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Liverpool and Manchester Railway - Wikipedia
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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survey_and_authorisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survey_and_authorisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Survey and authorisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survey_and_authorisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cable_or_locomotive_haulage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cable_or_locomotive_haulage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Cable or locomotive haulage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cable_or_locomotive_haulage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_track" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_track"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Double track</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_track-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Opening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signalling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signalling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Signalling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signalling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern line</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_line-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern line subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electrification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Electrification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordsall_Chord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordsall_Chord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ordsall Chord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordsall_Chord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheilffordd_Lerpwl_a_Manceinion" title="Rheilffordd Lerpwl a Manceinion – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rheilffordd Lerpwl a Manceinion" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool-Manchester_Jernbane" title="Liverpool-Manchester Jernbane – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Liverpool-Manchester Jernbane" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocarril_de_Liverpool_y_M%C3%A1nchester" title="Ferrocarril de Liverpool y Mánchester – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ferrocarril de Liverpool y Mánchester" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fervojo_Liverpool-Manchester" title="Fervojo Liverpool-Manchester – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fervojo Liverpool-Manchester" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester-Liverpool_burdinbidea" title="Manchester-Liverpool burdinbidea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Manchester-Liverpool burdinbidea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%84%ED%92%80-%EB%A7%A8%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84" title="리버풀-맨체스터 철도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리버풀-맨체스터 철도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalur_kereta_api_Liverpool_dan_Manchester" title="Jalur kereta api Liverpool dan Manchester – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jalur kereta api Liverpool dan Manchester" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%97%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E9%89%84%E9%81%93" title="リヴァプール・アンド・マンチェスター鉄道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リヴァプール・アンド・マンチェスター鉄道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%E2%80%94_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Железная дорога Ливерпуль — Манчестер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железная дорога Ливерпуль — Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_ve_Manchester_demiryolu" title="Liverpool ve Manchester demiryolu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Liverpool ve Manchester demiryolu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%E2%80%94_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Залізниця Ліверпуль — Манчестер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізниця Ліверпуль — Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%A6%E5%92%8C%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="利物浦和曼徹斯特鐵路 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利物浦和曼徹斯特鐵路" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1398696#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Railway in England (1830–1845)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical railway. For the current line from Liverpool to Manchester, see <a href="/wiki/Liverpool%E2%80%93Manchester_lines" title="Liverpool–Manchester lines">Liverpool–Manchester lines</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Opening_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg/250px-Opening_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Opening_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg/375px-Opening_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Opening_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg/500px-Opening_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="599" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A lithograph of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway crossing the Bridgewater Canal at Patricroft, by A. B. Clayton.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locale</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">1830–1845</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway" title="Grand Junction Railway">Grand Junction Railway</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Technical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">31 miles (50 km)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249493202">.mw-parser-output .RMbox{box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 5px 0 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;margin-right:5px;white-space:nowrap"><ul class="navbar-brackets" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Template:Liverpool and Manchester Railway"><abbr title="View this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Template talk:Liverpool and Manchester Railway"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liverpool and Manchester Railway"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="margin-left:55px"><div style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:55px;font-size:113.63636363636%">Liverpool and<br />Manchester Railway</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"><div class="selfreference noprint" style="text-align:right;font-size:97%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend" title="Template:Railway line legend">Legend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border-bottom: 5px solid var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);padding:3px 5px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:#252525;background:#EEEEEE"><div style="margin:0;font-size:113.63636363636%">1830–1845</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="numN075"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BSicon_numN075.svg/20px-BSicon_numN075.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BSicon_numN075.svg/30px-BSicon_numN075.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BSicon_numN075.svg/40px-BSicon_numN075.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><b>Liverpool</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KDSTa; ldBHF~L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_ldBHF~L.svg/10px-BSicon_ldBHF~L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_ldBHF~L.svg/15px-BSicon_ldBHF~L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_ldBHF~L.svg/20px-BSicon_ldBHF~L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KDSTa; ldBHF~L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_KDSTa.svg/20px-BSicon_KDSTa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_KDSTa.svg/30px-BSicon_KDSTa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_KDSTa.svg/40px-BSicon_KDSTa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Street_railway_station" title="Crown Street railway station">Crown Street</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tSTRa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BSicon_tSTRa.svg/20px-BSicon_tSTRa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BSicon_tSTRa.svg/30px-BSicon_tSTRa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BSicon_tSTRa.svg/40px-BSicon_tSTRa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Crown Street Tunnel & incline</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tSTR; LOCK3u"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/BSicon_LOCK3u.svg/20px-BSicon_LOCK3u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/BSicon_LOCK3u.svg/30px-BSicon_LOCK3u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/BSicon_LOCK3u.svg/40px-BSicon_LOCK3u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tSTR; LOCK3u"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KDSTa; PORTALf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_PORTALf.svg/20px-BSicon_PORTALf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_PORTALf.svg/30px-BSicon_PORTALf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_PORTALf.svg/40px-BSicon_PORTALf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KDSTa; PORTALf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_KDSTa.svg/20px-BSicon_KDSTa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_KDSTa.svg/30px-BSicon_KDSTa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_KDSTa.svg/40px-BSicon_KDSTa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:105%"><a href="/wiki/Park_Lane_railway_goods_station" title="Park Lane railway goods station">Wapping goods</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit;font-style:normal">later Park Lane goods</td></tr></tbody></table>  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tSTR; LOCK3d"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BSicon_LOCK3d.svg/20px-BSicon_LOCK3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BSicon_LOCK3d.svg/30px-BSicon_LOCK3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BSicon_LOCK3d.svg/40px-BSicon_LOCK3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tSTR; LOCK3d"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Wapping_Tunnel" title="Wapping Tunnel">Wapping Tunnel</a> & incline</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tSTRe@f"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/BSicon_tSTRe%40f.svg/20px-BSicon_tSTRe%40f.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/BSicon_tSTRe%40f.svg/30px-BSicon_tSTRe%40f.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/BSicon_tSTRe%40f.svg/40px-BSicon_tSTRe%40f.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KBHFa; PORTALf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_PORTALf.svg/20px-BSicon_PORTALf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_PORTALf.svg/30px-BSicon_PORTALf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_PORTALf.svg/40px-BSicon_PORTALf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KBHFa; PORTALf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_KBHFa.svg/20px-BSicon_KBHFa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_KBHFa.svg/30px-BSicon_KBHFa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_KBHFa.svg/40px-BSicon_KBHFa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lime_Street_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime Street railway station">Lime Street</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KRWl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/BSicon_KRWl.svg/20px-BSicon_KRWl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/BSicon_KRWl.svg/30px-BSicon_KRWl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/BSicon_KRWl.svg/40px-BSicon_KRWl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KRWg+r; PORTALg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_PORTALg.svg/20px-BSicon_PORTALg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_PORTALg.svg/30px-BSicon_PORTALg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_PORTALg.svg/40px-BSicon_PORTALg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KRWg+r; PORTALg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BSicon_KRWg%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_KRWg%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BSicon_KRWg%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_KRWg%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BSicon_KRWg%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_KRWg%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tSTR; LOCK3d"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BSicon_LOCK3d.svg/20px-BSicon_LOCK3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BSicon_LOCK3d.svg/30px-BSicon_LOCK3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BSicon_LOCK3d.svg/40px-BSicon_LOCK3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tSTR; LOCK3d"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BSicon_tSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_tSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Lime Street Tunnel & incline</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eDST; exldBHF~L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/BSicon_exldBHF~L.svg/10px-BSicon_exldBHF~L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/BSicon_exldBHF~L.svg/15px-BSicon_exldBHF~L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/BSicon_exldBHF~L.svg/20px-BSicon_exldBHF~L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eDST; exldBHF~L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_eDST.svg/20px-BSicon_eDST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_eDST.svg/30px-BSicon_eDST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_eDST.svg/40px-BSicon_eDST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tSTRe@g"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/BSicon_tSTRe%40g.svg/20px-BSicon_tSTRe%40g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/BSicon_tSTRe%40g.svg/30px-BSicon_tSTRe%40g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/BSicon_tSTRe%40g.svg/40px-BSicon_tSTRe%40g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill_railway_station#The_first_station" title="Edge Hill railway station">Edge Hill</a> <div class="RMsi">(original)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KRWg+l; lHST~L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BSicon_lHST~L.svg/20px-BSicon_lHST~L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BSicon_lHST~L.svg/30px-BSicon_lHST~L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BSicon_lHST~L.svg/40px-BSicon_lHST~L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KRWg+l; lHST~L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BSicon_KRWg%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_KRWg%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BSicon_KRWg%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_KRWg%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BSicon_KRWg%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_KRWg%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KRWr; lHST~R"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BSicon_lHST~R.svg/20px-BSicon_lHST~R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BSicon_lHST~R.svg/30px-BSicon_lHST~R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BSicon_lHST~R.svg/40px-BSicon_lHST~R.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KRWr; lHST~R"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BSicon_KRWr.svg/20px-BSicon_KRWr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BSicon_KRWr.svg/30px-BSicon_KRWr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BSicon_KRWr.svg/40px-BSicon_KRWr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill_railway_station#The_new_station" title="Edge Hill railway station">Edge Hill</a> <div class="RMsi">(new)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KBSTaq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BSicon_KBSTaq.svg/20px-BSicon_KBSTaq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BSicon_KBSTaq.svg/30px-BSicon_KBSTaq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BSicon_KBSTaq.svg/40px-BSicon_KBSTaq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="ABZg+r"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill_railway_works" title="Edge Hill railway works">Edge Hill railway works</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wavertree_Lane_railway_station" title="Wavertree Lane railway station">Wavertree Lane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CSTRae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BSicon_CSTRae.svg/20px-BSicon_CSTRae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BSicon_CSTRae.svg/30px-BSicon_CSTRae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BSicon_CSTRae.svg/40px-BSicon_CSTRae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Olive_Mount_cutting" title="Olive Mount cutting">Olive Mount cutting</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Broad_Green_railway_station" title="Broad Green railway station">Broad Green</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roby_railway_station" title="Roby railway station">Roby</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Huyton_railway_station" title="Huyton railway station">Huyton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTgq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/BSicon_CONTgq.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTgq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/BSicon_CONTgq.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTgq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/BSicon_CONTgq.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTgq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="ABZgr"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_ABZgr.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZgr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_ABZgr.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZgr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_ABZgr.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZgr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i>Colliery line</i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Huyton_Quarry_railway_station" title="Huyton Quarry railway station">Huyton Quarry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR; lMKRZ3+1u; RP13+1"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BSicon_lMKRZ3%2B1u.svg/20px-BSicon_lMKRZ3%2B1u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BSicon_lMKRZ3%2B1u.svg/30px-BSicon_lMKRZ3%2B1u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BSicon_lMKRZ3%2B1u.svg/40px-BSicon_lMKRZ3%2B1u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR; lMKRZ3+1u; RP13+1"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_RP13%2B1.svg/20px-BSicon_RP13%2B1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_RP13%2B1.svg/30px-BSicon_RP13%2B1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_RP13%2B1.svg/40px-BSicon_RP13%2B1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR; lMKRZ3+1u; RP13+1"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Rainhill_Skew_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainhill Skew Bridge">Rainhill Skew Bridge</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rainhill_railway_station" title="Rainhill railway station">Rainhill</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lea_Green_railway_station" title="Lea Green railway station">Lea Green</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTgq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/BSicon_CONTgq.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTgq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/BSicon_CONTgq.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTgq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/BSicon_CONTgq.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTgq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KRZu+l"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/BSicon_KRZu%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_KRZu%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/BSicon_KRZu%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_KRZu%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/BSicon_KRZu%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_KRZu%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTfq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_CONTfq.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTfq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_CONTfq.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTfq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_CONTfq.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTfq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i><a href="/wiki/St_Helens_and_Runcorn_Gap_Railway" title="St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway">St Helens & Runcorn Gap Rly</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/St_Helens_Junction_railway_station" title="St Helens Junction railway station">St Helens Junction</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST; lhSTRa@f"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BSicon_lhSTRa%40f.svg/20px-BSicon_lhSTRa%40f.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BSicon_lhSTRa%40f.svg/30px-BSicon_lhSTRa%40f.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BSicon_lhSTRa%40f.svg/40px-BSicon_lhSTRa%40f.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST; lhSTRa@f"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Collins_Green_railway_station" title="Collins Green railway station">Collins Green</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dWASSERq-; d-STRq cerulean"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_d-STRq_cerulean.svg/10px-BSicon_d-STRq_cerulean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_d-STRq_cerulean.svg/15px-BSicon_d-STRq_cerulean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_d-STRq_cerulean.svg/20px-BSicon_d-STRq_cerulean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dWASSERq-; d-STRq cerulean"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BSicon_dWASSERq-.svg/10px-BSicon_dWASSERq-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BSicon_dWASSERq-.svg/15px-BSicon_dWASSERq-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BSicon_dWASSERq-.svg/20px-BSicon_dWASSERq-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq-; -STRq cerulean; MSTR; hSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BSicon_-STRq_cerulean.svg/20px-BSicon_-STRq_cerulean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BSicon_-STRq_cerulean.svg/30px-BSicon_-STRq_cerulean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BSicon_-STRq_cerulean.svg/40px-BSicon_-STRq_cerulean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq-; -STRq cerulean; MSTR; hSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_MSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_MSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_MSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_MSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_MSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_MSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq-; -STRq cerulean; MSTR; hSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BSicon_hSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_hSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BSicon_hSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_hSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BSicon_hSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_hSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq-; -STRq cerulean; MSTR; hSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_WASSERq-.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERq-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_WASSERq-.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERq-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_WASSERq-.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERq-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dWASSERq-; d-STRq cerulean"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_d-STRq_cerulean.svg/10px-BSicon_d-STRq_cerulean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_d-STRq_cerulean.svg/15px-BSicon_d-STRq_cerulean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_d-STRq_cerulean.svg/20px-BSicon_d-STRq_cerulean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dWASSERq-; d-STRq cerulean"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BSicon_dWASSERq-.svg/10px-BSicon_dWASSERq-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BSicon_dWASSERq-.svg/15px-BSicon_dWASSERq-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BSicon_dWASSERq-.svg/20px-BSicon_dWASSERq-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Sankey_Viaduct" title="Sankey Viaduct">Sankey Viaduct</a> over</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">Sankey Brook & <a href="/wiki/Sankey_Canal" title="Sankey Canal">Sankey Canal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dSTRc2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BSicon_dSTRc2.svg/10px-BSicon_dSTRc2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BSicon_dSTRc2.svg/15px-BSicon_dSTRc2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BSicon_dSTRc2.svg/20px-BSicon_dSTRc2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dSTR3+l"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/BSicon_dSTR3%2Bl.svg/10px-BSicon_dSTR3%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/BSicon_dSTR3%2Bl.svg/15px-BSicon_dSTR3%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/BSicon_dSTR3%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_dSTR3%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHFABZgr+r; lhSTRe@g"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BSicon_lhSTRe%40g.svg/20px-BSicon_lhSTRe%40g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BSicon_lhSTRe%40g.svg/30px-BSicon_lhSTRe%40g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BSicon_lhSTRe%40g.svg/40px-BSicon_lhSTRe%40g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHFABZgr+r; lhSTRe@g"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/BSicon_BHFABZgr%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_BHFABZgr%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/BSicon_BHFABZgr%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_BHFABZgr%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/BSicon_BHFABZgr%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_BHFABZgr%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Earlestown_railway_station" title="Earlestown railway station">Earlestown</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dCONT1-"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BSicon_dCONT1-.svg/10px-BSicon_dCONT1-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BSicon_dCONT1-.svg/15px-BSicon_dCONT1-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BSicon_dCONT1-.svg/20px-BSicon_dCONT1-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dSTRc4"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/BSicon_dSTRc4.svg/10px-BSicon_dSTRc4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/BSicon_dSTRc4.svg/15px-BSicon_dSTRc4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/BSicon_dSTRc4.svg/20px-BSicon_dSTRc4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i><a href="/wiki/Warrington_and_Newton_Railway" title="Warrington and Newton Railway">Warrington & Newton Rly</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Newton-le-Willows_railway_station" title="Newton-le-Willows railway station">Newton Bridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Parkside_railway_station_(Merseyside)" title="Parkside railway station (Merseyside)">Parkside</a> <div class="RMsi">(original)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="ABZg+l"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BSicon_ABZg%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZg%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BSicon_ABZg%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZg%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BSicon_ABZg%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZg%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTfq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_CONTfq.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTfq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_CONTfq.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTfq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_CONTfq.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTfq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i><a href="/wiki/Wigan_Branch_Railway" title="Wigan Branch Railway">Wigan Branch Railway</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Parkside_railway_station_(Merseyside)" title="Parkside railway station (Merseyside)">Parkside</a> <div class="RMsi">(new)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CSTRae; lHST~F"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BSicon_lHST~F.svg/20px-BSicon_lHST~F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BSicon_lHST~F.svg/30px-BSicon_lHST~F.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BSicon_lHST~F.svg/40px-BSicon_lHST~F.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CSTRae; lHST~F"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BSicon_CSTRae.svg/20px-BSicon_CSTRae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BSicon_CSTRae.svg/30px-BSicon_CSTRae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BSicon_CSTRae.svg/40px-BSicon_CSTRae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Kenyon cutting</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="ABZgl+l; lHST~G"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BSicon_lHST~G.svg/20px-BSicon_lHST~G.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BSicon_lHST~G.svg/30px-BSicon_lHST~G.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BSicon_lHST~G.svg/40px-BSicon_lHST~G.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="ABZgl+l; lHST~G"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_ABZgl%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZgl%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_ABZgl%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZgl%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_ABZgl%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZgl%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dSTR2+r"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_dSTR2%2Br.svg/10px-BSicon_dSTR2%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_dSTR2%2Br.svg/15px-BSicon_dSTR2%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_dSTR2%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_dSTR2%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dSTRc3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BSicon_dSTRc3.svg/10px-BSicon_dSTRc3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BSicon_dSTRc3.svg/15px-BSicon_dSTRc3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BSicon_dSTRc3.svg/20px-BSicon_dSTRc3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kenyon_Junction_railway_station" title="Kenyon Junction railway station">Kenyon Junction</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dSTRc1"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BSicon_dSTRc1.svg/10px-BSicon_dSTRc1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BSicon_dSTRc1.svg/15px-BSicon_dSTRc1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BSicon_dSTRc1.svg/20px-BSicon_dSTRc1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dCONT4-"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/BSicon_dCONT4-.svg/10px-BSicon_dCONT4-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/BSicon_dCONT4-.svg/15px-BSicon_dCONT4-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/BSicon_dCONT4-.svg/20px-BSicon_dCONT4-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i><a href="/wiki/Kenyon_and_Leigh_Junction_Railway" title="Kenyon and Leigh Junction Railway">Kenyon & Leigh Junction Rly</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glazebury_and_Bury_Lane_railway_station" title="Glazebury and Bury Lane railway station">Bury Lane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eDHSTa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSicon_eDHSTa.svg/20px-BSicon_eDHSTa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSicon_eDHSTa.svg/30px-BSicon_eDHSTa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSicon_eDHSTa.svg/40px-BSicon_eDHSTa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flow_Moss_railway_station" title="Flow Moss railway station">Flow Moss</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="DSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BSicon_DSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_DSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BSicon_DSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_DSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BSicon_DSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_DSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Chat_Moss" title="Chat Moss">Chat Moss</a> embankment</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="DHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/BSicon_DHST.svg/20px-BSicon_DHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/BSicon_DHST.svg/30px-BSicon_DHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/BSicon_DHST.svg/40px-BSicon_DHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Astley_railway_station" title="Astley railway station">Astley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eDHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BSicon_eDHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eDHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BSicon_eDHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eDHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BSicon_eDHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eDHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lamb%27s_Cottage_railway_station" title="Lamb's Cottage railway station">Lamb's Cottage</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="DHSTe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BSicon_DHSTe.svg/20px-BSicon_DHSTe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BSicon_DHSTe.svg/30px-BSicon_DHSTe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BSicon_DHSTe.svg/40px-BSicon_DHSTe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Barton_Moss_railway_station" title="Barton Moss railway station">Barton Moss</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a></div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="mbKRZo +cerulean"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/BSicon_mbKRZo_%2Bcerulean.svg/40px-BSicon_mbKRZo_%2Bcerulean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/BSicon_mbKRZo_%2Bcerulean.svg/60px-BSicon_mbKRZo_%2Bcerulean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/BSicon_mbKRZo_%2Bcerulean.svg/80px-BSicon_mbKRZo_%2Bcerulean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Patricroft_railway_station" title="Patricroft railway station">Patricroft</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Eccles_railway_station" title="Eccles railway station">Eccles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Weaste_railway_station" title="Weaste railway station">Gortons Buildings</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cross_Lane_railway_station" title="Cross Lane railway station">Cross Lane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ordsall_Lane_railway_station" title="Ordsall Lane railway station">Ordsall Lane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BS2+l"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BSicon_BS2%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_BS2%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BSicon_BS2%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_BS2%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BSicon_BS2%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_BS2%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BS2+r"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BSicon_BS2%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_BS2%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BSicon_BS2%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_BS2%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BSicon_BS2%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_BS2%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dWASSERq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_dWASSERq.svg/10px-BSicon_dWASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_dWASSERq.svg/15px-BSicon_dWASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_dWASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_dWASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WBRÜCKE1"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE1.svg/20px-BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE1.svg/30px-BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE1.svg/40px-BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WBRÜCKE1"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE1.svg/20px-BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE1.svg/30px-BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE1.svg/40px-BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dWASSERq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_dWASSERq.svg/10px-BSicon_dWASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_dWASSERq.svg/15px-BSicon_dWASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_dWASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_dWASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">River Irwell</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KDSTe; ldBHF~L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_ldBHF~L.svg/10px-BSicon_ldBHF~L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_ldBHF~L.svg/15px-BSicon_ldBHF~L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_ldBHF~L.svg/20px-BSicon_ldBHF~L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KDSTe; ldBHF~L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BSicon_KDSTe.svg/20px-BSicon_KDSTe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BSicon_KDSTe.svg/30px-BSicon_KDSTe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BSicon_KDSTe.svg/40px-BSicon_KDSTe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Road_railway_station_(Manchester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Road railway station (Manchester)">Liverpool Road</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Victoria railway station">Victoria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway" title="Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway">Lancashire & Yorkshire Rly</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background:;text-align:;"> <p><b>Manchester</b><br /><br />Line & stations shown as of 1845 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Liverpool and Manchester Railway</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>L&MR</b>) was the first inter-city railway in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway">opened on 15 September 1830</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> towns of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2009_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the first railway to rely exclusively on locomotives driven by <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam power</a>, with no <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">horse-drawn</a> traffic permitted at any time; the first to be entirely <a href="/wiki/Double_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Double track">double track</a> throughout its length; the first to have a true <a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">signalling</a> system; the first to be fully <a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">timetabled</a>; and the first to carry <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis200720_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis200720-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trains were hauled by company <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> between the two towns, though private wagons and carriages were allowed. <a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable haulage</a> of freight trains was down the steeply-graded 1.26-mile (2.03 km) <a href="/wiki/Wapping_Tunnel" title="Wapping Tunnel">Wapping Tunnel</a> to Liverpool Docks from Edge Hill junction. The railway was primarily built to provide faster transport of raw materials, finished goods, and passengers between the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool" title="Port of Liverpool">Port of Liverpool</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mills</a> and factories of Manchester and surrounding towns. </p><p>Designed and built by <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a>, the line was financially successful, and influenced the development of railways across Britain in the 1830s. In 1845 the railway was absorbed by its principal business partner, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway" title="Grand Junction Railway">Grand Junction Railway</a> (GJR), which in turn amalgamated the following year with the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="London and Birmingham Railway">London and Birmingham Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="Manchester and Birmingham Railway">Manchester and Birmingham Railway</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway" title="London and North Western Railway">London and North Western Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980107_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980107-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg/220px-First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg/330px-First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg/440px-First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1646" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the railway in 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, huge tonnages of raw material were imported through Liverpool and carried to the textile mills near the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> where water, and later steam power, enabled the production of the finished cloth, much of which was then transported back to Liverpool for export.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existing means of water transport, the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_and_Irwell_Navigation" title="Mersey and Irwell Navigation">Mersey and Irwell Navigation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_and_Liverpool_Canal" title="Leeds and Liverpool Canal">Leeds and Liverpool Canal</a>, dated from the 18th century, and were felt to be making excessive profits from the cotton trade and throttling the growth of Manchester and other towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDendy_Marshall19301–3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDendy_Marshall19301–3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goods were transported between Liverpool and the factories around Manchester either by the canals or by poor-quality roads; the <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">turnpike</a> between Liverpool and Manchester was described as "crooked and rough" with an "infamous" surface.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Road accidents were frequent, including waggons and coaches overturning, which made goods traffic problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proposed railway was intended to achieve cheap transport of raw materials, finished goods and passengers between the Port of Liverpool and east <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, in the port's <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a>. There was support for the railway from both Liverpool and London but Manchester was largely indifferent and opposition came from the canal operators and the two local landowners, the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_12th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby">Earl of Derby</a> and the <a href="/wiki/William_Molyneux,_2nd_Earl_of_Sefton" title="William Molyneux, 2nd Earl of Sefton">Earl of Sefton</a>, over whose land the railway would cross.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDendy_Marshall19301–3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDendy_Marshall19301–3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1988158_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1988158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proposed Liverpool and Manchester Railway was to be one of the earliest land-based public transport systems not using animal traction power. Before then, public railways had been horse-drawn, including the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lock_Rail_Road" title="Lake Lock Rail Road">Lake Lock Rail Road</a> (1796),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Iron_Railway" title="Surrey Iron Railway">Surrey Iron Railway</a> (1801) and the <a href="/wiki/Oystermouth_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Oystermouth Railway">Oystermouth Railway</a> near Swansea (1807).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough19807_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough19807-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_Rocket_and_coach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Replica_Rocket_and_coach.jpg/220px-Replica_Rocket_and_coach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Replica_Rocket_and_coach.jpg/330px-Replica_Rocket_and_coach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Replica_Rocket_and_coach.jpg/440px-Replica_Rocket_and_coach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>A replica LMR coach and <i><a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">Rocket</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Rocket_150" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket 150">Rocket 150</a> event</figcaption></figure> <p>The original promoters are usually acknowledged to be <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sandars" title="Joseph Sandars">Joseph Sandars</a>, a rich Liverpool corn merchant, and <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_(manufacturer)" title="John Kennedy (manufacturer)">John Kennedy</a>, owner of the largest spinning mill in Manchester. They were influenced by <a href="/wiki/William_James_(railway_promoter)" title="William James (railway promoter)">William James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198012–13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198012–13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198050_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198050-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sim_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sim-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James was a land surveyor who had made a fortune in property speculation. He advocated a national network of railways, based on what he had seen of the development of colliery lines and locomotive technology in the north of England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198014–15_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198014–15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company was founded on 20 May 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Booth" title="Henry Booth">Henry Booth</a>, who became its secretary and treasurer, along with merchants from <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lawrence_(merchant)" title="Charles Lawrence (merchant)">Charles Lawrence</a> was the Chairman, Lister Ellis, Robert Gladstone, John Moss and Joseph Sandars were the Deputy Chairmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth18309_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth18309-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Liverpool and Manchester Railway Act 1826</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/7_Geo._4" class="mw-redirect" title="7 Geo. 4">7 Geo. 4</a>. c. xlix</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 May 1826</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway_Act_1845" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Junction Railway Act 1845">Grand Junction Railway Act 1845</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>A bill was drafted in 1825 to Parliament, which included a 1-inch to the mile map of the railway's route.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198022_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first bill was rejected but the second passed as the <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway_Act_1826"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Liverpool and Manchester Railway Act 1826</span></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/7_Geo._4" class="mw-redirect" title="7 Geo. 4">7 Geo. 4</a>. c. xlix) in May the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198026–30_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198026–30-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Liverpool 172 people bought 1,979 shares, in London 96 took 844, Manchester 15 with 124, 24 others with 286. The <a href="/wiki/George_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Duke_of_Sutherland" title="George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland">Marquess of Stafford</a> held 1,000, making 308 <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a> with 4,233 shares. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survey_and_authorisation">Survey and authorisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Survey and authorisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankey_viaduct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sankey_viaduct.jpg/220px-Sankey_viaduct.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sankey_viaduct.jpg/330px-Sankey_viaduct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sankey_viaduct.jpg/440px-Sankey_viaduct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3441" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sankey_Viaduct" title="Sankey Viaduct">Stephenson's viaduct</a> crosses the Sankey Brook, and the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Sankey_Canal" title="Sankey Canal">Sankey Canal</a>. The viaduct is in use to this day.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first survey for the line was carried out by James in 1822. The route was roughly the same as what was built, but the committee were unaware of exactly what land had been surveyed. James subsequently declared bankruptcy and was imprisoned that November. The committee lost confidence in his ability to plan and build the line<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198017_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in June 1824, <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a> was appointed principal engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198018–19_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198018–19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as objections to the proposed route by Lords Sefton and Derby, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Haldane_Bradshaw" title="Robert Haldane Bradshaw">Robert Haldane Bradshaw</a>, a trustee of the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Egerton,_3rd_Duke_of_Bridgewater" title="Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater">Duke of Bridgewater</a>'s estate at <a href="/wiki/Worsley" title="Worsley">Worsley</a>, refused any access to land owned by the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal#Bridgewater_Trustees" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Trustees</a> and Stephenson had difficulty producing a satisfactory survey of the proposed route and accepted James' original plans with spot checks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198023_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198023-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198018–19_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198018–19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The survey was presented to Parliament on 8 February 1825,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was shown to be inaccurate. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Giles" title="Francis Giles">Francis Giles</a> suggested that putting the railway through <a href="/wiki/Chat_Moss" title="Chat Moss">Chat Moss</a> was a serious error and the total cost of the line would be around £200,000 instead of the £40,000 quoted by Stephenson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198026_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198026-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephenson was cross examined by the opposing counsel led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Alderson_(judge)" title="Edward Alderson (judge)">Edward Hall Alderson</a> and his lack of suitable figures and understanding of the work came to light. When asked, he was unable to specify the levels of the track and how he calculated the cost of major structures such as the Irwell Viaduct. The bill was thrown out on 31 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198020_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198020-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis200722_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis200722-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In place of George Stephenson, the railway promoters appointed <a href="/wiki/George_Rennie_(engineer)" title="George Rennie (engineer)">George</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_(railway_engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rennie (railway engineer)">John Rennie</a> as engineers, who chose <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blacker_Vignoles" title="Charles Blacker Vignoles">Charles Blacker Vignoles</a> as their surveyor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198027_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198027-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They set out to placate the canal interests and had the good fortune to approach the marquess<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> directly through their counsel, W. G. Adam, who was a relative of one of the trustees, and the support of <a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">William Huskisson</a> who knew the marquess personally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198025_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198025-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Implacable opposition to the line changed to financial support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198028_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198028-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second bill received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> as the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Act 1826 (<a href="/wiki/7_Geo._4" class="mw-redirect" title="7 Geo. 4">7 Geo. 4</a>. c. xlix) on 5 May 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198026_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198026-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway route ran on a significantly different alignment, south of Stephenson's, avoiding properties owned by opponents of the previous bill. From <a href="/wiki/Huyton" title="Huyton">Huyton</a> the route ran directly east through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parr_Moss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parr Moss (page does not exist)">Parr Moss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Newton, Greater Manchester">Newton</a>, Chat Moss and <a href="/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester" title="Eccles, Greater Manchester">Eccles</a>. In Liverpool, the route included a 1.25-mile (2.01 km) tunnel from <a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill,_Liverpool" title="Edge Hill, Liverpool">Edge Hill</a> to the docks, avoiding crossing any streets at ground level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198028_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198028-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended to place the Manchester terminus on the <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a> side of the River Irwell, but the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_and_Irwell_Navigation" title="Mersey and Irwell Navigation">Mersey and Irwell Navigation</a> withdrew their opposition to a crossing of the river at the last moment in return for access for their carts over the intended railway bridge. The Manchester station was therefore fixed at Liverpool Road in <a href="/wiki/Castlefield" title="Castlefield">Castlefield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198028–29,_50_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198028–29,_50-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Railway_across_Chat_Moss,_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway,_1831_-_artfinder_267570_full_1024x836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A very early steam locomotive pulling four open carriages under a cloudy blue sky along a track slightly built up from the surrounding flat countryside. The train has just passed a small farmhouse and is approaching a gentleman who is standing by the side of the track." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/View_of_the_Railway_across_Chat_Moss%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_267570_full_1024x836.jpg/220px-View_of_the_Railway_across_Chat_Moss%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_267570_full_1024x836.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/View_of_the_Railway_across_Chat_Moss%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_267570_full_1024x836.jpg/330px-View_of_the_Railway_across_Chat_Moss%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_267570_full_1024x836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/View_of_the_Railway_across_Chat_Moss%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_267570_full_1024x836.jpg/440px-View_of_the_Railway_across_Chat_Moss%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_267570_full_1024x836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>View of the Railway across Chat Moss, 1831</figcaption></figure> <p>The first contracts for draining Chat Moss were let in June 1826. The Rennies insisted that the company should appoint a resident engineer, recommending either <a href="/wiki/Josias_Jessop" title="Josias Jessop">Josias Jessop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a>, but would not consider George Stephenson except in an advisory capacity for locomotive design.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198033_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198033-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board rejected their terms and re-appointed Stephenson as engineer with his assistant <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Locke" title="Joseph Locke">Joseph Locke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198035_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198035-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephenson clashed with Vignoles, leading to the latter resigning as resident Surveyor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198037_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198037-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The line was 31-mile (50 km) long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198034_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198034-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Management was split into three sections. The western end was run by Locke, the middle section by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Allcard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Allcard (page does not exist)">William Allcard</a> and the eastern section including <a href="/wiki/Chat_Moss" title="Chat Moss">Chat Moss</a>, by John Dixon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198032_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198032-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The track began at the 2,250-yard (2.06 km) <a href="/wiki/Wapping_Tunnel" title="Wapping Tunnel">Wapping Tunnel</a> beneath Liverpool from the south end of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Docks" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Docks">Liverpool Docks</a> to <a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill,_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge Hill, Merseyside">Edge Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198039_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198039-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the world's first tunnel to be bored under a metropolis.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this was a 2-mile (3 km) long cutting up to 70 feet (21 m) deep through rock at <a href="/wiki/Olive_Mount_cutting" title="Olive Mount cutting">Olive Mount</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198042_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198042-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 712-foot (217 m) nine-arch viaduct, each arch of 50 feet (15 m) span and around 60 feet (18 m) high) over the Sankey Brook valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198044_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198044-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The railway included the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-mile (7.6 km) crossing of Chat Moss. It was found impossible to drain the <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bog</a> and so the engineers used a design from Robert Stannard, steward for <a href="/wiki/William_Roscoe" title="William Roscoe">William Roscoe</a>, that used wrought iron rails supported by timber in a <a href="/wiki/Herringbone_pattern" title="Herringbone pattern">herring bone</a> layout.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198046,48_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198046,48-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 70,000 cubic feet (2,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of spoil was dropped into the bog; at Blackpool Hole, a contractor tipped soil into the bog for three months without finding the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198047_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198047-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line was supported by empty tar barrels sealed with clay and laid end to end across the drainage ditches either side of the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198048_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198048-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway over Chat Moss was completed by the end of 1829. On 28 December, the <i><a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">Rocket</a></i> travelled over the line carrying 40 passengers and crossed the Moss in 17 minutes, averaging 17 miles per hour (27 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198064_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198064-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April the following year, a test train carrying a 45-ton load crossed the moss at 15 miles per hour (24 km/h) without incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198049_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198049-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line now supports locomotives 25 times the weight of the <i>Rocket</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The railway needed 64 bridges and viaducts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2009_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all built of brick or <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a>, with one exception: the Water Street bridge at the Manchester terminus. A cast iron <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">beam</a> <a href="/wiki/Girder" title="Girder">girder</a> bridge was built to save <a href="/wiki/Structure_gauge" title="Structure gauge">headway</a> in the street below. It was designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">William Fairbairn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Hodgkinson" title="Eaton Hodgkinson">Eaton Hodgkinson</a>, and cast locally at their factory in <a href="/wiki/Ancoats" title="Ancoats">Ancoats</a>. It is important because <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> girders became an important structural material for the growing rail network.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartwell200215_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartwell200215-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Fairbairn tested the girders before installation, not all were so well designed, and there were many examples of catastrophic failure in the years to come, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Dee_bridge_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee bridge disaster">Dee bridge disaster</a> of 1847 and culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Tay_Bridge_disaster" title="Tay Bridge disaster">Tay Bridge disaster</a> of 1879. </p><p>The line was laid using 15-foot (4.6 m) <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile#History" title="Rail profile">fish-belly rails</a> at 35 <a href="/wiki/Linear_density" title="Linear density">lb/yd</a> (17 kg/m), laid either on <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">blocks</a> or, at Chat Moss, wooden <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">sleepers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198033_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198033-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The physical work was carried out by a large team of men, known as "navvies", using hand tools. The most productive teams could move up to 20,000 tonnes of earth in a day and were well paid.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the work was dangerous and several deaths were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cable_or_locomotive_haulage">Cable or locomotive haulage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cable or locomotive haulage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For details of L&MR locomotives, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway_locomotives" title="List of Liverpool and Manchester Railway locomotives">List of Liverpool and Manchester Railway locomotives</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridgewater_foundary.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bridgewater_foundary.gif/220px-Bridgewater_foundary.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bridgewater_foundary.gif/330px-Bridgewater_foundary.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bridgewater_foundary.gif/440px-Bridgewater_foundary.gif 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>The railway passes the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Foundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgewater Foundry">Bridgewater Foundry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Patricroft" title="Patricroft">Patricroft</a>, pictured in 1839</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1829 adhesion-worked locomotives were not reliable. The experience on the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a> was well-publicised, and a section of the <a href="/wiki/Hetton_colliery_railway" title="Hetton colliery railway">Hetton colliery railway</a> had been converted to cable haulage. The success of the cable haulage was indisputable but the steam locomotive was still untried. The L&MR had sought to de-emphasise the use of steam locomotives during the passage of the bill, the public were alarmed at the idea of monstrous machines which, if they did not explode, would fill the countryside with noxious fumes. </p><p>Attention was turning towards steam road carriages, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Goldsworthy_Gurney#Gurney's_steam_carriage" title="Goldsworthy Gurney">Goldsworthy Gurney's</a> and there was a division in the L&MR board between those who supported Stephenson's "loco-motive" and those who favoured cable haulage, the latter supported by the opinion of the engineer, <a href="/wiki/John_Urpeth_Rastrick" title="John Urpeth Rastrick">John Rastrick</a>. Stephenson was not averse to cable haulage—he continued to build such lines where he felt it appropriate—but knew its main disadvantage, that any breakdown anywhere would paralyse the whole line. </p><p>The line's gradient was designed to concentrate the steep grades in three places, at either side of Rainhill at 1 in 96 <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">and down to the docks at Liverpool at 1 in 50</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) and make the rest of the line very gently graded, no further than 1 in 880.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198033_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198033-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the line opened, the passenger section from Edge Hill to <a href="/wiki/Crown_Street_railway_station" title="Crown Street railway station">Crown Street railway station</a> was cable hauled, as was the section through the <a href="/wiki/Wapping_Tunnel" title="Wapping Tunnel">Wapping Tunnel</a>, as the act of Parliament<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> forbade the use of locomotives on this part of the line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198037_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198037-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To determine whether and which locomotives would be suitable, in October 1829 the directors organised a public competition, known as the <a href="/wiki/Rainhill_trials" title="Rainhill trials">Rainhill trials</a>, which involved a run along a 1 mile (1.6 km) stretch of track.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198044_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198044-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten locomotives were entered for the trials, but on the day of the competition only five were available to compete:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">Rocket</a></i>, designed by George Stephenson and his son, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert</a>, was the only one to successfully complete the journey and, consequently, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson_and_Company" title="Robert Stephenson and Company">Robert Stephenson and Company</a> were awarded the locomotive contract.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198048,_55_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198048,_55-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Double_track">Double track</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Double track"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The line was built to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span>) (<a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Double_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Double track">double track</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198032_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198032-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decision had to be made about how far apart the two tracks should be. It was decided to make the space between the separate tracks the same as the track gauge itself, so that it would be possible to operate trains with unusually wide loads up the middle during quiet times. Stephenson was criticised for this decision;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198032_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198032-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was later decided that the tracks were too close together, restricting the width of the trains, so the gap between tracks (<a href="/wiki/Track_centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Track centres">track centres</a>) was widened. The narrowness of the gap contributed to the first fatality, that of <a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">William Huskisson</a>, and also made it dangerous to perform maintenance on one track while trains were operating on the other.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Even in the 21st century, adjacent tracks on British railways tend to be laid closer together than elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-britishgauging_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britishgauging-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening">Opening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Opening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planet_replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Planet_replica.jpg/220px-Planet_replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Planet_replica.jpg/330px-Planet_replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Planet_replica.jpg/440px-Planet_replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>A replica of the <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_(locomotive)" title="Planet (locomotive)">Planet</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The line opened on 15 September 1830 with termini at <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liverpool_Road_railway_station" title="Manchester Liverpool Road railway station">Manchester, Liverpool Road</a> (now part of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester">Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester</a>) and Liverpool <a href="/wiki/Crown_Street_railway_station" title="Crown Street railway station">Crown Street</a>. The festivities of the opening day were marred when <a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">William Huskisson</a>, the Member of Parliament for Liverpool, was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-sim_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sim-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern line was reserved for the special opening train, drawn by the locomotive <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_(locomotive)" title="Northumbrian (locomotive)"><i>Northumbrian</i></a> conveying the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>, the Prime Minister, in an ornamental carriage, together with distinguished guests in other carriages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198070_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198070-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the train stopped for water at <a href="/wiki/Parkside_railway_station_(Merseyside)" title="Parkside railway station (Merseyside)">Parkside</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Newton-le-Willows" title="Newton-le-Willows">Newton-le-Willows</a>, it was intended that the other trains should pass in review on the northern line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198073_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198073-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hull_Packet_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull_Packet-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was easy for passengers to get down and stretch their legs, despite being instructed not to, particularly as there was an interval between the delayed passing trains. Huskisson decided to alight and stroll alongside the train, and on spotting the Duke decided to start a conversation. The <i>Rocket</i> was spotted heading in the opposite direction as people shouted at Huskisson to get back on the train.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198086_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198086-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198075_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198075-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huskisson_memorial_1833.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Huskisson_memorial_1833.jpg/220px-Huskisson_memorial_1833.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Huskisson_memorial_1833.jpg/330px-Huskisson_memorial_1833.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Huskisson_memorial_1833.jpg/440px-Huskisson_memorial_1833.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>The Huskisson Memorial in 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>The Austrian ambassador was pulled back into the carriage, but Huskisson panicked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198087_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198087-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He tried to climb into the carriage, but grabbed the open door, which swung back, causing him to lose his grip. He fell between the tracks and the <i>Rocket</i> ran over his leg, shattering it. He is reported to have said, "I have met my death—God forgive me!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198075_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198075-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Northumbrian</i> was detached from the Duke's train and rushed him to <a href="/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester" title="Eccles, Greater Manchester">Eccles</a>, where he died in the vicarage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198076_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198076-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus he became the world's first widely reported railway passenger fatality. The somewhat subdued party proceeded to Manchester, where, the Duke being deeply unpopular with the <a href="/wiki/Weaver_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaver (occupation)">weavers</a> and mill workers, they were given a lively reception, and returned to Liverpool without alighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198077–78_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198077–78-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A grand reception and banquet had been prepared for their arrival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation">Operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2004-10-09_Bridge_over_A49.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2004-10-09_Bridge_over_A49.jpg/220px-2004-10-09_Bridge_over_A49.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2004-10-09_Bridge_over_A49.jpg/330px-2004-10-09_Bridge_over_A49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2004-10-09_Bridge_over_A49.jpg/440px-2004-10-09_Bridge_over_A49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Stephenson's bridge over the Warrington – Wigan <a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike trust">Turnpike Road</a> (now A49) at Newton-le-Willows</figcaption></figure> <p>The L&MR was successful and popular, and reduced journey times between Liverpool and Manchester to two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198091,_93_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198091,_93-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most stage coach companies operating between the two towns closed shortly after the railway opened as it was impossible to compete.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980186_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980186-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few weeks of the line opening, it ran its first excursion trains and carried the world's first railway mail carriages;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198086_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198086-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the summer of 1831, it was carrying special trains to the races.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980195_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980195-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway was a financial success, paying investors an average annual <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividend</a> of 9.5% over the 15 years of its independent existence: a level of profitability that would never again be attained by a British railway company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolmar200755_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolmar200755-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The railway was purposefully designed for the benefit of the public, carrying passengers as well as freight. Shares in the company were limited to ten per person and profits from these were limited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackman2014526_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackman2014526-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the intention had been to carry goods, the canal companies reduced their prices, leading to a price war between them and the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980207_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980207-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line did not start carrying goods until December, when the first of some more powerful engines, <a href="/wiki/Planet_(locomotive)" title="Planet (locomotive)"><i>Planet</i></a>, was delivered. </p><p>The line's success in carrying passengers was universally acclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackman2014526_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackman2014526-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experience at Rainhill had shown that unprecedented speed could be achieved and travelling by rail was cheaper and more comfortable than travel by road. The company concentrated on passenger travel, a decision that had repercussions across the country and triggered the "<a href="/wiki/Railway_mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway mania">railway mania</a> of the 1840s".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980138_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980138-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_B._Jervis" title="John B. Jervis">John B. Jervis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Railway" title="Delaware and Hudson Railway">Delaware and Hudson Railway</a> some years later wrote: "It must be regarded ... as opening the epoch of railways which has revolutionised the social and commercial intercourse of the civilized world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson196911–16_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson196911–16-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first trains travelled at 16 miles per hour (26 km/h) carrying passengers and 8 miles per hour (13 km/h) carrying goods because of the limitations of the track.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980168–169_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980168–169-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drivers could, and did, travel more quickly, but were reprimanded: it was found that excessive speeds forced apart the light rails, which were set onto individual stone blocks without cross-ties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1837 the original fish-belly <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile#History" title="Rail profile">parallel rail</a> of 50 pounds per yard (24.8 kg/m), on <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">sleepers</a> started to be replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198060–61_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198060–61-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The railway directors realised that Crown Street was too far away from the centre of Liverpool to be practical, and decided in 1831 to construct a new terminus at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station" title="Liverpool Lime Street railway station">Lime Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980116_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980116-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tunnel from Edge Hill to Lime Street was completed in January 1835 and opened the following year. The station opened on 15 August 1836 before it had been completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980119_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980119-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 July 1842, work started to extend the line from Ordsall Lane to a <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Victoria railway station">new station</a> at Hunts Bank in Manchester that also served the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_and_Leeds_Railway" title="Manchester and Leeds Railway">Manchester and Leeds Railway</a>. The line opened on 4 May 1844 and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liverpool_Road_railway_station" title="Manchester Liverpool Road railway station">Liverpool Road station</a> was then used for goods traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980104-105_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980104-105-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 August 1845, the L&MR was absorbed by its principal business partner, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway" title="Grand Junction Railway">Grand Junction Railway</a> (GJR), which had opened the first trunk railway from Birmingham to Warrington in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980132,_137_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980132,_137-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year the GJR formed part of the <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway" title="London and North Western Railway">London and North Western Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980157_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980157-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signalling">Signalling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Signalling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coloured_View_on_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway,_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coloured_View_on_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831.jpg/220px-Coloured_View_on_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coloured_View_on_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831.jpg/330px-Coloured_View_on_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coloured_View_on_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831.jpg/440px-Coloured_View_on_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>1831 view</figcaption></figure> <p>The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the first railway to have a system of <a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">signalling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis200720_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis200720-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was undertaken by policemen, who were stationed along the line at distances of a mile or less.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980216_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980216-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially these policemen signalled that the line was clear by standing straight with their arms outstretched. If the policeman was not present, or was standing at ease, this indicated that there was an obstruction on the line ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980216_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980216-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually a system of hand-held flags was developed, with a red flag being used to stop a train, green indicating that a train should proceed at caution, blue indicating to drivers of baggage trains that there were new wagons for them to take on and a black flag being used by platelayers to indicate works on the track.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980216_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980216-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any flag waved violently, or at night a lamp waved up and down, indicated that a train should stop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980217_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980217-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1844 handbells were used as emergency signals in foggy weather, though in that year small <a href="/wiki/Detonator_(railway)" title="Detonator (railway)">explosive boxes</a> placed on the line began to be used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980219_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980219-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trains were controlled on a time interval basis: policemen signalled for a train to stop if less than ten minutes had elapsed since a previous train had passed; the signal to proceed at caution was given if more than ten minutes but less than seventeen minutes had passed; otherwise the all clear signal was given.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolmar200749_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolmar200749-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a train broke down on the line, the policeman had to run a mile down the track to stop oncoming traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolmar200749-50_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolmar200749-50-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Warrington_and_Newton_Railway" title="Warrington and Newton Railway">Warrington and Newton Railway</a> four policemen were placed constantly on duty at <a href="/wiki/Earlestown_railway_station" title="Earlestown railway station">Newton Junction</a>, at the potentially dangerous <a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">points</a> where the two lines met.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980217_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980217-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially a gilt arrow was used to point towards Warrington to indicate that the points were set in that direction, with a green lamp visible from the L&MR line being used to indicate this at night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980217_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980217-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later a fixed signal was used, with red and white chequered boards on 12-foot high posts being turned to face trains from one direction if another train was ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980217_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980217-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1837 the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="London and Birmingham Railway">London and Birmingham Railway</a> conducted trials using a <a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph</a> to direct signalling<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980219_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980219-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1841 held a conference to propose a uniform national system of coloured signals to control trains,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980220_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980220-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but despite these advances elsewhere the Liverpool and Manchester Railway continued to be controlled by policemen and flags until its merger with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway" title="Grand Junction Railway">Grand Junction Railway</a> in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980221_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980221-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway_1831_billboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway_1831_billboard.jpg/220px-Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway_1831_billboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway_1831_billboard.jpg/330px-Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway_1831_billboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway_1831_billboard.jpg/440px-Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway_1831_billboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3724" data-file-height="2802" /></a><figcaption>1831 Billboard giving train details and conditions of carriage</figcaption></figure> <p>On opening the L&MR represented a significant advance in railway operation, introducing regular commercial passenger and freight services by steam locomotives with significant speed and reliability improvements from their predecessors and horse carriages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980ifc;_pp=81–82_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980ifc;_pp=81–82-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The L&MR operation was studied by other upcoming railway companies as a model to aspire to.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980ifc;_pp=81–82_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough1980ifc;_pp=81–82-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently some have claimed the operation was the first <a href="/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity (British Rail)">Inter-city</a> railway,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2009_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though that branding was not introduced until many years later and neither <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> achieved city status until 1853 and 1880 respectively, nor would the distance between them qualify as <i>long-haul</i>. </p><p>The subsequently widely adopted <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">gauge</a> of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span>) was derived from a George Stephenson recommendation that was accepted at an L&MR board meeting in July 1826: "Resolved that the width of the Wagon Way between the rails to be the same as the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Darlington Road</a>, namely 4 feet 8 inches clear, inside the rails".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198032_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198032-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enabled the Stephensons to test their locomotives on the lines around <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_on_Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle on Tyne">Newcastle on Tyne</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before shipment to Lancashire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198059_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198059-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The L&MR used left hand running on double track, following practice on British roads. The form of couplings using buffers, hooks and chains, and their dimensions, set the pattern for European practice and practice in many other places. </p><p>Even before the L&MR opened, connecting and other lines were planned, authorised or under construction, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bolton_and_Leigh_Railway" title="Bolton and Leigh Railway">Bolton and Leigh Railway</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incidents">Incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The best-known accident associated with the L&MR was the death of <a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">William Huskisson</a>, hit by the locomotive <i>Rocket</i> on the opening day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198075_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerneyhough198075-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter the pioneering and evolving nature of the early days of the L&MR meant accidents were not uncommon. All were investigated by the L&MR board or Management Committee. Fatal accidents to travelling passengers were rare, the first two years seeing one for over a million passengers carried, though injuries were more commonplace. These were often caused by passengers failing to heed company regulations and advice. Staff accidents were more commonplace, with some staff preparing to take what later would be considered to be inadvisable risks and disregarding regulations. Locomotives, wagons and infrastructure were involved in a variety of collisions and derailments. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1980208–215_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1980208–215-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 December 1832, a passenger train ran into the rear of another passenger train at Rainhill. A passenger was killed and several were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams187910–11_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams187910–11-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 April 1836, a passenger train was derailed whilst travelling at 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) when an axle of a carriage broke. There were no fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams187911_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams187911-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_line">Modern line</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liverpool%E2%80%93Manchester_lines" title="Liverpool–Manchester lines">Liverpool–Manchester lines</a></div> <p>The original Liverpool and Manchester line still operates as a secondary line between the two cities—the southern route, the former <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Lines_Committee" title="Cheshire Lines Committee">Cheshire Lines Committee</a> route via <a href="/wiki/Warrington_Central_railway_station" title="Warrington Central railway station">Warrington Central</a> is for the moment the busier route. This however has already started to change (from the May 2014 timetable) with new <a href="/wiki/First_TransPennine_Express" title="First TransPennine Express">First TransPennine Express</a> services between Newcastle/Manchester Victoria and Liverpool and between Manchester (Airport) and Scotland (via Chat Moss, Lowton and Wigan). From December 2014, with completion of electrification (see below) the two routes between Manchester and Liverpool will have much the same frequency of service. </p><p>On the original route, a new (May 2014) hourly First TransPennine Express non-stop service runs between Manchester Victoria and Liverpool (from/to) Newcastle), an hourly fast service is operated by <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rail" title="Northern Rail">Northern Rail</a>, from Liverpool to Manchester, usually calling at <a href="/wiki/Wavertree_Technology_Park_railway_station" title="Wavertree Technology Park railway station">Wavertree Technology Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Helens_Junction_railway_station" title="St Helens Junction railway station">St Helens Junction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newton-le-Willows_railway_station" title="Newton-le-Willows railway station">Newton-le-Willows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Oxford_Road_railway_station" title="Manchester Oxford Road railway station">Manchester Oxford Road</a>, and continuing via <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester Piccadilly</a> to <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Airport railway station">Manchester Airport</a>. Northern also operates an hourly service calling at all stations from Liverpool Lime Street to Manchester Victoria. This is supplemented by an additional all-stations service between Liverpool and Earlestown, which continues to <a href="/wiki/Warrington_Bank_Quay_railway_station" title="Warrington Bank Quay railway station">Warrington Bank Quay</a>. </p><p>Between Warrington Bank Quay, Earlestown and Manchester Piccadilly, there are additional services (at least one per hour) operated by <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail" title="Transport for Wales Rail">Transport for Wales</a>, which originate from <a href="/wiki/Chester_railway_station" title="Chester railway station">Chester</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Coast_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="North Wales Coast Line">North Wales Coast Line</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrification">Electrification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, electrification at <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC" class="mw-redirect" title="25 kV AC">25 kV AC</a> was announced. The section between Manchester and Newton, including the Chat Moss section, was completed in 2013; the line onwards to Liverpool opened on 5 March 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordsall_Chord">Ordsall Chord</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ordsall Chord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historic passenger railway station of Manchester Liverpool Road is a Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Listed building</a>, and was threatened by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hub" title="Northern Hub">Northern Hub</a> plan. This included the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Ordsall_Chord" title="Ordsall Chord">Ordsall Chord</a> to provide direct access between Victoria and Piccadilly, in turn cutting off access from Liverpool Road. The <a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Industry_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Science & Industry Museum">Science & Industry Museum</a>, that is based at the former station premises, had initially objected to the scheme and an inquiry was set up in 2014 to investigate the potential damage to the historic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chord opened in November 2017 without any damage to the original Liverpool Road station structures.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stations">Stations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liverpool_Road_station,_Manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Liverpool_Road_station%2C_Manchester.jpg/220px-Liverpool_Road_station%2C_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Liverpool_Road_station%2C_Manchester.jpg/330px-Liverpool_Road_station%2C_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Liverpool_Road_station%2C_Manchester.jpg/440px-Liverpool_Road_station%2C_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liverpool_Road_railway_station" title="Manchester Liverpool Road railway station">Liverpool Road Station</a> in Manchester</figcaption></figure> <p>All stations opened on 15 September 1830, unless noted. Stations still operational in <b>bold</b>. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station" title="Liverpool Lime Street railway station">Liverpool Lime Street</a></b> (work started on Edge Hill – Lime Street tunnel 23 May 1832; opened 15 August 1836).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Street_railway_station" title="Crown Street railway station">Crown Street</a> (original Liverpool terminus, replaced by Lime Street).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill_railway_station" title="Edge Hill railway station">Edge Hill</a></b> (The first Edge Hill station was opened in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-bhrb_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhrb-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in the deep Cavendish Cutting at the heads of the Crown Street tunnel and the freight only <a href="/wiki/Wapping_Tunnel" title="Wapping Tunnel">Wapping Tunnel</a>. After the Lime Street tunnel was bored in 1836, the original Edge Hill station was abandoned and relocated north, still inside the Edge Hill junction, to its present location at the head of the original Lime Street tunnel.<sup id="cite_ref-bhrb_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhrb-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edge Hill junction was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill_railway_works" title="Edge Hill railway works">locomotive works</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavertree_Lane_railway_station" title="Wavertree Lane railway station">Wavertree Lane</a> (closed 15 August 1836)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wavertree_Technology_Park_railway_station" title="Wavertree Technology Park railway station">Wavertree Technology Park</a></b> (opened 13 August 2000)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Broad_Green_railway_station" title="Broad Green railway station">Broad Green</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roby_railway_station" title="Roby railway station">Roby</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Huyton_railway_station" title="Huyton railway station">Huyton</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huyton_Quarry_railway_station" title="Huyton Quarry railway station">Huyton Quarry</a> (closed 15 September 1958)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Whiston_railway_station" title="Whiston railway station">Whiston</a></b> (Opened 10 September 1990)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rainhill_railway_station" title="Rainhill railway station">Rainhill</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lea_Green_railway_station" title="Lea Green railway station">Lea Green</a></b> (closed 7 March 1955 and re-opened with a completely new station on 17 September 2000)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helens_Junction_railway_station" title="St Helens Junction railway station">St Helens Junction</a></b> (opened between 1833 and 1837; junction with the <a href="/wiki/St_Helens_and_Runcorn_Gap_Railway" title="St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway">St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins_Green_railway_station" title="Collins Green railway station">Collins Green</a> (closed 2 April 1951)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Earlestown_railway_station" title="Earlestown railway station">Earlestown</a></b> (built in 1831 by the <a href="/wiki/Warrington_and_Newton_Railway" title="Warrington and Newton Railway">Warrington and Newton Railway</a> company; originally named Newton Junction; renamed after 1837)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Newton-le-Willows_railway_station" title="Newton-le-Willows railway station">Newton-le-Willows</a></b> (originally named Newton Bridge; renamed after Newton Junction was renamed <a href="/wiki/Earlestown" title="Earlestown">Earlestown</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkside_railway_station_(Merseyside)" title="Parkside railway station (Merseyside)">Parkside</a> 1st (closed 1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkside_railway_station_(Merseyside)" title="Parkside railway station (Merseyside)">Parkside</a> 2nd (the line from Parkside to <a href="/wiki/Wigan_Chapel_Lane_railway_station" title="Wigan Chapel Lane railway station">Wigan</a> was opened on 3 September 1832<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) (closed 1 May 1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyon_Junction_railway_station" title="Kenyon Junction railway station">Kenyon Junction</a> (at the junction with the <a href="/wiki/Kenyon_and_Leigh_Junction_Railway" title="Kenyon and Leigh Junction Railway">Kenyon and Leigh Junction Railway</a> and from that, the <a href="/wiki/Bolton_and_Leigh_Railway" title="Bolton and Leigh Railway">Bolton and Leigh Railway</a>; closed 2 January 1961 and the <a href="/wiki/Tyldesley_Loopline" title="Tyldesley Loopline">Tyldesley Loopline</a>; closed 5 May 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazebury_and_Bury_Lane_railway_station" title="Glazebury and Bury Lane railway station">Glazebury and Bury Lane</a> (closed 7 July 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_Moss_railway_station" title="Flow Moss railway station">Flow Moss</a> (closed October 1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astley_railway_station" title="Astley railway station">Astley</a> (closed 2 May 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb%27s_Cottage_railway_station" title="Lamb's Cottage railway station">Lamb's Cottage</a> (closed October 1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Moss_railway_station" title="Barton Moss railway station">Barton Moss</a> 1st (closed 1 May 1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Moss_railway_station" title="Barton Moss railway station">Barton Moss</a> 2nd (closed 23 September 1929)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patricroft_railway_station" title="Patricroft railway station">Patricroft</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eccles_railway_station" title="Eccles railway station">Eccles</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaste_railway_station" title="Weaste railway station">Weaste</a> (closed 19 October 1942; site destroyed when <a href="/wiki/M602_motorway" title="M602 motorway">M602</a> road built)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seedley_railway_station" title="Seedley railway station">Seedley</a> (closed 2 January 1956; site destroyed when M602 road built)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Lane_railway_station" title="Cross Lane railway station">Cross Lane</a> (closed 15 August 1949; site destroyed when M602 road built)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordsall_Lane_railway_station" title="Ordsall Lane railway station">Ordsall Lane</a> (work on extension of line to <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Victoria railway station">Manchester Victoria</a> started 30 July 1842 and the extension opened on 4 May 1844; station closed 4 February 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liverpool_Road_railway_station" title="Manchester Liverpool Road railway station">Liverpool Road</a> (original Manchester terminus, closed 4 May 1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Exchange_railway_station" title="Manchester Exchange railway station">Manchester Exchange</a> (opened 30 June 1884, closed 5 May 1969)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Victoria railway station">Manchester Victoria</a></b> (opened 1 January 1844)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:England_Greater_Manchester_numbered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/England_Greater_Manchester_numbered.svg/32px-England_Greater_Manchester_numbered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/England_Greater_Manchester_numbered.svg/48px-England_Greater_Manchester_numbered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/England_Greater_Manchester_numbered.svg/64px-England_Greater_Manchester_numbered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greater_Manchester" title="Portal:Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LMR_57_Lion" title="LMR 57 Lion">LMR 57 Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway_locomotives" title="List of Liverpool and Manchester Railway locomotives">List of Liverpool and Manchester Railway locomotives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a> opened in 1825, but sections of this line employed <a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">cable haulage</a>, and only the coal trains were hauled by locomotives. The <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_and_Whitstable_Railway" title="Canterbury and Whitstable Railway">Canterbury and Whitstable Railway</a>, opened in May 1830, was also mostly cable hauled. <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse-drawn</a> traffic, including passenger services, used the railway upon payment of a toll.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The additional half-inch was to prevent the flanges wearing against the inside edge of the conical rails.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198059_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198059-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Killingworth_Colliery_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Killingworth Colliery railway">Killingworth Colliery railway</a> was also 4ft 8in gauge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas198059_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas198059-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G6JVAAAAcAAJ"><i>A History and Description of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway</i></a>. T. Taylor, 1832.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Freeling. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8EHAAAAQAAJ"><i>Freeling's Grand Junction Railway Companion</i></a>. Whittaker, 1838</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Cornish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandjunctionan00corngoog"><i>The Grand Junction, and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Companion: Containing an Account of Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester</i></a>. 1837.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2009_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2009_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2009_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2009_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC2009">BBC 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis200720-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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"Liverpool". <i>Britain's Historic Railway Buildings</i>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 524–525. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866247-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866247-1"><bdi>978-0-19-866247-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liverpool&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Historic+Railway+Buildings&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=524-525&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866247-1&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.8dassociation.btck.co.uk/Stations/TheLM">"THE 8D ASSOCIATION – The L & M"</a>. 8dassociation.btck.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+8D+ASSOCIATION+%E2%80%93+The+L+%26+M&rft.pub=8dassociation.btck.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.8dassociation.btck.co.uk%2FStations%2FTheLM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1969">Marshall 1969</a>, p. 66</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1879" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Charles Frances (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catskillarchive.com/rrextra/wkbktoc.Html"><i>Notes on Railroad Accidents</i></a>. New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Railroad+Accidents&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam+%26+Sons&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Charles+Frances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatskillarchive.com%2Frrextra%2Fwkbktoc.Html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllsop2016" class="citation book cs1">Allsop, Scott (2016). <i>366 Days: Compelling Stories From World History</i>. L & E Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-995-68091-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-995-68091-3"><bdi>978-0-995-68091-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=366+Days%3A+Compelling+Stories+From+World+History&rft.pub=L+%26+E+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-995-68091-3&rft.aulast=Allsop&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC2009" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/manchester/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8165000/8165208.stm">"Manchester to Liverpool: the first inter-city railway"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> Local Manchester. 23 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191120154328/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/manchester/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8165000/8165208.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Manchester+to+Liverpool%3A+the+first+inter-city+railway&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fmanchester%2Fhi%2Fpeople_and_places%2Fhistory%2Fnewsid_8165000%2F8165208.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth1830" class="citation book cs1">Booth, Henry (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/accountofliverpo00boot"><i>An Account of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway</i></a>. Liverpool: Wales and Baines. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30937">30937</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16085034W">16085034W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+the+Liverpool+and+Manchester+Railway&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Wales+and+Baines&rft.date=1830&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL16085034W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Faccountofliverpo00boot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson1969" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Robert (1969). <i>The Liverpool and Manchester Railway Project 1821–1831</i>. Newton Abbot, UK: David and Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-4646-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-4646-6"><bdi>0-7153-4646-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liverpool+and+Manchester+Railway+Project+1821%E2%80%931831&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%2C+UK&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-7153-4646-6&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDendy_Marshall1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._F._Dendy_Marshall" title="C. F. Dendy Marshall">Dendy Marshall, C. F.</a> (1930). <i>Centenary History of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway</i> (1st ed.). National Archives, Kew, UK: <a href="/wiki/Locomotive_Publishing_Company" title="Locomotive Publishing Company">Locomotive Publishing Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centenary+History+of+the+Liverpool+%26+Manchester+Railway&rft.place=National+Archives%2C+Kew%2C+UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Locomotive+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Dendy+Marshall&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaghy1972" class="citation book cs1">Donaghy, Thomas J. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FroMAQAAIAAJ"><i>Liverpool & Manchester Railway operations, 1831-1845</i></a>. Newton Abbot, Devon: David and Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-5705-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-5705-0"><bdi>0-7153-5705-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liverpool+%26+Manchester+Railway+operations%2C+1831-1845&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%2C+Devon&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7153-5705-0&rft.aulast=Donaghy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFroMAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerneyhough1980" class="citation book cs1">Ferneyhough, Frank (1980). <i>Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1830–1980</i>. Clerkenwell Green, UK: Robert Hale Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709-18137-X" title="Special:BookSources/0709-18137-X"><bdi>0709-18137-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liverpool+and+Manchester+Railway+1830%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Clerkenwell+Green%2C+UK&rft.pub=Robert+Hale+Limited&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0709-18137-X&rft.aulast=Ferneyhough&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Garfield, Simon (2002). <i>The Last Journey of William Huskisson: The Day the Railway Came of Age</i>. London: Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-21048-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-21048-1">0-571-21048-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwell2002" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Clare (2002). <i>Manchester</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09666-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09666-8"><bdi>978-0-300-09666-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09666-8&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackman2014" class="citation book cs1">Jackman, W. T. (2014) [1916]. <i>The Development of Transportation in Modern England</i> (Reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-68182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-68182-8"><bdi>978-1-107-68182-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Transportation+in+Modern+England&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-68182-8&rft.aulast=Jackman&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvis2007" class="citation book cs1">Jarvis, Adrian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mgsFm3H8cYC"><i>George Stephenson</i></a>. Princes Risborough, UK: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0605-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0605-9"><bdi>978-0-7478-0605-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Stephenson&rft.place=Princes+Risborough%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-0605-9&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mgsFm3H8cYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(railway_historian)" title="John Marshall (railway historian)">Marshall, John</a> (1969). <i>The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway, volume 1</i>. Newton Abbot, UK: <a href="/wiki/David_%26_Charles" title="David & Charles">David & Charles</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-4352-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-4352-1"><bdi>0-7153-4352-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lancashire+%26+Yorkshire+Railway%2C+volume+1&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%2C+UK&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-7153-4352-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ransom, P. J. G. (1990). <i>The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved</i>. London: Heinemann. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-98083-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-434-98083-8">0-434-98083-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1988" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, W. D. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYDrnQEACAAJ"><i>Mastering Economic and Social History</i></a>. Macmillan Education UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-36804-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-36804-6"><bdi>978-0-333-36804-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Economic+and+Social+History&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-333-36804-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUYDrnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1980" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, R. H. G. (1980). <i>The Liverpool & Manchester Railway</i>. London: Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-0537-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-0537-6"><bdi>0-7134-0537-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liverpool+%26+Manchester+Railway&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7134-0537-6&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=R.+H.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Smeeton_Williams" title="Frederick Smeeton Williams">Williams, Frederick S.</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ourironroadsthe00goog#page/n8/mode/2up">1852</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ourironroads00will#page/n7/mode/2up">1883</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ourironroadsthei00willrich#page/n7/mode/2up">1888</a>). <i>Our Iron Roads</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolmar2007" class="citation book cs1">Wolmar, Christian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4xkAIW_4ydAC"><i>Fire & Steam: A New History of the Railways in Britain</i></a>. London: Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-630-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-630-6"><bdi>978-1-84354-630-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+%26+Steam%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Railways+in+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84354-630-6&rft.aulast=Wolmar&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4xkAIW_4ydAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornish1837" class="citation book cs1">Cornish, James (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OG_fAAAAMAAJ&q=LIverpool+Manchester+railway"><i>Cornish's Grand Junction, and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Companion</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornish%27s+Grand+Junction%2C+and+the+Liverpool+and+Manchester+Railway+Companion&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Cornish&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOG_fAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DLIverpool%2BManchester%2Brailway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirwan1831" class="citation book cs1">Kirwan, Joseph (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jyM4AQAAMAAJ&q=LIverpool+Manchester+railway&pg=PA10"><i>A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+and+Historical+Account+of+the+Liverpool+and+Manchester+Railway&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Kirwan&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjyM4AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DLIverpool%2BManchester%2Brailway%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensonLocke1831" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Stephenson, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Locke" title="Joseph Locke">Locke, Joseph</a> (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwxNAAAAYAAJ&q=LIverpool+Manchester+railway"><i>Observations on the Comparative merits of locomotive and fixed engines as applied to railways</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observations+on+the+Comparative+merits+of+locomotive+and+fixed+engines+as+applied+to+railways&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Locke%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwxNAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DLIverpool%2BManchester%2Brailway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVignoles1835" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blacker_Vignoles" title="Charles Blacker Vignoles">Vignoles, Charles Blacker</a> (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tworeportsaddre00vigngoog"><i>Two reports addressed to the Liverpool & Manchester Railway Company</i></a>. Printed by Wales and Raines. <q>LIverpool Manchester railway.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+reports+addressed+to+the+Liverpool+%26+Manchester+Railway+Company&rft.pub=Printed+by+Wales+and+Raines&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Vignoles&rft.aufirst=Charles+Blacker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftworeportsaddre00vigngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1829" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Walker_(engineer)" title="James Walker (engineer)">Walker, James Scott</a> (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liverpoolandman01bootgoog/page/n4/mode/2up"><i>Liverpool and Manchester Railway: Report to the Directors on the comparative merits of loco-motives and fixed engines as a moving power</i></a> (2 ed.). London: John and Arthur Arch. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18209257">18209257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liverpool+and+Manchester+Railway%3A+Report+to+the+Directors+on+the+comparative+merits+of+loco-motives+and+fixed+engines+as+a+moving+power&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=John+and+Arthur+Arch&rft.date=1829&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18209257&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=James+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliverpoolandman01bootgoog%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhishaw1842" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Whishaw" title="Francis Whishaw">Whishaw, Francis</a> (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/railwaysgreatbr00whisgoog"><i>The Railways of Great Britain and Ireland Practically Described and Illustrated</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: John Weale. pp. 186–217. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/833076248">833076248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Railways+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland+Practically+Described+and+Illustrated&rft.place=London&rft.pages=186-217&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Weale&rft.date=1842&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F833076248&rft.aulast=Whishaw&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Frailwaysgreatbr00whisgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiverpool+and+Manchester+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edgehillstation.co.uk/resources/lime-street/">1830s colour print of interior of station</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603060408/http://www.lmu.livjm.ac.uk/lhol/">Liverpool History Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008183818/http://www.n-le-w.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=74&Itemid=27">L&MR History</a> at Newton-le-Willows</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006030522/http://www.britishrailways1960.co.uk/CLMENLW01.html">Manchester to Parkside</a> (British Railways in the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Sectional_Appendix" title="Sectional Appendix">Sectional Appendix</a> Extract; via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006030522/http://www.britishrailways1960.co.uk/WLNKJLLS01.html">Parkside to Liverpool</a> (British Railways in the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Sectional_Appendix" title="Sectional Appendix">Sectional Appendix</a> Extract; via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li>The line featured in a short story by Arthur Conan Doyle called "The Lost Special". One <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OrsonWellesOnSuspense/">radio adaptation</a> was made on an episode of the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Suspense_(radio_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspense (radio program)">Suspense</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1087434653">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50049490">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7556f8b5dd‐nxzl8 Cached time: 20241124161807 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.144 seconds Real time usage: 1.446 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 12321/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 189983/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 19499/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 13/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 181727/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.616/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 12309109/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1166.660 1 -total 22.01% 256.810 104 Template:Sfn 13.33% 155.476 2 Template:Reflist 13.19% 153.902 1 Template:Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway 12.76% 148.910 1 Template:Routemap 8.04% 93.803 8 Template:Cite_web 7.62% 88.904 22 Template:Cite_book 7.05% 82.199 1 Template:Infobox_rail 6.98% 81.407 2 Template:Short_description 6.95% 81.141 2 Template:Infobox --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:186950-0!canonical and timestamp 20241124161807 and revision id 1250429890. 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