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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ستانفورد المستدير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستانفورد المستدير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Stanford torus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Torus" title="Stanford Torus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Stanford Torus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford-Torus" title="Stanford-Torus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stanford-Torus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro_de_Stanford" title="Toro de Stanford – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toro de Stanford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="چنبره استنفورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چنبره استنفورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore_de_Stanford" title="Tore de Stanford – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tore de Stanford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A0%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%9B%90%ED%99%98%EC%B2%B4" title="스탠퍼드 원환체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스탠퍼드 원환체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_Stanford" title="Torus Stanford – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Torus Stanford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro_di_Stanford" title="Toro di Stanford – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toro di Stanford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="טורוס סטנפורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורוס סטנפורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordo_toras" title="Stanfordo toras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stanfordo toras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford-t%C3%B3rusz" title="Stanford-tórusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stanford-tórusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordtorus" title="Stanfordtorus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stanfordtorus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="スタンフォード・トーラス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スタンフォード・トーラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroide_de_Stanford" title="Toroide de Stanford – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Toroide de Stanford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Стэнфордский тор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стэнфордский тор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stanford torus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Стенфордський тор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стенфордський тор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B%E7%92%B0%E9%9D%A2" title="史丹佛環面 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="史丹佛環面" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proposed NASA design for space habitat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For fictional structures for living in space, see <a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats in fiction</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanford_torus_external_view_by_Don_Davis_AC76-0525.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stanford_torus_external_view_by_Don_Davis_AC76-0525.jpg/440px-Stanford_torus_external_view_by_Don_Davis_AC76-0525.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stanford_torus_external_view_by_Don_Davis_AC76-0525.jpg/660px-Stanford_torus_external_view_by_Don_Davis_AC76-0525.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stanford_torus_external_view_by_Don_Davis_AC76-0525.jpg/880px-Stanford_torus_external_view_by_Don_Davis_AC76-0525.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>Exterior view of a Stanford torus. Bottom center is the non-rotating primary solar mirror, which reflects sunlight onto the angled ring of secondary mirrors around the hub. Painting by Donald E. Davis.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg/440px-Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg/660px-Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg/880px-Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5718" data-file-height="4525" /></a><figcaption>Interior of a Stanford torus, painted by Donald E. Davis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanford_torus-Space_Settlements-A_Design_Study-1977.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stanford_torus-Space_Settlements-A_Design_Study-1977.png/440px-Stanford_torus-Space_Settlements-A_Design_Study-1977.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stanford_torus-Space_Settlements-A_Design_Study-1977.png/660px-Stanford_torus-Space_Settlements-A_Design_Study-1977.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stanford_torus-Space_Settlements-A_Design_Study-1977.png/880px-Stanford_torus-Space_Settlements-A_Design_Study-1977.png 2x" data-file-width="4796" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption>Collage of figures and tables of Stanford Torus space habitat, from «Space Settlements: A Design Study» book. Charles Holbrow and Richard D. Johnson, NASA, 1977.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Stanford torus</b> is a proposed <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> design<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a <a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">space settlement</a> capable of housing 10,000 to 140,000 permanent residents.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stanford torus was proposed during the 1975 NASA Summer Study, conducted at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, with the purpose of exploring and speculating on designs for future <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">space colonies</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Gerard_K._O%27Neill" title="Gerard K. O'Neill">Gerard O'Neill</a> later proposed his Island One or <a href="/wiki/Bernal_sphere" title="Bernal sphere">Bernal sphere</a> as an alternative to the torus<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). "Stanford torus" refers only to this particular version of the design, as the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Rotating_wheel_space_station" title="Rotating wheel space station">ring-shaped rotating space station</a> was previously proposed by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a> ("Bublik-City", 1903),<sup id="cite_ref-tsiolkovsky1903_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsiolkovsky1903-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Poto%C4%8Dnik" title="Herman Potočnik">Herman Potočnik</a> (1923)<sup id="cite_ref-potockik_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potockik-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> (1952),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others. </p><p>It consists of a <a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">torus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">doughnut</a>-shaped ring, that is 1.8 km in diameter (for the proposed 10,000 person habitat described in the 1975 Summer Study) and rotates once per minute to provide between 0.9 <i>g</i> and 1.0 <i>g</i> of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_gravity" title="Artificial gravity">artificial gravity</a> on the inside of the outer ring via <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sunlight is provided to the interior of the torus by a system of <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a>, including a large non-rotating primary solar mirror. </p><p>The ring is connected to a hub via a number of "spokes", which serve as conduits for people and materials travelling to and from the hub. Since the hub is at the rotational axis of the station, it experiences the least artificial gravity and is the easiest location for <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> to dock. <a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Zero-gravity industry</a> is performed in a non-rotating module attached to the hub's axis.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_c5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_c5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interior space of the torus itself is used as living space, and is large enough that a "natural" environment can be simulated; the torus appears similar to a long, narrow, straight <a href="/wiki/U-shaped_valley" title="U-shaped valley">glacial valley</a> whose ends curve upward and eventually meet overhead to form a complete circle. The population density is similar to a dense suburb, with part of the ring dedicated to agriculture and part to housing.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_c5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_c5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_torus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The torus would require nearly 10 million tons of mass. Construction would use materials extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and sent to space using a <a href="/wiki/Mass_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass accelerator">mass accelerator</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Mass_catcher" title="Mass catcher">mass catcher</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point#L2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">L2</a> would collect the materials, transporting them to <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point#L4_and_L5" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">L5</a> where they could be processed in an industrial facility to construct the torus. Only materials that could not be obtained from the Moon would have to be imported from Earth. <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a> is an alternative source of materials.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_torus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Location: Earth–Moon <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point#L4_and_L5" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">L5 Lagrangian point</a></li> <li>Total mass: 10 million tons (including radiation shield (95%), habitat, and atmosphere)</li> <li>Diameter: 1,790 m (1.11 mi)</li> <li>Circumference: 5,623.45 m (3.49 mi)</li> <li>Habitation tube diameter: 130 m (430 ft)</li> <li>Spokes: 6 spokes of 15 m (49 ft) diameter</li> <li>Rotation: 1 <a href="/wiki/Revolution_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution per minute">revolution per minute</a></li> <li>Radiation shield: 1.7 meters (5.6 feet) thick raw <a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">lunar soil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_torus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanford_torus_configuration.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Stanford torus configuration"><img alt="Stanford torus configuration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stanford_torus_configuration.gif/243px-Stanford_torus_configuration.gif" decoding="async" width="162" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Stanford_torus_configuration.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stanford torus configuration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 278.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 276.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure5.23_Stanford_torus_structural_cross_section.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Stanford torus structural cross section"><img alt="Stanford torus structural cross section" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Figure5.23_Stanford_torus_structural_cross_section.gif/415px-Figure5.23_Stanford_torus_structural_cross_section.gif" decoding="async" width="277" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Figure5.23_Stanford_torus_structural_cross_section.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stanford torus structural cross section</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure4.13,_Baseline_transportation_system,_Space_Settlements,_A_Design_Study.NASA.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Transportation system for the torus construction (1975)"><img alt="Transportation system for the torus construction (1975)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Figure4.13%2C_Baseline_transportation_system%2C_Space_Settlements%2C_A_Design_Study.NASA.gif/302px-Figure4.13%2C_Baseline_transportation_system%2C_Space_Settlements%2C_A_Design_Study.NASA.gif" decoding="async" width="202" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Figure4.13%2C_Baseline_transportation_system%2C_Space_Settlements%2C_A_Design_Study.NASA.gif/454px-Figure4.13%2C_Baseline_transportation_system%2C_Space_Settlements%2C_A_Design_Study.NASA.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Figure4.13%2C_Baseline_transportation_system%2C_Space_Settlements%2C_A_Design_Study.NASA.gif/604px-Figure4.13%2C_Baseline_transportation_system%2C_Space_Settlements%2C_A_Design_Study.NASA.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transportation system for the torus construction (1975) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concepts_from_1975_NASA_Summer_Study_at_Stanford.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A torus expanding from interconnected bolas or dumbbells"><img alt="A torus expanding from interconnected bolas or dumbbells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Concepts_from_1975_NASA_Summer_Study_at_Stanford.png/500px-Concepts_from_1975_NASA_Summer_Study_at_Stanford.png" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Concepts_from_1975_NASA_Summer_Study_at_Stanford.png/751px-Concepts_from_1975_NASA_Summer_Study_at_Stanford.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Concepts_from_1975_NASA_Summer_Study_at_Stanford.png/1000px-Concepts_from_1975_NASA_Summer_Study_at_Stanford.png 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A torus expanding from interconnected <a href="/wiki/Space_habitat#Designs.2Fsolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Space habitat">bolas</a> or dumbbells</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 381.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 379.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_base_concept_drawing_s78_23252.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A NASA lunar base concept with a mass driver (the long structure that extends toward the horizon)"><img alt="A NASA lunar base concept with a mass driver (the long structure that extends toward the horizon)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lunar_base_concept_drawing_s78_23252.jpg/569px-Lunar_base_concept_drawing_s78_23252.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lunar_base_concept_drawing_s78_23252.jpg/854px-Lunar_base_concept_drawing_s78_23252.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Lunar_base_concept_drawing_s78_23252.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A NASA lunar base concept with a <a href="/wiki/Mass_driver" title="Mass driver">mass driver</a> (the long structure that extends toward the horizon)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 322.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 320.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanford_torus_under_construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="External view of a Stanford torus with some of the radiation-shielding "chevron" mirrors removed to show interior space"><img alt="External view of a Stanford torus with some of the radiation-shielding "chevron" mirrors removed to show interior space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stanford_torus_under_construction.jpg/481px-Stanford_torus_under_construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="321" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stanford_torus_under_construction.jpg/722px-Stanford_torus_under_construction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stanford_torus_under_construction.jpg/962px-Stanford_torus_under_construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">External view of a Stanford torus with some of the radiation-shielding "chevron" mirrors removed to show interior space </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 318.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 316.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanford_Torus_cutaway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cutaway view of a Stanford torus"><img alt="Cutaway view of a Stanford torus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stanford_Torus_cutaway.jpg/475px-Stanford_Torus_cutaway.jpg" decoding="async" width="317" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stanford_Torus_cutaway.jpg/714px-Stanford_Torus_cutaway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stanford_Torus_cutaway.jpg/951px-Stanford_Torus_cutaway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5725" data-file-height="4517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cutaway view of a Stanford torus</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_torus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_torus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonHolbrow1977" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Richard D.; Holbrow, Charles (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214010802/http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/Table_of_Contents1.html">"Space Settlements: A Design Study"</a>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/Table_of_Contents1.html">the original</a> on 2009-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Settlements%3A+A+Design+Study&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft.au=Holbrow%2C+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsettlement.arc.nasa.gov%2F75SummerStudy%2FTable_of_Contents1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+torus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonHolbrow1977">Johnson & Holbrow 1977</a>, p. 1, "The Overall System", p. 60, Summary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonHolbrow1977">Johnson & Holbrow 1977</a>, pg VII, "Preface"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_K._O%27Neill" title="Gerard K. O'Neill">O'Neill, Gerard K.</a> (1977). <i><a href="/wiki/The_High_Frontier:_Human_Colonies_in_Space" title="The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space">The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space</a></i>. Bantam Books. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+High+Frontier%3A+Human+Colonies+in+Space&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Gerard+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+torus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsiolkovsky1903-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tsiolkovsky1903_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekeyHerman1985" class="citation book cs1">Bekey, Ivan; Herman, Daniel (January 1, 1985). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/5.9781600865749.0203.0263">"Space Station and Space Platform Concepts: A Historical Review"</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/book/10.2514/4.865749"><i>Space Stations and Space Platforms-Concepts, Design, Infrastructure, and Uses</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a>. pp. 203–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F5.9781600865749.0203.0263">10.2514/5.9781600865749.0203.0263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930403-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930403-01-0"><bdi>978-0-930403-01-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Space+Station+and+Space+Platform+Concepts%3A+A+Historical+Review&rft.btitle=Space+Stations+and+Space+Platforms-Concepts%2C+Design%2C+Infrastructure%2C+and+Uses&rft.pages=203-263&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F5.9781600865749.0203.0263&rft.isbn=978-0-930403-01-0&rft.aulast=Bekey&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Herman%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farc.aiaa.org%2Fdoi%2F10.2514%2F5.9781600865749.0203.0263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+torus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-potockik-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-potockik_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoordung_(pseudonym)1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Noordung (pseudonym), Hermann (1929). <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Herman_Poto%C4%8Dnik_Noordung_-_Das_Problem_der_Befahrung_des_Weltraums.pdf"><i>Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums: der Raketen-Motor</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Berlin: Richard Carl Schmidt & Co. pp. 136–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3851320603" title="Special:BookSources/3851320603"><bdi>3851320603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Problem+der+Befahrung+des+Weltraums%3A+der+Raketen-Motor&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=136-144&rft.pub=Richard+Carl+Schmidt+%26+Co.&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=3851320603&rft.aulast=Noordung+%28pseudonym%29&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F6%2F68%2FHerman_Poto%25C4%258Dnik_Noordung_-_Das_Problem_der_Befahrung_des_Weltraums.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+torus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Braun1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">von Braun, W.</a> (March 22, 1952). <i>Crossing the Final Frontier</i>. Colliers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Final+Frontier&rft.pub=Colliers&rft.date=1952-03-22&rft.aulast=von+Braun&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+torus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonHolbrow1977">Johnson & Holbrow 1977</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa_c5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_c5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_c5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonHolbrow1977">Johnson & Holbrow 1977</a>, Chap. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonHolbrow1977">Johnson & Holbrow 1977</a>, p. 201</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_torus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcO_BjXfhhc"><span class="plainlinks">Space Colonization: Report on Stanford Torus Stations – NASA Ames circa 1975</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacehabs.com/357392/station-construction/">Visualisation of stanford torus construction from an asteroid mining facility in 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130125012327/http://www.spacehabs.com/357392/station-construction/">Archived</a> 2013-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station (ISS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station (TSS)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/120px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/180px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/240px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="2049" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia /<br />Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS-2" title="DOS-2">DOS-2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2</a><sup>† ‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_557" title="Kosmos 557">Cosmos 557</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_4" title="Salyut 4">Salyut 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPS_0855" title="OPS 0855">OPS 0855</a><sup>°</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-1" title="Tiangong-1">Tiangong-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-2" title="Tiangong-2">Tiangong-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">Genesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">I</a><sup>°</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_II_(space_habitat)" title="Genesis II (space habitat)">II</a><sup>°</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Space_Station" title="Aurora Space Station">Aurora Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Bigelow Commercial Space Station">Bigelow Commercial Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Habitat" title="Deep Space Habitat">Deep Space Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Almaz" title="Excalibur Almaz">Excalibur Almaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Gateway_Platform" title="Exploration Gateway Platform">Exploration Gateway Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(spacecraft)" title="Galaxy (spacecraft)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Industries_Incorporated" title="Space Industries Incorporated">Industrial Space Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus-X" title="Nautilus-X">Nautilus-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Technologies_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station">Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skylab_II" title="Skylab II">Skylab II</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/FlexCraft" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexCraft">FlexCraft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_B" title="Skylab B">Skylab B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundancer" title="Sundancer">Sundancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-3" title="Tiangong-3">Tiangong-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incorporated into <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station <i>Freedom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">USOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer"><i>Columbus</i> MTFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)"><i>Columbus</i> (ISS module)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">ROS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Service_Station" title="Russian Orbital Service Station">Russian Orbital Service Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiom Station">Axiom Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haven-1" title="Haven-1">Haven-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Reef" title="Orbital Reef">Orbital Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlab_(space_station)" title="Starlab (space station)">Starlab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International(Western Aligned Nations only)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station" title="Bharatiya Antariksha Station">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Space_Station_Module_(Mitsui)" title="Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)">Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyager Station">Voyager Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_sphere" title="Bernal sphere">Bernal sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Ring_(habitat)" title="Bishop Ring (habitat)">Bishop Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKendree_cylinder" title="McKendree cylinder">McKendree cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder" title="O'Neill cylinder">O'Neill cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_wheel_space_station" title="Rotating wheel space station">Rotating wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanford torus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_workshop" title="Wet workshop">Wet workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_space_stations" title="List of films featuring space stations">List of films featuring space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_3D" title="Space Station 3D">Space Station 3D</a></i> (2002 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphans_of_Apollo" title="Orphans of Apollo">Orphans of Apollo</a></i> (2008 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Tourists" title="Space Tourists">Space Tourists</a></i> (2009 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Beautiful_Planet" title="A Beautiful Planet">A Beautiful Planet</a></i> (2016 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the <a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_colonization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_colonization" title="Template:Space colonization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_colonization" title="Template talk:Space colonization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_colonization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space colonization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_colonization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming" title="Terraforming">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space habitats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Ring_(habitat)" title="Bishop Ring (habitat)">Bishop Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKendree_cylinder" title="McKendree cylinder">McKendree cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder" title="O'Neill cylinder">O'Neill cylinder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanford torus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonization targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point_colonization" title="Lagrange point colonization">Lagrange points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Solar System">Solar System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Titan" title="Colonization of Titan">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">Trans-Neptunian objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Free space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terraforming targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terraforming_of_Europa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terraforming of Europa (page does not exist)">Europa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a 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