="deu"> Reichstagsbrand</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">27 February 1933<span class="noprint">; 91 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1933-02-27</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Reichstag_fire&params=52_31_7_N_13_22_34_E_region:DE-BE_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°31′7″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°22′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.51861°N 13.37611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.51861; 13.37611</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">Marinus van der Lubbe</a> <a href="#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role">(Disputed)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a> enacted <ul><li>Van der Lubbe executed</li> <li>Civil liberties suspended</li> <li>Nazi control of government entrenched</li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_violence_in_Germany_(1918–1933)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Political violence in Germany"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Political_violence_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Political violence in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Political_violence_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Political violence in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_violence_in_Germany_(1918–1933)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Germany_(1918%E2%80%931933)" title="Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)"><span class="wrap">Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1918-1923</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_strike_of_January_1918" title="German strike of January 1918">German strike of January 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Imperial_German_Army" title="Collapse of the Imperial German Army">Collapse of the Imperial German Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Occupation of the Rhineland">Occupation of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feme_murders" title="Feme murders">Feme murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_East_Prussian_plebiscite" title="1920 East Prussian plebiscite">1920 East Prussian plebiscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Bloodbath" title="Reichstag Bloodbath">Reichstag Bloodbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_uprising" title="Ruhr uprising">Ruhr uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Frankfurt" title="French occupation of Frankfurt">French occupation of Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Action" title="March Action">March Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Revolt" title="Klaipėda Revolt">Klaipėda Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">Occupation of the Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuno_strikes" title="Cuno strikes">Cuno strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCstrin_Putsch" title="Küstrin Putsch">Küstrin Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_October" title="German October">German October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Uprising" title="Hamburg Uprising">Hamburg Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1929-1933</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blutmai" title="Blutmai">Blutmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stennes_revolt" title="Stennes revolt">Stennes revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Paul_Anlauf_and_Franz_Lenck" title="Murder of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck">Murder of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altona_Bloody_Sunday" title="Altona Bloody Sunday">Altona Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Prussian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1932 Prussian coup d'état">1932 Prussian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potempa_murder_of_1932" title="Potempa murder of 1932">Potempa murder of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwami_Affair" title="Kwami Affair">Kwami Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Berlin_transport_strike" title="1932 Berlin transport strike">1932 Berlin transport strike</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reichstag fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Röhm purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Reichstag fire</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Reichstagsbrand</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/be\/De-Reichstagsbrand.ogg\/De-Reichstagsbrand.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Reichstagsbrand.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/De-Reichstagsbrand.ogg/De-Reichstagsbrand.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Reichstagsbrand.ogg" title="File:De-Reichstagsbrand.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> attack on the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag building</a>, home of the German parliament in Berlin, on Monday, 27 February 1933, precisely four weeks after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">Marinus van der Lubbe</a>, a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">council communist</a>, was the alleged culprit; the Nazis attributed the fire to a group of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist</a> agitators, used it as a pretext to claim that Communists were plotting against the German government, and induced <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> to issue the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a> suspending civil liberties, and pursue a "ruthless confrontation" with the Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made the fire pivotal in the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. </p><p>The first report of the fire came shortly after 9:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m., when a Berlin fire station received an alarm call.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobias196426–28_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobias196426–28-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time police and firefighters arrived, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a> (the lower house) was engulfed in flames. The police conducted a thorough search inside the building and found Van der Lubbe, who was arrested. </p><p>After the Fire Decree was issued, the police – now controlled by Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> – made mass arrests of communists, including all of the communist Reichstag delegates. This severely crippled communist participation in <a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">the 5 March elections</a>. After the 5 March elections, the absence of the communists allowed the Nazi Party to expand their plurality in the Reichstag, greatly assisting the Nazi seizure of total power. On 9 March 1933 the Prussian state police arrested <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarians</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Tanev" title="Vasil Tanev">Vasil Tanev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blagoy_Popov" title="Blagoy Popov">Blagoy Popov</a>, who were known <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> operatives (though the police did not know it then, Dimitrov was head of all Comintern operations in Western Europe). <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Torgler" title="Ernst Torgler">Ernst Torgler</a>, head of the Communist Party, had surrendered to police on 28 February. </p><p>Van der Lubbe and the four communists were the defendants in a trial that started in September 1933. It ended in the acquittal of the four communists and the conviction of Van der Lubbe, who was then executed. </p><p>The responsibility for the Reichstag fire remains a topic of debate and research, as while Van der Lubbe was found guilty, it is unclear whether he acted alone.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most historians accept that the Reichstag was set ablaze by Van der Lubbe, some view that the fire was a part of a Nazi plot to take power, a view which historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a> labels a conspiracy theory.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Germany posthumously pardoned Van der Lubbe under a law introduced in 1998 to lift unjust verdicts dating from the Nazi era. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> had a plurality, not a majority; the communists posted gains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2004299_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004299-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adolf Hitler was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(German_Reich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)">Chancellor</a> and head of the coalition government on 30 January 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2004307_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004307-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As chancellor, Hitler asked President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> to dissolve the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> and call for a new parliamentary election. The date set for the elections was 5 March 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2004321_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004321-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler hoped to abolish democracy in a quasi-legal fashion, by passing the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a>. The Enabling Act was a special law that gave the Chancellor the power to pass laws by decree, without the involvement of the <i>Reichstag</i>. These special powers would remain in effect for four years, after which time they were eligible to be renewed. Under the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>, the President could rule by decree in times of emergency using <a href="/wiki/Article_48" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 48">Article 48</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the election campaign, the Nazis alleged that Germany was on the verge of a communist revolution and that the only way to stop the communists was to put the Nazis securely in power. The message of the campaign was simple: increase the number of Nazi seats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2004321–327_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004321–327-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fire">Fire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after 9<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. on 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was reported as on fire, and firefighters were dispatched. Despite their efforts, most of the building was gutted.<sup id="cite_ref-EncycFire_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycFire-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 11:30 p.m., the fire was put out. The firefighters and police inspected the ruins and found 20 bundles of flammable material (firelighters) unburned lying about. At the time the fire was reported, Hitler was having dinner with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> at Goebbels' apartment in Berlin. When Goebbels received an urgent phone call informing him of the fire, he regarded it as a "tall tale" at first and hung up. Only after the second call did he report the news to Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both left Goebbels' apartment and arrived by car at the <i>Reichstag</i>, just as the fire was being put out. They were met at the site by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Prussia">Interior Minister of Prussia</a>, who told Hitler, "This is communist outrage! One of the communist culprits has been arrested." Hitler called the fire a "sign from God" and claimed it was a signal meant to mark the beginning of a communist revolt. The next day, Hitler reported that "this act of incendiarism is the most monstrous act of terrorism carried out by Bolshevism in Germany". The <i><a href="/wiki/Vossische_Zeitung" title="Vossische Zeitung">Vossische Zeitung</a></i> newspaper warned its readers that "the government is of the opinion that the situation is such that a danger to the state and nation existed and still exists".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1976286–287_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1976286–287-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gempp" title="Walter Gempp">Walter Gempp</a> was head of the Berlin fire department at the time of the Reichstag fire on 27 February 1933, personally directing the operations at the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 March he was dismissed for presenting evidence that suggested Nazi involvement in the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gempp asserted that there had been a delay in notifying the fire brigade and that he had been forbidden from making full use of the resources at his disposal. In 1937, Gempp was arrested for abuse of office. Despite his appeal, he was imprisoned. Gempp was strangled and killed in prison on 2 May 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_consequences">Political consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The day after the fire, at Hitler's request, President Hindenburg signed the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a> into law by using <a href="/wiki/Article_48" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 48">Article 48</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>. The Reichstag Fire Decree suspended most civil liberties in Germany, including <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">right of free association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">public assembly</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Secrecy_of_correspondence" title="Secrecy of correspondence">secrecy of the post and telephone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200333_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200333-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rights were not reinstated during Nazi reign. The decree was used by the Nazis to ban publications not considered friendly to the Nazi cause. Despite the fact that Marinus van der Lubbe claimed to have acted alone in the Reichstag fire, Hitler, after having obtained his emergency powers, announced that it was the start of a wider communist effort to take over Germany. Nazi Party newspapers then published this fabricated story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200333_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200333-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sent the German population into a panic and isolated the communists further among the civilians; additionally, thousands of communists were imprisoned in the days following the fire (including leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a>) on the charge that the Party was preparing to stage a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">putsch</a></i>. Speaking to Rudolph Diels about communists during the Reichstag fire, Hitler said "These sub-humans do not understand how the people stand at our side. In their mouse-holes, out of which they now want to come, of course they hear nothing of the cheering of the masses."<sup id="cite_ref-Gellately2001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gellately2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With communist electoral participation also suppressed (the communists previously polled 17% of the vote), the Nazis were able to increase their share of the vote in the 5 March 1933 <i>Reichstag</i> elections from 33% to 44%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave the Nazis and their allies, the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (who won 8% of the vote), a majority of 52% in the <i>Reichstag</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Nazis emerged with a majority, they fell short of their goal, which was to win 50–55% of the vote that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazis thought that this would make it difficult to achieve their next goal, passage of the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a> giving Hitler the right to rule by decree, which required a two-thirds majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several important factors weighed in the Nazis' favour, mainly the continued suppression of the Communist Party and the Nazis' ability to capitalize on national security concerns. Moreover, some deputies of the Social Democratic Party (the only party that would vote against the Enabling Act) were prevented from taking their seats in the <i>Reichstag</i>, due to arrests and intimidation by the Nazi SA. As a result, the Social Democratic Party would be under-represented in the final vote tally. The Enabling Act passed easily on 23 March 1933, with the support of the right-wing German National People's Party, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a>, and several fragmented middle-class parties. The measure went into force on 24 March, effectively making Hitler dictator of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-EnableLaw_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnableLaw-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kroll_Opera_House" title="Kroll Opera House">Kroll Opera House</a>, sitting across the <i><a href="/wiki/Platz_der_Republik_(Berlin)" title="Platz der Republik (Berlin)">Königsplatz</a></i> from the burned-out Reichstag building, functioned as the Reichstag's venue for the remaining 12 years of the Third Reich's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_proceedings">Legal proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Leipzig Trial" redirects here. For the post-World War I trials, see <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_War_Crimes_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig War Crimes Trials">Leipzig War Crimes Trials</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichstagfire1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Reichstagfire1.jpg/220px-Reichstagfire1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Reichstagfire1.jpg/330px-Reichstagfire1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Reichstagfire1.jpg/440px-Reichstagfire1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption>The window through which <a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">Marinus van der Lubbe</a> supposedly entered the Reichstag building</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1933, <a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">Marinus van der Lubbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Torgler" title="Ernst Torgler">Ernst Torgler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blagoi_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Blagoi Popov">Blagoi Popov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Tanev" title="Vasil Tanev">Vasil Tanev</a> were indicted on charges of setting the fire. The case against them was tried at the fourth criminal senate of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsgericht" title="Reichsgericht">Reich Supreme Court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> from September 21 to December 23 in 1933. </p><p>The trial known as the Leipzig Trial took place and was presided over by judges from the German Supreme Court, the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsgericht" title="Reichsgericht">Reichsgericht</a></i>. This was Germany's highest court. The presiding judge was Judge <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_B%C3%BCnger" title="Wilhelm Bünger">Wilhelm Bünger</a> of the Fourth Criminal Court of the Fourth Penal Chamber of the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1976288_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1976288-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prosecutors were Chief Reich Prosecutor Karl Werner and his assistant Felix Parrisius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2014140–141_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2014140–141-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accused were charged with arson and with attempting to overthrow the government.<sup id="cite_ref-EvansFire_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvansFire-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the official start and end points of the trial were in Leipzig, the court proceedings were relocated to the scene of the crime itself. The move to Berlin facilitated efficient witness questioning and examination of evidence directly at the Reichstag building. For the last month (November 23 - December 23) the court returned to Leipzig.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2014142_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2014142-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_opening_of_the_trial">The opening of the trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The opening of the trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trial began at 8:45 on the morning of 21 September, with Van der Lubbe testifying. Van der Lubbe's testimony was very hard to follow as he spoke of losing his sight in one eye and wandering around Europe as a drifter and that he had been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Holland">Communist Party of Holland</a>, which he quit in 1931, but still considered himself a communist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Media coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Leipzig Trial was widely publicized and was broadcast on the radio.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was expected that the court would find the communists guilty on all counts. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarinusvanderLubbe1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MarinusvanderLubbe1933.jpg/250px-MarinusvanderLubbe1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MarinusvanderLubbe1933.jpg/375px-MarinusvanderLubbe1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/MarinusvanderLubbe1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Marinus van der Lubbe during the trial in 1933 (with his head bowed down)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the German press, the Nazi government wanted to use the trial to get its own message out to the world. Goebbels's <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" title="Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Propaganda Ministry</a> had sent many of its officials to manage the flow of information to the foreign press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2014140_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2014140-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no fewer than eighty foreign correspondents in the courtroom, along with forty German colleagues, in the opening session of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2014140_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2014140-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atmosphere of the opening of the trial was described by <a href="/wiki/Otto_D._Tolischus" title="Otto D. Tolischus">Otto D. Tolischus</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>: </p> <blockquote><p>Repeatedly during the session glaring movie picture flares illuminated the somber court room. Microphones recorded the words of the participants in the drama and nearly half the large hall was filled with representatives of the world press. The rest of the hall was packed to the rafters with spectators, including representatives of foreign governments, foreign jurists of note and relatives of the accused.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimitrov's_testimony"><span id="Dimitrov.27s_testimony"></span>Dimitrov's testimony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dimitrov's testimony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgi Dimitrov began his testimony on the third day of the trial. He gave up his right to a court-appointed lawyer and defended himself successfully. When warned by Judge Bünger to behave himself in court, Dimitrov stated: "Herr President, if you were a man as innocent as myself and you had passed seven months in prison, five of them in chains night and day, you would understand it if one perhaps becomes a little strained." During the course of his defence, Dimitrov claimed that the organizers of the fire were senior members of the Nazi Party and frequently verbally clashed with Göring at the trial. The high point of the trial occurred on 4 November 1933, when Göring took the stand and was cross-examined by Dimitrov.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1976288–289_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1976288–289-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following exchange took place: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamps_of_Germany_(DDR)_1982,_MiNr_Block_068.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1982%2C_MiNr_Block_068.jpg/220px-Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1982%2C_MiNr_Block_068.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1982%2C_MiNr_Block_068.jpg/330px-Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1982%2C_MiNr_Block_068.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1982%2C_MiNr_Block_068.jpg/440px-Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1982%2C_MiNr_Block_068.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>Dimitrov looking down upon Göring on an <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> stamp</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Dimitrov: Herr Prime Minister Göring stated on February 28 that, when arrested, the "Dutch Communist Van der Lubbe had on his person his passport and a membership card of the Communist Party". From whom was this information taken? </p><p>Göring: The police search all common criminals, and report the result to me. </p><p>Dimitrov: The three officials who arrested and examined Van der Lubbe all agreed that no membership card of the Communist Party was found on him. I should like to know where the report that such a card had been found came from. </p><p>Göring: I was told by an official. Things which were reported to me on the night of the fire...could not be tested or proven. The report was made to me by a responsible official, and was accepted as a fact, and as it could not be tested immediately it was announced as a fact. When I issued the first report to the press on the morning after the fire the interrogation of Van der Lubbe had not been concluded. In any case I do not see that anyone has any right to complain because it seems proved in this trial that Van der Lubbe had no such card on him. </p><p>Dimitrov: I would like to ask the Minister of the Interior what steps he took to make sure that Van der Lubbe's route to Hennigsdorf, his stay and his meetings with other people there were investigated by the police to assist them in tracking down Van der Lubbe's accomplices? </p><p>Göring: As I am not an official myself, but a responsible Minister it was not important that I should trouble myself with such petty, minor matters. It was my task to expose the Party, and the mentality, which was responsible for the crime. </p><p>Dimitrov: Is the Reichsminister aware of the fact that those that possess this alleged criminal mentality today control the destiny of a sixth part of the world – the Soviet Union? </p><p>Göring: I don't care what happens in Russia! I know that the Russians pay with bills, and I should prefer to know that their bills are paid! I care about the Communist Party here in Germany and about Communist crooks who come here to set the <i>Reichstag</i> on fire! </p><p>Dimitrov: This criminal mentality rules the Soviet Union, the greatest and best country in the world. Is Herr Prime Minister aware of that? </p><p>Göring: I shall tell you what the German people already know. They know that you are behaving in a disgraceful manner! They know that you are a Communist crook who came to Germany to set the <i>Reichstag</i> on fire! In my eyes you are nothing, but a scoundrel, a crook who belongs on the gallows!<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1976289_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1976289-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verdict">Verdict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Verdict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his verdict announced on December 23, Judge Bünger was careful to underline his belief that there had in fact been a communist conspiracy to burn down the <i>Reichstag</i>, but declared, with the exception of Van der Lubbe, there was insufficient evidence to connect the accused to the fire or the alleged conspiracy. The Bulgarians were acquitted and were expelled to the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-EvansFire_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvansFire-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only Van der Lubbe was found guilty and sentenced to death.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian20080112_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian20080112-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torgler was also acquitted and survived the war.<sup id="cite_ref-EvansFire_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvansFire-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_outcomes">Other outcomes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The outcome of this trial caused Hitler to remove treason trials from the regular courts. He decreed that henceforth treason – among many other offenses – would only be tried by a newly established <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Court_(German)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Court (German)">People's Court</a> (<i>Volksgerichtshof</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-EvansFire_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvansFire-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The People's Court later became associated with the number of death sentences it handed down, including those following the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">1944 attempt to assassinate Hitler</a>, which were presided over by then Judge-President <a href="/wiki/Roland_Freisler" title="Roland Freisler">Roland Freisler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_response_to_the_trial">Artistic response to the trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Artistic response to the trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One week before the trial began, on 14 September 1933, the German artist <a href="/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield">John Heartfield</a> published a photomontage in the <i><a href="/wiki/Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung" title="Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung">Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung</a></i>, which he named "Goering, der Henker des Dritten Reiches" (Goering the Executioner). In it the burning Reichstag can be seen in the background.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Execution_of_Van_der_Lubbe,_January_1934"><span id="Execution_of_Van_der_Lubbe.2C_January_1934"></span>Execution of Van der Lubbe, January 1934</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Execution of Van der Lubbe, January 1934"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At his trial, <a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">Van der Lubbe</a> was found guilty and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">sentenced to death</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheaded by guillotine</a> (the customary form of execution in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> at the time) on 10 January 1934, three days before his 25th birthday. The Nazis alleged that Van der Lubbe was part of a communist <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a> to burn down the <i>Reichstag</i> and seize power, while the communists alleged that Van der Lubbe was part of the Nazi conspiracy to blame the crime on them. Van der Lubbe, for his part, maintained that he acted alone to protest against the condition of the German working class.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_restitution,_1967_to_2008"><span id="Posthumous_restitution.2C_1967_to_2008"></span>Posthumous restitution, 1967 to 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Posthumous restitution, 1967 to 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, a court in West Berlin allowed the 1933 conviction to stand, but overturned the death sentence and posthumously changed Van der Lubbe's sentence to eight years in prison. In 1980, another court overturned the verdict, but was overruled. In 1981, a West German court posthumously overturned Van der Lubbe's 1933 conviction and found him not guilty by reason of insanity. This ruling was overturned. However, in January 2008, he was pardoned under a 1998 law for the crime on the grounds that anyone convicted under Nazi Germany is officially not guilty. The law allows pardons for people convicted of crimes under the Nazis, based on the idea that the laws of Nazi Germany "went against the basic ideas of justice".<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian20080112_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian20080112-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role"><span id="Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe.27s_role"></span>Dispute about Van der Lubbe's role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dispute about Van der Lubbe's role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedenkteken_Marinus_van_der_Lubbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gedenkteken_Marinus_van_der_Lubbe.jpg/170px-Gedenkteken_Marinus_van_der_Lubbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gedenkteken_Marinus_van_der_Lubbe.jpg/255px-Gedenkteken_Marinus_van_der_Lubbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gedenkteken_Marinus_van_der_Lubbe.jpg/340px-Gedenkteken_Marinus_van_der_Lubbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdfriedhof_(Leipzig)" title="Südfriedhof (Leipzig)">Südfriedhof</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></figcaption></figure><p> In early historical summations, such as <a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">William Shirer's</a> account, the Reichstag Fire is understood and represented as a conspiratorial operation carried out by Nazi storm troopers in which Van der Lubbe played the role of the patsy. As Shirer writes: </p><blockquote><p>Van der Lubbe, it seems clear, was a dupe of the Nazis. He was encouraged to try to set the Reichstag on fire. But the main job was to be done – without his knowledge, of course – by the storm troopers... He had only his shirt for tinder. The main fires, according to the testimony of experts at the trial, had been set with considerable quantities of chemicals and gasoline. It was obvious that one man could not have carried them into the building, nor would it have been possible for him to start so many fires in so many scattered places in so short a time.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Attitudes as to whether Van der Lubbe was used as a pawn in a Nazi conspiracy or whether he acted alone have swung back and forth over the years. During the late 1990s into the early 2010s consensus held that Van der Lubbe acted alone. From 2014 to the present the resurfacing of a 1955 affidavit given by a stormtrooper, who testified that the building was already on fire when Van der Lubbe was delivered there by SA members, supported new scholarship re-examining the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2014_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2014-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998 historian <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a> argued that nearly all historians agreed that Van der Lubbe had set the <i>Reichstag</i> on fire, that he had acted alone, and that the incident was merely a stroke of good luck for the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998456–458,_731–732_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998456–458,_731–732-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the days following the incident, major newspapers in the US and London had immediately been skeptical of the good fortune of the Nazis in finding a communist scapegoat.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, it has been alleged that the idea that Van der Lubbe was a "half-wit" or "mentally disturbed" was <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> spread by the Dutch Communist Party, to distance itself from an insurrectionist <a href="/wiki/Antifascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifascist">antifascist</a>, who had once been a member.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">John Gunther</a>, who covered the trial, described Van der Lubbe as "an obvious victim of manic-depressive psychosis" and said that the Nazis would not have chosen "an agent so inept and witless". Citing a letter that was allegedly written by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst" title="Karl Ernst">Karl Ernst</a> before his death during the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_Long_Knives" class="mw-redirect" title="Night of Long Knives">Night of Long Knives</a>, Gunther believed that Nazis, who heard Van der Lubbe boast of planning to attack the Reichstag, started a second simultaneous fire they blamed on him.<sup id="cite_ref-gunther1940_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunther1940-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Hans Mommsen</a> concluded that the Nazi leadership was in a state of panic on the night of the <i>Reichstag</i> fire, and seemed to regard the fire as confirmation that a communist revolution was as imminent as they had claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1972144_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1972144-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British reporter <a href="/wiki/Sefton_Delmer" title="Sefton Delmer">Sefton Delmer</a>, criticised for being a Nazi sympathiser at the time, witnessed that night's events. He reported Hitler arriving at the <i>Reichstag</i>, appearing uncertain how it began, and concerned that a communist coup was about to be launched. Delmer viewed Van der Lubbe as being solely responsible, but that the Nazis sought to make it appear to be a "communist gang" that set the fire. On the other hand, the communists sought to make it appear that Van der Lubbe was working for the Nazis, so each side constructed a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a> in which the other was the villain.<sup id="cite_ref-delmer_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delmer-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In private, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Table_Talk" title="Hitler's Table Talk">Hitler's Table Talk</a></i>, Hitler said of the chairman of the Communist Party, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Torgler" title="Ernst Torgler">Ernst Torgler</a>: "I'm convinced he was responsible for the burning of the Reichstag, but I can't prove it".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Tobias" title="Fritz Tobias">Fritz Tobias</a>, a West German <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> public servant and part-time historian, published a series of articles in <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>, later turned into a book, in which he argued that Vаn der Lubbe had acted alone.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobias showed that Van der Lubbe was a <a href="/wiki/Pyromaniac" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyromaniac">pyromaniac</a>, with a long history of burning down buildings or attempting to burn them down. Tobias established that Van der Lubbe had committed a number of arson attacks on buildings in the days prior to 27 February. </p><p>In March 1973, the Swiss historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hofer" title="Walter Hofer">Walter Hofer</a> organized a conference intended to rebut the claims made by Tobias. At the conference, Hofer claimed to have found evidence that some of the detectives who investigated the fire had been Nazis. Mommsen commented on Hofer's claims by stating: "Professor Hofer's rather helpless statement that the accomplices of Van der Lubbe 'could only have been Nazis' is tacit admission that the committee did not actually obtain any positive evidence in regard to the alleged accomplices' identity". Mommsen also had a theory supporting Hofer, which was suppressed for political reasons, an act that he admitted was a serious breach of ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1976287–288_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1976287–288-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, historian Benjamin Carter Hett lamented that "Today the overwhelming consensus among historians who specialize in Nazi Germany remains that Marinus van der Lubbe burned the Reichstag all by himself".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2014315_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2014315-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has argued that Tobias' analysis is fundamentally flawed. Tobias undertook his study when tasked to defend West German police officials, who had investigated the initial fire as SS members. In doing so, Tobias disregarded any information from persons who had been targeted by the Nazi regime as biased while accepting the testimony of former SS members as objective, even though their post-war testimony is clearly contradicted by records from 1933. Furthermore, Hett showed that Tobias used his access to secret archives to coerce historians with opposing views by threatening to reveal compromising personal information. Hett argues that the most recent evidence makes clear that the fire could not have been the work of an individual and Hett feels there is far more evidence of Nazi collaboration than there is of a communist plot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2015199–214_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2015199–214-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a> criticized Hett's claims giving a negative review of his book on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently in 2019, mainstream German outlet <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> (DW) reported that according to an SA officer's sworn testimony, Van Der Lubbe could not have started the fire because the Reichstag was already on fire when he arrived with Van Der Lubbe, leading credence to the theory that this was a false flag operation Hitler used to seize power. The Enabling Act of 1933 was passed less than one month later and was the cornerstone of Hitler's rise to power. In 2008 Germany posthumously pardoned Van der Lubbe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1955_testimony_of_SA_member_Hans-Martin_Lennings">1955 testimony of SA member Hans-Martin Lennings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1955 testimony of SA member Hans-Martin Lennings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2019, more than 80 years after the event, Germany's <i><a href="/wiki/Hannoversche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung">Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/RedaktionsNetzwerk_Deutschland" title="RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland">RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland</a> published a 1955 affidavit, uncovered in some papers of Fritz Tobias, which were found in the archives of the Amtsgericht (court) in <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>. The affidavit by Martin Lennings (1904–1962), a former member of the Nazis' paramilitary SA unit, stated that on the night of the fire, he and his SA group drove Van der Lubbe from an infirmary to the Reichstag, where they noticed "a strange smell of burning and there were clouds of smoke billowing through the rooms". The statement suggests the fire had already started when they arrived and that the SA played a role in the arson.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lennings, who died in 1962, further stated in his account that he and other members of his squad had protested the arrest of Van der Lubbe, "because we were convinced that Van der Lubbe could not possibly have been the arsonist, because according to our observation, the Reichstag had already been burning when we dropped him off there". He claimed he and the other witnesses were detained and forced to sign a paper that denied any knowledge of the incident. Later, nearly all of those with knowledge of the Reichstag fire were executed. Lennings said that he had been warned and escaped to <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lennings had asked that his account be certified in 1955, in the event the Reichstag fire case ever returned to trial.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The uncovering of Lennings's affidavit led to the speculation that Tobias had ignored it to protect his single perpetrator theory on the arson, and to protect the post-war career of former Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also led to more sober speculation about whether unknown or forgotten documents might still be hidden in German archives, and which might be valuable and revealing historical sources, especially on the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Göring's_alleged_commentary,_1943"><span id="G.C3.B6ring.27s_alleged_commentary.2C_1943"></span>Göring's alleged commentary, 1943</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Göring's alleged commentary, 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg/220px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg/330px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg/440px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="2274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a> (first row, far left) at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">William L. Shirer</a> wrote that at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a> stated in an affidavit that <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> had boasted about setting the fire: "On the occasion of a lunch on the Führer's birthday in 1943, the people around the Führer turned the conversation to the Reichstag building and its artistic value. I heard with my own ears how Göring broke into the conversation and shouted: 'The only one who really knows about the Reichstag building is I, for I set fire to it.' And saying this he slapped his thigh".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under cross-examination at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg trial">Nuremberg trial</a> in 1945 and 1946, Halder's affidavit was read to Göring, who denied any involvement in the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 433">: 433 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Countertrial"_by_the_German_Communist_Party_in_exile,_1933"><span id=".22Countertrial.22_by_the_German_Communist_Party_in_exile.2C_1933"></span>"Countertrial" by the German Communist Party in exile, 1933</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: "Countertrial" by the German Communist Party in exile, 1933"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WillyM%C3%BCnzenberg2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/WillyM%C3%BCnzenberg2.jpg/170px-WillyM%C3%BCnzenberg2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/WillyM%C3%BCnzenberg2.jpg/255px-WillyM%C3%BCnzenberg2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/WillyM%C3%BCnzenberg2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willi_M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Willi Münzenberg">Willi Münzenberg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the summer of 1933, a mock countertrial was organised in London by a group of lawyers, democrats and other anti-Nazis under the aegis of German communist émigrés. The chairman of the mock trial was <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">British Labour Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Nowell_Pritt" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis Nowell Pritt">D. N. Pritt</a>, and the chief organiser was the KPD <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Willi_M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Willi Münzenberg">Willi Münzenberg</a>. The other "judges" were <a href="/wiki/Piet_Vermeylen" title="Piet Vermeylen">Piet Vermeylen</a> of Belgium, George Branting of Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_de_Moro-Giafferi" title="Vincent de Moro-Giafferi">Vincent de Moro-Giafferi</a> and Gaston Bergery of France, <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Bakker-Nort" title="Betsy Bakker-Nort">Betsy Bakker-Nort</a>, a lawyer and member of parliament of the Netherlands for the progressive liberal party <a href="/wiki/Free-thinking_Democratic_League" title="Free-thinking Democratic League">Free-thinking Democratic League</a>, Vald Hvidt of Denmark, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Arthur Garfield Hays</a> of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobias1964120_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobias1964120-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mock trial began 21 September 1933. It lasted one week and ended with the conclusion that the defendants were innocent and the true initiators of the fire were to be found amid the leading Nazi Party elite. The countertrial received much media attention, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a> delivered the opening speech. Göring was found guilty at the mock trial, which served as a workshop that tested all possible scenarios, and all speeches of the defendants had been prepared. Most of the "judges", such as Hays and Moro-Giafferi, complained that the atmosphere at the "countertrial" was more like a <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a>, with Münzenberg constantly applying pressure behind the scenes on the "judges" to deliver the "right" verdict, without any regard for the truth. One of the "witnesses", a supposed SA man, appeared in court wearing a mask and claimed that it was the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> that had really set the fire. In fact, the "SA man" was Albert Norden, the editor of the German communist newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Rote_Fahne" class="mw-redirect" title="Rote Fahne">Rote Fahne</a></i>. Another masked witness, whom Hays described as "not very reliable", claimed that Van der Lubbe was a drug addict and a homosexual, who was the lover of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a> and a Nazi dupe. When the lawyer for <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Torgler" title="Ernst Torgler">Ernst Torgler</a> asked the mock trial organisers to turn over the "evidence" that exonerated his client, Münzenberg refused the request because he lacked any "evidence" to exonerate or to convict anyone of the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobias1964122–126_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobias1964122–126-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The countertrial was an enormously successful publicity stunt for the German communists. Münzenberg followed the triumph with another by writing, under his name, the bestselling <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Book_of_the_Reichstag_Fire_and_Hitler_Terror" title="The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror">The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror</a></i>, an exposé of what Münzenberg alleged to be the Nazi conspiracy to burn down the Reichstag and to blame the act on the communists. (As with all of Münzenberg's other books, the real author was one of his aides: in this case, the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> communist Otto Katz.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The success of <i>The Brown Book</i> was followed by another, published in 1934, dealing with the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lesson_in_History" title="A Lesson in History">A Lesson in History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_legislatures" title="List of attacks on legislatures">List of attacks on legislatures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHolborn1972" class="citation book cs1">Holborn, Hajo (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYn-quXf_9cC"><i>Republic to Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution; Ten Essays</i></a>. Pantheon Books. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394471228" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394471228"><bdi>978-0394471228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republic+to+Reich%3A+The+Making+of+the+Nazi+Revolution%3B+Ten+Essays&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0394471228&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.aufirst=Hajo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlYn-quXf_9cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETobias196426–28-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobias196426–28_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTobias1964">Tobias 1964</a>, pp. 26–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (10 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231234204/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007657">"The Reichstag Fire"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. Washington, DC: Author. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57926366">57926366</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007657">the original</a> on 31 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reichstag+Fire&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Author&rft.date=2013-06-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57926366&rft.au=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDW_Staff2008" class="citation news cs1">DW Staff (27 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/75-years-ago-reichstag-fire-sped-hitlers-power-grab/a-3150026-1">"75 Years Ago, Reichstag Fire Sped Hitler's Power Grab"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505045020/http://www.dw.de/75-years-ago-reichstag-fire-sped-hitlers-power-grab/a-3150026-1">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=75+Years+Ago%2C+Reichstag+Fire+Sped+Hitler%27s+Power+Grab&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft.au=DW+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2F75-years-ago-reichstag-fire-sped-hitlers-power-grab%2Fa-3150026-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Evans, Richard J. (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v36/n09/richard-j.-evans/the-conspiracists">"The conspiracists"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. Vol. 36, no. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+conspiracists&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv36%2Fn09%2Frichard-j.-evans%2Fthe-conspiracists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2020" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2020). <i>The Hitler Conspiracies The Third Reich and the Paranoid Imagination</i> (Ebook ed.). Penguin Books Limited. pp. 59, 64, 65, 66, 75, 77, 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241413470" title="Special:BookSources/9780241413470"><bdi>9780241413470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hitler+Conspiracies+The+Third+Reich+and+the+Paranoid+Imagination&rft.pages=59%2C+64%2C+65%2C+66%2C+75%2C+77%2C+78&rft.edition=Ebook&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780241413470&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004299-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2004299_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2004">Evans 2004</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004307-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2004307_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2004">Evans 2004</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004321-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2004321_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2004">Evans 2004</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotwinick2004" class="citation book cs1">Botwinick, Rita (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofholocau00rita"><i>A History of The Holocaust: From Ideology to Annihilation</i></a></span>. New Jersey: Peason. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofholocau00rita/page/90">90–92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131773196" title="Special:BookSources/978-0131773196"><bdi>978-0131773196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+The+Holocaust%3A+From+Ideology+to+Annihilation&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=90-92&rft.pub=Peason&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0131773196&rft.aulast=Botwinick&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofholocau00rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004321–327-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2004321–327_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2004">Evans 2004</a>, pp. 321–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncycFire-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EncycFire_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZenter,_ChristianBedurftig,_Friedemann1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Reichstag fire". <i>The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</i>. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 786. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306807939" title="Special:BookSources/0306807939"><bdi>0306807939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reichstag+fire&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=786&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0306807939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirer1991" class="citation book cs1">Schirer, William L. (1991). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i>. London: Mandarin. pp. 191–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0749306971" title="Special:BookSources/0749306971"><bdi>0749306971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.pages=191-192&rft.pub=Mandarin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0749306971&rft.aulast=Schirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1976286–287-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1976286–287_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder1976">Snyder 1976</a>, pp. 286–287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkney1964" class="citation book cs1">Pinkney, David H. (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/festschriftforfr0000pink"><i>A Festschrift for Frederick B. Artz</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/festschriftforfr0000pink/page/194">194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Festschrift+for+Frederick+B.+Artz&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Pinkney&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffestschriftforfr0000pink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelp2006" class="citation book cs1">Delp, Alfred (2006). <i>Advent of the heart: seasonal sermons and prison writings, 1941–1944</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advent+of+the+heart%3A+seasonal+sermons+and+prison+writings%2C+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Delp&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentz1988" class="citation book cs1">Lentz, Harris M. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assassinationsex0000lent_n1u3"><i>Assassinations and executions: an encyclopedia of political violence, 1865–1986</i></a></span>. McFarland. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assassinationsex0000lent_n1u3/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899503127" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899503127"><bdi>978-0899503127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assassinations+and+executions%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+political+violence%2C+1865%E2%80%931986&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0899503127&rft.aulast=Lentz&rft.aufirst=Harris+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fassassinationsex0000lent_n1u3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200333-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200333_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200333_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2003">Koonz 2003</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gellately2001-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gellately2001_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellately2001" class="citation book cs1">Gellately, Robert (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/backinghitlercon00gell"><i>Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/backinghitlercon00gell/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191604522" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191604522"><bdi>978-0191604522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backing+Hitler%3A+Consent+and+Coercion+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0191604522&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbackinghitlercon00gell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200336_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2003">Koonz 2003</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnableLaw-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EnableLaw_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZenter,_ChristianBedurftig,_Friedemann1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Enabling Law". <i>The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</i>. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306807939" title="Special:BookSources/0306807939"><bdi>0306807939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enabling+Law&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0306807939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZenter,_ChristianBedurftig,_Friedemann1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Reichstag". <i>The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</i>. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 785. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306807939" title="Special:BookSources/0306807939"><bdi>0306807939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reichstag&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=785&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0306807939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1976288-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1976288_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder1976">Snyder 1976</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2014140–141-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2014140–141_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHett2014">Hett 2014</a>, pp. 140–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EvansFire-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EvansFire_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EvansFire_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EvansFire_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EvansFire_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2005). <i>The Third Reich in Power</i>. New York: Penguin. pp. 67–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1594200742" title="Special:BookSources/1594200742"><bdi>1594200742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=67-69&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1594200742&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2014142-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2014142_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHett2014">Hett 2014</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tigar, M. E., & Mage, J. (2009). 'The Reichstag fire trial, 1933-2008: The production of law and history', <i>Monthly Review</i>, 60, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2014140-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2014140_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2014140_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHett2014">Hett 2014</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>, September 22, 1933, p. 1 and 10: Otto D. Tolischus, 'Reich Opens Trial of Fire Suspects'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1976288–289-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1976288–289_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder1976">Snyder 1976</a>, pp. 288–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1976289-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1976289_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder1976">Snyder 1976</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian20080112-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian20080112_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian20080112_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2008" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Kate (12 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/secondworldwar/story/0,,2239610,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=networkfront">"75 years on, executed Reichstag arsonist finally wins pardon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111092711/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/12/secondworldwar.germany">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=75+years+on%2C+executed+Reichstag+arsonist+finally+wins+pardon&rft.date=2008-01-12&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsecondworldwar%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2239610%2C00.html%3Fgusrc%3Drss%26feed%3Dnetworkfront&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZenter,_ChristianBedurftig,_Friedemann1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Volk Court". <i>The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</i>. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. pp. 999–1000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306807939" title="Special:BookSources/0306807939"><bdi>0306807939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volk+Court&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=999-1000&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0306807939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndex_of_Illustrations." class="citation web cs1">Index of Illustrations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618160147/http://www.hatii.arts.gla.ac.uk/MultimediaStudentProjects/00-01/9703021w/mmcourse/project/html/Illustrations/Goering%20the%20executioner.htm">"JOHN HEARTFIELD Goering the Executioner"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hatii.arts.gla.ac.uk/MultimediaStudentProjects/00-01/9703021w/mmcourse/project/html/Illustrations/Goering%20the%20executioner.htm">the original</a> on 18 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JOHN+HEARTFIELD+Goering+the+Executioner&rft.au=Index+of+Illustrations.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hatii.arts.gla.ac.uk%2FMultimediaStudentProjects%2F00-01%2F9703021w%2Fmmcourse%2Fproject%2Fhtml%2FIllustrations%2FGoering%2520the%2520executioner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">biography by Martin Schouten "Rinus van der Lubbe 1909–1934" (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1960" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William (1960). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</a></i> (Third Printing ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=193&rft.edition=Third+Printing&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/ex-nazi-testimony-sparks-fresh-mystery-over-1933-reichstag-fire/a-49765704">"New report casts doubt on Reichstag fire"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. 27 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=New+report+casts+doubt+on+Reichstag+fire&rft.date=2019-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fex-nazi-testimony-sparks-fresh-mystery-over-1933-reichstag-fire%2Fa-49765704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Politik/Deutschland-Welt/Dokument-in-Hannover-belegt-SA-Mann-will-beim-Reichstagsbrand-1933-geholfen-haben">"Dokument in Hannover belegt: SA-Mann will beim Reichstagsbrand 1933 geholfen haben"</a>. Haz.de. 26 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111092741/https://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Politik/Deutschland-Welt/Dokument-in-Hannover-belegt-SA-Mann-will-beim-Reichstagsbrand-1933-geholfen-haben">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dokument+in+Hannover+belegt%3A+SA-Mann+will+beim+Reichstagsbrand+1933+geholfen+haben&rft.pub=Haz.de&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haz.de%2FNachrichten%2FPolitik%2FDeutschland-Welt%2FDokument-in-Hannover-belegt-SA-Mann-will-beim-Reichstagsbrand-1933-geholfen-haben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2014-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2014_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHett2014">Hett 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998456–458,_731–732-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998456–458,_731–732_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw1998">Kershaw 1998</a>, pp. 456–458, 731–732.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (7 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v36/n09/richard-j.-evans/the-conspiracists">"The Conspiracists"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. Vol. 36, no. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Conspiracists&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv36%2Fn09%2Frichard-j.-evans%2Fthe-conspiracists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/03/02/99295518.html?pageNumber=31">"Caesar or Nerves"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 2 March 1933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Caesar+or+Nerves&rft.date=1933-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1933%2F03%2F02%2F99295518.html%3FpageNumber%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/03/02/99295364.html?pageNumber=4">"London Times Fears More Terror in Berlin; Stresses That General Massacre of Nazis' Political Opponents Is Expected in Germany"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=London+Times+Fears+More+Terror+in+Berlin%3B+Stresses+That+General+Massacre+of+Nazis%27+Political+Opponents+Is+Expected+in+Germany.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1933%2F03%2F02%2F99295364.html%3FpageNumber%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.left-dis.nl/uk/marinus.htm">"Dutch Council Communism and Van der Lubbe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111092719/http://www.left-dis.nl/uk/marinus.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+Council+Communism+and+Van+der+Lubbe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.left-dis.nl%2Fuk%2Fmarinus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gunther1940-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gunther1940_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther,_John1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">Gunther, John</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n69/mode/2up"><i>Inside Europe</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seftondelmer.co.uk/reichstag-fire.htm">the original</a> on 5 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sefton+Delmer%27s+account+of+the+Reichstag+fire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seftondelmer.co.uk%2Freichstag-fire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitler2008" class="citation book cs1">Hitler, Adolf (2008). <i>Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944. His Private Conversations</i>. New York: Enigma Books. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Table+Talk%2C+1941%E2%80%931944.+His+Private+Conversations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hitler&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/01/archives/the-arsonist-the-reichstag-fire-by-fritz-tobias-translated-by.html">"The Arsonist; The Reichstag Fire. By Fritz Tobias. Translated by Arnold J. Pomerans from the German, "Der Reichstagsbrand." Introduction by A. J. P. Taylor. Illustrated. 348 pp. New York: G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Arsonist%3B+The+Reichstag+Fire.+By+Fritz+Tobias.+Translated+by+Arnold+J.+Pomerans+from+the+German%2C+%22Der+Reichstagsbrand.%22+Introduction+by+A.+J.+P.+Taylor.+Illustrated.+348+pp.+New+York%3A+G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons.+%28Published+1964%29&rft.date=1964-03-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F03%2F01%2Farchives%2Fthe-arsonist-the-reichstag-fire-by-fritz-tobias-translated-by.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1976287–288-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1976287–288_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder1976">Snyder 1976</a>, pp. 287–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2014315-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2014315_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHett2014">Hett 2014</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett2015199–214-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett2015199–214_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHett2015">Hett 2015</a>, pp. 199–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fr.de/politik/sa-mann-will-reichstagsbrand-beteiligt-gewesen-sein-12861189.html">"Dokument Aufgetaucht – SA-Mann will an Reichstagsbrand beteiligt gewesen sein"</a> (in German). Frankfurter Rundschau. 26 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111092702/https://www.fr.de/politik/sa-mann-will-reichstagsbrand-beteiligt-gewesen-sein-12861189.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dokument+Aufgetaucht+%E2%80%93+SA-Mann+will+an+Reichstagsbrand+beteiligt+gewesen+sein&rft.pub=Frankfurter+Rundschau&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fr.de%2Fpolitik%2Fsa-mann-will-reichstagsbrand-beteiligt-gewesen-sein-12861189.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad_von_Meding2019" class="citation web cs1">Conrad von Meding (26 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/neues-zum-reichstagsbrand-die-legende-vom-einzeltaeter.1008.de.html?dram:article_id=454909">"Neues zum Reichstagsbrand – Die "Legende" vom Einzeltäter wackelt erheblich"</a>. Deutschlandfunkkultur.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111092745/https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/neues-zum-reichstagsbrand-die-legende-vom-einzeltaeter.1008.de.html?dram%3Aarticle_id=454909">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neues+zum+Reichstagsbrand+%E2%80%93+Die+%22Legende%22+vom+Einzelt%C3%A4ter+wackelt+erheblich&rft.pub=Deutschlandfunkkultur.de&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft.au=Conrad+von+Meding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunkkultur.de%2Fneues-zum-reichstagsbrand-die-legende-vom-einzeltaeter.1008.de.html%3Fdram%3Aarticle_id%3D454909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellerhoff2019" class="citation news cs1">Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (26 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/geschichte/article197532259/Reichstagsbrand-Was-die-neue-Erklaerung-eines-SA-Manns-bedeutet.html">"Was die neue Eidesstattliche Erklärung eines SA-Manns bedeutet"</a>. <i>Die Welt</i>. Welt.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111092630/https://www.welt.de/geschichte/article197532259/Reichstagsbrand-Was-die-neue-Erklaerung-eines-SA-Manns-bedeutet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Was+die+neue+Eidesstattliche+Erkl%C3%A4rung+eines+SA-Manns+bedeutet&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft.aulast=Kellerhoff&rft.aufirst=Sven+Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fgeschichte%2Farticle197532259%2FReichstagsbrand-Was-die-neue-Erklaerung-eines-SA-Manns-bedeutet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/newly-uncovered-testimony-casts-doubt-on-nazi-reichstag-fire-claims/">"Newly uncovered testimony casts doubt on Nazi Reichstag fire claims"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i>. AFP. 27 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728131846/https://www.timesofisrael.com/newly-uncovered-testimony-casts-doubt-on-nazi-reichstag-fire-claims/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Newly+uncovered+testimony+casts+doubt+on+Nazi+Reichstag+fire+claims&rft.date=2019-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fnewly-uncovered-testimony-casts-doubt-on-nazi-reichstag-fire-claims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston2019" class="citation news cs1">Winston, Alex (28 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/International/Newly-discovered-account-of-1933-Reichstag-fire-casts-doubt-on-Nazi-narrative-596962">"Newly found account of 1933 Reichstag fire casts doubt on Nazi narrative"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111092741/https://www.jpost.com/International/Newly-discovered-account-of-1933-Reichstag-fire-casts-doubt-on-Nazi-narrative-596962">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Newly+found+account+of+1933+Reichstag+fire+casts+doubt+on+Nazi+narrative&rft.date=2019-07-28&rft.aulast=Winston&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FInternational%2FNewly-discovered-account-of-1933-Reichstag-fire-casts-doubt-on-Nazi-narrative-596962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ksta.de/politik/reichstagsbrand-erklaerung-von-sa-mann-legt-ns-beteiligung-nahe-32920240">"Reichstagsbrand – der Erklärung von SA-Mann legt NS-Beteiligung nahe"</a> (in German). Ksta.de. 26 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111092706/https://www.ksta.de/html/dumont-consent/index.html?param=eyJyZWRpcmVjdFVybCI6Ii9wb2xpdGlrL3JlaWNoc3RhZ3NicmFuZC1lcmtsYWVydW5nLXZvbi1zYS1tYW5uLWxlZ3QtbnMtYmV0ZWlsaWd1bmctbmFoZS0zMjkyMDI0MD9jYj0xNjEwMzU3MjI2MDAwIiwicmVmZXJyZXIiOiIifQ==">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reichstagsbrand+%E2%80%93+der+Erkl%C3%A4rung+von+SA-Mann+legt+NS-Beteiligung+nahe&rft.pub=Ksta.de&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksta.de%2Fpolitik%2Freichstagsbrand-erklaerung-von-sa-mann-legt-ns-beteiligung-nahe-32920240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haz.de/Hannover/Aus-der-Stadt/Nach-Fund-von-Dokument-zum-Reichstagsbrand-Im-Archiv-des-Amtsgerichts-Hannover-duerften-noch-viele-unbekannte-Schaetze-lagern">"Wie konnte die Akte zum Reichstagsbrand vergessen werden?"</a>. Haz.de. 27 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111092743/https://www.haz.de/Hannover/Aus-der-Stadt/Nach-Fund-von-Dokument-zum-Reichstagsbrand-Im-Archiv-des-Amtsgerichts-Hannover-duerften-noch-viele-unbekannte-Schaetze-lagern">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wie+konnte+die+Akte+zum+Reichstagsbrand+vergessen+werden%3F&rft.pub=Haz.de&rft.date=2019-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haz.de%2FHannover%2FAus-der-Stadt%2FNach-Fund-von-Dokument-zum-Reichstagsbrand-Im-Archiv-des-Amtsgerichts-Hannover-duerften-noch-viele-unbekannte-Schaetze-lagern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1959" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William (1959). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i>. New York: Touchstone. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/03-18-46.asp">"Nuremberg Trial Proceedings"</a>. 18 March 1946. Volume 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415095902/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/03-18-46.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuremberg+Trial+Proceedings&rft.pages=Volume+9&rft.date=1946-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fimt%2F03-18-46.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETobias1964120-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobias1964120_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTobias1964">Tobias 1964</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETobias1964122–126-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobias1964122–126_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTobias1964">Tobias 1964</a>, pp. 122–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello1988" class="citation book cs1">Costello, John (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maskoftreacheryt00cost_0"><i>Mask of Treachery</i></a></span>. London: William Collins & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maskoftreacheryt00cost_0/page/296">296</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002175364" title="Special:BookSources/978-0002175364"><bdi>978-0002175364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mask+of+Treachery&rft.place=London&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=William+Collins+%26+Sons&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0002175364&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaskoftreacheryt00cost_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZenterBedurftig1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Brown Book". <i>The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</i>. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306807939" title="Special:BookSources/0306807939"><bdi>0306807939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brown+Book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0306807939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaharKugel2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bahar, Alexander & Kugel, Wilfried (2001). <i>Der Reichstagbrand</i> (in German) (q ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Reichstagbrand&rft.edition=q&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bahar&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Kugel%2C+Wilfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199322329" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199322329"><bdi>978-0199322329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burning+the+Reichstag%3A+An+Investigation+into+the+Third+Reich%27s+Enduring+Mystery&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199322329&rft.aulast=Hett&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHett2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hett, Benjamin Carter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43965146">"This Story Is about Something Fundamental: Nazi Criminals, History, Memory, and the Reichstag Fire"</a>. <i>Central European History</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 199–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938915000345">10.1017/S0008938915000345</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43965146">43965146</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146728286">146728286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=This+Story+Is+about+Something+Fundamental%3A+Nazi+Criminals%2C+History%2C+Memory%2C+and+the+Reichstag+Fire&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-224&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146728286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43965146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938915000345&rft.aulast=Hett&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43965146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (1998). <i>Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris</i>. London: Allen Lane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1889%E2%80%931936%3A+Hubris&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoonz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Koonz" title="Claudia Koonz">Koonz, Claudia</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naziconscience00koon/page/33"><i>The Nazi Conscience</i></a></span>. Belknap Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naziconscience00koon/page/33">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674011724" title="Special:BookSources/0674011724"><bdi>0674011724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Conscience&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0674011724&rft.aulast=Koonz&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaziconscience00koon%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMommsen1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Mommsen, Hans</a> (1972). "The Reichstag Fire and Its Political Consequences". In <a href="/wiki/Hajo_Holborn" title="Hajo Holborn">Holborn, Hajo</a> (ed.). <i>Republic to Reich The Making of the Nazi Revolution</i>. New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 129–222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reichstag+Fire+and+Its+Political+Consequences&rft.btitle=Republic+to+Reich+The+Making+of+the+Nazi+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=129-222&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMommsen1964" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mommsen, Hans (1964). "Der Reichstagsbrand und seine politischen Folgen" [The Reichstag fire and its political consequences]. <i>Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</i> (in German). <b>12</b> (4): 351–413. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30197002">30197002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=Der+Reichstagsbrand+und+seine+politischen+Folgen&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=351-413&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30197002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathans2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nathans, Eli (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/view/40598/36779">"The Reichstag Fire and the Politics of History"</a>. <i>Histoire sociale/Social history</i>. <b>50</b> (101): 171–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhis.2017.0009">10.1353/his.2017.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149123363">149123363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+sociale%2FSocial+history&rft.atitle=The+Reichstag+Fire+and+the+Politics+of+History&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=101&rft.pages=171-176&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhis.2017.0009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149123363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nathans&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhssh.journals.yorku.ca%2Findex.php%2Fhssh%2Farticle%2Fview%2F40598%2F36779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leo_Snyder" title="Louis Leo Snyder">Snyder, Louis</a> (1976). <i>Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (August 1960). "Who Burned the Reichstag? The Story of a Legend". <i>History Today</i>. <b>10</b> (8): 515–522.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Who+Burned+the+Reichstag%3F+The+Story+of+a+Legend&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=515-522&rft.date=1960-08&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobias1964" class="citation book cs1">Tobias, Fritz (1964). <i>The Reichstag Fire</i>. New York: Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reichstag+Fire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Tobias&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichstag_fire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reichstag_fire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2001/07/reic-j05.html">"The Reichstag Fire, 68 years on"</a>. <i>World Socialist Web Site</i>. 5 July 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Socialist+Web+Site&rft.atitle=The+Reichstag+Fire%2C+68+years+on&rft.date=2001-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2001%2F07%2Freic-j05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReichstag+fire" class="Z3988"></span> 2001 Review of Bahar and Kugel book</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brushtail.com.au/july_07_on/justice_for_marinus.html">Van der Lubbe exonerated by German courts</a>, brushtail.com 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091013202259/http://www.brushtail.com.au/july_07_on/justice_for_marinus.html">Archived</a> 13 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302061610/http://www.zuidenwind.nl/films/index.php?taal=en&type=1&id=19">Water and Fire (Water en Vuur) - 1998 documentary about Reichstag fire and Marinus van der Lubbe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_fi.php?ModuleId=10007657&MediaId=249">Newsreel footage about the fire</a> British Movietone News Ltd.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n09/richard-j-evans/the-conspiracists">The Conspiracists</a> at London Review of Books</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140616165244/http://www.sciambookclub.com/burning-the-reichstag.html">Review of Hett book</a> sciambookclub.com, 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000462626">The Brown Book of the Hitler Terror and the Burning of the Reichstag</a> A <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a> full text of the US edition held by the University of Michigan: Alfred A Knopf Inc, NY, 1933.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conspiracy_theories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">Cabals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">deep state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conspiracy" title="Civil conspiracy">Civil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Criminal</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_conspiracies" title="List of political conspiracies">Political conspiracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_actor" title="Crisis actor">Crisis actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios" title="Global catastrophe scenarios">Global catastrophe scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_message" title="Hidden message">Hidden message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">Secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legends and myths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization#Attitude_polarization" title="Group polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">Locus of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">Paranoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomy_and_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Astronomy and outer space</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">Flat Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UFOs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">UFOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Alien abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite_conspiracy_theory" title="Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory">Black Knight satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign"><i>Estimate of the Situation</i></a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle" title="Lake Michigan Triangle">Lake Michigan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">MJ-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Glocke_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Die Glocke (conspiracy theory)">Die Glocke</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hoaxes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dundy_County_UFO_hoax" title="Dundy County UFO hoax">Dundy County</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident#Roswell_in_UFO_conspiracy_theories_(1978–present)" title="Roswell incident">Roswell</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_crashed_saucer_hoax" title="Aztec, New Mexico crashed saucer hoax">Aztec, New Mexico</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes#Photograph_of_"an_alien"_taken_at_Ilkley_Moor_(1987)" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Ilkley Moor</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Deaths_and_disappearances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Deaths and disappearances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Assassination_theories" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince#Disappearance" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#Death" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_legacy_of_Tom_Thomson#Alternative_theories" title="Death and legacy of Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski%27s_death_controversy" title="Władysław Sikorski's death controversy">Władysław Sikorski</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini#Post-war_controversy" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">Adolf Hitler</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Stompanato#Legacy_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Killing of Johnny Stompanato">Johnny Stompanato</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Marilyn_Monroe#Conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald#Foreign_involvement_in_his_murder" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri#Death" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt#Conspiracy_theories" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Death of Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Conspiracy theories about the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renny_Ottolina#Death_and_legacy" title="Renny Ottolina">Renny Ottolina</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I_conspiracy_theories" title="Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories">Pope John Paul I</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave#Conspiracy_theories" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme#Murder_theories" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq#Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory" title="GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory">GEC-Marconi scientists</a> (1980s–90s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal#Death_and_exhumation" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Vince_Foster" title="Suicide of Vince Foster">Vince Foster</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Yitzhak Rabin assassination conspiracy theories">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Estermann" title="Alois Estermann">Alois Estermann</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre#Conspiracy_theories" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal family</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death#Theories_about_the_cause_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause of Yasser Arafat's death">Yasser Arafat</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto#United_Nations_inquiry" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">Osama bin Laden</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Seth Rich</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Castro_(activist)" title="Alejandro Castro (activist)">Alejandro Castro</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_Epstein#Homicide_suspicions_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Chan_Yin-lam" title="Death of Chan Yin-lam">Chan Yin-lam</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Sushant_Singh_Rajput#Public_reactions" title="Death of Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee#Death" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents / disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Celeste#Myths_and_false_histories" title="Mary Celeste"><i>Mary Celeste</i></a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_conspiracy_theories" title="Titanic conspiracy theories">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake#Ensuing_violence" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynmouth_Flood#Conspiracy_theory" title="Lynmouth Flood">Lynmouth Flood</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident" title="Dyatlov Pass incident">Dyatlov Pass</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts" title="Lost Cosmonauts">Lost Cosmonauts</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAT_Flight_367#Shootdown_conspiracy_theory" title="JAT Flight 367">JAT Flight 367</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553#Conspiracy_theories" title="United Air Lines Flight 553">United Air Lines Flight 553</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295#Theories_regarding_the_cause_of_the_fire" title="South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamar-Daban_incident" title="Khamar-Daban incident">Khamar-Daban</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia" title="Sinking of the MS Estonia">MS <i>Estonia</i></a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories" title="TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories">TWA Flight 800</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990#Media_coverage" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370_disappearance_theories" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance theories">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> (1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Children_Affair" title="Yemenite Children Affair">Yemenite children</a> (1948–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Elvis Presley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown#Conspiracy_theories" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body double hoax</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avril_Lavigne_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Avril Lavigne replacement conspiracy theory">Avril Lavigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory_about_Vladimir_Putin%27s_body_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theory about Vladimir Putin's body doubles">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory">Melania Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy,_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Energy, environment</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21#Opposition" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"> California drought manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change conspiracy theory">false theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program#Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program">HAARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="False_flag_allegations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a> allegations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#False_flag_operation_conspiracy_theories" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania#Controversies" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a> (1915)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role">Reichstag fire</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident#Ongoing_controversy_and_unresolved_questions" title="USS Liberty incident">USS <i>Liberty</i></a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_615#Allegations_of_West_German_government_involvement" title="Lufthansa Flight 615">Lufthansa Flight 615</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e_Flight_933" title="Widerøe Flight 933">Widerøe Flight 933</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007_alternative_theories" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternative theories">KAL Flight 007</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Mozambican_Tupolev_Tu-134_crash" title="1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash">Mozambican presidential jet</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_conspiracy_theories" title="Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing_conspiracy_theories" title="Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 attacks</a> (2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theories" title="September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories">advance knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories" title="World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories">WTC collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_the_2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings#Conspiracy_theories" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">London bombings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_air_disaster" title="Smolensk air disaster">Smolensk air disaster</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17#Russian_media_coverage" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gender_and_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gender and sexuality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Alpha / beta males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_panic" title="Drag panic">drag panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">gay agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth" title="Gay Nazis myth">gay Nazis myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS#1981–1982:_From_GRID_to_AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States#Public_perception" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Homintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Homintern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Recruitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">litter box hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestigation" title="Transvestigation">Transvestigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_pinching_conspiracy_theory" title="Finger pinching conspiracy theory">Finger pinching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">GamerGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel#Ideology_present_in_incel_communities" title="Incel">Ideology in incel communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larries" title="Larries">Larries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Swifties#Gaylor" title="Swifties">Gaylors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">Soy and masculinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">misinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">lab leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">turbo cancer</a></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_harassment" title="Electronic harassment">Electronic harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories" title="GMO conspiracy theories">GMOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">oral polio AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1321_lepers%27_plot" title="1321 lepers' plot">Lepers' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbed" title="Medbed">Medbeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning" title="1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning">Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Race,_religion_and/or_ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Race, religion and/or ethnicity</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwa_Love_Trap_conspiracy_theory" title="Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory">Bhagwa Love Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_ritual_hoax" title="CERN ritual hoax">CERN ritual hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 and xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Freemasons</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masonic_conspiracy_theories_in_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masonic conspiracy theories in the French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_du_complot_ma%C3%A7onnique_dans_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Théories du complot maçonnique dans la Révolution française">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp#Discredited_extermination_camp_story" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw</a></span> (1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Losses" title="Other Losses">German POWs post-WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_of_Sion" title="Priory of Sion">Priory of Sion</a></li> <li>Product labeling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories" title="Halal conspiracy theories">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarian_Empire_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarian Empire (conspiracy theory)">Tartarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Islam_controversy" title="War on Islam controversy">War against Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">during the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Team" title="Epsilon Team">Epsilon Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_300" title="Committee of 300">Committee of 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic plot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Z.O.G.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Killing of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian / <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Anti-Catholic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">Anti-Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_conspiracy_theories" title="Jesuit conspiracy theories">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_conspiracy_theories" title="Vatican conspiracy theories">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_of_Giuseppe_Siri_theory" title="Papal election of Giuseppe Siri theory">Giuseppe Siri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia#Bihar_human_sacrifice_claims" title="OpIndia">Bihar human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory" title="Love jihad conspiracy theory">Love jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamo-leftism#2021_proposed_Vidal_inquiry" title="Islamo-leftism">Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_scandal" title="Trojan Horse scandal">Trojan Horse scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Template:Denial_of_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Denial of mass killings">Denial of mass killings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide#Views_in_Pakistan" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Denial_and_justification" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs during WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnahpur" title="Jinnahpur">Jinnahpur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallano_gold" title="Tallano gold">Tallano gold</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger-pinching_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger-pinching conspiracy theory">Finger-pinching</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Plot" title="Finland Plot">Finland Plot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas<br /><small>(outside the United States)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow#Cancellation" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Arrow cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Matusita" title="Casa Matusita">Casa Matusita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_Azul" title="Golpe Azul">Golpe Azul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East / North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">In the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_agorot_controversy" title="10 agorot controversy">10 agorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_fire#Conspiracy_theories" title="Cairo fire">Cairo fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Plan_in_Lebanon" title="Kissinger Plan in Lebanon">Kissinger Plan in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-related_animal_conspiracy_theories" title="Israel-related animal conspiracy theories">Israel-related animal theories</a></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_overthrow_of_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Western-backed Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_payment_conspiracy" title="Alaska payment conspiracy">Alaska payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulles%27_Plan" title="Dulles' Plan">Dulles' Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_billion" title="Golden billion">Golden billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy" title="Tagantsev conspiracy">Petrograd Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Rasputin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt#Staged_coup_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 coup attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)" title="Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan)">Operation Sledgehammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests#Conspiracy_claims" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_syndrome" title="Sèvres syndrome">Sèvres syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Üst_akıl" title="List of conspiracy theories">Üst akıl</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_War_Party" title="Global War Party">Global War Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Plot_(Ireland)" title="German Plot (Ireland)">German Plot</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870" title="Itavia Flight 870">Itavia Flight 870</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statesmen_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Statesmen (conspiracy theory)">Statesmen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="First Catilinarian conspiracy">First Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Negra_affair" title="Mano Negra affair">Mano Negra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilla_Saltsj%C3%B6badsavtalet" title="Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet">Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Guest_House_hoax" title="Elm Guest House hoax">Elm Guest House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations" title="Harold Wilson plot allegations">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barack Obama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Real_Father" title="Dreams from My Real Father">parentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Barack_Obama_spying_on_Donald_Trump" title="Allegations of Barack Obama spying on Donald Trump">"Obamagate"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_helicopter" title="Black helicopter">Black helicopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA and JFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">CIA assistance to bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory" title="Clinton body count conspiracy theory">Clinton body count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_secret_society_conspiracy_theory" title="FBI secret society conspiracy theory">FBI secret society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory" title="FEMA camps conspiracy theory">FEMA camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Guidestones#Conspiracy_theories" title="Georgia Guidestones">Georgia Guidestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Helm_15_conspiracy_theories" title="Jade Helm 15 conspiracy theories">Jade Helm 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauk_Project" title="Montauk Project">Montauk Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plan_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="The Plan (Washington, D.C.)">The Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_QAnon" title="Pastel QAnon">Pastel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_incidents_involving_QAnon" title="Timeline of incidents involving QAnon">incidents</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_pet-eating_hoax" title="Springfield pet-eating hoax">Springfield pet-eating hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vast_right-wing_conspiracy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vast right-wing conspiracy (term)">"Vast right-wing conspiracy"</a></li> <li>Vietnam War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2020_election" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Conspiracy_allegations" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italygate" title="Italygate">Italygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Pence_Card" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">"Pence Card"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Maricopa_County_presidential_ballot_audit" title="2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit">Maricopa County ballot audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Stop_the_Steal" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Stop the Steal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory" title="Dead Internet theory">Dead Internet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESARA" title="NESARA">NESARA/GESARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Coke#Conspiracy_theories" title="New Coke">New Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Shadow government (conspiracy theory)">Shadow government claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting#Conspiracy_theories" title="Bilderberg Meeting">Bilderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespearean authorship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law#Conspiracy_theory" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">Strawman theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Tax protesters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satirical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_conspiracy" title="Acre conspiracy">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_conspiracy" title="Bielefeld conspiracy">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Aren%27t_Real" title="Birds Aren't Real">Birds Aren't Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%27s_field" title="Li's field">Li's field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz%E2%80%93Zodiac_Killer_meme" title="Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme">Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia" title="Conspiracy Encyclopedia">Conspiracy Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction" title="Conspiracy fiction">Conspiracy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspirituality" title="Conspirituality">Conspirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">pseudoskepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Online youth radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_by_press_conference" title="Science by press conference">Science by press conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153992#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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