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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">хумих</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Эхлэл</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Генетикийн_түүх" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Генетикийн_түүх"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Генетикийн түүх</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Генетикийн_түүх-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Генетикийн түүх хэсгийг нээж хаах</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Генетикийн_түүх-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Менделийн_буюу_сонгодог_генетик" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Менделийн_буюу_сонгодог_генетик"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Менделийн буюу сонгодог генетик</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Менделийн_буюу_сонгодог_генетик-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Молекул_генетик" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Молекул_генетик"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Молекул генетик</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Молекул_генетик-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Удамшлын_онцлогууд" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Удамшлын_онцлогууд"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Удамшлын онцлогууд</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Удамшлын_онцлогууд-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Удамшлын онцлогууд хэсгийг нээж хаах</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Удамшлын_онцлогууд-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Дискрет_(бүхэл)_удамшил_ба_Менделийн_хуулиуд" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дискрет_(бүхэл)_удамшил_ба_Менделийн_хуулиуд"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Дискрет (бүхэл) удамшил ба Менделийн хуулиуд</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дискрет_(бүхэл)_удамшил_ба_Менделийн_хуулиуд-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Удамшлын_молекул_түвшин" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Удамшлын_молекул_түвшин"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Удамшлын молекул түвшин</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Удамшлын_молекул_түвшин-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Удамшлын молекул түвшин хэсгийг нээж хаах</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Удамшлын_молекул_түвшин-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ДНХ_болон_хромосом" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ДНХ_болон_хромосом"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>ДНХ болон хромосом</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ДНХ_болон_хромосом-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ишлэл" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ишлэл"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ишлэл</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ишлэл-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гадаад_холбоос" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гадаад_холбоос"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Гадаад холбоос</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гадаад_холбоос-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Гарчиг" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Гарчигийг нээж хаах" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Гарчигийг нээж хаах</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Генетик</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 131 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131 хэлээр</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – швейцари-герман" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцари-герман" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AD" title="ሥነ ባህርይ – амхар" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ባህርይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхар" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenetica" title="Chenetica – арагон" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chenetica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="علم الوراثة – араб" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الوراثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen%C3%A9tica" title="Xenética – астури" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xenética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астури" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – авар" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="авар" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastopa" title="Nastopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nastopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – азербайжан" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайжан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ژنتیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژنتیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – башкир" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкир" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетыка – беларусь" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генетыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларусь" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генэтыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Генэтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – болгар" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বংশাণুবিজ্ঞান – бенгал" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বংশাণুবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – бретон" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="онцлох өгүүлэл"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – босни" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босни" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="онцлох өгүүлэл"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A8tica" title="Genètica – каталан" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – чечень" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чечень" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B0%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%92_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%85" title="ᎤᎾᏓᏰᎶᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ – чероки" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎾᏓᏰᎶᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="чероки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جێنەتیک – төв курд" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جێنەتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="төв курд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – чех" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – чуваш" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чуваш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneteg" title="Geneteg – уэльс" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Geneteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уэльс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – дани" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – герман" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="герман" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AAnetik" title="Cênetik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cênetik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γενετική – грек" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενετική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="онцлох өгүүлэл"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – англи" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiko" title="Genetiko – эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genetiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – испани" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneetika" title="Geneetika – эстони" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geneetika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстони" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – баск" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ژنتیک – перс" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژنتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="перс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinn%C3%B6llisyystiede" title="Perinnöllisyystiede – фин" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perinnöllisyystiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Génétique – франц" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="франц" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erflikheidslear" title="Erflikheidslear – баруун фриз" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Erflikheidslear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="баруун фриз" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ineola%C3%ADocht" title="Géineolaíocht – ирланд" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Géineolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9n%C3%A9tik" title="Jénétik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jénétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintinneachd" title="Gintinneachd – шотландын гел" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gintinneachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландын гел" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen%C3%A9tica" title="Xenética – галего" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галего" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – горонтало" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="горонтало" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="גנטיקה – еврей" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="еврей" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="आनुवंशिकी – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आनुवंशिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – хорват" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорват" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetik" title="Jenetik – Гаитийн креол" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jenetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Гаитийн креол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – мажар" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="мажар" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Գենետիկա – армен" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գենետիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армен" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – интерлингво" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингво" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – индонези" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонези" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – нэгдмэл хэл" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="нэгдмэл хэл" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiko" title="Genetiko – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Genetiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erf%C3%B0afr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Erfðafræði – исланд" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erfðafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – итали" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%A6" title="遺伝学 – япон" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遺伝学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="япон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinetix" title="Jinetix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jinetix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ginske" title="ginske – ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ginske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – ява" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ява" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გენეტიკა – гүрж" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენეტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="гүрж" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A9th%C4%A9_(genetics)" title="Maũthĩ (genetics) – кикуюү" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Maũthĩ (genetics)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="кикуюү" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – казах" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казах" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="ពន្ធុវិទ្យា – кхмер" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពន្ធុវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмер" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ತಳಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಳಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="онцлох өгүүлэл"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%ED%95%99" title="유전학 – солонгос" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유전학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="солонгос" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genet%C3%AEk" title="Genetîk – курд" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Genetîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – киргиз" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргиз" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – латин" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneetik" title="Geneetik – люксембург" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geneetik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембург" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetica" title="Jenetica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jenetica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomabuzaale" title="Essomabuzaale – ганда" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomabuzaale" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ганда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ພັນທຸສາດ – лаос" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພັນທຸສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаос" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – литва" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2en%C4%93tika" title="Ģenētika – латви" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģenētika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латви" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – мадури хэл" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="мадури хэл" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Генетике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Генетике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="онцлох өгүүлэл"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – македон" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജനിതകശാസ്ത്രം – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനിതകശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – малай" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="မျိုးရိုးဗီဇပညာ – бирм" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးရိုးဗီဇပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирм" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="онцлох өгүүлэл"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – нидерланд" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetikk" title="Genetikk – норвегийн нинорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Genetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвегийн нинорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetikk" title="Genetikk – норвегийн букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Genetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвегийн букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetike" title="Genetike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Genetike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – окситан" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeneetiik" title="Jeneetiik – оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jeneetiik" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Генетикæ – оссетин" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Генетикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="оссетин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetyka" title="Genetyka – польш" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Genetyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="جینیٹکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جینیٹکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جنتیک – пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جنتیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – португал" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinitika" title="Hinitika – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinitika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică – румын" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – орос" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орос" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="онцлох өгүүлэл"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – шотланд" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جينيات – синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جينيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – хорватын серб" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="хорватын серб" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව – синхала" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – словак" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словак" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – словени" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словени" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambamabari" title="Ruambamabari – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambamabari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenetika" title="Gjenetika – албани" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjenetika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – серб" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tika" title="Génétika – сундан" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Génétika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – швед" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швед" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetikia" title="Jenetikia – свахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jenetikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="свахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மரபியல் – тамил" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамил" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="జన్యుశాస్త్రం – тэлүгү" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జన్యుశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="тэлүгү" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Офаринишшиносӣ – тажик" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Офаринишшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="тажик" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="онцлох өгүүлэл"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พันธุศาสตร์ – тай" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พันธุศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henetika" title="Henetika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Henetika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – турк" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – татар" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татар" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – тува" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="тува" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – украин" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جینیات – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جینیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – узбек" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбек" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="онцлох өгүүлэл"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_truy%E1%BB%81n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Di truyền học – вьетнам" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Di truyền học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henetika" title="Henetika – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henetika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学 – хятад, ву хэл" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="遗传学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="хятад, ву хэл" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გენეტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გენეტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="גענעטיק – иддиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גענעטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="иддиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%C3%A0b%C3%ADnim%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" title="Ìṣiṣẹ́àbínimọ́ – ёруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣiṣẹ́àbínimọ́" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">хажуугийн цэсэнд шилжүүлэх</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">хумих</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Википедиа — Чөлөөт нэвтэрхий толь</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mn" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:ADN_static.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/180px-ADN_static.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/270px-ADN_static.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/360px-ADN_static.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Удамшлын молекул түвшин дэх суурь болох <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ДНХ">ДНХ</a>. ДНХ-ийн хэлхээ бүр нь нуклеотидуудаас бүрдсэн гинжин хэлбэртэй бөгөөд хоорондоо хос хосоороо холбогдон мушгирсан спираль хэлбэрийг олдог.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg/280px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg/420px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg/560px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Эцэг эхээс дараагийн үед генийн онцлог дамжих ба хүйс дамжих</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Генетик</b> бол амьд <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм">организмуудын</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Генетик хэлбэр (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">хэлбэр</a> болон <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Удамшил зүй (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">удамшлыг</a> судалдаг <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шинжлэх ухаан">шинжлэх ухаан</a> юм.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_et_al_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths_et_al-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartl_and_Jones_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartl_and_Jones-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Балар эртний үе">Балар эртний үеэс</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B6%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сонгон үржүүлэлт (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">сонгон үржүүлэх</a> аргаар ургамал болон амьтныг сайжруулах зорилгоор онцлог шинж чанарын удамшлын талаарх мэдлэг далдуур хуримтлагдсаар ирсэн юм. Гэхдээ удамшлын механизмыг олж таних зорилготой орчин үеийн генетикийн шинжлэх ухаан нь 1800-аад оны дунд үед амьдарч байсан <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Грегор Мендель (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Грегор Менделийн</a> хийсэн ажлаас улбаалдаг.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiling_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiling-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Хэдийгээр тэрээр удамшлын зүй тогтолын физик суурь тулгуурыг мэддэгүй байсан ч Мендель удамшлын тулгуур нь тодорхой шинж чанар хоорондоо хамааралгүй замаар удамших дискрет процесс болохыг ажигласан байна. Удамшлын эдгээр тулгуур нэгжүүдийг өнөө үед <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ген">ген</a> гэж нэрлэдэг. </p><p>1900-аад оны эхэн үед Менделийн хийсэн ажиглалтуудыг дахин туршиж нээсний дараа 1910-аад оны үеэр эхэлсэн судалгааны үр дүнд анх удаа удамшлын тухай физик ойлголтыг гаргаж ирсэн. Том <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эслэг (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">эслэг</a> бүтэц болох <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хромосом">хромосом</a> гэгчийн дагуу шулуун байрласан гениүд байдаг тухай ойлголт юм. 1950-аад он гэхэд хромосомын цөм нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ДНХ">ДНХ</a> гэж нэрлэгдэх болсон урт молекул байдаг болон гениүд нь энэхүү молекулын дотор шугаман хэсэг байдлаар оршдог болохыг ойлгосон. ДНХ-ийн нэг хэлхээ нь дөрвөн төрлийн нуклеотидоос бүрдсэн гинжин бүтэцтэй бөгөөд удамшлын мэдээлэл нь эдгээр нуклеотидуудын дараалалд агуулагддаг. 1953 онд <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жэймс Ватсон">Ватсон</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Маурис Вилкинс (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Вилкинс</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фрэнсис Крик (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Крик</a> нар ДНХ-ийн гурван хэмжээст бүтэц нь <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хос спираль (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">хос хэлхээ бүхий спираль</a> бөгөөд хэлхээ тус бүр дээрх нуклеотидууд нь хос хосоороо холбогдон оршдгийг гаргасан байна. Хэлхээ бүр нь шинээр хам хэлхээ үүсгэх нийлэгжилтэнд зориулж загвар болж өгдөг бөгөөд мэдээллийг өвлүүлэх физик механизм нь болдог. </p><p>ДНХ дэх нуклеотидын дараалал нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Уураг (молекул)">уургуудыг</a> бүрдүүлдэг <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Амин хүчил">амин хүчлийн</a> дарааллыг төлөөлөн зааж байдаг. Үүнийг "<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Генетик код">генетик код</a>" гэдэг. Уураг дахь энэ амин хүчлийн дараалал нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%86" title="Уургийн бүтэц">гурван хэмжээст бүтцэд</a> хэрхэн <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Уургийн нугаралт">эвхэгдэн хувирахыг</a> зохицуулдаг. Уургийн орон зайн бүтэц, болон нийт амин хүчлийн тогтоцоос уургийн үйл ажиллагаа шинж чанар хамаардаг. Уураг нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81" title="Эс">эсийн</a> дотоод бараг бүхий л ажиллагааг хариуцдаг. ДНХ-ийн дараалалд гарсан өөрчлөлт нь уургийн бүтэц болон ажиллагааг өөрчилөх бөгөөд энэ нь улмаар эсийн хувьд болон тухайн бүхэл организмын хувьд томоохон өөрчлөлтийг бий болгож болно. </p><p>Генетик нь хэдий организмын зан төлөв болон шинж чанарыг тодорхойлоход гол үүрэгтэй оролцдог ч, энэ нь мөн организмын хүрээлэн буй орчинтойгоо харилцсаны үр дүнд бий болох үр дагаварын харилцан үйлчлэлийг судалдаг. Жишээлбэл <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ген">ген</a> нь хүний өндрийг тодорхойлоход гол үүрэгтэй байдаг ч, тухайн хүний хүүхэд ахуй насанд учирсан <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эрүүл мэнд (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">эрүүл мэндийн</a> нөхцөл, шим тэжээл ямар хэмжээтэй авсан зэрэг өндөрт багагүй нөлөөлдөг. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Генетикийн_түүх"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.B9.D0.BD_.D1.82.D2.AF.D2.AF.D1.85"></span>Генетикийн түүх</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Генетикийн түүх" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Генетикийн түүх"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Гол өгүүлэл: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Генетикийн түүх (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Генетикийн түүх</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg/200px-Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg/300px-Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Morgan's observation of sex-linked inheritance of a mutation causing white eyes in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drosophila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drosophila (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Drosophila</a> led him to the hypothesis that genes are located upon chromosomes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Генетикийн шинжлэх ухааны гарал үүсэл нь 19-р зууны дунд үед амьдарч байсан <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Грегор Мендель (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Грегор Менделийн</a> ажлаас эхэлдэг ч удамшлын талаарх олон онол түүнээс өмнө хийгдэж байжээ. Эдгээр онолууд нь ерөнхийдөө олдмол шинж чанарын удамшил (мөн "сул удамшил" ч гэдэг) байдаг тухай авч үздэг. Энэ нь аливаа бодьгал нь түүний эцэг эхийн хүчтэй болсон, хөгжсөн шинж чанарыг өвлөн авдаг гэсэн итгэл үнэмшил байсан юм. Өнөө үед энэ онол нь ихэвчлэн <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Жан-Баптист Ламарк (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Жан-Баптист Ламарктай</a> холбогддог. Тэрээр энэхүү удамшлын зүй тогтлыг ашиглан биологийн зүйлүүдийн доторх олон шинж чанарын хувьслыг тайлбарласан юм (одоо үед эдгээр өөрчлөлтүүдийг <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сул удамшил (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">сул удамшлын</a> үр дүнд бий болдог гэхээс илүү <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Байгалийн шалгарал">байгалийн шалгарлын</a> үр дүн гэж үздэг). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Менделийн_буюу_сонгодог_генетик"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B9.D0.BD_.D0.B1.D1.83.D1.8E.D1.83_.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B3.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.B3_.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA"></span>Менделийн буюу сонгодог генетик</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Менделийн буюу сонгодог генетик" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Менделийн буюу сонгодог генетик"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Орчин үеийн генетикийн шинжлэх ухааны үндэс нь Герман Чех гаралтай Августины <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Санваартан (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">санваартан</a>, эрдэмтэн <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Грегор Мендель (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Грегор Иоханн Менделийн</a> хийсэн ажиглалтуудаас эхэлдэг юм. Тэрээр удамшлын зүй тогтлын талаар ургамал дээр нарийвчилсан судалгааг хийсэн билээ. Грегор Мендель 1865 онд Брунны байгалийн түүхийн нийгэмлэгт илтгэсэн өөрийн судалгааны ажил болох "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden"-дээ ("<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B6%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ургамалын эрлийзжүүлэлтийн туршилтууд (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Ургамалын эрлийзжүүлэлтийн туршилтууд</a>") вандуйн ургамалын тодорхой шинж чанаруудын удамшлын зүй тогтлыг илрүүлж, математик аргаар илэрхийлж болохыг харуулсан байна.<sup id="cite_ref-mendel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mendel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Гэхдээ бүх онцлог шинжүүд <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Менделийн удамшил (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Менделийн удамшлын</a> эдгээр зүй тогтлыг дагадаггүй ч түүний ажил нь удамшлын судалгаанд статистикийн хэрэглээг ашиглаж болох санааг гаргаж өгсөн юм. </p><p>Менделийг нас барсаны дараа түүнийхтэй ижил төрлийн судалгаа хийж байсан хэсэг эрдэмтэд түүний судалгааны ажлыг олж илрүүлэх хүртэл буюу 20-р зууны эхэн хүртэл түүний хийсэн ажиглалтын ач холбогдолыг хүн төрөлхтөн ойлгоогүй ирсэн юм. Менделийн судалгааны ажлыг маш ихээр дэмждэг, сурталчлагч <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Виллиам Бэйтсон (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Виллиам Бэйтсон</a> "Генетик" гэдэг энэ үгийг анх 1905 онд <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Адам Сэджвик (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Адам Сэджвикт</a> бичсэн захидалдаа оруулж хэрэглэсэн юм.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Генетик" гэдэг тэмдэг нэр нь (<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Грек хэл">Грек хэлний</a> <b>γεννώ</b> "генно" буюу төрүүлэх гэсэн утгатай үгнээс гаралтай) нэр үг болон хэрэглэгдэхээс өмнө 1830-аад оны үед анх хэрэглэгдэж эхэлсэн бөгөөд 1859 онд <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Чарьлз Дарвин (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Чарьлз Дарвин</a> өөрийн <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Зүйлийн үүсэл (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Зүйлийн үүсэл</a> номондоо анх удаа биологийн нэр томъёо болгон ашиглаж байжээ.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Бэйтсон 1906 онд Английн Лондон хотод болсон Ургамалын эрлийзжүүлэлтийн олон улсын гуравдугаар чуулган дээр өөрийн шинэ ажлын анхны илтгэлдээ удамшлын судалгааг "генетик" гэдэг үгээр тодорхойлж, энэхүү үгийн хэрэглээг түгээмэл болгосон.<sup id="cite_ref-bateson_genetics_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bateson_genetics-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Менделийн судалгааны ажил нь дахин нээгдэж нийтэд түгээмэл болсоноос хойш арваад жилийн дотор ДНХ-ийн молекул үндсийг эрэлхийлж, судалсан олон тооны туршилтууд хийгдсэн. 1910 онд <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Томас Хант Морган">Томас Хант Морган</a> нь жимсний ялааны үржлийн явц дахь цагаан нүдний мутацыг ажигласны үндсэн дээр тэрээр гениүд нь хромосом дээр суурилдаг гэсэн дүгнэлтэд хүрчээ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Молекул_генетик"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.83.D0.BB_.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA"></span>Молекул генетик</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Молекул генетик" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Молекул генетик"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Хромосом нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ген">генүүдийг</a> агуулдаг мөн хромосом нь уураг болон ДНХ хоёулангаас нь бүрэлддэг болохыг мэддэг байсан ч, чухам аль нь удамшлын зүй тогтолд чухал нөлөөтөй эсвэл хэрхэн удамших процесс явагддаг болох нь тодорхойгүй байсан юм. 1928 онд <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фредерик Гриффит (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Фредерик Гриффит</a> өөрийн нээсэн <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хувиралт (генетик) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">хувирах</a> үзэгдлийн тухай хэвлүүлсэн (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гриффитийн туршилт (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Гриффитийн туршилтыг</a> үзнэ үү.). Үүнээс 16 жилийн дараа 1944 онд <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Освальд Теодор Авери (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Освальд Теодор Авери</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Колин Маклеод (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Колин Маклеод</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мэклин Маккарти (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Мэклин Маккарти</a> нар энэхүү үзэгдлийг ашиглан хувиралтад чухал үүрэгтэй байдаг молекул буюу <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ДНХ">ДНХ</a>-г тусгаарлаж, илрүүлж чадсан байна.<sup id="cite_ref-Avery_et_al_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avery_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1952 онд хийгдсэн <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хершей-Чэйсийн туршилт (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Хершей-Чэйсийн туршилтаар</a> ДНХ нь (уураг гэдгээс илүү) вирусийн генетикийн материал бөгөөд цаашилбал ДНХ нь удамшил зүй тогтцыг хариуцсан молекул гэдгийг тогтоосон. </p><p>1953 онд <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жэймс Ватсон">Жэймс Ватсон</a> болон <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Францис Крик (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Францис Крик</a> нар <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Розалинд Франклин (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Розалинд Франклины</a> хийсэн <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Рентген кристаллографчлал">Рентген кристаллографчлалыг</a> ашиглан ДНХ-ийн бүтцийг мушгиа буюу спираль хэлбэртэй болохыг нь тогтоосон байна. Тэдний тогтоосон хос-мушгиа загвар нь нэг нь нөгөөгөө "нөхөн гүйцээсэн" нуклеотидуудын дарааллуудын хослол хэлбэрийн бүтэцтэй байсан. Энэхүү бүтэц нь дан ганц нуклеотидуудын дараалалд агуулагдсан мэдээллийн физик тайлбарыг гаргаад зогсохгүй мөн хэлхээг салгах замаар хосмог (дупликац) үүсгэх, нуклеотидуудын хослол дээр үндэслэн хос хэлхээг шинээр үүсгэх физик механизмыг гаргаж өгсөн юм. Дээрх бүтэц нь удамшлын процессыг тайлбарласан хэдий боловч хэрхэн ДНХ нь эсийн ажиллагаанд нөлөөлдөг болох нь тодорхойгүй хэвээр байсан юм. Үүнээс хойш олон эрдэмтэд хэрхэн ДНХ нь <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рибозом (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">рибозом</a> доторх <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Уураг (молекул)">уураг</a> үүсэх процессыг хянадаг болохыг ойлгохыг оролдсоор ирсэн бөгөөд улмаар ДНХ нь <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%87_%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Зуучлагч РНХ (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">зуучлагч РНХ</a> болон хөрвөх транскрипцыг нээж, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%87_%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Зуучлагч РНХ (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">зуучлагч РНХ</a>-ийн нуклеотидын дарааллыг уургийн <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Амин хүчил">амин хүчлийн</a> дараалалтай холбодог <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Генетик код">генетик кодыг</a> тайлсан. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Удамшлын_онцлогууд"><span id=".D0.A3.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BC.D1.88.D0.BB.D1.8B.D0.BD_.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.86.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.83.D1.83.D0.B4"></span>Удамшлын онцлогууд</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Удамшлын онцлогууд" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Удамшлын онцлогууд"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Дискрет_(бүхэл)_удамшил_ба_Менделийн_хуулиуд"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.82_.28.D0.B1.D2.AF.D1.85.D1.8D.D0.BB.29_.D1.83.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BC.D1.88.D0.B8.D0.BB_.D0.B1.D0.B0_.D0.9C.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B9.D0.BD_.D1.85.D1.83.D1.83.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.83.D0.B4"></span>Дискрет (бүхэл) удамшил ба Менделийн хуулиуд</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Дискрет (бүхэл) удамшил ба Менделийн хуулиуд" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Дискрет (бүхэл) удамшил ба Менделийн хуулиуд"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Гол өгүүлэл: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Менделийн удамшил (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Менделийн удамшил</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/200px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/300px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/400px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>A Punnett square depicting a cross between two pea plants heterozygous for purple (B) and white (b) blossoms.</figcaption></figure> <p>Хамгийн тулгуур төвшинд организмын удамшил нь "<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ген">ген</a>" хэмээгдэх дискрет шинж чанаруудаар илэрдэг.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Энэхүү шинж чанарыг анх <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Грегор Мендель (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Грегор Мендель</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Вандуй">вандуйн ургамлын</a> удамших шинж чанаруудыг тусгаарлаж судалж байхдаа ажиглажээ.<sup id="cite_ref-mendel_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mendel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Цэцгийн өнгөний шинж чанарыг судалж байсан туршилтаараа Мендель вандуйн ургамал бүрийн цэцгүүд нэг бол ягаан эсвэл цагаан өнгөтэй бөгөөд хоёр өнгөний дундын хувилбар ерөөсөө олдохгүйг ажигласан байна. Ижилхэн генийн эдгээр өөр, дискрет хувилбаруудыг "<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Аллел">аллел</a>" гэдэг. </p><p>Вандуйн ургамлын хувьд организм бүрийн ген болгонд хоёр аллел байдаг бөгөөд ургамал нь эх эцэг ургамал бүрээс нэг нэг аллелийг өвлөн авдаг байна.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Хүмүүсээс эхлэн олон организмуудад энэхүү удамшил зүй тогтол байдаг. Ижил аллелийн хоёр хуулбартай организмуудыг "<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гомозигот (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">гомозигот</a>" гэдэг бол хоёр өөр аллел бүхий организмуудыг "<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гетерозигот (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">гетерозигот</a>" гэдэг. </p><p>Тухайн организмын аллелийн цогцыг түүний <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Генотип (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">генотип</a></i> гэдэг бол харин организмд харагдах шинж чанар байвал түүнийг нь тухайн организмын <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Фенотип">фенотип</a></i> гэдэг. Организм нь гетерозигот байх тохиолдолд түүний нэг аллелийг ихэвчлэн "<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%87_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Давамгайлагч аллел (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">давамгайлагч</a>" гэдэг бөгөөд учир нь тэрхүү аллелийн шинж чанар нь тухайн организмын финотип дээр "давамгайлдаг". Харин нөгөө аллелийг нь "<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рецессив аллель (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">рецессив</a>" гэх бөгөөд түүний шинж чанар нь "бүдэг" бөгөөд ажиглагддаггүй. Давамгайлагч аллелуудыг гол төлөв том үсгээр товчлон тэмдэглэдэг бол рецессив аллелийг тэрхүү үсгийн жижиг хувилбараар нь тэмдэглэдэг.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Зарим аллелийн хувьд бүрэн гүйцэд давамгайлал байдаггүй бөгөөд үүний оронд дундын фенотипыг илэрхийлэх замаар бүрэн бус давамгайлалтай байдаг эсвэл хоёр аллелийг нэгэн зэрэг илэрхийлэх замаар давхар давамгайлалтай байдаг.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Эцэг эх хүүхдүүдтэй болоход тэдний хүүхдүүд нь санамсаргүйгээр эцэг эх тус бүрийн хоёр аллелаас нэг нэгийг нь өвлөн авдаг. Энэхүү сөөлжилтийг <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пунетын квадрат (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Пунетын квадратаар</a> дүрслэн харуулж болно. Дискрет удамшил болон аллелуудын ялгаварлалтын үзэгдлийг ерөнхийд нь "<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Менделийн удамшил (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Менделийн нэгдүгээр хууль</a>" гэдэг. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Удамшлын_молекул_түвшин"><span id=".D0.A3.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BC.D1.88.D0.BB.D1.8B.D0.BD_.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.83.D0.BB_.D1.82.D2.AF.D0.B2.D1.88.D0.B8.D0.BD"></span>Удамшлын молекул түвшин</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Удамшлын молекул түвшин" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Удамшлын молекул түвшин"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ДНХ_болон_хромосом"><span id=".D0.94.D0.9D.D0.A5_.D0.B1.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.BD_.D1.85.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.BC"></span>ДНХ болон хромосом</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: ДНХ болон хромосом" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: ДНХ болон хромосом"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Гол өгүүлэл: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ДНХ">ДНХ</a> ба <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хромосом">Хромосом</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:514px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/c/c8/514px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png/200px-514px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/c/c8/514px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png/300px-514px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/c/c8/514px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png/400px-514px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>ДНХ-ийн <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Молекул бүтэц (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">молекул бүтэц</a>. Хэлхээ хооронд <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Устөрөгчийн холбоо">устөрөгчийн холбоогоор</a> холбогдсон суурийн хослолууд.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ген">Генүүдийн</a> молекул суурь нь <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дезоксирибонуклейний хүчил (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">дезоксирибонуклейний хүчил</a> (ДНХ) юм. ДНХ нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклеотид">нуклеотидуудын</a> гинжин хэлхээнээс тогтдог ба <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аденин (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">аденин</a> (А), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цитозин (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">цитозин</a> (Ц), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гуанин (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">гуанин</a> (Г), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тимин (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">тимин</a> (Т) гэсэн дөрвөн янзын нуклеотид байдаг. Генетикийн мэдээлэл нь эдгээр нуклеотидын дараалалд орших бөгөөд <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ген">ген</a> нь ДНХ-ийн хэлхээний дагуух дарааллын хэсгүүд болон оршдог.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson_2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Зөвхөн <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус">вирусүүд</a> л дээрхээс ялгаатай байдаг ба зарим тохиолдолд вирусүүд <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ДНХ">ДНХ</a>-ийн оронд түүнтэй тун төстэй молекул болох <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Рибонуклейн хүчил">Рибонуклейн хүчлийг</a> өөрсдийн генетикийн материал болгон ашигладаг.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Организм дахь бүх <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Удамшил (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">удамшлын</a> материалын бүрэн цогцыг түүний "<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геном (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">геном</a>" гэдэг. </p><p>ДНХ нь гол төлөв хоёр-хэлхээт молекул байдлаар оршдог бөгөөд <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хос-спираль (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">хос-спираль</a> хэлбэрээр мушгирсан байдаг. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ишлэл"><span id=".D0.98.D1.88.D0.BB.D1.8D.D0.BB"></span>Ишлэл</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Ишлэл" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Ишлэл"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r791159">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths_et_al-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_et_al_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r793951">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths_AJF,_Miller_JH,_Suzuki_DT,_Lewontin_RC,_and_Gelbart_WM2000" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, and Gelbart WM (2000). <i>An Introduction to Genetic Analysis</i>. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Genetic+Analysis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Griffiths+AJF%2C+Miller+JH%2C+Suzuki+DT%2C+Lewontin+RC%2C+and+Gelbart+WM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_book" title="Загвар:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Ангилал:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9:BookSources/0716735202" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7167-3520-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartl_and_Jones-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hartl_and_Jones_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFHartl_D_&_Jones_E2005" class="citation book cs1">Hartl D & Jones E (2005). <i>Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes, 6th edition</i>. Jones & Bartlett.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetics%3A+Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes%2C+6th+edition&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Hartl+D+%26+Jones+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="Z3988"></span> 854 pages. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9:BookSources/0763715115" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7637-1511-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiling-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiling_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFWeiling_F1991" class="citation journal cs1">Weiling F (1991). "Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822-1884". <i>American Journal of Medical Genetics</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 1–25, discussion 26. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1887835">1887835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Historical+study%3A+Johann+Gregor+Mendel+1822-1884&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25%2C+discussion+26&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1887835&rft.au=Weiling+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mendel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mendel_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mendel_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFMendel,_GJ1866" class="citation journal cs1">Mendel, GJ (1866). "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Experiments_on_Plant_Hybridization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experiments on Plant Hybridization (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden</a>". <i>Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Brünn</i>. <b>4</b>: 3–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verhandlungen+des+naturforschenden+Vereins+Br%C3%BCnn&rft.atitle=Versuche+%C3%BCber+Pflanzen-Hybriden&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=3-47&rft.date=1866&rft.au=Mendel%2C+GJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="Z3988"></span> (in English in 1901, J. R. Hortic. Soc. 26: 1–32) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mendelweb.org/Mendel.html">English translation available online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013020831/http://www.jic.ac.uk/corporate/about/bateson.htm">"Online copy of William Bateson's letter to Adam Sedgwick"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jic.ac.uk/corporate/about/bateson.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Татаж авсан: <span class="nowrap">2008-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+copy+of+William+Bateson%27s+letter+to+Adam+Sedgwick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jic.ac.uk%2Fcorporate%2Fabout%2Fbateson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">genetic, <i>a.</i> and <i>n. pl.</i>, Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bateson_genetics-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bateson_genetics_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Bateson, W (1907). "The Progress of Genetic Research". Wilks, W (editor) <i>Report of the Third 1906 International Conference on Genetics: Hybridization (the cross-breeding of genera or species), the cross-breeding of varieties, and general plant breeding</i>, London: Royal Horticultural Society.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Third+1906+International+Conference+on+Genetics%3A+Hybridization+%28the+cross-breeding+of+genera+or+species%29%2C+the+cross-breeding+of+varieties%2C+and+general+plant+breeding&rft.atitle=The+Progress+of+Genetic+Research&rft.au=Bateson%2C+W&rft.date=1907&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.place=London"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <dl><dd>Although the conference was titled "International Conference on Hybridisation and Plant Breeding", Wilks changed the title for publication as a result of Bateson's speech.</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Avery_et_al-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Avery_et_al_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFAvery_OT,_MacLeod_CM,_and_McCarty_M1944" class="citation journal cs1">Avery OT, MacLeod CM, and McCarty M (1944). "Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III". <i>Journal of Experimental Medicine</i>. <b>79</b> (1): 137–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Studies+on+the+Chemical+Nature+of+the+Substance+Inducing+Transformation+of+Pneumococcal+Types%3A+Induction+of+Transformation+by+a+Desoxyribonucleic+Acid+Fraction+Isolated+from+Pneumococcus+Type+III&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-58&rft.date=1944&rft.au=Avery+OT%2C+MacLeod+CM%2C+and+McCarty+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_journal" title="Загвар:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Ангилал:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=33226">35th anniversary reprint available</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths_AJF,_Miller_JH,_Suzuki_DT,_Lewontin_RC,_and_Gelbart_WM2000" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, and Gelbart WM (2000). <i>An Introduction to Genetic Analysis</i>. W.H. Freeman and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Genetic+Analysis&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Griffiths+AJF%2C+Miller+JH%2C+Suzuki+DT%2C+Lewontin+RC%2C+and+Gelbart+WM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_book" title="Загвар:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Ангилал:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.199">Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Introduction</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths_AJF,_Miller_JH,_Suzuki_DT,_Lewontin_RC,_and_Gelbart_WM2000" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, and Gelbart WM (2000). <i>An Introduction to Genetic Analysis</i>. W.H. Freeman and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Genetic+Analysis&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Griffiths+AJF%2C+Miller+JH%2C+Suzuki+DT%2C+Lewontin+RC%2C+and+Gelbart+WM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_book" title="Загвар:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Ангилал:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.200">Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Mendel's experiments</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths_AJF,_Miller_JH,_Suzuki_DT,_Lewontin_RC,_and_Gelbart_WM2000" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, and Gelbart WM (2000). <i>An Introduction to Genetic Analysis</i>. W.H. Freeman and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Genetic+Analysis&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Griffiths+AJF%2C+Miller+JH%2C+Suzuki+DT%2C+Lewontin+RC%2C+and+Gelbart+WM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_book" title="Загвар:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Ангилал:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.484">Chapter 3 (Chromosomal Basis of Heredity): Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">This form of notation is especially common in plants. There are other types of notation, you can read more <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908110754/http://faculty.users.cnu.edu/rcheney/Genetic%20Notation.htm">here</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цахим архивчлал (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Memento</a> 8. Есдүгээр сар 2006 <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Цахим архив">цахим архивт</a></i>)<span style="display:none;"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths_AJF,_Miller_JH,_Suzuki_DT,_Lewontin_RC,_and_Gelbart_WM2000" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, and Gelbart WM (2000). <i>An Introduction to Genetic Analysis</i>. W.H. Freeman and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Genetic+Analysis&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Griffiths+AJF%2C+Miller+JH%2C+Suzuki+DT%2C+Lewontin+RC%2C+and+Gelbart+WM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_book" title="Загвар:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Ангилал:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.630">Chapter 4 (Gene Interaction): Interactions between the alleles of one gene</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson_2006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_2006_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFPearson_H2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson H (2006). "Genetics: what is a gene?". <i>Nature</i>. <b>441</b> (7092): 398–401. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16724031">16724031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Genetics%3A+what+is+a+gene%3F&rft.volume=441&rft.issue=7092&rft.pages=398-401&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16724031&rft.au=Pearson+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFPrescott1993" class="citation book cs1">Prescott, L (1993). <i>Microbiology</i>. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. 0-697-01372-3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbiology&rft.pub=Wm.+C.+Brown+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Prescott&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гадаад_холбоос"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B0.D0.B4_.D1.85.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B1.D0.BE.D0.BE.D1.81"></span>Гадаад холбоос</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Гадаад холбоос" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Гадаад холбоос"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Genetics">Commons: Genetics</a></span></b> – Викимедиа зураг, бичлэг, дууны сан</div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="font-style: italic; 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