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class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Additional references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0)" title="মণ্ডল (রাজনৈতিক গঠনতন্ত্র) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মণ্ডল (রাজনৈতিক গঠনতন্ত্র)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala_(model_pol%C3%ADtic)" title="Mandala (model polític) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mandala (model polític)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalov%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Mandalový systém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mandalový systém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala_(politisches_Modell)" title="Mandala (politisches Modell) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mandala (politisches Modell)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%8B%AC%EB%9D%BC_%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%9C" title="만달라 체제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만달라 체제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2)" title="मण्डल (राजनैतिक मॉडल) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मण्डल (राजनैतिक मॉडल)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala_(sejarah_Asia_Tenggara)" title="Mandala (sejarah Asia Tenggara) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mandala (sejarah Asia Tenggara)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala_(politica)" title="Mandala (politica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mandala (politica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2_(%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87)" title="ມັນດາລາ (ຕົວແບບທາງດ້ານການເມືອງ) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມັນດາລາ (ຕົວແບບທາງດ້ານການເມືອງ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala_(model_politik)" title="Mandala (model politik) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mandala (model politik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%A9%E8%AB%96" title="マンダラ論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マンダラ論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%9B_(%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99)" title="មណ្ឌល (គំរូនយោបាយ) – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មណ្ឌល (គំរូនយោបាយ)" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala_(historia)" title="Mandala (historia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mandala (historia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Мандала (политическое устройство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мандала (политическое устройство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C)" title="มณฑล (แบบจำลองทางรัฐศาสตร์) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มณฑล (แบบจำลองทางรัฐศาสตร์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9)" title="Мандала (політичний устрій) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мандала (політичний устрій)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_Mandala" title="Hệ thống Mandala – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống Mandala" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%8D%BC%E7%BE%85%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="曼荼羅體系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼荼羅體系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q765018#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Southeast Asian pseudo-feudalistic political model between 5th and 15th century</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mandala (disambiguation)">Mandala (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg/300px-Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg/450px-Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg/600px-Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Notable mandalas in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">classical Southeast Asian history</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th to 15th century). From north to south; <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Bagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Angkor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">Political</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">legal anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Status and rank</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascribed_status" title="Ascribed status">Ascribed status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achieved_status" title="Achieved status">Achieved status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Social status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_grade" title="Age grade">Age grade</a>/<a href="/wiki/Age_set" title="Age set">Age set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leveling_mechanism" title="Leveling mechanism">Leveling mechanism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Leadership</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_man_(anthropology)" title="Big man (anthropology)">Big man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_(administrative_title)" title="Elder (administrative title)">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantribal sodalities">Pantribal sodalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">Paramount chief</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Polities</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">Band society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentary_lineage" title="Segmentary lineage">Segmentary lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">Petty kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_state" title="Theatre state">Theatre state</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Law and custom</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_warfare" title="Ritual warfare">Ritual warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Acephelous</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Societies without hierarchical leaders</dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Systems" title="African Political Systems">African Political Systems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_exchange" title="Moka exchange">Papuan Big man system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Not_Being_Governed" title="The Art of Not Being Governed">The Art of Not Being Governed</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>State</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Non-western state systems</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali" title="Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali">Negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">Mandala</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Technology,_Tradition,_and_the_State_in_Africa" title="Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa">Technology, Tradition,<br /> and the State in Africa</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Legal systems</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapu_(Hawaiian_culture)" title="Kapu (Hawaiian culture)">Kapu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Colonialism and resistance</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europe_and_the_People_Without_History" title="Europe and the People Without History">Europe and the People <br />Without History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._Adamson_Hoebel" title="E. Adamson Hoebel">E. Adamson Hoebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Balandier" title="Georges Balandier">Georges Balandier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._G._Bailey" title="F. G. Bailey">F. G. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Barth" title="Fredrik Barth">Fredrik Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Boissevain" title="Jeremy Boissevain">Jeremy Boissevain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carneiro" title="Robert L. Carneiro">Robert L. Carneiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_J._M._Claessen" title="Henri J. M. Claessen">Henri J. M. Claessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Comaroff" title="Jean Comaroff">Jean Comaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Comaroff" title="John Comaroff">John Comaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Clastres" title="Pierre Clastres">Pierre Clastres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fikentscher" title="Wolfgang Fikentscher">Wolfgang Fikentscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Fortes" title="Meyer Fortes">Meyer Fortes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Fried" title="Morton Fried">Morton Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Gill" title="Lesley Gill">Lesley Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Hannerz" title="Ulf Hannerz">Ulf Hannerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blom_Hansen" title="Thomas Blom Hansen">Thomas Blom Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_C._Lewellen" title="Ted C. Lewellen">Ted C. Lewellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leach" title="Edmund Leach">Edmund Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Linton" title="Ralph Linton">Ralph Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mertz" title="Elizabeth Mertz">Elizabeth Mertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Sidney Mintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Falk_Moore" title="Sally Falk Moore">Sally Falk Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Needham" title="Rodney Needham">Rodney Needham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">James C. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elman_Service" title="Elman Service">Elman Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Southall" title="Aidan Southall">Aidan Southall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spencer" title="Jonathan Spencer">Jonathan Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Thomassen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Thomassen">Bjorn Thomassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_R._White" title="Douglas R. White">Douglas R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Eric Wolf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumscription_theory" title="Circumscription theory">Circumscription theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">Legal anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_paradigm" title="Left–right paradigm">Left–right paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">State formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy in anthropology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Network_Analysis_and_Ethnographic_Problems" title="Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems">Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Anthropology_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Political and Legal Anthropology Review">Political and Legal Anthropology Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Legal_Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Legal Anthropology (page does not exist)">Journal of Legal Anthropology</a></i></li> <li><i>Journal of Law and Society</i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_anthropology" title="Template:Political anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_anthropology" title="Template talk:Political anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Maṇḍala</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word meaning 'circle'. The <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a> is a model for describing the patterns of diffuse political power distributed among <a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">Mueang</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kedatuan" title="Kedatuan">Kedatuan</a> (principalities) in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">medieval Southeast Asian history</a>, when local power was more important than the central leadership. The concept of the mandala balances modern tendencies to look for unified political power, e.g. the power of large <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a> of later history – an inadvertent byproduct of 15th century <a href="/wiki/Cartography#Technological_changes" title="Cartography">advances in map-making technologies</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2017)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of <a href="/wiki/O._W._Wolters" title="O. W. Wolters">O. W. Wolters</a> who further explored the idea in 1982: </p> <blockquote><p>The map of earlier Southeast Asia which evolved from the prehistoric networks of small settlements and reveals itself in historical records was a patchwork of often overlapping mandalas.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It is employed to denote traditional <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> political formations, such as <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> of kingdoms or <a href="/wiki/Vassal#Difference_between_.22vassal.22_and_.22vassal_state.22" title="Vassal">vassalized polity</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">center of domination</a>. It was adopted by 20th century European historians from ancient Indian political discourse as a means of avoiding the term "<a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>" in the conventional sense. Not only did Southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a>, except Vietnam, not conform to Chinese and European views of a <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">territorially defined state</a> with fixed <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratic">bureaucratic apparatus</a>, but they diverged considerably in the opposite direction: the polity was defined by its centre rather than its boundaries, and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing administrative integration.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some ways similar to the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal system">feudal system</a> of Europe, states were linked in <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerain</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tributary</a> relationships. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala_(political_model)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term draws a comparison with the <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">worldview</a>; the comparison emphasises the radiation of power from each power center, as well as the non-physical basis of the system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Metaphors" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphors">metaphors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/S._J._Tambiah" class="mw-redirect" title="S. J. Tambiah">S. J. Tambiah</a>'s original idea of a "<a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galactic</a> polity"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describe political patterns similar to the mandala. The historian Victor Lieberman<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prefers the "solar polity" metaphor, referencing the gravitational pull the sun exerts over the planets.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala_(political_model)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandalas1360-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mandalas1360-2.png/220px-Mandalas1360-2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mandalas1360-2.png/330px-Mandalas1360-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Mandalas1360-2.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Intersecting mandalas <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1360</span>: from north to south: <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanna">Lanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the main suzerain or overlord states were the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>; the successive kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kediri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri Kingdom">Kediri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and early <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China occupies a special place in that the others often in turn paid <a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tributaries of Imperial China">tribute to China</a>, although in practice the obligations imposed on the lesser kingdoms were minimal. The most notable tributary states were <a href="/wiki/Dark_ages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark ages of Cambodia">post-Angkor Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a> (succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vientiane" title="Kingdom of Vientiane">Kingdom of Vientiane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanna">Lanna</a>. Cambodia in the 18th century was described by the Vietnamese emperor <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> as "an independent country that is slave of two" (Chandler p. 119). The system was eventually ended by the arrival of the Europeans in the mid-19th century. Culturally, they introduced Western geographical practices, which assumed that every area was subject to one sovereign. Practically, the colonisation of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia#Colonial_era" title="History of Malaysia">British Malaya</a> and Burma brought pressure from the colonisers for fixed boundaries to their possessions. The tributary states were then divided between the colonies and Siam, which exercised much more centralised power but over a smaller area than thitherto.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The advent of Islam in the archipelago saw the application of this system which is still continued in the formation of the government, such as the formation of the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> coalition which focused on <a href="/wiki/Seri_Menanti" title="Seri Menanti">Seri Menanti</a> as a center flanked by four inner <i>luak serambi</i> and four outer districts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is the post-Majapahit Islamic kingdoms in Java.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Stuart-Fox" title="Martin Stuart-Fox">Martin Stuart-Fox</a> uses the term "mandala" extensively to describe the history of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang as a structure of loosely held together <a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">mueang</a> that disintegrated after Lan Xang's conquest by Thailand starting in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JSS_082_0l_StuartFox_Conflict_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSS_082_0l_StuartFox_Conflict-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thai historian <a href="/wiki/Sunait_Chutintaranond" title="Sunait Chutintaranond">Sunait Chutintaranond</a> made an important contribution to study of the mandala in Southeast Asian history by demonstrating that "three assumptions responsible for the view that Ayudhya was a strong centralized state" did not hold and that "in Ayudhya the <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> of provincial governors was never successfully eliminated."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JSS_078_1i_Sunait_Mandala_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSS_078_1i_Sunait_Mandala-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obligations">Obligations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala_(political_model)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Obligations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_KL_2008_(36).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/National_Museum_KL_2008_%2836%29.JPG/220px-National_Museum_KL_2008_%2836%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/National_Museum_KL_2008_%2836%29.JPG/330px-National_Museum_KL_2008_%2836%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/National_Museum_KL_2008_%2836%29.JPG/440px-National_Museum_KL_2008_%2836%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bunga_mas" title="Bunga mas">Bunga mas</a></i> (Flowers of Gold), tribute from northern <a href="/wiki/Malay_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay states">Malay states</a> in Malay peninsula for <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>. National Museum, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>.)</figcaption></figure> <p>The obligations on each side of the relationship varied according to the strength of the relationship and the circumstances. In general, the tributary was obliged to pay <i><a href="/wiki/Bunga_mas" title="Bunga mas">bunga mas</a></i>, a regular tribute of various valuable goods and slaves, and miniature trees of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> (<i>bunga mas dan perak</i>). The overlord ruler reciprocated with presents often of greater value than those supplied by the tributary. However, the tributary also had to provide men and supplies when called on, most often in time of war. The main benefit to the tributary was protection from invasion by other powers, although as South East Asia historian <a href="/wiki/Thongchai_Winichakul" title="Thongchai Winichakul">Thongchai Winichakul</a> notes, this was often "mafia-like protection"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the threats of the overlord himself. In some cases, the overlord also controlled the succession in the tributary, but in general interference with the tributary's domestic affairs was minimal: he would retain his own army and powers of taxation, for example. In the case of the more tenuous relationships, the "overlord" might regard it as one of tribute, while the "tributary" might consider the exchange of gifts to be purely commercial or as an expression of goodwill (Thongchai p. 87). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_relationships">Personal relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala_(political_model)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kinship#Recognition_of_fluidity_in_kinship_meanings_and_relations" title="Kinship">Kinship § Recognition of fluidity in kinship meanings and relations</a></div> <p>The emphasis on personal relationships was one of the defining characteristics of the mandala system. The tributary ruler was subordinate to the overlord ruler, rather than to the overlord state in the abstract. This had many important implications. A strong ruler could attract new tributaries, and would have strong relationships over his existing tributaries. A weaker ruler would find it harder to attract and maintain these relationships. This was put forward as one cause of the sudden rise of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhothai kingdom">Sukhothai</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng the Great">Ramkhamhaeng</a>, for example, and for its almost equally steep decline after his death (Wyatt, 45 and 48). The tributary ruler could repudiate the relationship and seek either a different overlord or complete independence. The system was non-territorial. The overlord was owed allegiance by the tributary ruler, or at most by the tributary's main town, but not by all the people of a particular area. The tributary owner in turn had power either over tributary states further down the scale, or directly over "his" people, wherever they lived. No ruler had authority over unpopulated areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The personal relationship between overlord and subordinate rulers also defined the dynamic of relationship within a mandala. The relations between <a href="/wiki/Dharmasetu" title="Dharmasetu">Dharmasetu</a> of Srivijaya and <a href="/wiki/Samaratungga" title="Samaratungga">Samaratungga</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a>, for instance, defined the succession of this dynastic family. Dharmasetu was the Srivijayan Maharaja overlord, while the house of Sailendra in Java is suggested to be related and was subscribed to Srivijayan mandala domination. After Samaratungga married Princess Tara, the daughter of Dharmasetu, Samaratungga became his successor and the house of Sailendra was promoted to become the dynastic lineage of later Srivijayan kings, and for a century the center of Srivijaya was shifted from Sumatra to Java.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-exclusivity">Non-exclusivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala_(political_model)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Non-exclusivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The overlord-tributary relationship was not necessarily exclusive. A state in border areas might pay tribute to two or three stronger powers. The tributary ruler could then play the stronger powers against one another to minimize interference by either one, while for the major powers the tributaries served as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a> to prevent direct conflict between them. For example, the Malay kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a> earlier were subject to Srivijayan mandala, and in later periods contested by both Ayutthaya mandala in the north and Majapahit mandala in the south, before finally gaining its own gravity during <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala_(political_model)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">Indianisation</a> - mandalas led to Indianisation of Southeast Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit-related_topics" title="List of Sanskrit-related topics">Sanskrit-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">Chakravartin</a> - universal ruler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">Devaraja</a> - Hindu-Buddhist concept of deified royalty in Southeast Asia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a> - mandalas were key components</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a> - expansion of Indianised mandalas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_influences_in_early_Philippine_polities" title="Indian influences in early Philippine polities">Indian influences in early Philippine polities</a> - mandalas of Srivijaya empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Indian maritime history</a> - responsible for spread of mandalas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> - term mandalas originated from Sanskrit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon">Monthon</a> - Siamese system of local administration from 1897 to 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rajamandala</a> - "circle of states" in India from 4th century BC to 2nd century AD</li></ul></li> <li>Similar models elsewhere <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">Fealty</a> – European analogue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a> - similar European concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Homage (feudal)</a> - similar European system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour_(feudal_barony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour (feudal barony)">Honour (feudal barony)</a> - similar 11th and 12th centuries European system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">Metropole</a> - a term for the centre of British Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a> – system of local chiefdoms in southern China</li></ul></li> <li>General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_economy" title="Palace economy">Palace economy</a> - centralized administration methods in antiquity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">Political geography</a> - impact of geography on the politics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">Sacred king</a> - position of kingship carries a sacred meaning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a> – allowing limited self-rule</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomia_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zomia (geography)">Zomia (geography)</a> - a term used for those on the periphery</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala_(political_model)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811005805/http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?AID=1992">"How Maps Made the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson Quarterly">Wilson Quarterly</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011</span>. <q>Source: 'Mapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change' by Jordan Branch, in <i><a href="/wiki/International_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organization">International Organization</a></i>, Volume 65, Issue 1, Winter 2011</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=How+Maps+Made+the+World&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsonquarterly.com%2Farticle.cfm%3FAID%3D1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala+%28political+model%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch,_Jordan_NathanielSteven_Weber2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Branch, Jordan Nathaniel; <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weber_(professor)" title="Steven Weber (professor)">Steven Weber</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gradworks.umi.com/34/69/3469226.html"><i>Mapping the Sovereign State: Cartographic Technology, Political Authority, and Systemic Change</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. pp. 1–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818310000299">10.1017/S0020818310000299</a></span>. Publication Number 3469226. <q><b>Abstract</b>: How did modern territorial states come to replace earlier forms of organization, defined by a wide variety of territorial and non-territorial forms of authority? Answering this question can help to explain both where our international political system came from and where it might be going ...<br />The idea was originally proposed by Stanley J. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29290-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29290-5">0-521-29290-5</a>. Chapter 7, cited in Lieberman, <i>Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context c. 800-1830</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003–2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521804967" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521804967">978-0521804967</a>. P. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722094127/http://www.umich-cseas.org/faculty/biographies/lieberman.htm">"Victor B. Lieberman"</a>. <i>Professor of History, Department of History, appointed 1984</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. February 4, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich-cseas.org/faculty/biographies/lieberman.htm">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Biography)</span> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Historians of Southeast Asia often face problems in using terms drawn from and applicable to European polities and societies to refer to non-European equivalents that do not conform to European models.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Conflicting+conceptions+of+the+state%3A+Siam%2C+France+and+Vietnam+in+the+late+nineteenth+century&rft.volume=JSS+Vol.+82.0&rft.issue=digital&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Stuart-Fox&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1991%2FJSS_082_0l_StuartFox_ConflictingConceptionsOfState.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala+%28political+model%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O.W. Wolters, pp. 142–143 citing Chutintaranond, 1990, pp. 97–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSS_078_1i_Sunait_Mandala-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSS_078_1i_Sunait_Mandala_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunait_Chutintaranond1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sunait Chutintaranond, (Thai: สุเนตร ชุตินธรานนท์) (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_078_1i_SunaitChutintaranond_MandalaSegmentaryStateInMedievalAyudhaya.pdf">"Mandala, Segmentary State and Politics of Centralization in Medieval Ayudhya"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Siam_Society" title="Journal of the Siam Society">Journal of the Siam Society</a></i>. JSS Vol. 78.1i (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Nevertheless, the Ayudhya kings, as they are described in indigenous and foreign records, never successfully eliminated the hegemony of provincial governors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Mandala%2C+Segmentary+State+and+Politics+of+Centralization+in+Medieval+Ayudhya&rft.volume=JSS+Vol.+78.1i&rft.issue=digital&rft.pages=image+11&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Sunait+Chutintaranond&rft.aufirst=%28Thai%3A+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3+%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1981%2FJSS_078_1i_SunaitChutintaranond_MandalaSegmentaryStateInMedievalAyudhaya.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala+%28political+model%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThongchai_Winichakul1994" class="citation book cs1">Thongchai Winichakul (1994). <i>Siam Mapped</i>. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siam+Mapped&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Thongchai+Winichakul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala+%28political+model%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_references">Additional references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala_(political_model)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Additional references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chandler, David. <i>A History of Cambodia</i>. Westview Press, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3511-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3511-6">0-8133-3511-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChutintaranond,_Sunait1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Chutintaranond, Sunait (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_078_1i_SunaitChutintaranond_MandalaSegmentaryStateInMedievalAyudhaya.pdf">"Mandala, Segmentary State and Politics of Centralization in Medieval Ayudhya"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(free)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Siam_Society" title="Journal of the Siam Society">Journal of the Siam Society</a></i>. JSS Vol. 78.1 (digital). Siam Heritage Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2013</span>. <q>... I am interested in the ways in which Kautilya's theory of mandala has been interpreted by historians for the purpose of studying ancient states in South and Southeast Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Mandala%2C+Segmentary+State+and+Politics+of+Centralization+in+Medieval+Ayudhya&rft.volume=JSS+Vol.+78.1&rft.issue=digital&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Chutintaranond%2C+Sunait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1981%2FJSS_078_1i_SunaitChutintaranond_MandalaSegmentaryStateInMedievalAyudhaya.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala+%28political+model%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lieberman, Victor, <i>Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800-1830, Volume 1: Integration on the Mainland</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2003.</li> <li>Stuart-Fox, Martin, <i>The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline</i>, White Lotus, 1998.</li> <li>Tambiah, S. J., <i>World Conqueror and World Renouncer</i>, Cambridge, 1976.</li> <li>Thongchai Winichakul. <i>Siam Mapped</i>. University of Hawaii Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1974-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1974-8">0-8248-1974-8</a></li> <li>Wolters, O.W. <i>History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87727-725-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87727-725-7">0-87727-725-7</a></li> <li>Wolters, O.W. <i>History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Revised Edition, 1999.</li> <li>Wyatt, David. <i>Thailand: A Short History</i> (2nd edition). Yale University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08475-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08475-7">0-300-08475-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala_(political_model)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Political reasons for survey and map making in <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Siam</a> detailed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiblin2008" class="citation book cs1">Giblin, R.W. (2008) [1908]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/twentiethcentury00wrigrich/twentiethcentury00wrigrich.pdf">"Royal Survey Work."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(65.3 MB)</span>. In Wright, Arnold; Breakspear, Oliver T (eds.). <i>Twentieth century impressions of Siam</i>. London&c: Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company. pp. 121–127<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Royal+Survey+Work.&rft.btitle=Twentieth+century+impressions+of+Siam&rft.place=London%26c&rft.pages=121-127&rft.pub=Lloyds+Greater+Britain+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Giblin&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Ftwentiethcentury00wrigrich%2Ftwentiethcentury00wrigrich.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala+%28political+model%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenée_Hagesteijn1989" class="citation cs2">Renée Hagesteijn (1989), <i>Circles of Kings: Political Dynamics in Early Continental Southeast Asia</i>, Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Dordrecht and Providence, RI: Foris Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circles+of+Kings%3A+Political+Dynamics+in+Early+Continental+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Dordrecht+and+Providence%2C+RI&rft.series=Verhandelingen+van+het+Koninklijk+Instituut+voor+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.pub=Foris+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9e+Hagesteijn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala+%28political+model%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Kulke1993" class="citation cs2">Hermann Kulke (1993), <i>Kings and Cults. State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Cults.+State+Formation+and+Legitimation+in+India+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Hermann+Kulke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala+%28political+model%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_J._Tambiah1977" class="citation cs2">Stanley J. Tambiah (1977), "The Galactic Polity. The Structure of Traditional Kingdoms in Southeast Asia", <i>Anthropology and the Climate of Opinion</i>, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 293, no. 1, New York, pp. 69–97, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977NYASA.293...69T">1977NYASA.293...69T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1977.tb41806.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb41806.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84461786">84461786</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+and+the+Climate+of+Opinion&rft.atitle=The+Galactic+Polity.+The+Structure+of+Traditional+Kingdoms+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=293&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-97&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84461786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1977.tb41806.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977NYASA.293...69T&rft.au=Stanley+J.+Tambiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala+%28political+model%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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