CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.worldscientific.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '9295ff378c23f8ee',cH: 'j_7eklo4.sygm.XPl0y_yLH1Po88dFLXE.ELGPdoT00-1743488597-1.2.1.1-bDmWzSIWCHqIbwq.ZfKWqa2KNHlTmI4PJ0qrni03ovCKT9bhq1J1qrq4vv39vRbS',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S0218348X22400266?__cf_chl_tk=r3fmXO3o039WzWhUCDKB1xoY5DdXUBhO.YnktCYFuvY-1743488597-1.0.1.1-9DAKv3lbgFnhGvaEqOdUOZ0NWYo3yhuHzCVBM2Z2XwU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1743488597',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S0218348X22400266?__cf_chl_f_tk=r3fmXO3o039WzWhUCDKB1xoY5DdXUBhO.YnktCYFuvY-1743488597-1.0.1.1-9DAKv3lbgFnhGvaEqOdUOZ0NWYo3yhuHzCVBM2Z2XwU",md: "x18k_yfX8YZb7PFSS9RR54xrBkTjcpIUyPZvQZDwCxo-1743488597-1.2.1.1-4jAQ4V3fEO5lA4bgMjFg4wlqJpWj_BNe2.aSRXMZPl1ffEN.dv9CWYrGjMXnMQnM1q2ThpotjLNAStXHEb3Zvsoj894_uKcbCWyYgpVwJ1YGXvpR.UrywI38n0teQdzVHQRSD09XH0gwL1WF2KpU71MjTsYBAhKqC_tnChDZxMEzSNH2fFqNcJ.BHP2D27grFGiUiv0lxJgCJWhEfBdtHC6be52oAY5M4tid5uy9vjmbm6G8l58S2d0eRmLF01Bz21wGy.w9avjeOg_IsffscaCBRyVqyovsJ1UX19wp4JONQlD.cxq8Da.4qnKRg2Ln.DeyHcNK5cxmIXXsokeoXsmJS_JW1D3hTePRunRgWRRkaEVjY4C15c1NSlqED1xgm5UEL.9op2kZqfGgCZ9IxEZ1imdoRe68p8vzJ8h7LGPqfbmI2_XrxOTtWv.IvIycYKqxPlyQQJg7sAo4tNk7PKrZsBJU6xCj4vTZ80gqevSNGlNBARusxG5RtDSCXMtIq_LRKXgJbkC_zpvFqB.Vyd5Z6FyC_h9LSX.8qBaxNZdxFO8CIcLO0FwHredLffdV3bVrziPYCST0qGCOfRVluGYccyGKqTT2FCaQn_SoGLZMCvCaIZs22EAKZki175GNc8_SUAJr2lVD6vtmE2piCjL7U3DGTHvqwA13R8gF5.8IOAgByQdUJ3ukgBAWafcACBQE26s4_UMa3zAciqALC5LPHaH_fq5RQcJ.SylpidnvgAxQftfnx6xUrkI4MgtlfSxoW.gM5rh_NNjaBHCKmx16Ua489eK6ynjfiSe3uurduXHsdjdbod9244ofCBlJOhBb0ekB8gs3tjF2d5mRRK5eMtbPvv60djWLrCAguL9kdBYeGNQP4tPmT5ALIZwBHCh1ms94VzTK2Loo3OXhO8IB3N9kL3EhlNaJsydOe4R70wu65qVMeqz01iNKFj3YO16ZMVoCUYxIOnaOw5o4bzS2NrokzgKtTIZ6dMaGUyiJ5aaesgSJIQ8EJzHEgRqZS1zj3ZG1iSy1ZcW0KbLzYhv3UmUQH2SRYwneVApBxMKccF_4dyPm8E9kg_GRTgICnSPawkCJ1iFhB29tHGAJK_PNiT_syCtCPsF0QWYMrfg.EI75dZfeEXfJnxGsXuEognox405_d8NNOiU1jNru2thtkGMJyKCDSuOk5s9IhwihtNmpBlHCVYjG3Lih6Ju7IHdJlYy2HtxN0AqyWXTZLzAPW1AcypO3uTo6KpG6kamjzWdICVsTQSJ1.CC8kqFyvj_Co3r5o40wC3cIJSKk1xMOW9qFifPK8mGakTD4s6s",mdrd: "ioGEd.wzOWCofShsaoucQM0UmfzDTn0WzvbYu_2vyIM-1743488597-1.2.1.1-oPkSXVFwwu2._b7omff6Q_3eSkMSYSVbyEKuJOCD0sRos2pogO1WBrYHatr4Hgc7Wn437NvgnIjwvcSr7WKwmhUD0U.MxW21gPYXRbzZR4BaXYHZg7lG4_SIfy2I_xlWgpuW29ueWQEAYWtjOtbooOW4IF9K__Kr7wrk86odjseami0tviR.cG8fcMlgGKLgv0ssA2FyXgdRsqHttKVeZXl2M355EFFzFg81HCvonmjp5AIveFbs5E1f60_wvhEzwzSx2Kp56Eg4wuZFwh3T6SATrYl529_Nuv8QqXmsFwNza.bZnMFosuU7Mdd4VMmK_I7sA4cwPgsqXTqbuLTR_PXuSuh4xPKcN56SBhhr8nexqXyulNompjQtCsaWAuqisGhdJ7JthXBygL9lV6SpzROJzTngFW6S_14_tvAmyGAWB9bt0ly0A7IZ9I10fNY2djguxfZYfRR2K4jA3SELU5HRyfIoMCBdg3Ff4W6GX3s6Mcc1SquVig81Gol3d9boqyQTqSziEZXBx_.bXD2QQhFwVo2pI69X0v3ra1JBImwf8BmyF0GfdwxLjnuO2.UB4UXVUQVBBq3vfZ9RS89Lzi9GTd5D9wYY7y3NThIOkLjhdEUOPOSNBQlnFGZupaWTAenoZhUrK6wSyvcN5gCPLh0aCo7dgjasgNoNCS0xgcue9EYaxJUBTxgPJBswob6bSWC_uf2kSGQiH8.Yz3xrlTyHEF6o4LRrn7arZzr8Y_3wJ_wkaywSIqpo402a7YcOBCPhdU5OjJFwjOCKITG6mUU7KRrXRkFeNcmB_GZI7PB5Gw4h8c8R.DiyjBcNXVxS79gkD5wzrNCGA8NxJGJqKoyHfALt0oMi9Va032VidZWa2X2qqqSkb36yNEAUnOaIYxB2Vq8_eB5CZKVVwbndEmPJFhJIUPUrUlH6vkf8khoUbSSeucDBOCDpahxNhbQiaXShFi52yBtaxAws1cc_1mCVXjdNtCviF7elT9I9hg1631aVPkiItwEiL0DF9lK9F1PKfl1dycUFVl9F3sX4ZUl0DnLcPwIDowl17MEVNjSiowDK0armXDMbJGy3ty0zCRWUqQ2EVUXG4HQBbOk6pGl2HZ0xvUw90zPWRujd_zn8mDPFhj_gOfxwua8qiO8ilDhVLw2LMDxxSWxmLCrJCSmXyvceJGRTs..JlS7gH1KvX6EsLcqf.5M.DadR0XyvA8pJ4T0rOz5y3fLQ3j_Salua_lR4JgMldkyQyxI3ywcjBIF.hNy4Jxb_NsJXGW.CjF9CF6tTELXzgovwJExyM27v0mjvqI1fVI903uguRzI9GNXatsUkPbXiBOP2zXNyOd9Oro6k9p_m2WoURJ3vG5ak4pyGSGbJCPr7wG.vEhaKvEuxzcJHurnRDHkKmH7EBPF4miKPBYIJc_2rHTBhMtiL919cqHWiO5ysNsvVv1eSnDzrbpz7Jrx_Qgj0nJyR89QfP90sZnMFmKqupp0mL9Q2qjWLDRDrGVip2RVPiImN2kfshbR9CGKwRJJPjOzXxJ9q4SsAzb5YCIy1pFF8cbrGnLNuIu2lJ5wOoY8EmPsxll4DYN7Ic0TaYFm3TablwyU2ERWd6tACigol9yzWay7otmKUrXjp_DGp21F9fFuFWvsixbvjBHzfptV4U2u57JoK3VEejJjfdClc25hOaXOd.ezAfEQb2BGtvf6BMOSAiCq_syf9rsTVRTjWFpnew9g.TETnToJNZnn0gFi4kexoaPdxAKPsaON2KI9D9G5mzlDc5Cqa4xO9VRIZH2O8NYDBFd1X.0V_wW7C7vqtoARwkI9EGd0Tqj1wtxdZaW38mTKTt_UgL2lqeKL2LWAY5tg37Yg7WnUD80lUTkwAxq1Mp3OxOH8Sf2JXLOm.aosMRURb1P_tq4UINSebGDd_XYXap0eLIMd0si8uQpvcIs1q0o7jBoAMQG1.eAYSm1efYctiTa_9AbSK481R_4BoPalwRjd6JLCm1eoaKGBUGQMxsS4vLg.UK4TFnXevDzK.MF0U5H3CzvoPme734glHWdaC.LGTuHRP0qn13AHBHwEUWibJqWCTHGeEu1QS0wE"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9295ff378c23f8ee';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S0218348X22400266?__cf_chl_rt_tk=r3fmXO3o039WzWhUCDKB1xoY5DdXUBhO.YnktCYFuvY-1743488597-1.0.1.1-9DAKv3lbgFnhGvaEqOdUOZ0NWYo3yhuHzCVBM2Z2XwU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>