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American Integrated Market</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Latin American Integrated Market"> <meta name="keywords" content="Latin American Integrated Market"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Latin American Integrated Market"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7181</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Latin American Integrated Market</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7181</span> China's Aid to Latin America from the 1950s to 2020</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wanda%20Luen-Wun%20Siu">Wanda Luen-Wun Siu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaowen%20Zhang"> Xiaowen Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper adopted a retrospective review of China’s assistance to Latin America from the1950s to 2020. Findings suggested that China’s assistance to Latin America can be roughly divided into five stages: The 1950s to 1960s was the initial stage of China’s assistance to Latin America, mainly focusing on the establishment of diplomatic relations with Cuba and other Latin American countries. The strategy has a strong ideological basis. The 1980s was the stage of development of China's aid to Latin America, which was characterized by consolidating and expanding diplomatic space, emphasizing the spirit of cooperation of equality, mutual benefit, and common development. 90-20 marked the further development of diplomatic relations with Latin American countries, plus domestic market-oriented reforms, emphasizing the importance of economic considerations and less ideological orientation, and this period also witnessed more Chinese state-owned enterprises going out to invest in Latin America. 2010-2019 marked the further development of Latin American relations. This paper contributes to the literature of diplomacy and health assistance to Latin America and highlights the importance of foreign aid and health assistance in sealing bilateral diplomatic relations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aid" title="aid">aid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=china" title=" china"> china</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=latin%20america" title=" latin america"> latin america</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilateral%20relations" title=" bilateral relations"> bilateral relations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141914/chinas-aid-to-latin-america-from-the-1950s-to-2020" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141914.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">231</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7180</span> Analysis of the Brazilian Trade Balance in Relation to Mercosur: A Comparison between the Period 1989-1994 and 1994-2012</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luciana%20Aparecida%20Bastos">Luciana Aparecida Bastos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tatiana%20Diair%20L.%20F.%20Rosa"> Tatiana Diair L. F. Rosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jesus%20Creapldi"> Jesus Creapldi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The idea of Latin American integration occurred from the ideals of Simón Bolívar that, in 1824, called the Ibero-American nations to Amphictyonic Congress of Panama, on June 22, 1826, where he would defend the importance of Latin American unity. However, this congress was frustrating and the idea of Bolívar went no further. It was only after the European Union to start the process, driven by the end of World War II that the subject returned to emerge in Latin America. Thus, in 1960, supported by the European integration process, started in 1957 with the excellent result of the ECSC - European Coal and Steel Community, a result of the Customs Union of the BENELUX (integration between Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) in 1948, was created in Latin America, LAFTA - Latin American Free Trade Association, in 1960. In 1980, LAFTA was replaced by LAAI- Latin American Association, both with the same goal: to integrate Latin America, it´s economy and its trade. Most researchers in this period agree that the regional market would be expanded through the integration. The creation of one or more economic blocs in the region would provide the union of Latin American countries through a fusion of common interests and by their geographical proximity, which would try to develop common projects to promote mutual growth and economic development, tariff reductions, promotion of increased trade between, among many other goals set together. Thus, taking into account Mercosur, the main Latin-American block, created in 1994, the aim of this paper is to make a brief analysis of the trade balance performance of Brazil (larger economy of the block) in Mercosur in the periods: 1989-1994 and 1994-2012. The choice of this period was because the objective is to compare the period before and after the integration of Brazil in Mercosur. The methodologies used were the literature review and descriptive statistics. The results showed that after the integration of Brazil in Mercosur, the exports and imports grew within the bloc and the country turned out to become the leading importer of other economies of Mercosur after integration, that is, Brazil, after integration to Mercosur, was largely responsible for promoting the expansion of regional trade through the import of products from other members of the block. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mercosur" title=" mercosur"> mercosur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integration" title=" integration"> integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trade%20balance" title=" trade balance"> trade balance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparison" title="comparison">comparison</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31779/analysis-of-the-brazilian-trade-balance-in-relation-to-mercosur-a-comparison-between-the-period-1989-1994-and-1994-2012" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31779.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7179</span> From Parents to Pioneers: Examining Parental Impact on Entrepreneurial Traits in Latin America</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bert%20Seither">Bert Seither</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Entrepreneurship is a critical driver of economic growth, especially in emerging regions such as Latin America. This study investigates how parental influences, particularly parental individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO), shape the entrepreneurial traits of Latin American entrepreneurs. By examining key factors like parental IEO, work ethic, parenting style, and family support, this research assesses how much of an entrepreneur's own IEO can be attributed to parental influence. The study also explores how socio-economic status and cultural context moderate the relationship between parental traits and entrepreneurial orientation. Data will be collected from 600 Latin American entrepreneurs via an online survey. This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial traits and the broader socio-cultural factors that contribute to entrepreneurial success in diverse contexts. Findings from this study will offer valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and business leaders on fostering entrepreneurship across Latin America, providing practical applications for shaping entrepreneurial behavior through family influences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurial%20orientation" title="entrepreneurial orientation">entrepreneurial orientation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parental%20influence" title=" parental influence"> parental influence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20American%20entrepreneurs" title=" Latin American entrepreneurs"> Latin American entrepreneurs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-economic%20status" title=" socio-economic status"> socio-economic status</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20context" title=" cultural context"> cultural context</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192155/from-parents-to-pioneers-examining-parental-impact-on-entrepreneurial-traits-in-latin-america" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192155.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">18</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7178</span> The Impact of the Global Financial Crises on MILA Stock Markets </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miriam%20Sosa">Miriam Sosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edgar%20Ortiz"> Edgar Ortiz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alejandra%20Cabello"> Alejandra Cabello</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the volatility changes and leverage effects of the MILA stock markets and their changes since the 2007 global financial crisis. This group integrates the stock markets from Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Volatility changes and leverage effects are tested with a symmetric GARCH (1,1) and asymmetric TARCH (1,1) models with a dummy variable in the variance equation. Daily closing prices of the stock indexes of Chile (IPSA), Colombia (COLCAP), Mexico (IPC) and Peru (IGBVL) are examined for the period 2003:01 to 2015:02. The evidence confirms the presence of an overall increase in asymmetric market volatility in the Peruvian share market since the 2007 crisis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20crisis" title="financial crisis">financial crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20American%20Integrated%20Market" title=" Latin American Integrated Market"> Latin American Integrated Market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TARCH" title=" TARCH"> TARCH</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GARCH" title=" GARCH"> GARCH</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57884/the-impact-of-the-global-financial-crises-on-mila-stock-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57884.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7177</span> Corporate Social Responsibility a Comparison between European and Latin American Companies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20Wagner">Eva Wagner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lucely%20Vargas"> Lucely Vargas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plays an important role in (large-scale) enterprises’ business strategy in developed and emerging countries. This article approaches CSR in international comparison by examining the CSR reporting of 116 leading companies in Austria, Germany, Colombia and Chile from 2006 to 2010. We have used an independently developed scoring model which analyzes reported CSR-activities using seven dimensions to efficiently assess CSR. The study reveals that there are significant differences in CSR-commitment among countries and regions: German companies, as expected, lead most of the investigated CSR dimensions revealing stronger commitment to CSR than their Austrian, Colombian and Chilean counterparts. Even if Latin American companies lag behind their European counterparts, they exhibit high CSR-performance in the social dimension: corporate giving and philanthropic activities are firmly anchored in the tradition of Latin American companies. This indicates that particular CSR-emphases reflect the political and social circumstances of each individual country. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20social%20responsibility" title="corporate social responsibility">corporate social responsibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20social%20performance" title=" corporate social performance"> corporate social performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20comparison" title=" international comparison"> international comparison</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27248/corporate-social-responsibility-a-comparison-between-european-and-latin-american-companies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27248.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7176</span> The Conceptualization of Patient-Centered Care in Latin America: A Scoping Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anne%20Klimesch">Anne Klimesch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alejandra%20Martinez"> Alejandra Martinez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20H%C3%A4Rter"> Martin HäRter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isabelle%20Scholl"> Isabelle Scholl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paulina%20Bravo"> Paulina Bravo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Patient-centered care (PCC) is a key principle of high-quality healthcare. In Latin America, research on and promotion of PCC have taken place in the past. However, thorough implementation of PCC in practice is still missing. In Germany, an integrative model of patient-centeredness has been developed by synthesis of diverse concepts of PCC. The model could serve as a point of reference for further research on the implementation of PCC. However, it is predominantly based on research from Europe and North America. This scoping review, therefore, aims to accumulate research on PCC in Latin America in the past 15 years and analyse how PCC has been conceptualized. The resulting overview of PCC in Latin America will be a foundation for a subsequent study aiming at the adaptation of the integrative model of patient-centeredness to the Latin American health care context. Scientific databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, SCIELO, Redalyc.) will be searched, and reference and citation tracking will be performed. Studies will be included if they were carried out in Latin America, investigated PCC in any clinical and community setting (public and private), and were published in English, Spanish, French, or Portuguese since 2006. Furthermore, any theoretical framework or conceptual model to guide how PCC is conceptualized in Latin America will be included. Two reviewers will be responsible for the identification of articles, screening of records, and full-text assessment. The results of the scoping review will be used in the development of a mixed-methods study with the aim to understand the needs for PCC, as well as barriers and facilitators in Latin America. Based on the outcomes, the integrative model of PCC will be translated to Spanish and adapted to the Latin American context. The integrative model will enable the dissemination of the concept of PCC in Latin America and will provide a common ground for further research on the topic. The project will thereby make an important contribution to an evidence-based implementation of PCC in Latin America. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conceptual%20framework" title="conceptual framework">conceptual framework</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrative%20model%20of%20PCC" title=" integrative model of PCC"> integrative model of PCC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title=" Latin America"> Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient-centered%20care" title=" patient-centered care"> patient-centered care</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136526/the-conceptualization-of-patient-centered-care-in-latin-america-a-scoping-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136526.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7175</span> Historical Memory and Social Representation of Violence in Latin American Cinema: A Cultural Criminology Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maylen%20Villamanan%20Alba">Maylen Villamanan Alba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Latin America is marked by its history: conquest, colonialism, and slavery left deep footprints in most Latin American countries. Also, the past century has been affected by wars, military dictatorships, and political violence, which profoundly influenced Latin American popular culture. Consequently, reminiscences of historical crimes are frequently present in daily life, media, public opinion, and arts. This legacy is remembered in novels, paintings, songs, and films. In fact, Latin American cinema has a trend which refers to the verisimilitude with reality in fiction films. These films about historical violence are narrated as fictional characters, but their stories are based on real historical contexts. Therefore, cultural criminology has considered films as a significant field to understand social representations of violence related to historical crimes. The aim of the present contribution is to analyze the legacy of past and historical memory in social representations of violence in Latin American cinema as a critical approach to historical crimes. This qualitative research is based on content analysis. The sample is seven multi-award winning films of the International Festival of New Latin American Cinema of Havana. The films selected are Kamchatka, Argentina (2002); Carandiru, Brazil (2003); Enlightened by fire, Argentina (2005); Post-mortem, Chile (2010); No, Chile (2012) Wakolda; Argentina (2013) and The Clan, Argentina (2015). Cultural criminology highlights that cinema shapes meanings of social practices such as historical crimes. Critical criminology offers a critical theory framework to interpret Latin American cinema. This analysis reveals historical conditions deeply associated with power relationships, policy, and inequality issues. As indicated by this theory, violence is characterized as a structural process based on social asymmetries. These social asymmetries are crossed by social scopes, including institutional and personal dimensions. Thus, institutions of the states are depicted through personal stories of characters involved with human conflicts. Intimacy and social background are linked in the personages who simultaneously perform roles such as soldiers, policemen, professionals or inmates and they are at the same time depict as human beings with family, gender, racial, ideological or generational issues. Social representations of violence related to past legacy are a portrait of historical crimes perpetrated against Latin American citizens. Thereby, they have contributed to political positions, social behaviors, and public opinion. The legacy of these historical crimes suggests a path that should never be taken again. It means past legacy is a reminder, a warning, and a historic lesson for Latin American people. Social representations of violence are permeated by historical memory as denunciation under a critical approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20American%20cinema" title="Latin American cinema">Latin American cinema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=historical%20memory" title=" historical memory"> historical memory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20representation" title=" social representation"> social representation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110323/historical-memory-and-social-representation-of-violence-in-latin-american-cinema-a-cultural-criminology-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110323.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7174</span> Corporate Demography: An Unexplored Trend along the Latin American Context</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jesus%20Argueta">Jesus Argueta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to explore the Business Demography Phenomena along the Central American context, through the examination of its theoretical background, and the revision of Central American corporations success stories, that will eventually guide this research towards the business Demography Key Performance Indicators, across the Central American Business Ambiance. Considering that this analysis will support the development of a Small and Medium Business Observatory over the Honduran commercial landscapes, as platform for the reinforcement of this global topic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20demography" title="business demography">business demography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20dynamism" title=" economic dynamism"> economic dynamism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small" title=" small"> small</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medium%20and%20large%20enterprises" title=" medium and large enterprises"> medium and large enterprises</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20demography" title=" corporate demography"> corporate demography</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28657/corporate-demography-an-unexplored-trend-along-the-latin-american-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28657.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">531</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7173</span> The South Looking East: The New Geopolitics of Latin America</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heike%20Pintor%20Pirzkall">Heike Pintor Pirzkall</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The positive economic evolution of many countries in the Latin American Continent, mainly in South America, has changed the geopolitical position of the region in the world. It is no longer the Hinterland or backyard of the United States, now it has become the Heartland for Europe and Asia. This position has favored the interest of countries like China or India, who are combining trade agreements with special assistance and aid agreements in many fields like agriculture, alternative energy resources, defense and mining. As many countries in the region are no longer low income countries, a more equal relationship in development aid has been created were the donor and the recipient have become partners and where new actors intervene in a triangular relationship that promotes new alternative aid structures. Triangular co-operation brings together the best of different actors who are providers of development co-operation, partners in SouthSouth co-operation and international organizations. The objective is to share knowledge and implement projects that support the common goal of reducing poverty and promoting development. The intention of this paper is to explain the reasons for Latin America´s “virage” to the east and to give examples of projects and agreements between Latin American countries, China and India which will help to understand the intensification of south-east relations in recent years. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development%20cooperation" title="development cooperation">development cooperation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title=" China"> China</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title=" Latin America"> Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triangular%20cooperation" title=" triangular cooperation"> triangular cooperation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20resources" title=" natural resources"> natural resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partnership" title=" partnership"> partnership</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2658/the-south-looking-east-the-new-geopolitics-of-latin-america" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2658.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7172</span> Central American Security Issue: Civil War Legacy and Contemporary Challenges</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20Andrianova">Olga Andrianova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lazar%20Jeifets"> Lazar Jeifets</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The security issue has always been one of the most sensitive and significant in Latin American context, especially focused on Central American region. Despite the fact that the time of the civil wars has ended, violence, delinquency, insecurity, discrimination still exist and keep relevance in the 21st century. This article is dedicated to consider this kind of problems, to find out the main causes and to propose solution approaches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Central%20America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insecurity" title=" insecurity"> insecurity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instability" title=" instability"> instability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-war%20countries" title=" post-war countries"> post-war countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25518/central-american-security-issue-civil-war-legacy-and-contemporary-challenges" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25518.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">473</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7171</span> Central American Security Issue: Civil Wars Legacy and Contemporary Challenges</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20Andrianova">Olga Andrianova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lazar%20Jeifets"> Lazar Jeifets</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The security issue has always been one of the most sensitive and significant in Latin American context, especially focused on Central American region. Despite the fact that the time of the civil wars has ended, violence, delinquency, insecurity, discrimination still exist and keep relevance in the 21st century. This article is dedicated to consider this kind of problems, to find out the main causes and to propose solution approaches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Central%20America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insecurity" title=" insecurity"> insecurity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instability" title=" instability"> instability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18042/central-american-security-issue-civil-wars-legacy-and-contemporary-challenges" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18042.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7170</span> A Framework for Teaching Distributed Requirements Engineering in Latin American Universities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Sevilla">G. Sevilla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Zapata"> S. Zapata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Giraldo"> F. Giraldo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Torres"> E. Torres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Collazos"> C. Collazos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work describes a framework for teaching of global software engineering (GSE) in university undergraduate programs. This framework proposes a method of teaching that incorporates adequate techniques of software requirements elicitation and validated tools of communication, critical aspects to global software development scenarios. The use of proposed framework allows teachers to simulate small software development companies formed by Latin American students, which build information systems. Students from three Latin American universities played the roles of engineers by applying an iterative development of a requirements specification in a global software project. The proposed framework involves the use of a specific purpose Wiki for asynchronous communication between the participants of the process. It is also a practice to improve the quality of software requirements that are formulated by the students. The additional motivation of students to participate in these practices, in conjunction with peers from other countries, is a significant additional factor that positively contributes to the learning process. The framework promotes skills for communication, negotiation, and other complementary competencies that are useful for working on GSE scenarios. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=requirements%20analysis" title="requirements analysis">requirements analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20requirements%20engineering" title=" distributed requirements engineering"> distributed requirements engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=practical%20experiences" title=" practical experiences"> practical experiences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collaborative%20support" title=" collaborative support"> collaborative support</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97296/a-framework-for-teaching-distributed-requirements-engineering-in-latin-american-universities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7169</span> Technology, Music Education, and Social-Emotional Learning in Latin America</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinan%20Laurentia%20Woo">Jinan Laurentia Woo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explores the intersection of technology, music education, and social-emotional learning (SEL) with a focus on Latin America. It delves into the impact of music education on social-emotional skills development, highlighting the universal significance of music across various life stages. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in music education is discussed, emphasizing its potential to enhance learning experiences. The paper also examines the implementation of SEL strategies in Latin American public schools, emphasizing the importance of fostering social-emotional well-being in educational settings. Challenges such as unequal access to technology and education in the region are addressed, calling for further research and investment in tech-assisted music education. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music%20education" title="music education">music education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20emotional%20learning" title=" social emotional learning"> social emotional learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20technology" title=" educational technology"> educational technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title=" Latin America"> Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence" title=" artificial intelligence"> artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music" title=" music"> music</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183500/technology-music-education-and-social-emotional-learning-in-latin-america" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183500.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">58</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7168</span> Effects of Corruption and Logistics Performance Inefficiencies on Container Throughput: The Latin America Case</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fernando%20Seabra">Fernando Seabra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giulia%20P.%20Flores"> Giulia P. Flores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karolina%20C.%20Gomes"> Karolina C. Gomes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Trade liberalizations measures, as import tariff cuts, are not a sufficient trigger for trade growth. Given that price margins are narrow, traders and cargo operators tend to opt out of markets where the process of goods clearance is slow and costly. Excess paperwork and slow customs dispatch not only lead to institutional breakdowns and corruption but also to increasing transaction cost and trade constraints. The objective of this paper is, therefore, two-fold: First, to evaluate the relationship between institutional and infrastructural performance indexes and trade growth in container throughput; and, second, to investigate the causes for differences in container demurrage and detention fees in Latin American countries (using other emerging countries as benchmarking). The analysis is focused on manufactured goods, typically transported by containers. Institutional and infrastructure bottlenecks and, therefore, the country logistics efficiency – measured by the Logistics Performance Index (LPI, World Bank-WB) – are compared with other indexes, such as the Doing Business index (WB) and the Corruption Perception Index (Transparency International). The main results based on the comparison between Latin American countries and the others emerging countries point out in that the growth in containers trade is directly related to LPI performance. It has also been found that the main hypothesis is valid as aspects that more specifically identify trade facilitation and corruption are significant drivers of logistics performance. The exam of port efficiency (demurrage and detention fees) has demonstrated that not necessarily higher level of efficiency is related to lower charges; however, reductions in fees have been more significant within non-Latin American emerging countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title="corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistics%20performance%20index" title=" logistics performance index"> logistics performance index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=container%20throughput" title=" container throughput"> container throughput</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title=" Latin America"> Latin America</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55660/effects-of-corruption-and-logistics-performance-inefficiencies-on-container-throughput-the-latin-america-case" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55660.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7167</span> Social Work Advocacy Regarding Equitable Hiring Of Latinos</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roberto%20Lorenzo">Roberto Lorenzo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Much has been said about the dynamics of the Latin American experience in the United States, however, there seems to be very little data regarding the perception of career identity. Although we do have some Latinos within the professional ranks, there is not nearly enough to claim that we have practiced enough cultural competence to create equity in the professional sphere in the United States. In this thesis, data will be provided regarding labor force statistics highlighting the industries that Latin Americans frequent. Also provided will be the citing of data that suggests further necessity of cultural competence within the professional realm regarding Latin Americans. In addition, methods that were spoken about over the course of our social work education will be discussed in order to connect to possible solutions to this issue. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hiring" title="hiring">hiring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latinos" title=" Latinos"> Latinos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=professional%20equity" title=" professional equity"> professional equity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20competence" title=" cultural competence"> cultural competence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192437/social-work-advocacy-regarding-equitable-hiring-of-latinos" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192437.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">19</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7166</span> Cartel's Little Helpers: A Comparative Study of the Case Law Regarding the Facilitators of Collusion in Latin America Competition Law and Policy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andres%20Calderon">Andres Calderon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to avoid detection and punishment, cartels have recruited the help of third parties to organize, execute and disguise the anticompetitive practices cartel members have agreed upon. These third parties may take the form of consultancy firms, guilds or professional advisors that do not perform an economic activity in the market where the collusion takes place. This paper takes a look into how national competition authorities and national legislators have dealt with the emergence of the cartels’ facilitators in Latin America. Following the practice of other jurisdictions such as United States (Toys R' Us, Apple), European Union (AC Treuhand), United Kingdom (Replica Kits, Hasbro) and Spain (Urban, Snap-On), some countries (e.g. Argentina, Chile) in Latin America have started to conduct investigations and find antitrust liability in cartels’ facilitators for helping others to violate their national competition laws. Some countries (e.g. Peru and Colombia) have also amended their legislation to amplify the subjective scope of application in order to include cartels’ facilitators. The Latin American case is one of special relevance because public officials are often prone to promote or indulge agreements between competitors in sectors of political interest. A broad definition of cartels’ facilitator, consequently, could lead to the prosecution of punishment of public officials that may hinder the competitive process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anticompetitive%20practices" title="anticompetitive practices">anticompetitive practices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cartel" title=" cartel"> cartel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collusion" title=" collusion"> collusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competition" title=" competition"> competition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facilitator" title=" facilitator"> facilitator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hub%20and%20spoke" title=" hub and spoke"> hub and spoke</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105072/cartels-little-helpers-a-comparative-study-of-the-case-law-regarding-the-facilitators-of-collusion-in-latin-america-competition-law-and-policy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7165</span> Dynamic Comovements between Exchange Rates, Stock Prices and Oil Prices: Evidence from Developed and Emerging Latin American Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nini%20Johana%20Marin%20Rodriguez">Nini Johana Marin Rodriguez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper applies DCC, EWMA and OGARCH models to compare the dynamic correlations between exchange rates, oil prices, exchange rates and stock markets to examine the time-varying conditional correlations to the daily oil prices and index returns in relation to the US dollar/local currency for developed (Canada and Mexico) and emerging Latin American markets (Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Peru). Changes in correlation interactions are indicative of structural changes in market linkages with implications to contagion and interdependence. For each pair of stock price-exchange rate and oil price-US dollar/local currency, empirical evidence confirms of a strengthening negative correlation in the last decade. Methodologies suggest only two events have significatively impact in the countries analyzed: global financial crisis and Europe crisis, both events are associated with shifts of correlations to stronger negative level for most of the pairs analyzed. While, the first event has a shifting effect on mainly emerging members, the latter affects developed members. The identification of these relationships provides benefits in risk diversification and inflation targeting. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crude%20oil" title="crude oil">crude oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20conditional%20correlation" title=" dynamic conditional correlation"> dynamic conditional correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exchange%20rates" title=" exchange rates"> exchange rates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interdependence" title=" interdependence"> interdependence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20prices" title=" stock prices"> stock prices</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67128/dynamic-comovements-between-exchange-rates-stock-prices-and-oil-prices-evidence-from-developed-and-emerging-latin-american-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67128.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7164</span> The Role of Human Capital in the Evolution of Inequality and Economic Growth in Latin-America</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Felipe%20Brito-Gaona">Luis Felipe Brito-Gaona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emma%20M.%20Iglesias"> Emma M. Iglesias</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is a growing literature that studies the main determinants and drivers of inequality and economic growth in several countries, using panel data and different estimation methods (fixed effects, Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) and Two Stages Least Squares (TSLS)). Recently, it was studied the evolution of these variables in the period 1980-2009 in the 18 countries of Latin-America and it was found that one of the main variables that explained their evolution was Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). We extend this study to the year 2015 in the same 18 countries in Latin-America, and we find that FDI does not have a significant role anymore, while we find a significant negative and positive effect of schooling levels on inequality and economic growth respectively. We also find that the point estimates associated with human capital are the largest ones of the variables included in the analysis, and this means that an increase in human capital (measured by schooling levels of secondary education) is the main determinant that can help to reduce inequality and to increase economic growth in Latin-America. Therefore, we advise that economic policies in Latin-America should be directed towards increasing the level of education. We use the methodologies of estimating by fixed effects, GMM and TSLS to check the robustness of our results. Our conclusion is the same regardless of the estimation method we choose. We also find that the international recession in the Latin-American countries in 2008 reduced significantly their economic growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title="economic growth">economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20capital" title=" human capital"> human capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inequality" title=" inequality"> inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin-America" title=" Latin-America"> Latin-America</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77403/the-role-of-human-capital-in-the-evolution-of-inequality-and-economic-growth-in-latin-america" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77403.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">226</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7163</span> Perception and Control in the Age of Surrealism: A Critical History and a Survey of Pita Amor’s Poetic Ontology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oliver%20Arana">Oliver Arana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within the common vein of social understanding, surrealism is often understood to rely on disconcerting images and fragmented collage, both in its visual representation and literary manifestations. By tracing the history and literature of surrealism, the author makes the argument that there were certain factions within Latin America that employed characteristics of surrealism in order to reach some sense of understanding, and not to further complicate or disorient -an aim that most closely aligns to Freudian psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis should, however, be a comparable practice only to understand how Latin American surrealism had more of a concrete goal than its European counterpart. The primary subject of the paper is the Mexican poet, Pita Amor, who has retroactively been associated with the movement; and therefore, it should be duly noted that the adjective, surrealism, only applies to her as something that describes traits within the literary lexicon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pita%20Amor" title=" Pita Amor"> Pita Amor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poetry" title=" poetry"> poetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surrealism" title=" surrealism"> surrealism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115330/perception-and-control-in-the-age-of-surrealism-a-critical-history-and-a-survey-of-pita-amors-poetic-ontology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115330.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7162</span> Digital Economy as an Alternative for Post-Pandemic Recovery in Latin America: A Literature Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armijos-Orellana%20Ana">Armijos-Orellana Ana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Calle%20Mar%C3%ADa"> González-Calle María</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maldonado-Matute%20Juan"> Maldonado-Matute Juan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guerrero-Maxi%20Pedro"> Guerrero-Maxi Pedro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, the digital economy represents a fundamental element to guarantee economic and social development, whose importance increased significantly with the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite the benefits it offers, it can also be detrimental to those developing countries characterized by a wide digital divide. It is for this reason that the objective of this research was to identify and describe the main characteristics, benefits, and obstacles of the digital economy for Latin American countries. Through a bibliographic review, using the analytical-synthetic method in the period 1995-2021, it was determined that the digital economy could give way to structural changes, reduce inequality, and promote processes of social inclusion, as well as promote the construction and participatory development of organizational structures and institutional capacities in Latin American countries. However, the results showed that the digital economy is still incipient in the region and at least three factors are needed to establish it: joint work between academia, the business sector and the State, greater emphasis on learning and application of digital transformation and the creation of policies that encourage the creation of digital organizations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title="developing countries">developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20divide" title=" digital divide"> digital divide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20economy" title=" digital economy"> digital economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20literacy" title=" digital literacy"> digital literacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20transformation" title=" digital transformation"> digital transformation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148398/digital-economy-as-an-alternative-for-post-pandemic-recovery-in-latin-america-a-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148398.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7161</span> Territorial Disputes behind the Declaration of Independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Some Latin American States</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Besik%20Goginava">Besik Goginava</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Several days later after the end of 2008 Russo-Georgian War, Venezuela and Nicaragua formally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. In 2009-10 both countries established diplomatic relations with self-declared republics. It is a paradoxical fact that after neighboring Russia-Georgian conflict territories were internationally recognized by two Latin American states with ongoing territorial disputes. The Venezuela-Guyana territorial dispute which officially began in the early XIX century became conflict-ridden again in the late 1990s and 2000s. Venezuela has long claimed the land which comprises 40% of Guyana’s current territory. Territorial disputes of Nicaragua include dispute with Colombia over Caribbean Islands, with Costa Rica over the San Juan River and maritime dispute with Honduras. Based on historical and analytical research methods the purpose of this paper is to establish the relationship between the recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Venezuela and Nicaragua and Venezuela’s territorial dispute with Guyana, as well as Nicaragua’s with Colombia, Costa Rica and Honduras. The objective of the study is to investigate the factors that led Venezuela and Nicaragua to formally recognize Georgian conflict territories and how could their own territorial disputes affect on their decision. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Georgia" title=" Georgia"> Georgia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venezuela" title=" Venezuela"> Venezuela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicaragua" title=" Nicaragua"> Nicaragua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abkhazia" title=" Abkhazia"> Abkhazia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Ossetia" title=" South Ossetia"> South Ossetia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74253/territorial-disputes-behind-the-declaration-of-independence-of-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia-by-some-latin-american-states" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74253.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">244</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7160</span> The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Higher Education in Latin America</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Rodrigo%20Valencia%20Perez">Luis Rodrigo Valencia Perez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20Flores%20Aguero"> Francisco Flores Aguero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gibran%20Aguilar%20Rangel"> Gibran Aguilar Rangel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming diverse sectors, and higher education in Latin America is no exception. This article explores the impact of AI on higher education institutions in the region, highlighting the imperative need for well-trained teachers in emerging technologies and a cultural shift towards the adoption and efficient use of these tools. AI offers significant opportunities to improve learning personalization, optimize administrative processes, and promote more inclusive and accessible education. However, the effectiveness of its implementation depends largely on the preparation and willingness of teachers to integrate these technologies into their pedagogical practices. Furthermore, it is essential that Latin American countries develop and implement public policies that encourage the adoption of AI in the education sector, thus ensuring that institutions can compete globally. Policies should focus on the continuous training of educators, investment in technological infrastructure, and the creation of regulatory frameworks that promote innovation and the ethical use of AI. Only through a comprehensive and collaborative approach will it be possible to fully harness the potential of AI to transform higher education in Latin America, thereby boosting the region's development and competitiveness on the global stage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence%20%28AI%29" title="artificial intelligence (AI)">artificial intelligence (AI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education" title=" higher education"> higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher%20training" title=" teacher training"> teacher training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20policies" title=" public policies"> public policies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=latin%20america" title=" latin america"> latin america</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20competitiveness" title=" global competitiveness"> global competitiveness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189184/the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-higher-education-in-latin-america" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189184.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">28</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7159</span> British English vs. American English: A Comparative Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Halima%20Benazzouz">Halima Benazzouz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is often believed that British English and American English are the foremost varieties of the English Language serving as reference norms for other varieties;that is the reason why they have obviously been compared and contrasted.Meanwhile,the terms “British English” and “American English” are used differently by different people to refer to: 1) Two national varieties each subsuming regional and other sub-varieties standard and non-standard. 2) Two national standard varieties in which each one is only part of the range of English within its own state, but the most prestigious part. 3) Two international varieties, that is each is more than a national variety of the English Language. 4) Two international standard varieties that may or may not each subsume other standard varieties.Furthermore,each variety serves as a reference norm for users of the language elsewhere. Moreover, without a clear identification, as primarily belonging to one variety or the other, British English(Br.Eng) and American English (Am.Eng) are understood as national or international varieties. British English and American English are both “variants” and “varieties” of the English Language, more similar than different.In brief, the following may justify general categories of difference between Standard American English (S.Am.E) and Standard British English (S.Br.e) each having their own sociolectic value: A difference in pronunciation exists between the two foremost varieties, although it is the same spelling, by contrast, a divergence in spelling may be recognized, eventhough the same pronunciation. In such case, the same term is different but there is a similarity in spelling and pronunciation. Otherwise, grammar, syntax, and punctuation are distinctively used to distinguish the two varieties of the English Language. Beyond these differences, spelling is noted as one of the chief sources of variation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Greek" title="Greek">Greek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin" title=" Latin"> Latin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=French%20pronunciation%20expert" title=" French pronunciation expert"> French pronunciation expert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=varieties%20of%20English%20language" title=" varieties of English language"> varieties of English language</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15569/british-english-vs-american-english-a-comparative-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15569.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">501</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7158</span> The Development of Open Access in Latin America and Caribbean: Mapping National and International Policies and Scientific Publications of the Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simone%20Belli">Simone Belli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergio%20Minniti"> Sergio Minniti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valeria%20Santoro"> Valeria Santoro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> ICTs and technology transfer can benefit and move a country forward in economic and social development. However, ICT and access to the Internet have been inequitably distributed in most developing countries. In terms of science production and dissemination, this divide articulates itself also through the inequitable distribution of access to scientific knowledge and networks, which results in the exclusion of developing countries from the center of science. Developing countries are on the fringe of Science and Technology (S&T) production due not only to low investment in research but also to the difficulties to access international scholarly literature. In this respect, Open access (OA) initiatives and knowledge infrastructure represent key elements for both producing significant changes in scholarly communication and reducing the problems of developing countries. The spreading of the OA movement in the region, exemplified by the growth of regional and national initiatives, such as the creation of OA institutional repositories (e.g. SciELO and Redalyc) and the establishing of supportive governmental policies, provides evidence of the significant role that OA is playing in reducing the scientific gap between Latin American countries and improving their participation in the so-called ‘global knowledge commons’. In this paper, we map OA publications in Latin America and observe how Latin American countries are moving forward and becoming a leading force in widening access to knowledge. Our analysis, developed as part of the H2020 EULAC Focus research project, is based on mixed methods and consists mainly of a bibliometric analysis of OA publications indexed in the most important scientific databases (Web of Science and Scopus) and OA regional repositories, as well as the qualitative analysis of documents related to the main OA initiatives in Latin America. Through our analysis, we aim at reflecting critically on what policies, international standards, and best practices might be adapted to incorporate OA worldwide and improve the infrastructure of the global knowledge commons. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20access" title="open access">open access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LAC%20countries" title=" LAC countries"> LAC countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scientific%20publications" title=" scientific publications"> scientific publications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bibliometric%20analysis" title=" bibliometric analysis"> bibliometric analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81683/the-development-of-open-access-in-latin-america-and-caribbean-mapping-national-and-international-policies-and-scientific-publications-of-the-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81683.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7157</span> Financial Market Reaction to Non-Financial Reports</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petra%20Dilling">Petra Dilling</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines the market reaction to the publication of integrated reports for a sample of 316 global companies for the reporting year 2018. Applying event study methodology, we find significant cumulative average abnormal returns (CAARs) after the publication date. To ensure robust estimation resultsthe three-factor model, according to Fama and French, is used as well as a market-adjusted model, a CAPM and a Frama-French model taking GARCH effects into account. We find a significant positive CAAR after the publication day of the integrated report. Our results suggest that investors react to information provided in the integrated report and that they react differently to the annual financial report. Furthermore, our cross-sectional analysis confirms that companies with a significant positive cumulative average abnormal show certain characteristic. It was found that European companies have a higher likelihood to experience a stronger significant positive market reaction to their integrated report publication. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20report" title="integrated report">integrated report</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=event%20methodology" title=" event methodology"> event methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cumulative%20abnormal%20return" title=" cumulative abnormal return"> cumulative abnormal return</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CAPM" title=" CAPM"> CAPM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148672/financial-market-reaction-to-non-financial-reports" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148672.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7156</span> The United States Film Industry and Its Impact on Latin American Identity Rationalizations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfonso%20J.%20Garc%C3%ADa%20Osuna">Alfonso J. García Osuna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Significance: The objective of this paper is to analyze the inception and development of identity archetypes in early XX century Latin America, to explore their roots in United States culture, to discuss the influences that came to bear upon Latin Americans as the United States began to export images of standard identity paradigms through its film industry, and to survey how these images evolved and impacted Latin Americans’ ideas of national distinctiveness from the early 1900s to the present. Therefore, the general hypothesis of this work is that United States film in many ways influenced national identity patterning in its neighbors, especially in those nations closest to its borders, Cuba and Mexico. Very little research has been done on the social impact of the United States film industry on the country’s southern neighbors. From a historical perspective, the US’s influence has been examined as the projection of political and economic power, that is to say, that American influence is seen as a catalyst to align the forces that the US wants to see wield the power of the State. But the subtle yet powerful cultural influence exercised by film, the eminent medium for exporting ideas and ideals in the XX century, has not been significantly explored. Basic Methodologies and Description: Gramscian Marxist theory underpins the study, where it is argued that film, as an exceptional vehicle for culture, is an important site of political and social struggle; in this context, it aims to show how United States capitalist structures of power not only use brute force to generate and maintain control of overseas markets, but also promote their ideas through artistic products such as film in order to infiltrate the popular culture of subordinated peoples. In this same vein, the work of neo-Marxist theoreticians of popular culture is employed in order to contextualize the agency of subordinated peoples in the process of cultural assimilations. Indication of the Major Findings of the Study: The study has yielded much data of interest. The salient finding is that each particular nation receives United States film according to its own particular social and political context, regardless of the amount of pressure exerted upon it. An example of this is the unmistakable dissimilarity between Cuban and Mexican reception of US films. The positive reception given in Cuba to American film has to do with the seamless acceptance of identity paradigms that, for historical reasons discussed herein, were incorporated into the national identity grid quite unproblematically. Such is not the case with Mexico, whose express rejection of identity paradigms offered by the United States reflects not only past conflicts with the northern neighbor, but an enduring recognition of the country’s indigenous roots, one that precluded such paradigms. Concluding Statement: This paper is an endeavor to elucidate the ways in which US film contributed to the outlining of Latin American identity blueprints, offering archetypes that would be accepted or rejected according to each nation’s particular social requirements, constraints and ethnic makeup. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=film%20studies" title="film studies">film studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=United%20States" title=" United States"> United States</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title=" Latin America"> Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identity%20studies" title=" identity studies"> identity studies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38664/the-united-states-film-industry-and-its-impact-on-latin-american-identity-rationalizations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38664.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7155</span> Possibilities of Building Regional Migration Governance due to the Venezuelan Diaspora in Ibero-America (2015-2018)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20Palatz%20Cede%C3%B1o">Jonathan Palatz Cedeño</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper will seek to examine the scope and limitations of the process of construction of ordinary and extraordinary migration regulatory tools of the countries of Latin America, due to the Venezuelan diaspora in Ibero-America (2015-2018). The analysis methodology will be based on a systematic presentation of the existing advances in the subject under a qualitative approach, in which the results are detailed. We hold that an important part of the Latin American countries that used to be the emitters of migrants have had to generate, with greater or lesser success both nationally and regionally, ordinary and extraordinary migration regulatory tools to respond to the rapid intensification of the current Venezuelan migratory flows. This fact beyond implementing policies for the reception and integration of this population marks a new moment that represents a huge challenge both for the receiving States and for the young Ibero-American institutional migration system. Therefore, we can say that measures to adopt reception and solidarity policies, despite being supported by organs of the multilateral system such as UNHCR and IOM, are not found as guidelines for national and regional action, at the expense of the reactions of the respective public opinions and the influence of what to do of the neighboring countries in the face of the problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title=" migration"> migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration%20policies%20and%20governance" title=" migration policies and governance"> migration policies and governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venezuelan%20diaspora" title=" Venezuelan diaspora"> Venezuelan diaspora</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106656/possibilities-of-building-regional-migration-governance-due-to-the-venezuelan-diaspora-in-ibero-america-2015-2018" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106656.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7154</span> Survey of American Women to Promote Social Citizenship among White, African American, and Muslim American Women</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachel%20Turney">Rachel Turney</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> American Woman is a discussion of being a woman in American through the lens of intersectionality, critical race theory, Muslim American identities, and social citizenship. The survey design and resulting paper are based on the researcher’s personal experience studying intersectionality and Muslim American identities through National Endowment for the Humanities. The researcher poses three questions to White, African American, and Muslim American women about female identify in America. Results are coded and analyzed in their meaning in the context of American society. Results show the similarities, primarily the idea of motherhood and fighting in society. Results also examine differences like those related to faith and family identifies in responses. The researcher examines the specific overlap in responses in the context of social citizenship. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women" title="women">women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muslim%20women" title=" Muslim women"> Muslim women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intersectionality" title=" intersectionality"> intersectionality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feminism" title=" feminism"> feminism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79976/survey-of-american-women-to-promote-social-citizenship-among-white-african-american-and-muslim-american-women" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79976.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7153</span> On Space Narrative and American Dream in Martin Eden</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yangyang%20Zhang">Yangyang Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Martin Eden tells about the tragedy of the protagonist Martin Eden’s suicide after his disillusion about American dream. The author Jack London presents various spatial routines of Martin Eden and reveals the involvement of space in realizing American dream: on the one hand, the Berkeley and Oakland cities contribute to Martin’s material success, making his American dream practical, and on the other hand, the two cities involve in the oppression of bourgeoisie ideology to Martin, promoting the domestic imperialization of bourgeoisie ideology represented by American dream. Molded by bourgeoisie ideology in the city, Martin constructed the oriental South Sea, revealing the oversea imperialization of bourgeoisie ideology behind American dream. By exploring the social, historical and political aspects of space, Martin Eden tries to demonstrate the mere material success and imperialism represented by American dream, revealing the fact of the involvement of American dreamin ideological oppression. When Jack London wrote Martin Eden, he had become a famous writer and realized his personal "American dream". He integrated his struggle experience into the protagonist Martin Eden, and also put his critique of the nature of "American dream" in the novel. The concept of the "American Dream" made the United States the land of dreams, and it also made many Americans believe that through personal struggle, they could climb the social ladder. Under the context of rapid growth in economy in the late 19 th century, American dream was reduced to the satisfaction on a material level. When material wealth was fulfilled, many people felt shattered for a variety of reasons, and such a phenomenon was reflected in the literature of disillusionment in 19th-century America.Martin Eden is such a work about disillusion, in which the geographical space becomes the witness of the realization and disillusionment of the protagonist Martin's "American dream". By analyzing the spatial narrative in Martin Eden, this paper reveals that the "American dream" only represents material success for individuals and the imperialization of capitalist ideology, and exposes the ideological nature of the "American Dream". <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Eden" title="Martin Eden">Martin Eden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space" title=" space"> space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=American%20dream" title=" American dream"> American dream</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ideology%20of%20imperialism" title=" ideology of imperialism"> ideology of imperialism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153998/on-space-narrative-and-american-dream-in-martin-eden" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153998.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7152</span> Green Windows of Opportunity in Latin American Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabianna%20Bacil">Fabianna Bacil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zenathan%20Hasannundin"> Zenathan Hasannundin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clovis%20Freire"> Clovis Freire</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The green transition opens green windows of opportunity – temporary moments in which there are lower barriers and shorter learning periods for developing countries to enter emerging technologies and catch-up. However, taking advantage of these windows requires capabilities in national sectoral systems to adopt and develop technologies linked to green sectors as well as strong responses to build the required knowledge, skills, and infrastructure and foster the growth of targeted sectors. This paper uses UNCTAD’s frontier technology readiness index to analyse the current position of Latin America and the Caribbean to use, adopt, and adapt frontier technologies, examining the preconditions in the region to take up windows of opportunity that arise with the green transition. The index highlights the inequality across countries in the region, as well as gaps in capabilities dimensions, especially in terms of R&D. Moving to responses, it highlights industrial policies implemented to foster the growth of green technologies, emphasising the essential role played by the state to build and strengthen capabilities and provide infant industry protection that enables the growth of these sectors. Overall, while there are exceptions, especially in the Brazilian case, countries in Latin America and the Caribbean should focus on strengthening their capabilities to be better positioned, especially in terms of knowledge creation, infrastructure, and financing availability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Green%20technologies" title="Green technologies">Green technologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Industrial%20policy" title=" Industrial policy"> Industrial policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America" title=" Latin America"> Latin America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=windows%20of%20opportunity" title=" windows of opportunity"> windows of opportunity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171739/green-windows-of-opportunity-in-latin-american-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">63</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20American%20Integrated%20Market&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20American%20Integrated%20Market&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20American%20Integrated%20Market&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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