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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition and etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physical landscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_landscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical landscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geomorphology:_The_physical_evolution_of_landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geomorphology:_The_physical_evolution_of_landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geomorphology: The physical evolution of landscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geomorphology:_The_physical_evolution_of_landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_different_types_of_landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_different_types_of_landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>List of different types of landscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_different_types_of_landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Landscape ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Landscape science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_landscape_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_landscape_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Integrated landscape management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_landscape_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Landscape archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Cultural landscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_conceptions_and_representations_of_landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_conceptions_and_representations_of_landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Human conceptions and representations of landscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_conceptions_and_representations_of_landscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human conceptions and representations of landscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_conceptions_and_representations_of_landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landscape_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Landscape gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Landscape architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Landscape and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_earliest_landscape_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_earliest_landscape_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>The earliest landscape literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_earliest_landscape_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topographical_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topographical_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Topographical poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topographical_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Romantic_era_in_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Romantic_era_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>The Romantic era in Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Romantic_era_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Landscape art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landscape_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Landscape photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Landscape painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_landscape_paintings_from_different_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_landscape_paintings_from_different_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery of landscape paintings from different periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_landscape_paintings_from_different_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Landscape</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="منظر طبيعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظر طبيعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%C5%9Faft" title="Landşaft – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Landşaft" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Геаграфічны ландшафт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геаграфічны ландшафт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Ландшафт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ландшафт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejza%C5%BE" title="Pejzaž – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pejzaž" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisatge_(geografia)" title="Paisatge (geografia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paisatge (geografia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Ландшафт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ландшафт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajina" title="Krajina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krajina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskab" title="Landskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Landskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landschaft" title="Landschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Landschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastik" title="Maastik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maastik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Τοπίο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τοπίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisaje" title="Paisaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paisaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejza%C4%9Do" title="Pejzaĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pejzaĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisaia" title="Paisaia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paisaia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="چشم‌انداز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چشم‌انداز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paysage" title="Paysage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paysage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2nskip" title="Lânskip – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lânskip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisaxe" title="Paisaxe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paisaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EA%B4%80" title="경관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%BF" title="Լանդշաֆտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լանդշաֆտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="भूदृश्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूदृश्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajolik" title="Krajolik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krajolik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peizajo" title="Peizajo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Peizajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentang_alam" title="Bentang alam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bentang alam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisage" title="Paisage – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Paisage" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslag" title="Landslag – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Landslag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesaggio" title="Paesaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paesaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A3" title="נוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಭೂದೃಶ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂದೃಶ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ლანდშაფტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლანდშაფტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Ландшафт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ландшафт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Ландшафт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ландшафт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemisvier%C4%AB%C5%86s" title="Zemisvierīņs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Zemisvierīņs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainava" title="Ainava – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ainava" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra%C5%A1tovaizdis" title="Kraštovaizdis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kraštovaizdis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landjsjap" title="Landjsjap – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Landjsjap" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="भूदृश्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भूदृश्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ლანდშაფტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლანდშაფტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisage" title="Paisage – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Paisage" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landschap" title="Landschap – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Landschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="ランドスケープ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ランドスケープ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskap" title="Landskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Landskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskap" title="Landskap – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Landskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landshaft" title="Landshaft – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Landshaft" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਭੂ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੂ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="لینڈ سکیپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لینڈ سکیپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%87" title="منظره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منظره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landschap" title="Landschap – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Landschap" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajobraz" title="Krajobraz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krajobraz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisagem" title="Paisagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paisagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peisaj" title="Peisaj – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peisaj" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Ландшафт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ландшафт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Landscape" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajina_(kraj)" title="Krajina (kraj) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krajina (kraj)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokrajina_(ozemlje)" title="Pokrajina (ozemlje) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pokrajina (ozemlje)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Предео – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Предео" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajolik" title="Krajolik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krajolik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisema" title="Maisema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maisema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskap_(terr%C3%A4ng)" title="Landskap (terräng) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Landskap (terräng)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலத்தோற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலத்தோற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రకృతి దృశ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రకృతి దృశ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="ภูมิทัศน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิทัศน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyzaj" title="Peyzaj – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peyzaj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%C5%9Faft" title="Landşaft – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Landşaft" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Ландшафт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ландшафт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paezajo" title="Paezajo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Paezajo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3nh_quan" title="Cảnh quan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cảnh quan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82" title="景观 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="景观" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="לאנדשאפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאנדשאפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82" title="景观 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="景观" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Landscape_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Landscape (disambiguation)">Landscape (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Visible features of a land area</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg/220px-Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg/330px-Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg/440px-Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a>: <a href="/wiki/Badlands_National_Park" title="Badlands National Park">Badlands National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg/220px-Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg/330px-Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg/440px-Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="812" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a>, Fatu Hiva Island, <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:448px;max-width:448px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg/220px-Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg/330px-Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg/440px-Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Picea_glauca_taiga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Picea_glauca_taiga.jpg/220px-Picea_glauca_taiga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Picea_glauca_taiga.jpg/330px-Picea_glauca_taiga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Picea_glauca_taiga.jpg/440px-Picea_glauca_taiga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a> (boreal forest), <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:448px;max-width:448px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg/220px-Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg/330px-Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg/440px-Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Rainshadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainshadow">rainshadow</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli" title="Tirunelveli">Tirunelveli</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpg/220px-EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpg/330px-EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpg/440px-EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lahemaa_National_Park" title="Lahemaa National Park">Lahemaa National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:448px;max-width:448px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.JPG/220px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.JPG/330px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.JPG/440px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Aletsch_Glacier" title="Aletsch Glacier">Aletsch Glacier</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:040719_172_dorset_marnhull2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/040719_172_dorset_marnhull2.jpg/220px-040719_172_dorset_marnhull2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/040719_172_dorset_marnhull2.jpg/330px-040719_172_dorset_marnhull2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/040719_172_dorset_marnhull2.jpg/440px-040719_172_dorset_marnhull2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Large fields of modern farmland, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, England</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>landscape</b> is the visible features of an area of <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregion">land</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a>, and how they integrate with <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">natural</a> or human-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A landscape includes the physical elements of <a href="/wiki/Geophysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysical">geophysically</a> defined <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains">mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Hills">hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Water bodies">water bodies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">ponds</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>, living elements of <a href="/wiki/Land_cover" title="Land cover">land cover</a> including indigenous <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, human elements including different forms of <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>, buildings, and <a href="/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structures</a>, and transitory elements such as <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> conditions. Combining both their physical origins and the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> overlay of human presence, often created over millennia, landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place that is vital to local and <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>. </p><p>The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates one region from other regions. It is the dynamic backdrop to people's lives. Landscape can be as varied as farmland, a <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_park" class="mw-redirect" title="English landscape park">landscape park</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> has a vast range of landscapes including the icy landscapes of <a href="/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar regions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountainous</a> landscapes, vast arid <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> landscapes, <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> landscapes, densely <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forested</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wooded" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooded">wooded</a> landscapes including past <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forests">boreal forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforests" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical rainforests">tropical rainforests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> landscapes of <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> regions. The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_etymology">Definition and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_(1853-1926),_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki,_1902.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29%2C_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki%2C_1902.jpeg/220px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29%2C_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki%2C_1902.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29%2C_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki%2C_1902.jpeg/330px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29%2C_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki%2C_1902.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29%2C_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki%2C_1902.jpeg/440px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29%2C_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki%2C_1902.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1898" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Autumn landscape in <a href="/wiki/Riebini" class="mw-redirect" title="Riebini">Rybiniszki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">watercolor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski" title="Stanisław Masłowski">Stanisław Masłowski</a>, 1902 (<a href="/wiki/National_Museum_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum in Warsaw">National Museum in Warsaw</a>, Poland)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisse,_Netherlands_-_panoramio_(44).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lisse%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2844%29.jpg/220px-Lisse%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2844%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lisse%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2844%29.jpg/330px-Lisse%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2844%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lisse%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2844%29.jpg/440px-Lisse%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2844%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5313" data-file-height="3542" /></a><figcaption>A typical Dutch landscape in <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are several definitions of what constitutes a landscape, depending on context.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common usage however, a landscape refers either to all the visible features of an area of land (usually rural), often considered in terms of <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> appeal, or to a pictorial representation of an area of countryside, specifically within the genre of <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painting</a>. When people deliberately improve the aesthetic appearance of a piece of land—by changing contours and vegetation, etc.—it is said to have been <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaped</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the result may not constitute a landscape according to some definitions. </p><p>Color landscapes blend artificial elements like buildings, roads, and pavements with natural features such as mountains, forests, plants, sky, and rivers. These compositions of distant and near views can significantly impact people's emotions. As urbanization rapidly advances, urban color landscape design has become essential for cities to differentiate and symbolize their unique character and atmosphere. However, this transformation has created challenges. First, the traditional color landscapes in some cities have been heavily influenced by natural geography, climate, local materials, ethnic culture, religion, and socioeconomic factors. Second, the growing problem of "color pollution" - through bright, solid-colored buildings, billboards, and lighting clusters - adversely affects people physically and psychologically. Third, homogenization of colors between cities is causing a loss of cultural identity, as many modern buildings share similar palettes, diluting local characteristics. Researchers have proposed more unified cityscape approaches to address these color landscape issues and help cities preserve their distinctive identities and create vibrant, emotionally engaging urban environments.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>landscape</i> (<i>landscipe</i> or <i>landscaef</i>) arrived in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>—and therefore into the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>—after the fifth century, following the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>; these terms referred to a system of human-made spaces on the land. The term <i>landscape</i> emerged around the turn of the sixteenth century to denote a painting whose primary subject matter was natural scenery.<sup id="cite_ref-olw1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olw1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Land</i> (a word from Germanic origin) may be taken in its sense of something to which people belong (as in England being the land of the English).<sup id="cite_ref-olwig3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olwig3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suffix <i>-scape</i> is equivalent to the more common English suffix <i>-ship.</i><sup id="cite_ref-olwig3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olwig3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roots of <i>-ship</i> are etymologically akin to Old English <i>sceppan</i> or <i>scyppan</i>, meaning <i>to shape</i>. The suffix <i>-schaft</i> is related to the verb <i>schaffen</i>, so that <i>-ship</i> and <i>shape</i> are also etymologically linked. The modern form of the word, with its connotations of scenery, appeared in the late sixteenth century when the term <i>landschap</i> was introduced by Dutch painters who used it to refer to paintings of inland natural or rural scenery. The word <i>landscape</i>, first recorded in 1598, was borrowed from a Dutch painters' term.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular conception of the <i>landscape</i> that is reflected in dictionaries conveys both a particular and a general meaning, the particular referring to an area of the Earth's surface and the general being that which can be seen by an observer. An example of this second usage can be found as early as 1662 in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Could we but climb where Moses stood,</dd> <dd>And view the landscape over. <dl><dd>(General Hymns, verse 536).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kukle,Czech_Republic..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kukle%2CCzech_Republic..jpg/220px-Kukle%2CCzech_Republic..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kukle%2CCzech_Republic..jpg/330px-Kukle%2CCzech_Republic..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kukle%2CCzech_Republic..jpg/440px-Kukle%2CCzech_Republic..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Kukle, Czech Republic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Turb%C3%B3_(Baixa_Ribagor%C3%A7a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_Turb%C3%B3_%28Baixa_Ribagor%C3%A7a%29.jpg/220px-El_Turb%C3%B3_%28Baixa_Ribagor%C3%A7a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_Turb%C3%B3_%28Baixa_Ribagor%C3%A7a%29.jpg/330px-El_Turb%C3%B3_%28Baixa_Ribagor%C3%A7a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_Turb%C3%B3_%28Baixa_Ribagor%C3%A7a%29.jpg/440px-El_Turb%C3%B3_%28Baixa_Ribagor%C3%A7a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pyrenees" title="Pre-Pyrenees">Pre-Pyrenees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are several words that are frequently associated with the word landscape: </p> <ul><li>Scenery: The natural features of a landscape considered in terms of their appearance, esp. when picturesque: spectacular views of mountain scenery.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a>: In works of narrative (especially <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fictional</a>), it includes the <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">historical moment in time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Location_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Location (geography)">geographic location</a> in which a <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">story</a> takes place, and helps initiate the main <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_scenery" title="Theatrical scenery">backdrop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> for a story.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a>: The word literally means "in the manner of a picture; fit to be made into a picture", and used as early as 1703 (<i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>), and derived from an Italian term <i>pittoresco</i>, "in the manner of a painter". <a href="/wiki/William_Gilpin_(priest)" title="William Gilpin (priest)">Gilpin</a>'s <i>Essay on Prints</i> (1768) defined <i>picturesque</i> as "a term expressive of that peculiar kind of beauty, which is agreeable in a picture" (p. xii).</li> <li>A view: "A sight or prospect of some landscape or extended scene; an extent or area covered by the eye from one point" (OED).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a>: An uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also <a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">Natural landscape</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a> (also townscape): The urban equivalent of a landscape. In the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a> a cityscape (urban landscape) is an artistic representation, such as a <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">print</a> or <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photograph</a>, of the physical aspects of a <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> or urban area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">Seascape</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photograph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">work of art</a> which depicts the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>, in other words an example of <a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">marine art</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_landscape">Physical landscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geomorphology:_The_physical_evolution_of_landscape">Geomorphology: The physical evolution of landscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geomorphology: The physical evolution of landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a> is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of <a href="/wiki/Topographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographic">topographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bathymetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathymetric">bathymetric</a> features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near Earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and <a href="/wiki/Landscape_evolution_model" title="Landscape evolution model">numerical modeling</a>. Geomorphology is practiced within <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">engineering geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">geotechnical engineering</a>. This broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The surface of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is modified by a combination of surface processes that sculpt landscapes, and geologic processes that cause <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">tectonic uplift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a>, and shape the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">coastal geography</a>. Surface processes comprise the action of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">fire</a>, and living things on the surface of the Earth, along with chemical reactions that form <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a> and alter material properties, the stability and rate of change of <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> under the force of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>, and other factors, such as (in the very recent past) human alteration of the landscape. Many of these factors are strongly mediated by <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. Geologic processes include the uplift of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a>, the growth of <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostatic</a> changes in land surface elevation (sometimes in response to surface processes), and the formation of deep <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary basins">sedimentary basins</a> where the surface of Earth drops and is filled with material <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a> from other parts of the landscape. The Earth surface and its topography therefore are an intersection of climatic, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrologic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biologic</a> action with geologic processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_different_types_of_landscape">List of different types of landscape</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of different types of landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of landforms">List of landforms</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">Plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Mountain range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar regions of Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">Shrubland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">Rainforest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">Woodland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle">Jungle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">Valley</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_puy_de_dome_sud.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of the Chaîne des Puys from Puy de Dôme in winter. Massif Central, France. An example of how past volcanic activity shaped a landscape"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Panorama_puy_de_dome_sud.jpg/1200px-Panorama_puy_de_dome_sud.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Panorama_puy_de_dome_sud.jpg/1800px-Panorama_puy_de_dome_sud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Panorama_puy_de_dome_sud.jpg/2400px-Panorama_puy_de_dome_sud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5234" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_puy_de_dome_sud.jpg" title="File:Panorama puy de dome sud.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of the <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_des_Puys" title="Chaîne des Puys">Chaîne des Puys</a> from <a href="/wiki/Puy_de_D%C3%B4me" title="Puy de Dôme">Puy de Dôme</a> in winter. <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. An example of how past volcanic activity shaped a landscape</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AaravDey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A photograph of the White Mountains"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/AaravDey.jpg/1200px-AaravDey.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="629" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/AaravDey.jpg/1800px-AaravDey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/AaravDey.jpg/2400px-AaravDey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6299" data-file-height="3303" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AaravDey.jpg" title="File:AaravDey.jpg"> </a></div>A photograph of the <a href="/wiki/White_Mountains_(New_England)" title="White Mountains (New England)">White Mountains</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_ecology">Landscape ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Landscape ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a> is the science of studying and improving relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems. This is done within a variety of landscape scales, development spatial patterns, and organizational levels of research and policy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wu-2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wu-2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landscape is a central concept in landscape ecology. It is, however, defined in quite different ways. For example:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Troll" title="Carl Troll">Carl Troll</a> conceives of landscape not as a mental construct but as an objectively given 'organic entity', a <i>harmonic individuum of space</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Neef" title="Ernst Neef">Ernst Neef</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines landscapes as sections within the uninterrupted earth-wide interconnection of geofactors which are defined as such on the basis of their uniformity in terms of a specific land use, and are thus defined in an anthropocentric and relativistic way. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Forman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Forman">Richard Forman</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Godron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Godron (page does not exist)">Michael Godron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a landscape is a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeated in similar form throughout, whereby they list woods, meadows, marshes and villages as examples of a landscape's ecosystems, and state that a landscape is an area at least a few kilometres wide. <a href="/wiki/John_A._Wiens" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Wiens">John A. Wiens</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opposes the traditional view expounded by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Troll" title="Carl Troll">Carl Troll</a>, Isaak S. Zonneveld, Zev Naveh, Richard T. T. Forman/Michel Godron and others that landscapes are arenas in which humans interact with their environments on a kilometre-wide scale; instead, he defines 'landscape'—regardless of scale—as "the template on which spatial patterns influence ecological processes".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some define 'landscape' as an area containing two or more <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> in close proximity.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanderson-2000_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-2000-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_science">Landscape science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Landscape science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discipline of landscape science has been described as "bring[ing] landscape ecology and urban ecology together with other disciplines and cross-disciplinary fields to identify patterns and understand social-ecological processes influencing landscape change".<sup id="cite_ref-elsevier_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elsevier-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2000 paper entitled "Geography and landscape science" states that "The whole of the disciplines involved in landscape research will be referred to as landscape science, although this term was used first in 1885 by the geographers Oppel and Troll".<sup id="cite_ref-antrop_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antrop-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 guest editorial defines landscape science as "research that seeks to understand the relationship between people and their environment, with a focus on <a href="/wiki/Land_use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use change">land use change</a> and data pertaining to land resources at the landscape scale".<sup id="cite_ref-robinson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i> of 1979 defines landscape science as "the branch of physical geography that deals with natural territorial complexes (or geographic complexes, geosystems) as structural parts of the earth's geographic mantle" and states that "The basis of landscape science is the theory that the geographic landscape is the primary element in the physicogeo-graphical differentiation of the earth. Landscape science deals with the origin, structure, and dynamics of landscapes, the laws of the development and arrangement of landscapes, and the transformation of landscapes by the economic activity of man.", and asserts that it was founded in Russia in the early 20th century by L. S. Berg and others, and outside Russia by the German S. Passarge.<sup id="cite_ref-soviet_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soviet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conception of landscape as the relationship between various components of natural environments and geochemisty was devoted by soviet scientist Viktor Sochava, based on the ideas of american geographer <a href="/wiki/George_Van_Dyne" title="George Van Dyne">George Van Dyne</a> <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_landscape_management">Integrated landscape management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Integrated landscape management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Integrated landscape management</a> is a way of managing a landscape that brings together multiple stakeholders, who collaborate to integrate policy and practice for their different land use objectives, with the purpose of achieving sustainable landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LSLB_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSLB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It recognises that, for example, one river basin can supply water for towns and agriculture, timber and food crops for smallholders and industry, and habitat for biodiversity; the way in which each one of these sectors pursues its goals can have impacts on the others. The intention is to minimise conflict between these different land use objectives and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LSLB_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSLB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach draws on landscape ecology, as well as many related fields that also seek to integrate different land uses and users, such as <a href="/wiki/Watershed_management" title="Watershed management">watershed management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of integrated landscape management argue that it is well-suited to address complex global challenges, such as those that are the focus of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SDG_briefing_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDG_briefing-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integrated landscape management is increasingly taken up at the national,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IINDC_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IINDC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> local<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and international level, for example the <a href="/wiki/UN_Environment_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Environment Programme">UN Environment Programme</a> states that "UNEP champions the landscape approach de facto as it embodies the main elements of integrated <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_management" title="Ecosystem management">ecosystem management</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_archaeology">Landscape archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Landscape archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Landscape_archaeology" title="Landscape archaeology">Landscape archaeology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_ecology" title="Historical ecology">Historical ecology</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_Ridge_and_Furrow_above_Wood_Stanway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_640050.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Medieval_Ridge_and_Furrow_above_Wood_Stanway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_640050.jpg/220px-Medieval_Ridge_and_Furrow_above_Wood_Stanway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_640050.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Medieval_Ridge_and_Furrow_above_Wood_Stanway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_640050.jpg/330px-Medieval_Ridge_and_Furrow_above_Wood_Stanway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_640050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Medieval_Ridge_and_Furrow_above_Wood_Stanway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_640050.jpg/440px-Medieval_Ridge_and_Furrow_above_Wood_Stanway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_640050.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> Ridge and Furrow above <a href="/wiki/Wood_Stanway" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood Stanway">Wood Stanway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, England.</figcaption></figure> <p>Landscape archaeology or <a href="/wiki/Landscape_history" title="Landscape history">landscape history</a> is the study of the way in which humanity has changed the physical appearance of the environment - both present and past. Landscape generally refers to both natural environments and environments constructed by human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicole_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicole-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">Natural landscapes</a> are considered to be environments that have not been altered by humans in any shape or form.<sup id="cite_ref-Hood_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hood-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural landscapes">Cultural landscapes</a>, on the other hand, are environments that have been altered in some manner by people (including temporary structures and places, such as campsites, that are created by human beings).<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among archaeologists, the term landscape can refer to the meanings and alterations people mark onto their surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-garden_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garden-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, landscape archaeology is often employed to study the human use of land over extensive periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-garden_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garden-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landscape archaeology can be summed up by Nicole Branton's statement: </p> <dl><dd>"the landscapes in landscape archaeology may be as small as a single household or garden or as large as an empire", and "although resource exploitation, class, and power are frequent topics of landscape archaeology, landscape approaches are concerned with spatial, not necessarily ecological or economic, relationships. While similar to <a href="/wiki/Settlement_archaeology" title="Settlement archaeology">settlement archaeology</a> and ecological archaeology, landscape approaches model places and spaces as dynamic participants in past behavior, not merely setting (affecting human action), or artifact (affected by human action)".<sup id="cite_ref-Nicole_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicole-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_landscape">Cultural landscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultural landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_Batad_rice_terraces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Inside_the_Batad_rice_terraces.jpg/220px-Inside_the_Batad_rice_terraces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Inside_the_Batad_rice_terraces.jpg/330px-Inside_the_Batad_rice_terraces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Inside_the_Batad_rice_terraces.jpg/440px-Inside_the_Batad_rice_terraces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3782" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Batad rice terraces, The <a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras</a>, the first site to be included in the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage List</a> cultural landscape category in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-not-danger_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not-danger-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural landscapes">cultural landscapes</a> can be found in the European tradition of <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape painting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 16th century onwards, many European artists painted landscapes in favor of people, diminishing the people in their paintings to figures subsumed within broader, regionally specific landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-GIBS1989_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIBS1989-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geographer <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Otto Schlüter">Otto Schlüter</a> is credited with having first formally used "cultural landscape" as an academic term in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-JAMA1981_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAMA1981-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, Schlüter argued that by defining <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> as a <i>Landschaftskunde</i> (landscape science) this would give geography a logical subject matter shared by no other discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-JAMA1981_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAMA1981-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defined two forms of landscape: the <i>Urlandschaft</i> (transl. original landscape) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the <i>Kulturlandschaft</i> (transl. 'cultural landscape') a landscape created by human culture. The major task of geography was to trace the changes in these two landscapes. </p><p>It was <a href="/wiki/Carl_O._Sauer" title="Carl O. Sauer">Carl O. Sauer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human geographer</a>, who was probably the most influential in promoting and developing the idea of cultural landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sauer was determined to stress the agency of culture as a force in shaping the visible features of the Earth's surface in delimited areas. Within his definition, the physical environment retains a central significance, as the medium with and through which human cultures act.<sup id="cite_ref-SAUE1925_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAUE1925-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His classic definition of a 'cultural landscape' reads as follows: </p> <blockquote><p> The cultural landscape is fashioned from a <a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">natural landscape</a> by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result.</p></blockquote> <p>A cultural landscape, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Committee</a>, is the "cultural properties [that] represent the combined works of nature and of man."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The World Heritage Committee identifies three categories of cultural landscape, ranging from (i) those landscapes most deliberately 'shaped' by people, through (ii) full range of 'combined' works, to (iii) those least evidently 'shaped' by people (yet highly valued). The three categories extracted from the Committee's Operational Guidelines, are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>"A landscape designed and created intentionally by man";</li> <li>an "organically evolved landscape" which may be a "<a href="/wiki/Relict_(geology)" title="Relict (geology)">relict (or fossil) landscape</a>" or a "continuing landscape"; and</li> <li>an "associative cultural landscape" which may be valued because of the "religious, artistic or cultural associations of the natural element".</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_conceptions_and_representations_of_landscape">Human conceptions and representations of landscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Human conceptions and representations of landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_gardens">Landscape gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Landscape gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stourhead_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Stourhead_garden.jpg/220px-Stourhead_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Stourhead_garden.jpg/330px-Stourhead_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Stourhead_garden.jpg/440px-Stourhead_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stourhead" title="Stourhead">Stourhead</a> garden, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, England </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jichang_Yuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jichang_Yuan.jpg/170px-Jichang_Yuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jichang_Yuan.jpg/255px-Jichang_Yuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jichang_Yuan.jpg/340px-Jichang_Yuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jichang_Garden" title="Jichang Garden">Jichang Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a> (1506–1521) </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">Landscaping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Park</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese garden</a> is a landscape garden style which has evolved over three thousand years. It includes both the vast gardens of the Chinese emperors and members of the Imperial Family, built for pleasure and to impress, and the more intimate gardens created by scholars, poets, former government officials, soldiers and merchants, made for reflection and escape from the outside world. They create an idealized miniature landscape, which is meant to express the harmony that should exist between man and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds, <a href="/wiki/Scholar%27s_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar's rock">scholar's rocks</a>, trees and flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries. By moving from structure to structure, visitors can view a series of carefully composed scenes, unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English landscape garden</a>, also called English landscape park or simply the 'English garden', is a style of parkland garden intended to look as though it might be a natural landscape, although it may be very extensively re-arranged. It emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical <i><a href="/wiki/Jardin_%C3%A0_la_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardin à la française">jardin à la française</a></i> of the 17th century as the principal style for large parks and gardens in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English garden (and later <a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">French landscape garden</a>) presented an idealized view of nature. It drew inspiration from paintings of landscapes by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Lorraine">Claude Lorraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>, and from the classic <a href="/wiki/Chinese_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese gardens">Chinese gardens</a> of the East,<sup id="cite_ref-Boults_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boults-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had recently been described by European travellers and were realized in the Anglo-Chinese garden,<sup id="cite_ref-Boults_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boults-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> (1712 – 1778). </p><p>The English garden usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. The work of <a href="/wiki/Capability_Brown" title="Capability Brown">Lancelot "Capability" Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Repton" title="Humphry Repton">Humphry Repton</a> was particularly influential. By the end of the 18th century the English garden was being imitated by the French landscape garden, and as far away as St. Petersburg, Russia, in <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg">Pavlovsk</a>, the gardens of the future <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Paul">Emperor Paul</a>. It also had a major influence on the form of the <a href="/wiki/Public_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Public parks">public parks</a> and gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_architecture">Landscape architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Landscape architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_park_manhattan_2_New_York_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Central_park_manhattan_2_New_York_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-Central_park_manhattan_2_New_York_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Central_park_manhattan_2_New_York_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/330px-Central_park_manhattan_2_New_York_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Central_park_manhattan_2_New_York_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/440px-Central_park_manhattan_2_New_York_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, US, designed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Earth_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth sciences">earth sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">environmental psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>. The activities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning for campuses and corporate office parks, from the design of residential estates to the design of civil <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> and the management of large <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> areas or <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclamation</a> of degraded landscapes such as mines or <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>. Landscape architects work on all types of structures and external space – large or small, <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suburban" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban">suburban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a>, and with "hard" (built) and "soft" (planted) materials, while paying attention to ecological <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainability</a>. </p><p>For the period before 1800, the history of landscape gardening (later called landscape architecture) is largely that of master planning and <a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">garden design</a> for <a href="/wiki/Manor_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Manor houses">manor houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palaces</a> and royal properties, religious complexes, and centers of government. An example is the extensive work by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> for King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a>. The first person to write of making a landscape was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a> in 1712. The term landscape architecture was invented by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Laing_Meason" title="Gilbert Laing Meason">Gilbert Laing Meason</a> in 1828 and was first used as a professional title by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> in 1863. During the latter 19th century, the term <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architect" title="Landscape architect">landscape architect</a> became used by professional people who designed landscapes. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> used the term 'landscape architecture' as a profession for the first time when designing <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, US. Here the combination of traditional landscape gardening and the emerging field of city planning gave landscape architecture its unique focus. This use of the term landscape architect became established after <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted_Jr." title="Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.">Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.</a> and others founded the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Landscape_Architects" title="American Society of Landscape Architects">American Society of Landscape Architects</a> (ASLA) in 1899. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_and_literature">Landscape and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Landscape and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">Pastoral</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_regional_literature" title="British regional literature">British regional literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_literary_regionalism" title="American literary regionalism">American literary regionalism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_earliest_landscape_literature">The earliest landscape literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The earliest landscape literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damarri001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Damarri001.jpg/220px-Damarri001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Damarri001.jpg/330px-Damarri001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Damarri001.jpg/440px-Damarri001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Djabugay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Djabugay people">Djabugay</a> language group's mythical being, <i>Damarri</i>, transformed into a mountain range, is seen lying on his back above the <a href="/wiki/Barron_Gorge_National_Park" title="Barron Gorge National Park">Barron River Gorge</a>, looking upwards to the skies, within north-east Australia's wet tropical forested landscape</figcaption></figure> <p>Possibly the earliest landscape literature is found in <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian aboriginal myths</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">Dreamtime</a> or Dreaming stories, <a href="/wiki/Songlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Songlines">songlines</a>, or Aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a>), the stories <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">traditionally performed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aboriginal peoples</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within each of the <a href="/wiki/Language_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Language group">language groups</a> across Australia. All such myths variously tell significant truths within each Aboriginal group's local <a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">landscape</a>. They effectively layer the whole of the Australian continent's topography with cultural nuance and deeper meaning, and empower selected audiences with the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of Australian Aboriginal ancestors back to <a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">time immemorial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> poetry represent the earliest form of landscape literature, though this literary genre presents an idealized landscape peopled by shepherds and shepherdesses, and creates "an image of a peaceful uncorrupted existence; a kind of <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">prelapsarian</a> world".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pastoral has its origins in the works of the Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a> (c. 316 - c. 260 BC). The <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic period</a> poet <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> created a modern, more realistic form of pastoral with <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_(poem)" title="Michael (poem)">Michael, A Pastoral Poem</a></i> (1800).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early form of landscape poetry, <a href="/wiki/Shanshui_poetry" title="Shanshui poetry">Shanshui poetry</a>, developed in China during the third and fourth centuries A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-Yip,_130_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yip,_130-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hambledon_Hill_towards_Stourton_Tower_20070730.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hambledon_Hill_towards_Stourton_Tower_20070730.jpg/220px-Hambledon_Hill_towards_Stourton_Tower_20070730.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hambledon_Hill_towards_Stourton_Tower_20070730.jpg/330px-Hambledon_Hill_towards_Stourton_Tower_20070730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hambledon_Hill_towards_Stourton_Tower_20070730.jpg/440px-Hambledon_Hill_towards_Stourton_Tower_20070730.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Blackmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale of Blackmore">Vale of Blackmore</a>, the main setting for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Hambledon_Hill" title="Hambledon Hill">Hambledon Hill</a> towards <a href="/wiki/King_Alfred%27s_Tower" title="King Alfred's Tower">Stourton Tower</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Topographical_poetry">Topographical poetry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Topographical poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Topographical_poetry" title="Topographical poetry">Topographical poetry</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> of poetry that describes, and often praises, a landscape or place. <a href="/wiki/John_Denham_(poet)" title="John Denham (poet)">John Denham</a>'s 1642 poem "Cooper's Hill" established the genre, which peaked in popularity in 18th-century England. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographical</a> verse date, however, to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Classical">Late Classical</a> period, and can be found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> era and during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Though the earliest examples come mostly from continental Europe, the topographical poetry in the tradition originating with Denham concerns itself with the classics, and many of the various types of topographical verse, such as river, ruin, or hilltop poems were established by the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>'s "Windsor Forest" (1713) and <a href="/wiki/John_Dyer" title="John Dyer">John Dyer</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Grongar_Hill" title="Grongar Hill">Grongar Hill</a>' (1762) are two other familiar examples. <a href="/wiki/George_Crabbe" title="George Crabbe">George Crabbe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> regional poet, also wrote topographical poems, as did <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, of which <i><a href="/wiki/Lines_written_a_few_miles_above_Tintern_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey">Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey</a></i> is an obvious example.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Scholar_Gipsy" title="The Scholar Gipsy">The Scholar Gipsy</a>" (1853) praises the <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a> countryside, and <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Limestone" title="In Praise of Limestone">In Praise of Limestone</a>" (1948) uses a <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> landscape as an allegory.<sup id="cite_ref-France_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subgenres of topographical poetry include the <a href="/wiki/Country_house_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house poems">country house poem</a>, written in 17th-century England to compliment a wealthy patron, and the <a href="/wiki/Prospect_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospect poem">prospect poem</a>, describing the view from a distance or a temporal view into the future, with the sense of opportunity or expectation. When understood broadly as landscape poetry and when assessed from its establishment to the present, topographical poetry can take on many formal situations and types of places. Kenneth Baker, in his "Introduction to <i>The Faber Book of Landscape Poetry</i>, identifies 37 varieties and compiles poems from the 16th through the 20th centuries—from <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Plath" title="Sylvia Plath">Sylvia Plath</a>—correspondent to each type, from "Walks and Surveys", to "Mountains, Hills, and the View from Above", to "Violation of Nature and the Landscape", to "Spirits and Ghosts."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common aesthetic registers of which topographical poetry makes use include <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> imagery, the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">picturesque</a>, which include images of rivers, ruins, moonlight, birdsong, and clouds, peasants, mountains, caves, and waterscapes. </p><p>Though describing a landscape or scenery, topographical poetry often, at least implicitly, addresses a political issue or the meaning of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationality</a> in some way. The description of the landscape therefore becomes a poetic vehicle for a political message. For example, in John Denham's "Cooper's Hill", the speaker discusses the merits of the recently executed <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Romantic_era_in_Britain">The Romantic era in Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Romantic era in Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p><b>The Vision on Mount <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a></b><br /> <br /> .................................and on the shore<br /> I found myself of a huge sea of mist,<br /> Which meek and silent rested at my feet.<br /> A hundred hills their dusky backs upheaved<br /> All over this still ocean, and beyond,<br /> Far, far beyond, the vapours shot themselves<br /> In headlands, tongues, and promontory shapes, Into the sea, the real sea, that seemed<br /> To dwindle and give up its majesty,<br /> Usurped upon as far as sight could reach.<br /> </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prelude" title="The Prelude">The Prelude</a></i> (1805), Book 13, lines 41-51.<br />by <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a></cite></p> </div> <p>One important aspect of British <a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romanticism</a> – evident in painting and literature as well as in politics and philosophy – was a change in the way people perceived and valued the landscape. In particular, after <a href="/wiki/William_Gilpin_(priest)" title="William Gilpin (priest)">William Gilpin</a>'s <i>Observations on the River Wye</i> was published in 1770, the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">picturesque</a> began to influence artists and viewers. Gilpin advocated approaching the landscape "by the rules of picturesque beauty,"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which emphasized contrast and variety. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> (1757) was also an influential text, as was <a href="/wiki/Longinus_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longinus (literature)">Longinus</a>' <i>On the Sublime</i> (early A.D., Greece), which was translated into English from the French in 1739. From the 18th century, a taste for the sublime in the natural landscape emerged alongside the idea of the sublime in language; that is elevated rhetoric or speech.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A topographical poem that influenced the Romantics, was <a href="/wiki/James_Thomson_(poet,_born_1700)" title="James Thomson (poet, born 1700)">James Thomson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seasons_(Thomson_poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seasons (Thomson poem)">The Seasons</a></i> (1726–30).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changing landscape, brought about by the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">agricultural revolutions</a>, with the expansion of the city and depopulation of the countryside, was another influences on the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">Romantic movement</a> in Britain. The poor condition of workers, the new class conflicts, and the pollution of the environment all led to a reaction against urbanism and industrialisation and a new emphasis on the beauty and value of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> and landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, as well a reaction against the scientific <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">rationalisation</a> of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poet <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> was a major contributor to the literature of landscape,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was his contemporary poet and novelist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>. Scott's influence was felt throughout Europe, as well as on major <a href="/wiki/Victorian_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian novel">Victorian novelists</a> in Britain, such as <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mrs_Gaskell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs Gaskell">Mrs Gaskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys" title="John Cowper Powys">John Cowper Powys</a> in the 20th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Drabble" title="Margaret Drabble">Margaret Drabble</a> in <i>A Writer's Britain</i> suggests that Thomas Hardy "is perhaps the greatest writer of rural life and landscape" in English.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among European writers influenced by Scott were Frenchmen <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> and Italian <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manzoni's famous novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(Manzoni_novel)" title="The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)">The Betrothed</a></i> was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America">North America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also influenced by Romanticism's approach to landscape was the American novelist <a href="/wiki/Fenimore_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenimore Cooper">Fenimore Cooper</a>, who was admired by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> and Balzac and characterized as the "American <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Landscape in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Chinese poetry</a> has often been closely tied to Chinese landscape painting, which developed much earlier than in the West. Many poems evoke specific paintings, and some are written in more empty areas of the scroll itself. Many painters also wrote poetry, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">scholar-official</a> or literati tradition. Landscape images were present in the early <i><a href="/wiki/Shijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shijing">Shijing</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Chuci" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuci">Chuci</a></i>, but in later poetry the emphasis changed, as in painting to the <i><a href="/wiki/Shan_shui" title="Shan shui">Shan shui</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">山水</span> lit. "mountain-water") style featuring wild mountains, rivers and lakes, rather than landscape as a setting for a human presence.<sup id="cite_ref-Yip,_130_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yip,_130-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shanshui_poetry" title="Shanshui poetry">Shanshui poetry</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">山水詩</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">山水诗</span></span> developed in China during the third and fourth centuries AD<sup id="cite_ref-Yip,_130_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yip,_130-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and left most of the varied landscapes of China largely unrepresented. <i>Shan shui</i> painting and poetry shows imaginary landscapes, though with features typical of some parts of South China; they remain popular to the present day. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fields_and_Gardens_poetry" title="Fields and Gardens poetry">Fields and Gardens poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">田园诗</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">田園詩</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">tiányuán shī</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">t'ien-yuan-shih</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'fields and gardens poetry'), in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">poetry</a>) was a contrasting poetic movement which lasted for centuries, with a focused on the nature found in gardens, in backyards, and in the cultivated countryside. Fields and Gardens poetry is one of many <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_poetry_genres" title="Classical Chinese poetry genres">Classical Chinese poetry genres</a>. One of the main practitioners of the Fields and Gardens poetry genre was Tao Yuanming (also known as <a href="/wiki/Tao_Yuanming" title="Tao Yuanming">Tao Qian</a> (365–427), among other names or versions of names).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tao Yuanming has been regarded as the first great poet associated with the Fields and Gardens poetry genre.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_art">Landscape art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Landscape art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation photography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial photography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/220px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/330px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/440px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption><i>The Tetons and the Snake River</i> (1942) photograph by <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Landscape_photography">Landscape photography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Landscape photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many landscape photographs show little or no human activity and are created in the pursuit of a pure, unsullied depiction of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a><sup id="cite_ref-Photography:_A_Cultural_History_136_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photography:_A_Cultural_History_136-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> devoid of human influence, instead featuring subjects such as strongly defined landforms, weather, and ambient light. As with most forms of art, the definition of a landscape photograph is broad, and may include urban settings, industrial areas, and <a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">nature photography</a>. Notable landscape photographers include <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galen_Rowell" title="Galen Rowell">Galen Rowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Weston" title="Edward Weston">Edward Weston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Heine" title="Ben Heine">Ben Heine</a>, Mark Gray and <a href="/wiki/Judges_Postcards" title="Judges Postcards">Fred Judge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Landscape_painting">Landscape painting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Landscape painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerial_landscape_art" title="Aerial landscape art">Aerial landscape art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salomon_van_Ruisdael_Deventer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Salomon_van_Ruisdael_Deventer.jpg/220px-Salomon_van_Ruisdael_Deventer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Salomon_van_Ruisdael_Deventer.jpg/330px-Salomon_van_Ruisdael_Deventer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Salomon_van_Ruisdael_Deventer.jpg/440px-Salomon_van_Ruisdael_Deventer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5030" data-file-height="3381" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salomon_van_Ruisdael" class="mw-redirect" title="Salomon van Ruisdael">Salomon van Ruisdael</a>, "View of Deventer" (1657). </figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest forms of art around the world depict little that could really be called <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape</a>, although ground-lines and sometimes indications of mountains, trees or other natural features are included. The earliest "pure landscapes" with no human figures are <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a> from <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan Greece</a> of around 1500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunting scenes, especially those set in the enclosed vista of the reed beds of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> from Ancient Egypt, can give a strong sense of place, but the emphasis is on individual plant forms and human and animal figures rather than the overall landscape setting. For a coherent depiction of a whole landscape, some rough system of perspective, or scaling for distance, is needed, and this seems from literary evidence to have first been developed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> period, although no large-scale examples survive. More <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman art">ancient Roman</a> landscapes survive, from the 1st century BCE onwards, especially frescos of landscapes decorating rooms that have been preserved at archaeological sites of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> and elsewhere, and <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ink_and_wash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink and wash painting">ink painting</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Shan_shui" title="Shan shui">shan shui</a> ("mountain-water"), or "pure" landscape, in which the only sign of human life is usually a sage, or a glimpse of his hut, uses sophisticated landscape backgrounds to figure subjects, and landscape art of this period retains a classic and much-imitated status within the Chinese tradition. </p><p>Both the Roman and Chinese traditions typically show grand panoramas of imaginary landscapes, generally backed with a range of spectacular mountains – in China often with waterfalls and in Rome often including sea, lakes or rivers. These were frequently used to bridge the gap between a foreground scene with figures and a distant panoramic vista, a persistent problem for landscape artists. </p><p>A major contrast between landscape painting in the West and East Asia has been that while in the West until the 19th century it occupied a low position in the accepted <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">hierarchy of genres</a>, in East Asia the classic Chinese mountain-water ink painting was traditionally the most prestigious form of visual art. However, in the West, history painting came to require an extensive landscape background where appropriate, so the theory did not entirely work against the development of landscape painting – for several centuries landscapes were regularly promoted to the status of history painting by the addition of small figures to make a narrative scene, typically religious or mythological. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a> of the 17th century saw the dramatic growth of landscape painting, in which many artists specialized, and the development of extremely subtle realist techniques for depicting light and weather. The popularity of landscapes in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> was in part a reflection of the virtual disappearance of religious painting in a <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> society, and the decline of religious painting in the 18th and 19th centuries all over Europe combined with <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> to give landscapes a much greater and more prestigious place in 19th-century art than they had assumed before. </p><p>In England, landscapes had initially been mostly backgrounds to portraits, typically suggesting the parks or estates of a landowner, though mostly painted in London by an artist who had never visited the site. the English tradition was founded by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a> and other, mostly <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a>, artists working in England. By the beginning of the 19th century the English artists with the highest modern reputations were mostly dedicated landscapists, showing the wide range of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> interpretations of the English landscape found in the works of <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Samuel Palmer</a>. However all these had difficulty establishing themselves in the contemporary art market, which still preferred history paintings and portraits.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_The_Arcadian_or_Pastoral_State_1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_The_Arcadian_or_Pastoral_State_1836.jpg/220px-Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_The_Arcadian_or_Pastoral_State_1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_The_Arcadian_or_Pastoral_State_1836.jpg/330px-Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_The_Arcadian_or_Pastoral_State_1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_The_Arcadian_or_Pastoral_State_1836.jpg/440px-Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_The_Arcadian_or_Pastoral_State_1836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8733" data-file-height="5442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Thomas Cole</a> "The Course of Empire The Arcadian or Pastoral State", US, 1836.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurent_Guetal_Le_lac_de_l%27Eychauda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Laurent_Guetal_Le_lac_de_l%27Eychauda.jpg/220px-Laurent_Guetal_Le_lac_de_l%27Eychauda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Laurent_Guetal_Le_lac_de_l%27Eychauda.jpg/330px-Laurent_Guetal_Le_lac_de_l%27Eychauda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Laurent_Guetal_Le_lac_de_l%27Eychauda.jpg/440px-Laurent_Guetal_Le_lac_de_l%27Eychauda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3775" data-file-height="2682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Gu%C3%A9tal" title="Laurent Guétal">Laurent Guétal</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lac_de_l%27Eychauda" title="Lac de l'Eychauda">Lac de l'Eychauda</a></i>, France, 1886, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Grenoble" title="Museum of Grenoble">Museum of Grenoble</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, as <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> said,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Kenneth_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Kenneth Clark">Sir Kenneth Clark</a> confirmed, landscape painting was the "chief artistic creation of the nineteenth century", and "the dominant art", with the result that in the following period people were "apt to assume that the appreciation of natural beauty and the painting of landscape is a normal and enduring part of our spiritual activity"<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romantic movement intensified the existing interest in landscape art, and remote and wild landscapes, which had been one recurring element in earlier landscape art, now became more prominent. The German <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a> had a distinctive style, influenced by his <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Denmark">Danish training</a>. To this he added a quasi-mystical Romanticism. French painters were slower to develop landscape painting, but from about the 1830s <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot</a> and other painters in the <a href="/wiki/Barbizon_School" title="Barbizon School">Barbizon School</a> established a French landscape tradition that would become the most influential in Europe for a century, with the <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Impressionist">Post-Impressionists</a> for the first time making landscape painting the main source of general stylistic innovation across all types of painting. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a>, prominent in the middle to late 19th century, is probably the best-known native development in landscape art. These painters created works of mammoth scale that attempted to capture the epic scope of the landscapes that inspired them. The work of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Thomas Cole</a>, the school's generally acknowledged founder, has much in common with the philosophical ideals of European landscape paintings — a kind of secular faith in the spiritual benefits to be gained from the contemplation of natural beauty. Some of the later Hudson River School artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Albert Bierstadt</a>, created less comforting works that placed a greater emphasis (with a great deal of Romantic exaggeration) on the raw, even terrifying power of nature. The best examples of Canadian landscape art can be found in the works of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a>, prominent in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emily_Carr" title="Emily Carr">Emily Carr</a> was also closely associated with the Group of Seven, though was never an official member. Although certainly less dominant in the period after World War I, many significant artists still painted landscapes in the wide variety of styles exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Welliver" title="Neil Welliver">Neil Welliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Katz" title="Alex Katz">Alex Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Avery" title="Milton Avery">Milton Avery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Doig" title="Peter Doig">Peter Doig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wyeth" title="Andrew Wyeth">Andrew Wyeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hockney" title="David Hockney">David Hockney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Nolan" title="Sidney Nolan">Sidney Nolan</a>. </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">neo-romanticism</a> is applied in British art history, to a loosely affiliated school of landscape painting that emerged around 1930 and continued until the early 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These painters looked back to 19th-century artists such as <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Samuel Palmer</a>, but were also influenced by French cubist and post-cubist artists such as <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson" title="André Masson">André Masson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tchelitchew" title="Pavel Tchelitchew">Pavel Tchelitchew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This movement was motivated in part as a response to the threat of invasion during World War II. Artists particularly associated with the initiation of this movement included <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)" title="Paul Nash (artist)">Paul Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)" title="John Piper (artist)">John Piper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivon_Hitchens" title="Ivon Hitchens">Ivon Hitchens</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sutherland" title="Graham Sutherland">Graham Sutherland</a>. A younger generation included <a href="/wiki/John_Minton_(artist)" title="John Minton (artist)">John Minton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ayrton" title="Michael Ayrton">Michael Ayrton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Craxton" title="John Craxton">John Craxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Vaughan" title="Keith Vaughan">Keith Vaughan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Colquhoun" title="Robert Colquhoun">Robert Colquhoun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_MacBryde" title="Robert MacBryde">Robert MacBryde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_landscape_paintings_from_different_periods">Gallery of landscape paintings from different periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gallery of landscape paintings from different periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_125_v._Chr._001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landscape with scene from the Odyssey, Rome, c. 60-40 BC."><img alt="Landscape with scene from the Odyssey, Rome, c. 60-40 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_125_v._Chr._001.jpg/154px-R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_125_v._Chr._001.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_125_v._Chr._001.jpg/231px-R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_125_v._Chr._001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_125_v._Chr._001.jpg/308px-R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_125_v._Chr._001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1826" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Landscape with scene from the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, c. 60-40 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=":Raphael, Madonna in the Meadow (1505 - 1506)."><img alt=":Raphael, Madonna in the Meadow (1505 - 1506)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/120px-Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6116" data-file-height="7832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">:<a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <i>Madonna in the Meadow</i> (1505 - 1506).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_in_Kiangnan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spring in Kiangnan (1547) by Wen Cheng-Ming(1470-1559) (lower half detail)."><img alt="Spring in Kiangnan (1547) by Wen Cheng-Ming(1470-1559) (lower half detail)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Spring_in_Kiangnan.jpg/46px-Spring_in_Kiangnan.jpg" decoding="async" width="46" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Spring_in_Kiangnan.jpg/70px-Spring_in_Kiangnan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Spring_in_Kiangnan.jpg/93px-Spring_in_Kiangnan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="4806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Spring in Kiangnan</i> (1547) by Wen Cheng-Ming(1470-1559) (lower half detail).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Lorrain_014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Claude Lorrain, Landscape with Apollo Guarding the Herds of Admetus and Mercury stealing them (1645)."><img alt="Claude Lorrain, Landscape with Apollo Guarding the Herds of Admetus and Mercury stealing them (1645)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Claude_Lorrain_014.jpg/120px-Claude_Lorrain_014.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Claude_Lorrain_014.jpg/180px-Claude_Lorrain_014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Claude_Lorrain_014.jpg/240px-Claude_Lorrain_014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3253" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a>, <i>Landscape with <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> Guarding the Herds of <a href="/wiki/Admetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Admetus">Admetus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> stealing them</i> (1645).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Bierstadt_-_Matterhorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albert Bierstadt, The Matterhorn (circa 1867)."><img alt="Albert Bierstadt, The Matterhorn (circa 1867)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Albert_Bierstadt_-_Matterhorn.jpg/154px-Albert_Bierstadt_-_Matterhorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Albert_Bierstadt_-_Matterhorn.jpg/231px-Albert_Bierstadt_-_Matterhorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Albert_Bierstadt_-_Matterhorn.jpg/308px-Albert_Bierstadt_-_Matterhorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1970" data-file-height="1460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Albert Bierstadt</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> (circa 1867).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_Fields_at_Auvers_Under_Clouded_Sky_1890_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vincent van Gogh, Wheat Fields at Auvers Under Clouded Sky (1890)."><img alt="Vincent van Gogh, Wheat Fields at Auvers Under Clouded Sky (1890)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wheat_Fields_at_Auvers_Under_Clouded_Sky_1890_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg/154px-Wheat_Fields_at_Auvers_Under_Clouded_Sky_1890_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wheat_Fields_at_Auvers_Under_Clouded_Sky_1890_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg/231px-Wheat_Fields_at_Auvers_Under_Clouded_Sky_1890_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wheat_Fields_at_Auvers_Under_Clouded_Sky_1890_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg/308px-Wheat_Fields_at_Auvers_Under_Clouded_Sky_1890_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, <i>Wheat Fields at Auvers Under Clouded Sky</i> (1890). </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pablo_Picasso,_1908,_Paysage_aux_deux_figures_(Landscape_with_Two_Figures),_oil_on_canvas,_60_x_73_cm,_Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pablo Picasso, 1908, Paysage aux deux figures (Landscape with Two Figures)"><img alt="Pablo Picasso, 1908, Paysage aux deux figures (Landscape with Two Figures)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Pablo_Picasso%2C_1908%2C_Paysage_aux_deux_figures_%28Landscape_with_Two_Figures%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_60_x_73_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso%2C_Paris.jpg/154px-Pablo_Picasso%2C_1908%2C_Paysage_aux_deux_figures_%28Landscape_with_Two_Figures%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_60_x_73_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Pablo_Picasso%2C_1908%2C_Paysage_aux_deux_figures_%28Landscape_with_Two_Figures%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_60_x_73_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso%2C_Paris.jpg/231px-Pablo_Picasso%2C_1908%2C_Paysage_aux_deux_figures_%28Landscape_with_Two_Figures%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_60_x_73_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Pablo_Picasso%2C_1908%2C_Paysage_aux_deux_figures_%28Landscape_with_Two_Figures%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_60_x_73_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso%2C_Paris.jpg/308px-Pablo_Picasso%2C_1908%2C_Paysage_aux_deux_figures_%28Landscape_with_Two_Figures%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_60_x_73_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, 1908, <i>Paysage aux deux figures</i> (Landscape with Two Figures)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Nash_Wire_1918-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Nash, Wire (1918)."><img alt="Paul Nash, Wire (1918)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Paul_Nash_Wire_1918-19.jpg/154px-Paul_Nash_Wire_1918-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Paul_Nash_Wire_1918-19.jpg/231px-Paul_Nash_Wire_1918-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Paul_Nash_Wire_1918-19.jpg/308px-Paul_Nash_Wire_1918-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6888" data-file-height="5259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)" title="Paul Nash (artist)">Paul Nash</a>, <i>Wire</i> (1918).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Brandt_-_Norrl%C3%A4ndskt_vinterlandskap_med_%C3%85reskutan_i_fonden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carl Brandt: "Åreskutan, landscape",1921 (Sweden)"><img alt="Carl Brandt: "Åreskutan, landscape",1921 (Sweden)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Carl_Brandt_-_Norrl%C3%A4ndskt_vinterlandskap_med_%C3%85reskutan_i_fonden.jpg/154px-Carl_Brandt_-_Norrl%C3%A4ndskt_vinterlandskap_med_%C3%85reskutan_i_fonden.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Carl_Brandt_-_Norrl%C3%A4ndskt_vinterlandskap_med_%C3%85reskutan_i_fonden.jpg/231px-Carl_Brandt_-_Norrl%C3%A4ndskt_vinterlandskap_med_%C3%85reskutan_i_fonden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Carl_Brandt_-_Norrl%C3%A4ndskt_vinterlandskap_med_%C3%85reskutan_i_fonden.jpg/308px-Carl_Brandt_-_Norrl%C3%A4ndskt_vinterlandskap_med_%C3%85reskutan_i_fonden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1703" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carl Brandt: "<a href="/wiki/%C3%85reskutan" title="Åreskutan">Åreskutan</a>, landscape",1921 (<a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EmilyCarr_-_Odds_and_Ends.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emily Carr, Odds and Ends, 1939 (British Columbia, Canada)"><img alt="Emily Carr, Odds and Ends, 1939 (British Columbia, Canada)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/EmilyCarr_-_Odds_and_Ends.png/101px-EmilyCarr_-_Odds_and_Ends.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/EmilyCarr_-_Odds_and_Ends.png/152px-EmilyCarr_-_Odds_and_Ends.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/EmilyCarr_-_Odds_and_Ends.png/202px-EmilyCarr_-_Odds_and_Ends.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="723" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Carr" title="Emily Carr">Emily Carr</a>, <i>Odds and Ends</i>, 1939 (<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boundaries_in_landscape_history" title="Boundaries in landscape history">Boundaries in landscape history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardscape" title="Hardscape">Hardscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landscape_gardens" title="List of landscape gardens">List of landscape gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softscape" title="Softscape">Softscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_mythology" title="Landscape mythology">Landscape mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskscape" title="Taskscape">Taskscape</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Oxford_American_Dictionary_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Oxford American Dictionary</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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"Romanticism". Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Britannica.com. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Casey, (October 30, 2008). ""Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism". <i>Foundations</i>. Volume III, Number 1. Retrieved 25 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Drabble, <i>A Writer's Britain</i> (originally subtitled "Landscape in literature", 1979). New York: Thames & Hudson, 2000, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottsabbotsford.co.uk/history/">"Walter Scott was the foremost literary figure of his days"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walter+Scott+was+the+foremost+literary+figure+of+his+days&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottsabbotsford.co.uk%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandscape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drabble,, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drabble, p.91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drabble, p. 166; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france.fr/en/literature-and-french-language/alexandre-dumas-1802-1870.html/">"Alexandre Dumas": The official French site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140515044747/http://www.france.fr/en/literature-and-french-language/alexandre-dumas-1802-1870.html">Archived</a> 2014-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Georg Lukàcs, "The Historical Novel" (1969): "In Italy Scott found a successor who, though in a single, isolated work, nevertheless broadened his tendencies with superb originality, in some respect surpassing him. We refer, of course, to Manzoni's <i>I Promessi Sposi</i> (The Betrothed). Scott himself recognized Manzoni's greatness. When in Milan Manzoni told him that he was his pupil, Scott replied that in that case Manzoni's was his best work. It is, however, very characteristic that while Scott was able to write a profusion of novels about English and Scottish society, Manzoni confined himself to this single masterpiece."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Phillips">Phillips, 1913</a>, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yip, 163-169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Photography:_A_Cultural_History_136-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Photography:_A_Cultural_History_136_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Warner Marien (2006). <i>Photography: A Cultural History</i>. Laurence King Publishing. Page 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour & Fleming, 53. The only very complete example is now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour & Fleming, 150-151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reitlinger, 74-75, 85-87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a></i>, volume three, "Of the novelty of landscape".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Landscapes" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=Landscape&PHPSESSID=709io6475tfesngi2m7226o454">Virtual Vault</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312150933/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=Landscape&PHPSESSID=709io6475tfesngi2m7226o454">Archived</a> 2016-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was first labeled in March 1942 by the critic <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mortimer" title="Raymond Mortimer">Raymond Mortimer</a> in the <i>New Statesman</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFClarke_and_Clarke2001">Clarke, Michael, and Deborah Clarke. 2001. "Neo-Romanticism". <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHopkins2001">Hopkins, Justine. 2001. "Neo-Romanticism". <i>The Oxford Companion to Western Art</i>, edited by Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866203-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866203-7">978-0-19-866203-7</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFButton1996">Button, Virginia. 1996. "Neo-Romanticism". <i>Dictionary of Art</i>, 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner. New York: Grove's Dictionaries. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884446009" title="Special:BookSources/9781884446009">9781884446009</a>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/landscapes" class="extiw" title="commons:landscapes"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">landscapes</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Landscape_(environment)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Landscape (environment)">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/landscape" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:landscape">landscape</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/audio/2010/aug/04/jonathan-raban-landscape-literature"><i>Guardian</i> podcasts: "Landscape and literature"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://theworldagriculture.com/plan-and-execute-landscape-projects">[2]</a> Plan & Execute landscape projects</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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