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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phoebus cartel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ميثاق فيبوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميثاق فيبوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_Phoebus" title="Картел Phoebus – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Картел Phoebus" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0rtel_Phoebus" title="Càrtel Phoebus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càrtel Phoebus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebuskartell" title="Phoebuskartell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phoebuskartell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Καρτέλ του λαμπτήρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρτέλ του λαμπτήρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1rtel_Phoebus" title="Cártel Phoebus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cártel Phoebus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebus-kartelo" title="Phoebus-kartelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Phoebus-kartelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel_Ph%C5%93bus" title="Cartel Phœbus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cartel Phœbus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%85%94" title="피버스 카르텔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피버스 카르텔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartello_Phoebus" title="Cartello Phoebus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartello Phoebus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebus-kartel" title="Phoebus-kartel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phoebus-kartel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB" title="ポイボス・カルテル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポイボス・カルテル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebus-kartellet" title="Phoebus-kartellet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Phoebus-kartellet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel_Phoebus" title="Cartel Phoebus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartel Phoebus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartelul_Phoebus" title="Cartelul Phoebus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cartelul Phoebus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_Phoebus" title="Картель Phoebus – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картель Phoebus" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebus_cartel" title="Phoebus cartel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phoebus cartel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_Phoebus" title="Картель Phoebus – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картель Phoebus" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cartel to control the manufacture and sale of incandescent light bulbs</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Phoebus cartel</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Internationale Glühlampen Preisvereinigung</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">15 January 1925</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Electrical_Industries" title="Associated Electrical Industries">Associated Electrical Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsram" title="Tungsram">Tungsram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> among others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">1939<span class="noprint">; 85 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1939</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">Cartel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Incandescent light bulbs</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Phoebus cartel</b> was an international <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a> that controlled the manufacture and sale of <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulbs</a> in much of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> between 1925 and 1939. The cartel took over <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> territories and lowered the useful life of such bulbs, which is commonly cited as an example of <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corporations based in Europe and the United States, including <a href="/wiki/Tungsram" title="Tungsram">Tungsram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Electrical_Industries" title="Associated Electrical Industries">Associated Electrical Industries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated</a> the cartel on January 15, 1925 in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <i>Phœbus <a href="/wiki/S.A._(corporation)" title="S.A. (corporation)">S.A.</a> Compagnie Industrielle pour le Développement de l'Éclairage</i> (French for "Phoebus plc Industrial Company for the Development of Lighting"). Although the group had intended the cartel to last for thirty years (1925 to 1955), it ceased operations in 1939 with the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>Following its dissolution, light bulbs continued to be sold at the 1,000-hour life standardized by the cartel. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoebus_cartel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsram" title="Tungsram">Tungsram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Electrical_Industries" title="Associated Electrical Industries">Associated Electrical Industries</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ELIN (page does not exist)">ELIN</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIN" class="extiw" title="de:ELIN">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_des_Lampes" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnie des Lampes">Compagnie des Lampes</a>, International <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, and the GE Overseas Group created and joined the Phoebus cartel,<sup id="cite_ref-Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> holding shares in the Swiss corporation proportional to their lamp sales. </p><p>Osram founded a precursor organisation in 1921, the <i>Internationale Glühlampen Preisvereinigung</i>. When Philips and other manufacturers entered the American market, General Electric reacted by setting up the "International General Electric Company" in Paris. Both organisations co-ordinated the trading of patents and <a href="/wiki/Market_penetration" title="Market penetration">market penetration</a>. Increasing international competition led to negotiations among all the major companies to control and restrict their respective activities in order not to interfere in each other's spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ieee-bulb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-bulb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Phoebus cartel's compact was intended to expire in 1955, but it was instead nullified in 1940 after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> made coordination among the members impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee-bulb_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-bulb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoebus_cartel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cartel lowered operational costs and worked to standardize the life expectancy of light bulbs at 1,000 hours<sup id="cite_ref-ieee-bulb_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-bulb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (down from 2,500 hours),<sup id="cite_ref-ieee-bulb_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-bulb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while raising prices without fear of competition. The reduction in lifespan has been cited as an example of <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulators in the UK and some independent engineers have noted that there are benefits to shorter bulb lifespans, as shorter-life bulbs can be brighter for the same wattage.<sup id="cite_ref-ukbsi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukbsi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, both internal comments from cartel executives<sup id="cite_ref-ieee-bulb_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-bulb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later findings by a US court<sup id="cite_ref-USvGE-1949_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USvGE-1949-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggest that the cartel's direct motivation for the change was to increase profits by forcing customers to buy bulbs more frequently. </p><p>The cartel tested their bulbs and fined manufacturers for bulbs that lasted more than 1,000 hours. A 1929 table listed the amount of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_francs" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss francs">Swiss francs</a> paid that depended on the exceeding hours of lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anton Philips, head of Philips, said to another cartel executive, "After the very strenuous efforts we made to emerge from a period of long life lamps, it is of the greatest importance that we do not sink back into the same mire by paying no attention to voltages and supplying lamps that will have a very prolonged life."<sup id="cite_ref-ieee-bulb_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-bulb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Monopolies_and_Restrictive_Practices_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Commission">Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Commission</a> in the United Kingdom issued a report to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>, which disputed the idea that the Phoebus cartel engaged in planned obsolescence, stating that "there can be no absolutely right life [of light bulbs] for the many varying circumstances to be found among the consumers in any given country, so that any standard life must always represent a compromise between conflicting factors".<sup id="cite_ref-ukbsi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukbsi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" title="United States District Court for the District of New Jersey">United States District Court for the District of New Jersey</a> found <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> to have violated the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Anti-Trust_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Anti-Trust Act">Sherman Anti-Trust Act</a>, in part because of their activities as part of the Phoebus Cartel. As part of the decision, while acknowledging that "it should be borne in mind that the life of a lamp is inextricably related to the power of its light", it nonetheless found that because of General Electric's dominant industry position and lack of competition it had the power to determine bulb lifespan across the entire industry, and that General Electric's main consideration in setting the lifespans of bulbs was profit. The court used this as one of the factors for ultimately determining that General Electric had violated the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-USvGE-1949_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USvGE-1949-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoebus_cartel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a></i> (1973), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a> wrote about "Byron the Bulb", an anthropomorphic eternal lightbulb who fights against the Phoebus Cartel. Pynchon's novel has been credited with bringing the Phoebus Cartel to the public eye.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoebus_cartel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Light" title="Centennial Light">Centennial Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_Bulb_Conspiracy" title="The Light Bulb Conspiracy">The Light Bulb Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoebus_cartel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2016" class="citation news cs1">MacKinnon, J. B. (14 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/the-l-e-d-quandary-why-theres-no-such-thing-as-built-to-last">"The L.E.D. Quandary: Why There's No Such Thing as "Built to Last"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114154744/https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/the-l-e-d-quandary-why-theres-no-such-thing-as-built-to-last">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+L.E.D.+Quandary%3A+Why+There%27s+No+Such+Thing+as+%22Built+to+Last%22&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbusiness%2Fcurrency%2Fthe-l-e-d-quandary-why-theres-no-such-thing-as-built-to-last&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoebus+cartel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metze, Marcel "Anton Philips (1874-1951). They will know who they're dealing with", Uitgeverij Balans, Amsterdam, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90%2B5018%2B612%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/90+5018+612+2">90 5018 612 2</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metze-research.com/tekst/Anton%20Philips%20summary.pdf">Summary)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123349/http://www.metze-research.com/tekst/Anton%20Philips%20summary.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Feuille officielle suisse du commerce</i>. Berne. 7 February 1925. p. 216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feuille+officielle+suisse+du+commerce&rft.place=Berne&rft.pages=216&rft.date=1925-02-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoebus+cartel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090801214915/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803625,00.html">"Corporations: A Very Tough Baby"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time Magazine</a>. 23 July 1945. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803625,00.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Corporations%3A+A+Very+Tough+Baby&rft.date=1945-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C803625%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoebus+cartel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJürgen_Bönig1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jürgen Bönig (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FiukcQvB1kC&pg=PA277"><i>Die Einführung von Fliessbandarbeit in Deutschland bis 1933</i></a> (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3894731117" title="Special:BookSources/3894731117"><bdi>3894731117</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701221056/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8FiukcQvB1kC&pg=PA277&lpg=PA277">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Einf%C3%BChrung+von+Fliessbandarbeit+in+Deutschland+bis+1933&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3894731117&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+B%C3%B6nig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FiukcQvB1kC%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoebus+cartel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee-bulb-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ieee-bulb_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee-bulb_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee-bulb_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee-bulb_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee-bulb_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee-bulb_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus_Krajewski2014" class="citation journal cs1">Markus Krajewski (24 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-great-lightbulb-conspiracy">"The Great Lightbulb Conspiracy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029040239/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/the-great-lightbulb-conspiracy">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=The+Great+Lightbulb+Conspiracy&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.au=Markus+Krajewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fthe-great-lightbulb-conspiracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoebus+cartel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/581999/EPRS_BRI(2016)581999_EN.pdf">Briefing. Planned obsolescence: Exploring the issue</a> europa.eu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukbsi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ukbsi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukbsi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonopolies_and_Restrictive_Practices_Commission1951" class="citation book cs1">Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Commission (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/235313/0287.pdf"><i>Report on the Supply of Electric Lamps</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/010518487X" title="Special:BookSources/010518487X"><bdi>010518487X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905125524/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/235313/0287.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Supply+of+Electric+Lamps&rft.place=London&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=010518487X&rft.au=Monopolies+and+Restrictive+Practices+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F235313%2F0287.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoebus+cartel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suomenkuvalehti.fi/jutut/kotimaa/hehkulampussa-ja-ledissa-sama-ongelma-lampo">Hehkulampussa ja ledissä sama ongelma: lämpö</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015135444/http://suomenkuvalehti.fi/jutut/kotimaa/hehkulampussa-ja-ledissa-sama-ongelma-lampo">Archived</a> 2011-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suomen_Kuvalehti" title="Suomen Kuvalehti">Suomen Kuvalehti</a> 13.10.2011, an interview of research scientist, D.Sc. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eino_Tetri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eino Tetri (page does not exist)">Eino Tetri</a>, Leader of the Light Sources and Energy Group in <a href="/wiki/Aalto_University" title="Aalto University">Aalto University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USvGE-1949-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USvGE-1949_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USvGE-1949_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>United States v. General Electric Co. et al.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/82/753/1755675/">82 F.Supp. 753</a> (D.N.J. 1949).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeretti2014" class="citation web cs1">Peretti, Jacques (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01zxm9b">"The Men Who Made Us Spend, Episode 1"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707001537/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01zxm9b">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Men+Who+Made+Us+Spend%2C+Episode+1&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Peretti&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp01zxm9b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoebus+cartel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-story-behind-the-story-behind-the-great-lightbulb-conspiracy">"The Story Behind the Story Behind "The Great Lightbulb Conspiracy" - IEEE Spectrum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+Behind+the+Story+Behind+%22The+Great+Lightbulb+Conspiracy%22+-+IEEE+Spectrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fthe-story-behind-the-story-behind-the-great-lightbulb-conspiracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoebus+cartel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/transcripts/707382853">"The Phoebus Cartel : Planet Money"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208112314/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/707382853">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=The+Phoebus+Cartel+%3A+Planet+Money&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftranscripts%2F707382853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoebus+cartel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoebus_cartel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2002" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Wyatt C. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antitrustformati0000well"><i>Antitrust and the Formation of the Postwar World</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12398-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12398-1"><bdi>0-231-12398-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antitrust+and+the+Formation+of+the+Postwar+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-231-12398-1&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Wyatt+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantitrustformati0000well&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoebus+cartel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoebus_cartel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Patrick Gaughen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050204082354/http://www.andover.edu/aep/papers/610/pgaughen98.pdf">"Structural Inefficiency in the Early Twentieth Century: Studies in the Aluminum and Incandescent Lamp Markets"</a> Social Science 610, December, 1998, 36 pp.</li> <li>U K Monopolies Commission <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120119163804/http:/www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1950_1959/003lamp.htm">"Report on the Supply of Electric Lamps"</a>, His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, October 1951, v + 199 pp.</li> <li>Markus Krajewski <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-great-lightbulb-conspiracy">"The Great Lightbulb Conspiracy"</a> IEEE Spectrum, September, 2014.</li> <li>Cosima Dannoritzer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWJC5ieUAe4">"The Light Bulb Conspiracy - Extended Video Version"</a> New World News Network, August 8, 2016</li> <li>Planet Money Podcast <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2019/03/27/707388981">"Episode 902: The Phoebus Cartel"</a> npr.org, 27 March 2019</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philips" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions and<br />subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Consumer_Lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Consumer Lifestyle">Philips Consumer Lifestyle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saeco" title="Saeco">Saeco</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philips Healthcare <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Avent" title="Philips Avent">Philips Avent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respironics" title="Respironics">Respironics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Goldway_Industrial" title="Shenzhen Goldway Industrial">Shenzhen Goldway Industrial</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corporate Technologies</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Former and<br />defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquavista" title="Liquavista">Liquavista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnavox" title="Magnavox">Magnavox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors" title="NXP Semiconductors">NXP Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signify_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signify (company)">Philips Lighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Lumileds_Lighting_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Lumileds Lighting Company">Philips Lumileds Lighting Company</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Natuurkundig_Laboratorium" title="Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium">Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_Records" title="Fontana Records">Fontana Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Classics_Records" title="Philips Classics Records">Philips Classics Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Records" title="Philips Records">Philips Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolyGram_Entertainment" title="PolyGram Entertainment">PolyGram Filmed Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo_Records" title="Vertigo Records">Vertigo Records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint ventures and<br />shareholdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors" title="NXP Semiconductors">NXP Semiconductors</a> <small>(19.9%)</small></li> <li>Philips-Neusoft Medical Systems <small>(51%)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Former and<br />defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASML_Holding" title="ASML Holding">ASML Holding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Television_Systems_Inc." title="Broadcast Television Systems Inc.">Broadcast Television Systems Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig" title="Grundig">Grundig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG.Philips_Displays" title="LG.Philips Displays">LG.Philips Displays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG.Philips_LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LG.Philips LCD">LG.Philips LCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantz" title="Marantz">Marantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navteq" title="Navteq">Navteq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Unified_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Unified Solutions">NEC Philips Unified Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Consumer_Communications" title="Philips Consumer Communications">Philips Consumer Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP_Vision" title="TP Vision">TP Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSMC" title="TSMC">TSMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_on_Silicon_Manufacturing" title="Systems on Silicon Manufacturing">SSMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumileds" title="Lumileds">Lumileds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands, <a href="/wiki/Category:Philips_products" title="Category:Philips products">products</a> <br /> and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambilight" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambilight">Ambilight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Hue" title="Philips Hue">Hue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Norelco" title="Philips Norelco">Norelco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Cinema_21:9_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Cinema 21:9 TV">Philips Cinema 21:9 TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_GoGear" title="Philips GoGear">Philips GoGear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Intimate_Massager" title="Philips Intimate Massager">Philips Intimate Massager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senseo" title="Senseo">Senseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShoqBox" title="ShoqBox">ShoqBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonicare" title="Sonicare">Sonicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamium" title="Streamium">Streamium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimension" title="Trimension">Trimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Content_Protection_System" title="Video Content Protection System">Video Content Protection System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Videopac" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Videopac">Philips Videopac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_2000" title="Video 2000">Video 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_P2000" title="Philips P2000">P2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_VG5000" title="Philips VG5000">VG5000μ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_VG_8000" title="Philips VG 8000">VG-8000</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philips_VG_8000#Philips_VG_8010" title="Philips VG 8000">8010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_VG-8020" title="Philips VG-8020">VG-8020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_:YES" title="Philips :YES">Philips :YES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_VideoWriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips VideoWriter">Philips VideoWriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_VG-8230" title="Philips VG-8230">VG-8230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_VG-8235" title="Philips VG-8235">VG-8235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_NMS_8220" title="Philips NMS 8220">NMS 8220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_NMS_8245" title="Philips NMS 8245">NMS 8245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMS-8250" title="NMS-8250">NMS 8250/8255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_NMS_8280" title="Philips NMS 8280">NMS 8280</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">Philips CD-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Velo" title="Philips Velo">Philips Velo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Nino" title="Philips Nino">Philips Nino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philishave" title="Philishave">Philishave</a></li> <li>SpeechMagic</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cor_Boonstra" title="Cor Boonstra">Cor Boonstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_van_Houten" title="Frans van Houten">Frans van Houten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Philips" title="Anton Philips">Anton Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Philips" title="Gerard Philips">Gerard Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Philips" title="Frits Philips">Frits Philips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evoluon" title="Evoluon">Evoluon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tech_Campus_Eindhoven" title="High Tech Campus Eindhoven">High Tech Campus Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Arena">Philips Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Stadion" title="Philips Stadion">Philips Stadion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(advertisement)" title="Carousel (advertisement)">Carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI_Licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="HDMI Licensing">HDMI Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Lecture" title="Philips Lecture">Philips Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Sports_Manager_of_the_Year" title="Philips Sports Manager of the Year">Philips Sports Manager of the Year</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoebus cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Computers" title="Philips Computers">Philips Computers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philips" title="Category:Philips">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philips" title="Category:Philips">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Siemens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Siemens" title="Template:Siemens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Siemens" title="Template talk:Siemens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Siemens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Siemens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Siemens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Divisions and<br />subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Digital_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens Digital Industries">Digital Industries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Digital_Industries_Software" title="Siemens Digital Industries Software">Siemens Digital Industries Software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Smart_Infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens Smart Infrastructure">Smart Infrastructure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Building_Technologies" title="Siemens Building Technologies">Siemens Building Technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Mobility" title="Siemens Mobility">Siemens Mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Financial_Services" title="Siemens Financial Services">Siemens Financial Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Healthineers" title="Siemens Healthineers">Siemens Healthineers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varian_Medical_Systems" title="Varian Medical Systems">Varian Medical Systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Former &<br />defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._A._Parsons_and_Company" title="C. A. Parsons and Company">C. A. Parsons and Company</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispolok" title="Dispolok">Dispolok</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duewag" title="Duewag">Duewag</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios_AG" title="Helios AG">Helios</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infineon_Technologies" title="Infineon Technologies">Infineon Technologies</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentor_Graphics" title="Mentor Graphics">Mentor Graphics</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roke_Manor_Research" title="Roke Manor Research">Roke Manor Research</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROLM" title="ROLM">ROLM</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Communications" title="Siemens Communications">Siemens Communications</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematic" title="Dematic">Siemens Dematic</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigaset_Communications" title="Gigaset Communications">Siemens Home & Office Communication Devices</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Hearing_Instruments" title="Siemens Hearing Instruments">Siemens Hearing Instruments</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atos_Information_Technology_Incorporated" title="Atos Information Technology Incorporated">Siemens IT Solutions & Services</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Mobile" title="Siemens Mobile">Siemens Mobile</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primetals_Technologies" title="Primetals Technologies">Siemens VAI</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Nixdorf" title="Siemens Nixdorf">Siemens Nixdorf</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Plessey" title="Siemens Plessey">Siemens Plessey</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDO_(company)" title="VDO (company)">Siemens VDO</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincor_Nixdorf" title="Wincor Nixdorf">Wincor Nixdorf</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Energy" title="Siemens Energy">Siemens Energy</a><sup>2</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Energy_Sector" title="Siemens Energy Sector">Energy Sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Gamesa" title="Siemens Gamesa">Siemens Gamesa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Joint ventures &<br />investments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atos" title="Atos">Atos</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15%)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Former &<br />defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A2SEA" title="A2SEA">A2SEA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(49%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framatome" title="Framatome">Areva NP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(34%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiiN" title="BiiN">BiiN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSH_Hausger%C3%A4te" title="BSH Hausgeräte">BSH Bosch & Siemens Home Appliances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaggenau_Hausger%C3%A4te" title="Gaggenau Hausgeräte">Gaggenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructa-Neff" title="Constructa-Neff">NEFF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurotrain" title="Eurotrain">Eurotrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computers" title="Fujitsu Siemens Computers">Fujitsu Siemens Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KraussMaffei" title="KraussMaffei">KraussMaffei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Networks" title="Nokia Networks">Nokia Siemens Networks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(49.9%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a><sup>2</sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(50%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDK_Electronics" title="TDK Electronics">Siemens Matsushita Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unify_(company)" title="Unify (company)">Unify</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(49%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primetals_Technologies" title="Primetals Technologies">Primetals Technologies</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Shanghai_Metro_Group" title="German Shanghai Metro Group">German Shanghai Metro Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_%26_Halske" title="Siemens & Halske">Siemens & Halske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens-Schuckert" title="Siemens-Schuckert">Siemens-Schuckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Communications#History" title="Siemens Communications">Siemens-Reiniger-Werke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Siemens_products" title="List of Siemens products">Products</a>,<br />services &<br />projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FINEX_(steelmaking_process)" title="FINEX (steelmaking process)">FINEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Siemens_locomotives" title="Category:Siemens locomotives">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Siemens_multiple_units" title="Category:Siemens multiple units">Multiple units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Modular_Metro" title="Siemens Modular Metro">Siemens Modular Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Inspiro" title="Siemens Inspiro">Siemens Inspiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Desiro" title="Siemens Desiro">Siemens Desiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_SP260D" title="Siemens SP260D">Siemens SP260D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_SP90G" title="Siemens SP90G">Siemens SP90G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Velaro" title="Siemens Velaro">Siemens Velaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simatic" title="Simatic">Simatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Siemens_software_products" title="Category:Siemens software products">Software products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Siemens_tram_vehicles" title="Category:Siemens tram vehicles">Tram vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Siemens_Mobility_projects" title="Category:Siemens Mobility projects">Mobility projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektrische_Viktoria" title="Elektrische Viktoria">Elektrische Viktoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Siemens_mobile_phones" title="Category:Siemens mobile phones">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMpad" title="SIMpad">SIMpad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Busch" title="Roland Busch">Roland Busch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Feldenkirchen" title="Wilfried Feldenkirchen">Wilfried Feldenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Kaske" title="Karlheinz Kaske">Karlheinz Kaske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kleinfeld" title="Klaus Kleinfeld">Klaus Kleinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L%C3%B6scher" title="Peter Löscher">Peter Löscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Plettner" title="Bernhard Plettner">Bernhard Plettner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Pierer" title="Heinrich von Pierer">Heinrich von Pierer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rabe" title="John Rabe">John Rabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Reid-Anderson" title="Jim Reid-Anderson">Jim Reid-Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Reinhardt" title="Erich Reinhardt">Erich Reinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Siemens" title="Ernst von Siemens">Ernst von Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Siemens" title="Carl Friedrich von Siemens">Carl Friedrich von Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_von_Siemens" title="Carl Heinrich von Siemens">Carl Heinrich von Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Siemens" title="Hermann von Siemens">Hermann von Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_von_Siemens" title="Georg Wilhelm von Siemens">Georg Wilhelm von Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemens" title="Carl Wilhelm Siemens">Carl Wilhelm Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Tacke" title="Gerd Tacke">Gerd Tacke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fsiedlung_Siemensstadt" title="Großsiedlung Siemensstadt">Großsiedlung Siemensstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_Kings_Heath_Siemens_Depot" title="Northampton Kings Heath Siemens Depot">Northampton Kings Heath Siemens Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Goole" title="Siemens Goole">Siemens Goole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemensstadt" title="Siemensstadt">Siemensstadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoebus cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Competition" title="Siemens Competition">Siemens Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Foundation" title="Siemens Foundation">Siemens Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hague_Open" title="The Hague Open">Siemens Open</a></li> <li>Siemens scandals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_scandal" title="Siemens scandal">Japan, 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Greek_bribery_scandal" title="Siemens Greek bribery scandal">Greece, 2008</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_and_unions" title="Siemens and unions">Siemens and unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens_Ring" title="Werner von Siemens Ring">Werner von Siemens Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Siemens_products" title="List of Siemens products">List of Siemens products</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup><i>Now integrated into other Siemens divisions or business groupings</i></li> <li><sup>2</sup><i>Sold</i></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Siemens" title="Category:Siemens">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Siemens" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Siemens">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="General_Electric_Company" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:General_Electric_Company" title="Template:General Electric Company"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:General_Electric_Company" title="Template talk:General Electric Company"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:General_Electric_Company" title="Special:EditPage/Template:General Electric Company"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="General_Electric_Company" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company" title="General Electric Company">General Electric Company</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former subsidiaries<br />and divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC_Computers" title="GEC Computers">GEC Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC Research">GEC Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC_Traction" title="GEC Traction">GEC Traction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirst_Research_Centre" title="Hirst Research Centre">Hirst Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Electronic_Systems" title="Marconi Electronic Systems">Marconi Electronic Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Instruments" title="Marconi Instruments">Marconi Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi-Osram_Valve" title="Marconi-Osram Valve">Marconi-Osram Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Research_Centre" title="Marconi Research Centre">Marconi Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering" title="Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering">Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alenia_Marconi_Systems" title="Alenia Marconi Systems">Alenia Marconi Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">GEC Alsthom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC_Plessey_Telecommunications" title="GEC Plessey Telecommunications">GEC Plessey Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matra_Marconi_Space" title="Matra Marconi Space">Matra Marconi Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_Marconi_Sonar" title="Thomson Marconi Sonar">Thomson Marconi Sonar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors<br />and acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A.B._Dick_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="A.B. Dick Company">A.B. Dick Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Electrical_Industries" title="Associated Electrical Industries">Associated Electrical Industries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birlec" title="Birlec">Birlec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Thomson-Houston" title="British Thomson-Houston">British Thomson-Houston</a> (BTH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_and_Swan_Electric_Light_Company" title="Edison and Swan Electric Light Company">Edison Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotpoint" title="Hotpoint">Hotpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers" title="Metropolitan-Vickers">Metropolitan-Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Brothers" title="Siemens Brothers">Siemens Brothers & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Henley" title="William Thomas Henley">William Thomas Henley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick,_Kerr_%26_Co." title="Dick, Kerr & Co.">Dick, Kerr & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Brothers_(computer_company)" title="Elliott Brothers (computer company)">Elliott Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson_and_Hawthorns" title="Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns">Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruston_%26_Hornsby" title="Ruston & Hornsby">Ruston & Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Foundry" title="Vulcan Foundry">Vulcan Foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willans_%26_Robinson" title="Willans & Robinson">Willans & Robinson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbarco_Veeder-Root" title="Gilbarco Veeder-Root">Gilbarco Veeder-Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_%26_Allied_Industries" title="Radio & Allied Industries">Radio & Allied Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracor" title="Tracor">Tracor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_%26_T_Avery" title="W & T Avery">W & T Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarrow_Shipbuilders" title="Yarrow Shipbuilders">Yarrow Shipbuilders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Communications" title="Marconi Communications">Marconi Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telent" title="Telent">Telent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unify_(company)" title="Unify (company)">Unify</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC_2050" title="GEC 2050">GEC 2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC_4000_series" title="GEC 4000 series">GEC 4000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC_Series_63" title="GEC Series 63">GEC Series 63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS4000" title="OS4000">OS4000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locomotives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_91" title="British Rail Class 91">British Rail Class 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC_Stephenson_locomotive" title="GEC Stephenson locomotive">GEC Stephenson locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Class_4E" title="South African Class 4E">South African Class 4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Class_9E,_Series_1" title="South African Class 9E, Series 1">South African Class 9E, Series 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Class_9E,_Series_2" title="South African Class 9E, Series 2">South African Class 9E, Series 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Class_10E1,_Series_1" title="South African Class 10E1, Series 1">South African Class 10E1, Series 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Class_10E1,_Series_2" title="South African Class 10E1, Series 2">South African Class 10E1, Series 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Hilsum" title="Cyril Hilsum">Cyril Hilsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Hirst,_1st_Baron_Hirst" title="Hugo Hirst, 1st Baron Hirst">Hugo Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Simpson,_Baron_Simpson_of_Dunkeld" title="George Simpson, Baron Simpson of Dunkeld">George Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sixsmith" title="Martin Sixsmith">Martin Sixsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sobell" title="Michael Sobell">Michael Sobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Weinstock" title="Arnold Weinstock">Arnold Weinstock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory" title="GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory">GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoebus cartel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:General_Electric_Company" title="Category:General Electric Company"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:General_Electric_Company_plc" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:General Electric Company plc"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="General_Electric" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:General_Electric" title="Template:General Electric"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:General_Electric" title="Template talk:General Electric"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:General_Electric" title="Special:EditPage/Template:General Electric"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="General_Electric" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor companies*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace" title="GE Aerospace">GE Aerospace</a> (legal successor of GE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_HealthCare" title="GE HealthCare">GE HealthCare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Vernova" title="GE Vernova">GE Vernova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Electric_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/General_Electric_logo.svg/90px-General_Electric_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/General_Electric_logo.svg/135px-General_Electric_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/General_Electric_logo.svg/180px-General_Electric_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former subsidiaries<br />and divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Guarantee_Corporation" title="Australian Guarantee Corporation">Australian Guarantee Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_General_Electric" title="Canadian General Electric">Canadian General Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnia_Generale_di_Elettricit%C3%A0" title="Compagnia Generale di Elettricità">Compagnia Generale di Elettricità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Lighting_Solutions" title="Current Lighting Solutions">Current, powered by GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Bond_and_Share_Company" title="Electric Bond and Share Company">Electric Bond and Share Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Additive" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Additive">GE Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace_(1960s)" title="GE Aerospace (1960s)">GE Aerospace (1960s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES_Americom" title="SES Americom">GE Americom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Appliances" title="GE Appliances">GE Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Automation_%26_Controls" title="GE Automation & Controls">GE Automation & Controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace" title="GE Aerospace">GE Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aviation_Systems" title="GE Aviation Systems">GE Aviation Systems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Betz" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Betz">GE Betz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Capital" title="GE Capital">GE Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Capital_Aviation_Services" title="GE Capital Aviation Services">GE Capital Aviation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Capital_IT_Solutions" title="GE Capital IT Solutions">GE Capital IT Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Capital_Rail_Services" title="GE Capital Rail Services">GE Capital Rail Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Commercial_Finance" title="GE Commercial Finance">GE Commercial Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Digital" title="GE Digital">GE Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Energy">GE Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Equipment_Services" title="GE Equipment Services">GE Equipment Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_HealthCare" title="GE HealthCare">GE HealthCare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Home_%26_Business_Solutions" title="GE Home & Business Solutions">GE Home & Business Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Industrial" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Industrial">GE Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Infrastructure" title="GE Infrastructure">GE Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Jenbacher" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Jenbacher">GE Jenbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Lighting" title="GE Lighting">GE Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Measurement_%26_Control" title="GE Measurement & Control">GE Measurement & Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Oil_%26_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Oil & Gas">GE Oil & Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Renewable_Energy" title="GE Renewable Energy">GE Renewable Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Research">GE Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LM_Wind_Power" title="LM Wind Power">LM Wind Power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Security" title="GE Security">GE Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Transportation" title="GE Transportation">GE Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waukesha_Engine" title="Waukesha Engine">GE Waukesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Wind" title="GE Wind">GE Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Partners" title="Canaan Partners">GE Venture Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Ventures" title="GE Ventures">GE Ventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GECIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GECIS">GECIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GXS_Inc." title="GXS Inc.">GEIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Lease" title="Genesis Lease">Genesis Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genpact" title="Genpact">Genpact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genworth_Financial" title="Genworth Financial">Genworth Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Ward" title="Montgomery Ward">Montgomery Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrony_Financial" title="Synchrony Financial">Synchrony Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsram" title="Tungsram">Tungsram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nuclear_Corporation" title="United Nuclear Corporation">United Nuclear Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Construction_Company" title="Utah Construction Company">Utah Construction Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whatman_plc" title="Whatman plc">Whatman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_General_Electric" title="List of assets owned by General Electric">Joint ventures/<br /> shareholdings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Current**</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a> (30%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFM_International" title="CFM International">CFM International</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_Alliance" title="Engine Alliance">Engine Alliance</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Hitachi_Nuclear_Energy" title="GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy">GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy</a> (60%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Honda_Aero_Engines" title="GE Honda Aero Engines">GE Honda Aero Engines</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProlecGE" title="ProlecGE">ProlecGE</a> (49.99%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBS_GB" title="TBS GB">TBS GB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alco-GE" title="Alco-GE">Alco-GE</a> (1940–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> (1926–30, 1986–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> (2004–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penske_Truck_Leasing" title="Penske Truck Leasing">Penske Truck Leasing</a> (15.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabtec" title="Wabtec">Wabtec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products<br />and brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace#Products" title="GE Aerospace">Aircraft engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Comprehensive_Operating_System" title="General Comprehensive Operating System">General Comprehensive Operating System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEnie" title="GEnie">GEnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GE_locomotives" title="List of GE locomotives">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazda_(light_bulb)" title="Mazda (light bulb)">Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GE_reciprocating_engines" title="List of GE reciprocating engines">Reciprocating engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivection_oven" title="Trivection oven">Trivection oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsram" title="Tungsram">Tungsram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:General_Electric_people" title="Category:General Electric people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Coffin" title="Charles A. Coffin">Charles A. Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_J._Houston" title="Edwin J. Houston">Edwin J. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Immelt" title="Jeff Immelt">Jeff Immelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Welch" title="Jack Welch">Jack Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Wright" title="Bob Wright">Bob Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Outside directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cash_Jr." title="James Cash Jr.">James Cash Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Flannery" title="John L. Flannery">John L. Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_M._Fudge" title="Ann M. Fudge">Ann M. Fudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Hockfield" title="Susan Hockfield">Susan Hockfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jung" title="Andrea Jung">Andrea Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochelle_Lazarus" title="Rochelle Lazarus">Rochelle Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Sam Nunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penske" title="Roger Penske">Roger Penske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Silva" title="Vera Silva">Vera Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Warner_III" title="Douglas A. Warner III">Douglas A. Warner III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places and<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/30_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="30 Rockefeller Plaza">GE Building (30 Rockefeller Plaza)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Building" title="General Electric Building">GE Building (570 Lexington Avenue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nela_Park" title="Nela Park">Nela Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Realty_Plot" title="General Electric Realty Plot">Realty Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Research_Laboratory" title="General Electric Research Laboratory">Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Works" title="River Works">River Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Specialty_Control_Plant" title="General Electric Specialty Control Plant">Specialty Control Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Switchgear_Plant" title="General Electric Switchgear Plant">Switchgear Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Welch_Technology_Centre" title="John F. Welch Technology Centre">Welch Technology Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sponsorship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney%27s_Carousel_of_Progress" title="Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress">Carousel of Progress</a> (1964–65, 1967–73, 1975–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizons_(Epcot)" title="Horizons (Epcot)">Horizons at Epcot</a> (1983–93)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/GE_True" title="GE True">GE True</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_General_Electric_Concert" title="The General Electric Concert">The General Electric Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_EdgeLab" title="General Electric EdgeLab">General Electric EdgeLab</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Theater" title="General Electric Theater">General Electric Theater</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Imaging" title="General Imaging">General Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGEI" title="KGEI">KGEI</a></li> <li>Litigation <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Chakrabarty" title="Diamond v. Chakrabarty">Diamond v. Chakrabarty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._General_Electric_Co." title="United States v. General Electric Co.">United States v. General Electric Co.</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoebus cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson-Houston_Electric_Company" title="Thomson-Houston Electric Company">Thomson-Houston Electric Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_General_Electric" title="Timeline of General Electric">Timeline</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Bring_Good_Things_to_Life" title="We Bring Good Things to Life">We Bring Good Things to Life</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>* Following corporate split-up from 2023 to 2024</li> <li>** Joint ventures before corporate split-up from 2023 to 2024</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:GE_Aerospace" title="Template:GE Aerospace">GE Aerospace template</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:General_Electric" title="Category:General Electric">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:General_Electric" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:General Electric">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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