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background:#F8F8F8; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:5px; margin:5px; text-align: center; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;"> <tbody><tr> <td><hr style="height:5px; background-color:#2C905A; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" /><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Environmental_Policy" title="Environmental Policy"><img alt="Environmental Policy Logo on Ballotpedia.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/51/Environmental_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png/200px-Environmental_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/51/Environmental_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png/300px-Environmental_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/51/Environmental_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png/400px-Environmental_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></div><hr style="height:5px; 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If you would like to help our coverage grow, consider <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">donating</a> to Ballotpedia.</i> </p> <hr /> <p>In 2011, citing its authority under the <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a>, the <a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) issued a rule (commonly known as the MATS rule) limiting the amount of mercury and other toxic air pollutants emitted by power plants. Mercury and air toxics standards (MATS) target mercury and other hazardous pollutants from over 580 <a href="/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>-fired power plants nationwide. The MATS rule was issued by the <a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> administration as part of its larger policy limiting emissions from <a href="/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>-fired power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of the rule argued that it will produce health benefits of $37 billion and $90 billion each year in the form of fewer premature deaths, heart and asthma attacks. The total cost to the power plant sector is estimated at $9.6 billion each year, according to the EPA. In their messaging, opponents of the rule, including 21 states and industry groups, called the policy a <a href="/War_on_coal_debate" title="War on coal debate">war on coal</a> that will lead to plant closures and job losses. These opponents argued that limits on mercury emissions will produce few health benefits to justify the rule's $9.6 billion annual cost.<sup id="cite_ref-MATScosts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MATScosts-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Scope"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Scope</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Cost_and_benefit_estimates"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cost and benefit estimates</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Affected_power_plants_by_state"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Affected power plants by state</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Political_context"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Political context</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#2016_presidential_election"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">2016 presidential election</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Legal_challenges"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Legal challenges</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Supreme_Court_decision_(2015)"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Supreme Court decision (2015)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Majority_decision"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Majority decision</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Dissent"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dissent</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Reaction"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Reaction</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#2016_stay_request"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">2016 stay request</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Cost_and_benefit_estimates_2"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cost and benefit estimates</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Costs"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Costs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Benefits"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Benefits</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2> <p>In December 2011, the <a href="/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) finalized a rule—commonly known as the MATS rule—limiting the allowable amount of mercury and other pollutants from <a href="/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>-fired power plants under the <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a>. The <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a> establishes regulatory programs for both stationary sources (such as power plants and refineries) and mobile sources (such as passenger cars and trucks) of <a href="/Air_pollutants" title="Air pollutants">air pollutants</a>. Among the act’s regulatory programs is the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Program—commonly known as the Hazardous Air Pollutants Program. In establishing the program, <a href="/Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress">Congress</a> identified approximately 180 hazardous air pollutants and directed the EPA to draft regulations governing their emissions from stationary sources. Among these pollutants is mercury, a chemical element found in the emissions of <a href="/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>-fired power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-MATSbasic_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MATSbasic-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>As of 2014, 585 power plants fell under the MATS rule. These power plants contained 1,400 oil and coal-fired electric-generating units, which produce the mercury and other pollutants. As of 2014, the electric-generating units affected by the MATS rule represented 29.6 percent of the 4,718 coal and oil-powered electric-generating units in U.S. power plants. In 2011, the EPA argued that power plants account for 50 percent of mercury emissions, 75 percent of acidic gases, and between 20 percent to 60 percent of toxic metal emissions in the United States. All coal and oil-fired power plants with a capacity of 25 <a href="/Megawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatts">megawatts</a> or greater are subject to the standards. Of the 5,138 coal and oil-powered generators in 2011, 1,510 generators—41.6 percent—had a capacity of 25 megawatts or greater. Until 2011, no federal standards existed limiting mercury emissions from power plants existed, though standards existed for municipal waste combustors and medical waste incinerators.<sup id="cite_ref-MATSbasic_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MATSbasic-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Scope">Scope</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:317px;"><a href="/File:DTE_St_Clair.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/DTE_St_Clair.jpg/315px-DTE_St_Clair.jpg" decoding="async" width="315" height="206" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/DTE_St_Clair.jpg/473px-DTE_St_Clair.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/DTE_St_Clair.jpg/630px-DTE_St_Clair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3386" data-file-height="2216" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:DTE_St_Clair.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>St. Clair Power Plant, a <a href="/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>-fired power plant in Michigan</div></div></div> <p>The scope of the rule involves the extent to which a certain subcategory of stationary sources covered under the Clean Air Act can be regulated to reduce their mercury emissions. Proponents of the rule argued that mercury emissions from coal and oil-fired power plants have been overdue for regulation since <a href="/Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress">Congress</a> passed the <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a> Amendments of 1990 and that the rule is necessary to protect public health and the environment. These proponents contended that the rule will result in health benefits such as fewer asthma attacks, fewer hospital visits, and fewer premature deaths. Further, proponents argued that the EPA acted appropriately and necessary under the Clean Air Act not to consider the costs of its rule in the agency’s initial decision to regulate power plants for their mercury and other emissions. Opponents of the rule argued that the EPA unlawfully disregarded the consideration of costs when it made its decision to regulate mercury emissions at power plants; opponents argued that the costs of the rule far exceed the rule’s potential benefits. Further, opponents questioned whether regulations like the MATS rule should be made by an administrative agency such as the EPA and not by <a href="/Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress">Congress</a>. Critics of the EPA cited the agency's other regulatory initiatives from 2009 to 2016, such as <a href="/Waters_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Waters of the United States">regulations covering bodies of water</a> and <a href="/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">carbon dioxide emissions from power plants</a>, which had been temporarily blocked by federal courts as of January 2017, as evidence that the EPA's decisions are legally questionable.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cost_and_benefit_estimates">Cost and benefit estimates</span></h3> <p>In 2011, the EPA argued that the MATS rule would produce between ancillary benefits of between $37 billion and $90 billion annually by reducing emissions of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide, which are regulated under the Clean Air Act as part of the <a href="/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a> rather than under the Clean Air Act's hazardous pollutant program. Proponents of the rule argued that these ancillary benefits would pay for the rule's $9.6 billion annual cost. The benefits would include 11,000 fewer premature deaths, 130,000 fewer asthma attacks, fewer hospital visits, and fewer heart attacks, among others. Opponents of the rule argued that the benefits of solely reducing mercury emissions at power plants is between $4 million and $6 million annually, which would be considerably lower than the rule's annual cost as estimated by proponents. Further, opponents argued that the Clean Air Act already requires the regulation of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide, and that if the EPA seeks to produce the benefits of reducing those emissions, the agency should lower the national air quality standard for those pollutants rather than use the hazardous pollutant program to regulate power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-EPAbenefits_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPAbenefits-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-11">[11]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Affected_power_plants_by_state">Affected power plants by state</span></h3> <p>As of 2014, the MATS rule covered 585 power plants in the 50 states (this figure excluded power plants affected in U.S. territories). The map below displays the number of power plants affected by the rule in each state.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> </p> <center><big><b>Number of power plant affected by MATS by state</b></big></center> <center>Scroll over a state to see the number of power plants covered by MATS.</center> <center><iframe width="600" height="371" seamless="" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RKTBca-VaMFnV5vxGJzNTyiFVPPE2uGrYkqkyrjHun8/pubchart?oid=777904345&format=interactive"></iframe></center> <p>The map below displays the individual facilities covered by the MATS rule.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/File:Toxic-rule-facilities-us.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Toxic-rule-facilities-us.jpg" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/df/Toxic-rule-facilities-us.jpg/700px-Toxic-rule-facilities-us.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="463" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/d/df/Toxic-rule-facilities-us.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="614" /></a></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_context">Political context</span></h2> <p>The political debate over the mercury and air toxics standards (MATS) rule is part of the <a href="/War_on_coal_debate" title="War on coal debate">larger debate over coal</a> and its use in electricity generation. Republicans as well as coal and electric industry groups have largely opposed the MATS rule while Democrats and environmental groups have largely supported it. </p> <table style="width:240px; background:#F8F8F8; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:5px; margin:5px; text-align: center; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;"> <tbody><tr> <td><br /><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Presidential_election,_2016" title="Presidential election, 2016"><img alt="Presidential Elections-2016-badge.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/6/65/Presidential_Elections-2016-badge.png/150px-Presidential_Elections-2016-badge.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/6/65/Presidential_Elections-2016-badge.png/225px-Presidential_Elections-2016-badge.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/6/65/Presidential_Elections-2016-badge.png/300px-Presidential_Elections-2016-badge.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></div><br /><center><big><b><a href="/Presidential_election,_2016" title="Presidential election, 2016">2016 Presidential Election</a></b></big><br /><small><b>Date: <a href="/Sample_Ballot_Lookup" title="Sample Ballot Lookup">November 8, 2016</a></b></small></center><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center><b><a href="/Presidential_candidates,_2016" title="Presidential candidates, 2016">Candidates</a></b><br /><small><b>Winner:</b> <a href="/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016">Donald Trump</a> (R)<br /><a href="/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016">Hillary Clinton</a> (D) • <a href="/Jill_Stein_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Jill Stein presidential campaign, 2016">Jill Stein</a> (G) • <a href="/Gary_Johnson_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Gary Johnson presidential campaign, 2016">Gary Johnson</a> (L) • <a href="/Vice_presidential_candidates,_2016" title="Vice presidential candidates, 2016">Vice presidential candidates</a></small></center><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center><a href="/Presidential_election,_2016" title="Presidential election, 2016"><b>Election coverage</b></a><br /><small><a href="/Important_dates_in_the_2016_presidential_race" title="Important dates in the 2016 presidential race">Important dates</a> • <a href="/2016_presidential_nominations:_calendar_and_delegate_rules" title="2016 presidential nominations: calendar and delegate rules">Nominating process</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_battleground_poll,_2016" title="Ballotpedia's battleground poll, 2016">Ballotpedia's 2016 Battleground Poll</a> • <a href="/Presidential_election,_2016/Polls" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential election, 2016/Polls">Polls</a> • <a href="/Presidential_debates_(2015-2016)" title="Presidential debates (2015-2016)">Debates</a> • <a href="/Presidential_election_by_state,_2016" title="Presidential election by state, 2016">Presidential election by state</a> • <a href="/2016_presidential_candidate_ratings_and_scorecards" title="2016 presidential candidate ratings and scorecards">Ratings and scorecards</a></small></center><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center><small><b>Ballotpedia's presidential election coverage</b><br /><a href="/Presidential_election,_2028" title="Presidential election, 2028">2028</a> • <a href="/Presidential_election,_2024" title="Presidential election, 2024">2024</a> • <a href="/Presidential_election,_2020" title="Presidential election, 2020">2020</a> • <a href="/Presidential_election,_2016" title="Presidential election, 2016">2016</a></small></center><hr /> <div style="margin-top:1%; margin-bottom:1%;padding:1px;font-size:95%; text-align:center;"><div id="tap-promo" style="font-weight:bold;">Have you subscribed yet?</div> <p>Join the hundreds of thousands of readers trusting Ballotpedia to keep them up to date with the latest political news. Sign up for the Daily Brew. <br /><i><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Daily_Brew" title="Ballotpedia's Daily Brew">Click here to learn more</a></i>. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In their messaging, opponents dubbed the MATS rule as part of the Democrats' and the <a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> administration's <a href="/War_on_coal_debate" title="War on coal debate">war on coal</a>. These opponents include congressional Republicans as well as electricity industry representatives and other groups. The term war on coal is a response to a 2008 interview in which then-<a href="/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">Sen.</a> <a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> said, "If somebody wants to build a coal-fired power plant, they can. It's just that it will bankrupt them." Obama added, "Under my plan ... electricity rates would necessarily skyrocket." Obama was referring in particular to an economy-wide plan to cap <a href="/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emissions from power plants rather than limits on mercury emissions. His statement was considered by Republicans and industry representatives as an attack on the coal industry and an admission that Democratic environmental policies would negatively affect the energy sector. Republican lawmakers, candidates, and 2012 Republican presidential nominee <a href="/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> used the term war on coal in their campaigns after the EPA finalized the MATS rule.<sup id="cite_ref-utter_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utter-14">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>During the 2014 midterm elections, the war on coal was mentioned in the <a href="/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> races in <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Kentucky" title="Environmental policy in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_West_Virginia" title="Environmental policy in West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, which contain sizable coal industries. Both the Republican and Democratic Senate candidates in Kentucky and West Virginia criticized the Obama administration's stance on coal, including the EPA's MATS rule. Meanwhile, Democrats in other states as well as environmental groups largely supported the MATS rule.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wvmetro_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvmetro-17">[17]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2016_presidential_election">2016 presidential election</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/2016_presidential_candidates_on_energy_and_environmental_policy" title="2016 presidential candidates on energy and environmental policy">2016 presidential candidates on energy and environmental policy</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In May 2016, Republican presidential nominee <a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> referenced the war on coal and the EPA's regulations in an energy speech in <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_North_Dakota" title="Environmental policy in North Dakota">North Dakota</a>. Trump did not reference the MATS rule by name, but he argued that President Barack Obama "has done everything he can to kill the coal industry" and referenced "regulations that shut down hundreds of coal-fired power plants and block the construction of new ones." Trump criticized Democratic presidential nominee <a href="/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, who stated in 2016, "We are going to put a lot of coal miners and coal companies out of work." Trump proposed to eliminate "any regulation that is outdated, unnecessary, bad for workers, or contrary to the national interest."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> </p><p>During the campaign, Democratic presidential nominee <a href="/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> promised to continue the Obama administration's environmental policies. As a U.S. senator, Clinton voted yes on a resolution in support of including coal and oil-fired electric generating units from power plants as sources of hazardous air pollutants under the <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a>—a policy identical to the MATS rule. In a televised debate, Clinton said the United States should "move away from coal" and that "we're going to put a lot of coal miners and coal companies out of business." Clinton said she supports federal spending on renewable energy sources to replace coal as a source of electricity generation and replace coal-based industry as a source of employment in coal mining states. Clinton did not reference the MATS rule by name during her campaign, though her campaign website mentioned her support for federal limits on air pollution from power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_challenges">Legal challenges</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Michigan_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Michigan v. Environmental Protection Agency">Michigan v. Environmental Protection Agency</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>21 states brought suit against the <a href="/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) for the MATS rule in 2013. At issue in the suit was whether the EPA overstepped its legal authority under the <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a> when it refused to consider the costs of regulating mercury and other air toxins from power plants. Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA must take any appropriate and necessary actions (known as the appropriate and necessary standard) to regulate sources of hazardous air pollution. The EPA did not take industry costs into account when it began writing the MATS rule. The agency eventually estimated that compliance costs to power plants would total $9.6 billion annually. Legal challenges to the EPA's actions contended that the EPA violated the Clean Air Act's appropriate and necessary standard by refusing to consider these costs.<sup id="cite_ref-scotusblog_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotusblog-22">[22]</a></sup> </p><p>Petitioners that challenged the mercury standards in federal court included <a href="/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (which brought the case), <a href="/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> (on behalf of Republican Gov. <a href="/Terry_Branstad" class="mw-redirect" title="Terry Branstad">Terry Branstad</a>), <a href="/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and <a href="/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>. Other petitioners included industry representatives such as the National Mining Association and the Utility Air Regulatory Group.<sup id="cite_ref-scotusblog_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotusblog-22">[22]</a></sup> </p><p>Of the 21 states that sued the EPA over the MATS rule, 17 states were Republican <a href="/State_government_trifectas" title="State government trifectas">trifectas</a> as of January 2016. A trifecta is when one party controls the office of the governor, the state House, and the state Senate. Five states—<a href="/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and <a href="/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>—had split-party control (Kentucky was under split-party control in early 2015 and became a Republican trifecta in late 2015). The map below shows the trifecta status of the states that have sued the EPA over the MATS rule. States in red are Republican trifectas. States in purple are under split-party control.<sup id="cite_ref-scotusblog_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotusblog-22">[22]</a></sup> </p> <center><big><b>Trifecta status of states that have sued over the MATS rule</b></big></center> <center><iframe width="600" height="371" seamless="" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RKTBca-VaMFnV5vxGJzNTyiFVPPE2uGrYkqkyrjHun8/pubchart?oid=1099239379&format=interactive"></iframe></center> <p>The petitioners challenged the EPA's rule in the <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> in December 2013, arguing that the agency should have considered costs when it made the initial decision to regulate mercury from power plants. The circuit court decided in favor of the EPA, arguing that the agency had acted lawfully when it had postponed cost analysis until the agency set specific pollution standards. The Supreme Court granted <a href="/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> on November 25, 2014, and oral arguments were heard on March 25, 2015. The court consolidated three separate petitions into one case, <i>Michigan v. Environmental Protection Agency</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mercurypreview_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercurypreview-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Supreme_Court_decision_.282015.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Supreme_Court_decision_(2015)">Supreme Court decision (2015)</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><img alt="" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/25/Inside_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.jpg/250px-Inside_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/25/Inside_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.jpg/375px-Inside_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.jpg 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/25/Inside_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.jpg/500px-Inside_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2400" /> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:Inside_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Interior of the U.S. Supreme Court</div></div></div> <p>The Supreme Court considered the question, "Did the <a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) unreasonably refuse to consider costs when it decided to regulate <a href="/Hazardous_air_pollutant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous air pollutant">hazardous air pollutants</a>, such as mercury, from power plants?" The EPA argued before the court that it did not need to consider costs when it decided to regulate mercury from power plants. On June 29, 2015, the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> reversed the D.C. Circuit in a 5-4 decision and ruled against the EPA. The court held that the "EPA interpreted §7412(n)(1)(A) [of the Clean Air Act] unreasonably when it deemed cost irrelevant to the decision to regulate power plants." The majority opinion was written by the late justice <a href="/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> and was joined by Chief Justice <a href="/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and Justices <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, <a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Clarence Thomas</a> and <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>. Justice <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> wrote a dissenting opinion and was joined by Justices <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, and <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scotusblog_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotusblog-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mercurySCOTUS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercurySCOTUS-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNNmercury_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNmercury-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USAmercury_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAmercury-28">[28]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Majority_decision">Majority decision</span></h4> <p>Scalia argued that the EPA's actions went further than the <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a>'s text allowed when the agency refused to consider costs in the initial stages of writing its mercury rules. Specifically, the act allows power plant regulation if it is proved "appropriate and necessary" (as quoted from the Clean Air Act) to regulate power plants. According to Scalia, refusing to consider costs before the EPA decided to regulate mercury from power plants was a violation of the appropriate and necessary standard. "It is not rational, never mind 'appropriate,' to impose billions of dollars in economic costs in return for a few dollars in health or environmental benefits," Scalia wrote. Scalia cited the distinction between two programs under the <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a> aimed at limiting hazardous air pollutants: a program for stationary sources more generally, such as refineries and factories, and a program for power plants. The former program does not allow for considering the costs of regulation while the latter program, according to Scalia and the majority, requires the consideration of costs. Scalia and the majority argued that this distinction between the two programs shows that Congress prioritized cost considerations in power plant regulation when it passed the Clean Air Act.<sup id="cite_ref-mercurySCOTUS_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercurySCOTUS-26">[26]</a></sup> </p><p>The majority on the court and the four dissenting justices rejected the EPA’s argument that the Clean Air Act made cost considerations irrelevant in any decision to regulate power plants. In administrative law cases, an agency’s regulatory decision can be upheld only on the grounds expressed by the agency when it made its initial decision. As a result, the justices argued that though the EPA's subsequent cost analysis might otherwise support the agency's initial decision, the EPA did not use this analysis as justification for that decision. In other words, if an administrative agency such as the EPA does not rely on a specific piece of evidence in its initial regulatory decision, it cannot cite the benefit of that evidence after the fact.<sup id="cite_ref-mercurySCOTUS_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercurySCOTUS-26">[26]</a></sup> </p><p>Scalia concluded the majority opinion arguing that the court would not require a formal cost-benefit analysis for every step of the EPA's actions but would allow the agency to choose how it would consider the costs of the MATS rule.<sup id="cite_ref-mercurySCOTUS_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercurySCOTUS-26">[26]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Dissent">Dissent</span></h4> <p>Joined by Justices <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, and <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, Justice <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> authored a dissent arguing that the EPA conducted an extensive study of costs throughout the regulatory process. Kagan and the dissenting justices contended that the majority ignored the ways in which the EPA considered costs when writing its rules. Kagan agreed with the majority that the EPA's actions would be unlawful under the <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a> if the agency refused to consider costs at all; Kagan, however, disagreed with the majority's focus on the EPA's initial decision to regulate power plants. Since the EPA ended up considering costs in several later regulatory steps after its initial decision, the agency’s mistake in refusing to consider costs earlier was innocuous, according to the dissenting justices. "The Agency acted well within its authority in declining to consider costs at the opening bell of the regulatory process given that it would do so in every round thereafter," Kagan wrote. Further, Kagan argued that the EPA could not have considered costs with accuracy at the initial stage of the regulatory process and that the EPA followed a process similar to the way it set emissions limits for other sources of hazardous air pollutants over the past 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-mercurySCOTUS_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercurySCOTUS-26">[26]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Reaction">Reaction</span></h4> <p>In response to the ruling, EPA spokeswoman Melissa Harrison stated, "EPA is disappointed that the Supreme Court did not uphold the rule, but this rule was issued more than three years ago, investments have been made and most plants are already well on their way to compliance."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House</a> <a href="/Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority Leader">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a>'s (<a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party">R</a>-<a href="/California" title="California">Calif.</a>) official statement praised the Supreme Court's ruling, saying, "The Supreme Court's decision today vindicates the House's legislative actions to rein in bureaucratic overreach and institute some common sense in rulemaking." The president of the National Mining Association, one of the petitioners, also praised the decision, calling the EPA's activities "reckless rulemaking that ignores the cost to consumers."<sup id="cite_ref-hillmercury_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hillmercury-30">[30]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> Majority Leader <a href="/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a>'s (<a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party">R</a>-<a href="/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Ky.</a>) official statement applauded the ruling, saying, "The ruling serves as a critical reminder to every governor contemplating the administration’s demands to impose more regressive – and likely illegal – regulations that promise even more middle-class pain."<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-31">[31]</a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, environmental groups such as the Environmental Defense Fund and the Clean Air Council disagreed with the decision. "While today’s decision is a setback, EPA has ample information to swiftly address the Court’s concerns," said Vickie Patton, general counsel for the Environmental Defense Fund. Joseph O'Minnott, chief counsel for the Clean Air Council, also disagreed with the decision, saying, "It is clear that the benefits to public health and the environment this rule would provide dwarf the costs of implementing it, no matter when in the determination those costs are considered."<sup id="cite_ref-hillmercury_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hillmercury-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-31">[31]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2016_stay_request">2016 stay request</span></h3> <p>In February 2016, 20 states asked the <a href="/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> to stay the MATS rule. Though the Supreme Court's <a href="#Supreme_Court_decision">June 2015 ruling</a> mandated that the EPA perform a cost-benefit analysis, the court did not strike down the rule. The states argued that the 2015 ruling meant that the EPA did not have the authority to impose the MATS rule; thus, the rule is an unlawful exercise of executive power beyond what <a href="/Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress">Congress</a> intended in the <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-powermag_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powermag-32">[32]</a></sup> </p><p>On March 3, 2016, Chief Justice <a href="/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> denied the states' request to stay the EPA’s implementation of the standards. Roberts, who oversees stay requests from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (where the earlier case was heard), denied the states’ request without comment. As a result, power plants would have to continue to comply with the MATS rule.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> </p><p>The states that asked the court for a stay included the following: <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Alabama" title="Environmental policy in Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Alaska" title="Environmental policy in Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Arizona" title="Environmental policy in Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Arkansas" title="Environmental policy in Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Idaho" title="Environmental policy in Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Iowa" title="Environmental policy in Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Kansas" title="Environmental policy in Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Kentucky" title="Environmental policy in Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Michigan" title="Environmental policy in Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Mississippi" title="Environmental policy in Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Missouri" title="Environmental policy in Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Nebraska" title="Environmental policy in Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_North_Dakota" title="Environmental policy in North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Ohio" title="Environmental policy in Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Oklahoma" title="Environmental policy in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_South_Carolina" title="Environmental policy in South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Texas" title="Environmental policy in Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Utah" title="Environmental policy in Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_West_Virginia" title="Environmental policy in West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Wyoming" title="Environmental policy in Wyoming">Wyoming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-powermag_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powermag-32">[32]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cost_and_benefit_estimates_2">Cost and benefit estimates</span></h2> <p>Several studies have examined the economic and environmental impact of the MATS rule nationwide. Proponents of the rule argued that the rule would produce $37 billion and $90 billion in improved air quality and health benefits annually. Opponents of the rule argued that the potential benefits are exaggerated by billions of dollars and that the rule would lead to a loss in income equivalent to 180,000 full-time jobs. </p><p>Below is a summary of the existing studies on the costs and benefits of the MATS rule as of October 2016. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Costs">Costs</span></h3> <p>The EPA's cost estimate found that coal and oil-fired power plants would pay annual compliance costs of $9.6 billion under the MATS rule. This total includes the cost to the electricity-generating industry of meeting the emissions limits found in the MATS rule. The total does not include the economic loss resulting from power plant closures. In 2015, out of the nearly 18 gigawatts of electric generating capacity that were retired, more than 80 percent of the retired capacity was conventional steam coal—about 4.6 percent of total U.S. coal capacity at the beginning of 2015. According to the <a href="/U.S._Energy_Information_Administration" title="U.S. Energy Information Administration">U.S. Energy Information Administration</a> (EIA), approximately 30 percent of the coal capacity that retired in 2015 occurred in April when the MATS rule went into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> </p><p>In its April 2016 cost-benefit analysis of the mercury standards, the EPA argued that the annual cost of compliance with the standards would amount to between 2.7 percent and 3.5 percent of electricity sales. The EPA contended that the standards would raise electricity prices by 3.1 percent over 10 years but would produce $9 in health benefits for every dollar spent to reduce mercury emissions and other pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> </p><p>The EPA's cost figures were disputed as an incomplete complete assessment of the rule's costs. A 2012 study NERA Economic Consulting, a global consultancy group hired by electricity industry representatives, contended that in addition to the compliance costs, electric companies would face capital costs to install new pollution control technology in order to comply the MATS rule. Between 2012 and 2015, the study estimated that capital costs would require $84 billion to comply with the MATS rule and the <a href="/Cross_State_Air_Pollution_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross State Air Pollution Rule">Cross State Air Pollution Rule</a>—an EPA rule requiring 27 states to reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions that may contribute to downwind pollution. The study concluded that the macroeconomic effect of increased capital costs would include lower industrial output (and thus lower income for employees) with a net impact of a loss in income equivalent to 180,000 full-time jobs. This net impact took into account the job gains associated with complying with the MATS rule, such as the building and refitting of power plants with new technology.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Benefits">Benefits</span></h3> <p>The EPA argued that the MATS rule would prevent roughly 11,000 premature deaths and 130,000 asthma attacks nationwide and that the standards would produce $37 billion and $90 billion in improved air quality benefits annually. Of that total, between $500,000 and $6 million of the benefits would come from reducing mercury emissions at power plants. The agency contended that the implementation of the MATS rule would support 46,000 short-term construction jobs making upgrades to existing power plants. Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Political Economy Research Institute argued that the MATS rule and the <a href="/Cross_State_Air_Pollution_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross State Air Pollution Rule">Cross State Air Pollution Rule</a> would create approximately 1.5 million jobs—an average of 300,000 jobs per year between 2010 and 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-EPAbenefits_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPAbenefits-10">[10]</a></sup> </p><p>Opponents of the MATS rule argued that the EPA had exaggerated the potential benefits of reducing mercury at power plants. Anne E. Smith, the senior vice president of NERA Economic Consulting, argued that the EPA's total benefits estimate of solely reducing mercury (the primary goal of the rule) is between $500,000 and $6 million, which is far below the EPA's estimate of between $37 billion and $90 billion in benefits. Smith argued that the remaining billions of dollars in benefits would come from reductions in particulate matter, which is already regulated under the <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a>. Furthermore, Smith disputed the EPA's claim that the MATS rule would prevent 11,000 premature deaths, arguing that nearly all of the 11,000 deaths prevented include individuals who live in areas with an adequate safety from particulate matter-related health risks.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-11">[11]</a></sup> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-overlay"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"><div style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:-0.16666666666666px auto;"><a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act"><img alt="Clean Air Act" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/14/NASA_atmosphere.jpg/281px-NASA_atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="126" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/14/NASA_atmosphere.jpg/423px-NASA_atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/14/NASA_atmosphere.jpg/564px-NASA_atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="2036" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 168px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127px"><div style="width: 127px"> <div class="thumb" style="height: 125px;"></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 105px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/Air_pollutants" title="Air pollutants">Air pollutants</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"><div style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:-0.16666666666666px auto;"><a href="/Environmental_policy_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental policy in the U.S."><img alt="Environmental policy in the U.S." src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/dd/Florida_Everglades1.jpg/298px-Florida_Everglades1.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="126" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/d/dd/Florida_Everglades1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="220" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 179px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/Environmental_policy_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental policy in the United States">Environmental policy in the U.S.</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127px"><div style="width: 127px"> <div class="thumb" style="height: 125px;"></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 105px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/Ground-level_ozone_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-level ozone standards">Ozone standards</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/mats/actions.html">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency MATS standards for power plants</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/airquality/powerplanttoxics/pdfs/20111221MATSimpactsfs.pdf">Environmental Protection Agency analysis of MATS standards</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nera.com/content/dam/nera/publications/archive2/PUB_MATS_Rule_0312.pdf">NERA study on MATS standards</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/mats/basic.html"><i>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</i>, "Basic Information on Mercury and Air Toxics Standards," accessed January 5, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MATScosts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MATScosts_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www3.epa.gov/airquality/powerplanttoxics/pdfs/20111221MATSimpactsfs.pdf"><i>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</i>, "Benefits and Costs of Cleaning Up Toxic Air Pollution from Power Plants," accessed February 2, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www3.epa.gov/mats/basic.html"><i>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</i>, "Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) - Basic Information," accessed February 2, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MATSbasic-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MATSbasic_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MATSbasic_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/mats/basic-information-about-mercury-and-air-toxics-standards"><i>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</i>, "Cleaner Power Plants," accessed August 30, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/html/epa_04_03.html"><i>U.S. Energy Information Administration</i>, "Table 4.3. Existing Capacity by Energy Source, 2014 (Megawatts)," accessed September 4, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/electricity/capacity/xls/existing_gen_units_2011.xls"><i>U.S. Energy Information Administration</i>, "Operable Generating Units in the United States by State and Energy Source, 2011," accessed September 8, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/archive/03482011.pdf"><i>U.S. Energy Information Administration</i>, "Electric Power Annual 2011," January 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/BriefsV4/14-46_pet_uarg.authcheckdam.pdf"><i>American Bar Association</i>, "Michigan v. Environmental Protection Agency (2015) - Brief of Petitioner Utility Air Regulatory Group, et al.," January 20, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/BriefsV5/14-46_amicus_resp_ucs.authcheckdam.pdf"><i>American Bar Association</i>, "Michigan v. Environmental Protection Agency (2015) - Brief of Repondents American Academy of Pediatrics, et al.," accessed October 31, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPAbenefits-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EPAbenefits_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EPAbenefits_10-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/airquality/powerplanttoxics/pdfs/20111221MATSimpactsfs.pdf"><i>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</i>, "Benefits and Costs of Cleaning Up Toxic Air Pollution from Power Plants," accessed October 9, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smith_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smith_11-1">11.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nera.com/content/dam/nera/publications/archive2/PUB_Smith_Testimony_ECC_0212.pdf"><i>NERA</i>, "Prepared Statement of Anne E. Smith, Ph.D. at a Hearing on the American Energy Initiative – A Focus on What EPA’s Utility MACT Rule Will Cost U.S. Consumers," February 8, 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www3.epa.gov/mats/pdfs/20111221PowerPlantsLikelyCoveredbyMATS.pdf"><i>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</i>, "Power Plants Likely Covered by the Toxics Rule," accessed March 1, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/mats/power-plants-likely-covered-mercury-and-air-toxics-standards-mats"><i>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</i>, "Power Plants Likely Covered by the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS)," accessed August 30, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utter-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-utter_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2012/04/uttered-in-2008-still-haunting-obama-in-2012-074892#ixzz3o0lE0xDY"><i>Politico</i>, "Uttered in 2008, still haunting Obama," April 8, 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/inside-politics/2013/jul/2/sen-mitch-mcconnell-warns-kentucky-obama-waging-wa/"><i>Washington Times</i>, "Sen. Mitch McConnell warns Kentucky that Obama is waging war on coal," July 2, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/article/McConnell-focuses-on-coal-in-new-campaign-ad-5273803.php"><i>Houston Chronicle</i>, "McConnell focuses on coal in new campaign ad," accessed March 1, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wvmetro-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wvmetro_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://wvmetronews.com/2014/09/02/natalie-tennants-increasingly-uphill-senate-battle/"><i>Metro News</i>, "Natalie Tennant's increasingly uphill Senate battle," September 2, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/an-america-first-energy-plan"><i>Donald Trump 2016 campaign website</i>, "An America First Energy Plan," May 26, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.ontheissues.org/2016/Hillary_Clinton_Environment.htm"><i>On the Issues</i>, "Hillary Clinton on Environment," accessed August 30, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2016/03/13/full-rush-transcript-hillary-clinton-partcnn-tv-one-democratic-presidential-town-hall/"><i>CNN</i>, "Full Rush Transcript Hillary Clinton Part//CNN TV One Democratic Presidential Town Hall," March 13, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.hillaryclinton.com/briefing/factsheets/2016/04/13/hillary-clintons-plan-to-fight-for-environmental-and-climate-justice/"><i>Hillary Clinton 2016 campaign website</i>, "Hillary Clinton’s Plan to Fight for Environmental and Climate Justice," accessed August 30, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotusblog-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-scotusblog_22-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-scotusblog_22-1">22.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-scotusblog_22-2">22.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-scotusblog_22-3">22.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/utility-air-regulatory-group-v-environmental-protection-agency-3/?wpmp_switcher=desktop"><i>SCOTUSblog</i>, "Utility Air Regulatory Group v. Environmental Protection Agency," accessed June 29, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mercurypreview-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mercurypreview_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2015/03/argument-preview-epa-on-the-defensive-again/"><i>SCOTUSblog</i>, "Argument preview: EPA, on the defensive again," March 24, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-supreme-court-coal-air-pollution-20150325-story.html"><i>Los Angeles Times</i>, "Supreme Court conservatives skeptical about EPA mercury rule," March 25, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/supreme-court-appears-divided-on-epa-rules-to-limit-mercury-emissions-1427305800"><i>Wall Street Journal</i>, "Supreme Court Appears Divided on EPA Rules to Limit Mercury Emissions," March 25, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mercurySCOTUS-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mercurySCOTUS_26-0">26.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mercurySCOTUS_26-1">26.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mercurySCOTUS_26-2">26.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mercurySCOTUS_26-3">26.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mercurySCOTUS_26-4">26.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-46_10n2.pdf"><i>U.S. Supreme Court</i>, "Michigan v. Environmental Protection Agency," June 29, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNmercury-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CNNmercury_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/29/politics/supreme-court-epa-emissions/"><i>CNN.com</i>, "Supreme Court: EPA unreasonably interpreted the Clean Air Act," June 29, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAmercury-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-USAmercury_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/06/29/supreme-court-clean-air/28366777/"><i>Associated Press</i>, "High court strikes down power plant regulations," June 29, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/justices-rule-epa-power-plant-mercury-limits-32101338"><i>ABC News</i>, "Justices Rule Against EPA Power Plant Mercury Limits," June 29, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hillmercury-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hillmercury_30-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hillmercury_30-1">30.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/246423-supreme-court-overturns-epa-air-pollution-rule"><i>The Hill</i>, "Supreme Court overturns landmark EPA air pollution rule," June 29, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_31-0">31.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_31-1">31.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jun/29/supreme-court-air-pollution-epa-coal-plants"><i>The Guardian</i>, "US supreme court strikes down Obama's EPA limits on mercury pollution," June 29, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powermag-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-powermag_32-0">32.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-powermag_32-1">32.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.powermag.com/twenty-states-call-on-supreme-court-to-stay-epa-mercury-rule/"><i>PowerMag.com</i>, "Twenty States Call on Supreme Court to Stay EPA Mercury Rule," February 25, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/04/us/politics/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-epa-coal.html"><i>New York Times</i>, "Chief Justice Rejects Effort to Block E.P.A. Limit on Power Plants," March 3, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=25272"><i>U.S. Energy Information Administration</i>, "Coal made up more than 80% of retired electricity generating capacity in 2015," accessed August 30, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.courthousenews.com/2016/04/18/EPA%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf"><i>Court House News</i>, "EPA Fact Sheet: Final Consideration of Cost in the Appropriate and Necessary Finding for the Mercury and Air Toxic Standards for Power Plants," April 18, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nera.com/content/dam/nera/publications/archive2/PUB_MATS_Rule_0312.pdf"><i>NERA Economic Consulting</i>, "An Economic Impact Analysis of EPA's Mercury and Air Toxics Standards Rule," March 1, 2012</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Plp_environment_hnt" title="Template:Plp environment hnt"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#bbccee;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Plp_environment_hnt&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. 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href="/Superfund" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> • <a href="/Traditional_energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional energy resources">Traditional energy resources</a> • <a href="/U.S._Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="U.S. Bureau of Land Management">U.S. Bureau of Land Management</a> • <a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> • • <a href="/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> • <a href="/U.S._Forest_Service" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> • <a href="/U.S._Geological_Survey" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a> • <a href="/Wastewater_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment">Wastewater treatment</a> • <a href="/Water_quality_criteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Water quality criteria">Water quality criteria</a> • <a href="/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> • <a href="/Wilderness_Act" title="Wilderness Act">Wilderness Act</a> • <a href="/Wilderness_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilderness Society">Wilderness Society</a> • <a href="/Wind_energy" title="Wind energy">Wind energy</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b><a href="/Glossary_of_Endangered_Species_Act_terms" title="Glossary of Endangered Species Act terms">Endangered species terms</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Candidate_species" title="Candidate species">Candidate species</a> • <a href="/Critical_habitat" title="Critical habitat">Critical habitat</a> • <a href="/Delisting" title="Delisting">Delisting</a> • <a href="/Distinct_population_segment" title="Distinct population segment">Distinct population segment</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a> • <a href="/Listed_species" title="Listed species">Listed species</a> • <a href="/Listing_a_species" title="Listing a species">Listing a species</a> • <a href="/Listing_petition" title="Listing petition">Listing petition</a> • <a href="/Species_recovery" title="Species recovery">Species recovery</a> • <a href="/Taking_a_species" title="Taking a species">Taking a species</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b><a href="/State_environmental_policy_pages" title="State environmental policy pages">Environmental policy by state</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Alabama" title="Environmental policy in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Alaska" title="Environmental policy in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Arizona" title="Environmental policy in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Arkansas" title="Environmental policy in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_California" title="Environmental policy in California">California</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Colorado" title="Environmental policy in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Connecticut" title="Environmental policy in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Delaware" title="Environmental policy in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Florida" title="Environmental policy in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Georgia" title="Environmental policy in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Hawaii" title="Environmental policy in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Idaho" title="Environmental policy in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Illinois" title="Environmental policy in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Indiana" title="Environmental policy in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Iowa" title="Environmental policy in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Kansas" title="Environmental policy in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Kentucky" title="Environmental policy in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Louisiana" title="Environmental policy in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Maine" title="Environmental policy in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Maryland" title="Environmental policy in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Massachusetts" title="Environmental policy in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Michigan" title="Environmental policy in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Minnesota" title="Environmental policy in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Mississippi" title="Environmental policy in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Missouri" title="Environmental policy in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Montana" title="Environmental policy in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Nebraska" title="Environmental policy in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Nevada" title="Environmental policy in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_New_Hampshire" title="Environmental policy in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_New_Jersey" title="Environmental policy in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_New_Mexico" title="Environmental policy in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_New_York" title="Environmental policy in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_North_Carolina" title="Environmental policy in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_North_Dakota" title="Environmental policy in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Ohio" title="Environmental policy in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Oklahoma" title="Environmental policy in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Oregon" title="Environmental policy in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Pennsylvania" title="Environmental policy in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Rhode_Island" title="Environmental policy in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_South_Carolina" title="Environmental policy in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_South_Dakota" title="Environmental policy in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Tennessee" title="Environmental policy in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Texas" title="Environmental policy in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Utah" title="Environmental policy in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Vermont" title="Environmental policy in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Virginia" title="Environmental policy in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Washington" title="Environmental policy in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_West_Virginia" title="Environmental policy in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Wisconsin" title="Environmental policy in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Wyoming" title="Environmental policy in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b><a href="/Endangered_Species_Policy" title="Endangered Species Policy">Endangered species policy</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Costs_of_listing_a_species" title="Costs of listing a species">Costs of listing a species</a> • <a href="/Delisting_a_species" title="Delisting a species">Delisting a species</a> • <a href="/Endangered_Species_Act_litigation" title="Endangered Species Act litigation">Endangered Species Act litigation</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_policy_in_the_United_States" title="Endangered species policy in the United States">Endangered species policy in the United States</a> • <a href="/Endangered_Species_Act_litigation" title="Endangered Species Act litigation">Endangered Species Act litigation</a> • <a href="/History_of_the_Endangered_Species_Act" title="History of the Endangered Species Act">History of the Endangered Species Act</a> • <a href="/Private_property_and_the_Endangered_Species_Act" title="Private property and the Endangered Species Act">Private property and the Endangered Species Act</a> • <a href="/Science_and_the_Endangered_Species_Act" title="Science and the Endangered Species Act">Science and the Endangered Species Act</a> • <a href="/Success_rate_of_the_Endangered_Species_Act" title="Success rate of the Endangered Species Act">Success rate of the Endangered Species Act</a> • <a href="/Transparency_and_the_Endangered_Species_Act" title="Transparency and the Endangered Species Act">Transparency and the Endangered Species Act</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b><a href="/Endangered_species_information_by_state" title="Endangered species information by state">Endangered species policy by state</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Endangered_species_in_Alabama" title="Endangered species in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Alaska" title="Endangered species in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Arizona" title="Endangered species in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Arkansas" title="Endangered species in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_California" title="Endangered species in California">California</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Colorado" title="Endangered species in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Connecticut" title="Endangered species in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Delaware" title="Endangered species in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Florida" title="Endangered species in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Georgia" title="Endangered species in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Hawaii" title="Endangered species in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Idaho" title="Endangered species in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Illinois" title="Endangered species in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Indiana" title="Endangered species in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Iowa" title="Endangered species in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Kansas" title="Endangered species in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Kentucky" title="Endangered species in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Louisiana" title="Endangered species in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Maine" title="Endangered species in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Maryland" title="Endangered species in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Massachusetts" title="Endangered species in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Michigan" title="Endangered species in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Minnesota" title="Endangered species in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Mississippi" title="Endangered species in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Missouri" title="Endangered species in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Montana" title="Endangered species in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Nebraska" title="Endangered species in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Nevada" title="Endangered species in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_New_Hampshire" title="Endangered species in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_New_Jersey" title="Endangered species in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_New_Mexico" title="Endangered species in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_New_York" title="Endangered species in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_North_Carolina" title="Endangered species in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_North_Dakota" title="Endangered species in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Ohio" title="Endangered species in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Oklahoma" title="Endangered species in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Oregon" title="Endangered species in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Pennsylvania" title="Endangered species in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Rhode_Island" title="Endangered species in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_South_Carolina" title="Endangered species in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_South_Dakota" title="Endangered species in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Tennessee" title="Endangered species in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Texas" title="Endangered species in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Utah" title="Endangered species in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Vermont" title="Endangered species in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Virginia" title="Endangered species in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Washington" title="Endangered species in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_West_Virginia" title="Endangered species in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Wisconsin" title="Endangered species in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Endangered_species_in_Wyoming" title="Endangered species in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b><a href="/Environmental_statistics" title="Environmental statistics">Environmental statistics</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Payments_in_lieu_of_taxes" title="Payments in lieu of taxes">Payments in lieu of taxes</a> • <a href="/Land_ownership_by_state" title="Land ownership by state">Land ownership by state</a> • <a href="/Grazing_permits_on_BLM_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grazing permits on BLM lands">Grazing permits on BLM lands</a> • <a href="/Federal_land_ownership_by_state" title="Federal land ownership by state">Federal land ownership by state</a> • <a href="/BLM_oil_and_gas_permits_by_state" class="mw-redirect" title="BLM oil and gas permits by state">BLM oil and gas permits by state</a> • <a href="/Environmental_spending_in_the_50_states" title="Environmental spending in the 50 states">Environmental spending in the 50 states</a> • <a href="/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by state">Greenhouse gas emissions by state</a> • <a href="/Superfund_sites_in_the_United_States" title="Superfund sites in the United States">Superfund sites in the United States</a> • <a href="/National_Park_Visitor_Spending_Effects_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="National Park Visitor Spending Effects Report">National Park Visitor Spending Effects Report</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b><a href="/Category:Endangered_species_statistics" title="Category:Endangered species statistics">Endangered species statistics</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Endangered_species_by_state" title="Endangered species by state">Endangered species by state</a> • <a href="/Endangered_animals_by_state" title="Endangered animals by state">Endangered animals by state</a> • <a href="/Endangered_plants_by_state" title="Endangered plants by state">Endangered plants by state</a> • <a href="/Delisted_species" title="Delisted species">Delisted species</a> • <a href="/Top_20_federally_funded_species" title="Top 20 federally funded species">Top 20 federally funded species</a> • <a href="/Land_acquisition_funding_for_endangered_species" title="Land acquisition funding for endangered species">Land acquisition funding for endangered species</a> • <a href="/Federal_endangered_species_grants_by_state" title="Federal endangered species grants by state">Federal endangered species grants by state</a><hr /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Ballotpedia" title="Template:Ballotpedia"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#0744ac; color: 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Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Ballotpedia</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About</a></b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Overview</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:What_people_are_saying" title="Ballotpedia:What people are saying">What people are saying</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">Support Ballotpedia</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Contact</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ways_you_can_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Ways you can help">Contribute</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Job_opportunities" title="Ballotpedia:Job opportunities">Job opportunities</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Executive:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Leslie_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Leslie Graves">Leslie Graves, President</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Gwen_Beattie" title="Ballotpedia:Gwen Beattie">Gwen Beattie, Chief Operating Officer</a><br /> <p><b>Communications:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Alison_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Alison Graves">Alison Graves</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Carley_Allensworth" title="Ballotpedia:Carley Allensworth">Carley Allensworth</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Abigail_Campbell" title="Ballotpedia:Abigail Campbell">Abigail Campbell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Sarah_Groat" title="Ballotpedia:Sarah Groat">Sarah Groat</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nathaniel_Harwood" title="Ballotpedia:Nathaniel Harwood">Nathaniel Harwood</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Dillon_Redmond" title="Ballotpedia:Dillon Redmond">Dillon Redmond</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Erica_Shumaker" title="Ballotpedia:Erica Shumaker">Erica Shumaker</a><br /> <b>External Relations: </b><a href="/Ballotpedia:Ashley_Fleming" title="Ballotpedia:Ashley Fleming">Ashley Fleming</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Hannah_Nelson" title="Ballotpedia:Hannah Nelson">Hannah Nelson</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Katy_Noble" title="Ballotpedia:Katy Noble">Katy Noble</a><br /> <b>Operations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Meghann_Olshefski" title="Ballotpedia:Meghann Olshefski">Meghann Olshefski</a> • <a 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