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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Lomax,_Convicts_singing_in_woodyard,_Reed_Camp,_South_Carolina,_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Alan_Lomax%2C_Convicts_singing_in_woodyard%2C_Reed_Camp%2C_South_Carolina%2C_1934.jpg/220px-Alan_Lomax%2C_Convicts_singing_in_woodyard%2C_Reed_Camp%2C_South_Carolina%2C_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Alan_Lomax%2C_Convicts_singing_in_woodyard%2C_Reed_Camp%2C_South_Carolina%2C_1934.jpg/330px-Alan_Lomax%2C_Convicts_singing_in_woodyard%2C_Reed_Camp%2C_South_Carolina%2C_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Alan_Lomax%2C_Convicts_singing_in_woodyard%2C_Reed_Camp%2C_South_Carolina%2C_1934.jpg/440px-Alan_Lomax%2C_Convicts_singing_in_woodyard%2C_Reed_Camp%2C_South_Carolina%2C_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="3039" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chain_gang" title="Chain gang">Chain gang</a> singing in South Carolina</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>field holler</b> or <b>field call</b> is mostly a historical type of <a href="/wiki/Vocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal">vocal</a> <a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">work song</a> sung by <a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">field slaves in the United States</a> (and later by <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> <a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">forced laborers</a> accused of violating <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrancy laws">vagrancy laws</a>) to accompany their tasked work, to communicate usefully, or to vent feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It differs from the collective <a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">work song</a> in that it was sung solo, though early observers noted that a holler, or ‘cry’, might be echoed by other workers. Though commonly associated with cotton cultivation, the field holler was also sung by <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levee</a> workers, and field hands in rice and sugar plantations. Field hollers are also known as corn-field hollers, water calls, and whoops. An early description is from 1853 and the first recordings are from the 1930s. The holler is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a> of <a href="/wiki/Work_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Work songs">work songs</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arhoolies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arhoolies (page does not exist)">arhoolies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Afro-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American">Afro-American</a> music form ultimately influenced strands of <a href="/wiki/African_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="African American music">African American music</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> and thereby <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">negro spirituals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shaw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There had also been some instances where some white oat farmers in close proximity to black people in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern United States</a> adopted and employed the field holler.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_holler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was described by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> in 1853 as a "long, loud, musical shout, rising and falling and breaking into falsetto", a description that would also have fitted examples recorded a century later. Some hollers are wordless, like the field call by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Grace_Horn_Dodson" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Grace Horn Dodson">Annie Grace Horn Dodson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have elaborated syllables and <a href="/wiki/Melismas" class="mw-redirect" title="Melismas">melismas</a>, such as the long example recorded at the <a href="/wiki/Parchman_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Parchman Farm">Parchman Farm</a> penitentiary in Mississippi in 1947, by "Bama", of a Levee Camp Holler.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verbal, improvised lines were used as cries for water and food and cries about what was happening in their daily lives, as expressions of religious devotion, a source of motivation in repetitive work, and a way of presenting oneself over across the fields. They described the labor being done (e.g., corn shucking songs, mule-skinning songs) recounted personal experiences or the singer's thoughts, subtly insulted white work attendants, or used folk themes. An unidentified singer of a Camp Holler was urged on with shouts and comments by his friends, suggesting that the holler could also have a social role.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Call and response arose as sometimes a lone caller would be heard and answered with another laborer's holler from a distant field. Some street cries might be considered an urban form of holler, though they serve a different function (like advertising a seller's product); an example is the call of ‘The Blackberry Woman’, Dora Bliggen, in New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_holler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field holler has origins in the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">music of West Africa</a>, where the majority of enslaved African in America originated. The historian <a href="/wiki/Sylviane_Diouf" title="Sylviane Diouf">Sylviane Diouf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnomusicologist">ethnomusicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Kubik" title="Gerhard Kubik">Gerhard Kubik</a> also identify <a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Islamic music</a> as an influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Curiel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curiel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diouf notes a striking resemblance between the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">Islamic call to prayer</a> (originating from <a href="/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Rabah" title="Bilal ibn Rabah">Bilal ibn Rabah</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian people">Abyssinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">African Muslim</a> in the early 7th century) and 19th-century field holler music, noting that both have similar lyrics praising God, melody, note changes, "words that seem to quiver and shake" in the vocal cords, dramatic changes in <a href="/wiki/Musical_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical scale">musical scales</a>, and nasal <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(music)" title="Intonation (music)">intonation</a>. She attributes the origins of field holler music to <a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African Muslim slaves</a> who accounted for an estimated 30% of African slaves in America. According to Kubik, "the vocal style of many blues singers using <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melisma</a>, wavy intonation, and so forth is a heritage of that large region of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> that had been in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic world">Arabic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> since the seventh and eighth centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-Curiel_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curiel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_holler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortaro_Farms,_Pinal_County,_Arizona._Migrant_picker_bringing_cotton_from_the_field._Wages_$.75_per_._._._-_NARA_-_522506.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cortaro_Farms%2C_Pinal_County%2C_Arizona._Migrant_picker_bringing_cotton_from_the_field._Wages_%24.75_per_._._._-_NARA_-_522506.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Cortaro_Farms%2C_Pinal_County%2C_Arizona._Migrant_picker_bringing_cotton_from_the_field._Wages_%24.75_per_._._._-_NARA_-_522506.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cortaro_Farms%2C_Pinal_County%2C_Arizona._Migrant_picker_bringing_cotton_from_the_field._Wages_%24.75_per_._._._-_NARA_-_522506.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Cortaro_Farms%2C_Pinal_County%2C_Arizona._Migrant_picker_bringing_cotton_from_the_field._Wages_%24.75_per_._._._-_NARA_-_522506.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cortaro_Farms%2C_Pinal_County%2C_Arizona._Migrant_picker_bringing_cotton_from_the_field._Wages_%24.75_per_._._._-_NARA_-_522506.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Cortaro_Farms%2C_Pinal_County%2C_Arizona._Migrant_picker_bringing_cotton_from_the_field._Wages_%24.75_per_._._._-_NARA_-_522506.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption>Picking cotton in a cotton field</figcaption></figure> <p>Field hollers, cries and hollers of the <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Sharecropper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecropper">sharecroppers</a> working in cotton fields, prison <a href="/wiki/Chain_gangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain gangs">chain gangs</a>, railway gangs (<a href="/wiki/Gandy_dancer" title="Gandy dancer">Gandy dancers</a>) or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turpentine_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turpentine camp (page does not exist)">turpentine camps</a> are seen as the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">call and response</a> of African American <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spirituals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music#Roots_and_background" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Jug_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Jug bands">jug bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Minstrel shows">minstrel shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stride_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Stride piano">stride piano</a>, and ultimately to <a href="/wiki/The_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="The blues">the blues</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and to <a href="/wiki/African_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="African American music">African American music</a> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-shaw_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The field holler may in turn have been influenced by blues recordings. No recorded examples of hollers exist from before the mid-1930s, but some blues recordings, such as <i>Mistreatin' Mama</i> (1927, Negro Patti) by the harmonica player <a href="/wiki/Jaybird_Coleman" title="Jaybird Coleman">Jaybird Coleman</a>, show strong links with the field holler tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A white tradition of "hollerin'" may be of similar age, but has not been adequately researched. Since 1969 an annual <a href="/wiki/National_Hollerin%27_Contest" title="National Hollerin' Contest">National Hollerin' Contest</a> has been held in Sampson County, North Carolina. The influence can be seen in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humwhistle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humwhistle (page does not exist)">humwhistle</a>. A humwhistle, otherwise known as "whistle-hum", creates two tones simultaneously and is a <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a>. The two-tone sound is related to <a href="/wiki/Inuit_throat_singing" title="Inuit throat singing">Inuit throat singing</a>, and to a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Yodeling" title="Yodeling">yodeling</a> that originated in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alps">Central Alps</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2014)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_holler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_note" title="Blue note">Blue note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-bar_blues" title="Twelve-bar blues">Twelve-bar blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_ballad" title="Blues ballad">Blues ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holler_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Holler Blues">Holler Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulning" title="Kulning">Kulning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_Work_Songs_in_a_Texas_Prison" title="Afro-American Work Songs in a Texas Prison">Afro-American Work Songs in a Texas Prison</a></i>, a 1966 documentary film</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_holler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaultsby" class="citation web cs1">Maultsby, Portia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120714133757/http://www.carnegiehall.org/honor/history/index.aspx">"A History of African American Music"</a>. <i>Carnegie Hall</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnegiehall.org/honor/history/index.aspx">the original</a> on 2012-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Hall&rft.atitle=A+History+of+African+American+Music&rft.aulast=Maultsby&rft.aufirst=Portia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegiehall.org%2Fhonor%2Fhistory%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+holler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shaw-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shaw_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shaw_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1978" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Arnold (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/honkersshouterst00shaw"><i>Honkers and Shouters: The Golden Years of Rhythm & Blues</i></a></span> (First ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/honkersshouterst00shaw/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-061740-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-061740-2"><bdi>0-02-061740-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honkers+and+Shouters%3A+The+Golden+Years+of+Rhythm+%26+Blues&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-02-061740-2&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhonkersshouterst00shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+holler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1954" class="citation journal cs1">Browne, Ray B. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/536810">"Some Notes on the Southern "Holler"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>67</b> (263): 73–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F536810">10.2307/536810</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/536810">536810</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002030543/https://www.jstor.org/stable/536810">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Some+Notes+on+the+Southern+%22Holler%22&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=263&rft.pages=73-77&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F536810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F536810%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Ray+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F536810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+holler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1950, Negro Folk Music of Alabama, Folkways</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1947, Negro Prison Songs, Tradition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1941, Negro Blues and Hollers, Library of Congress</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1954, Been Here and Gone, Folkways</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curiel-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curiel_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curiel_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuriel2004" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Curiel" title="Jonathan Curiel">Curiel, Jonathan</a> (August 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050905161734/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F08%2F15%2FINGMC85SSK1.DTL">"Muslim Roots of the Blues"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SFGate" title="SFGate">SFGate</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/08/15/INGMC85SSK1.DTL">the original</a> on September 5, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SFGate&rft.atitle=Muslim+Roots+of+the+Blues&rft.date=2004-08-15&rft.aulast=Curiel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F08%2F15%2FINGMC85SSK1.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+holler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Harris_(music_historian)" title="Sheldon Harris (music historian)">Harris, Sheldon</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blueswhoswhobiog00harr/page/125"><i>Blue's Who's Who</i></a></span>. Da Capo Press, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blueswhoswhobiog00harr/page/125">125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80155-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80155-8"><bdi>0-306-80155-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue%27s+Who%27s+Who&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-306-80155-8&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblueswhoswhobiog00harr%2Fpage%2F125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+holler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusic-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlewine" class="citation web cs1">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p37988">"Jaybird Coleman:Biography"</a>. allmusic.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406064406/https://mb.moatads.com/yi/v2?ol=0&qn=%604%7BZEYwoqI%24%5BK%2BdLLU)%2CMm~t7RZ.%5BMhS%3A15.snxNz3%2B1bmlLntoDUj%7B!%3CFeid%5BOV%7C%2B2x%3D(%3Ce7%25%7DSlx%3Am4%2C..8WLdA1%3BxTiWio8bYLaXBjA%3AmQ)%3CF!tAbjrzJ%3BgoVYGVxc%40lQQV%23tc3%2Fh%7C%3FVKV%3BaBgS%3F%2BWx%3Ba5%2F%5BGI%3F4YNmD%3Dn%3Cy)%23*R%23tw98YCC2J.bq!CASw%5EXm0okt%24b_o%3FtVD%5D%5BpN%7CQF%40Sy7%7B%2CNr1U*%26ujMUU8fvb%26%22B&tf=1_nMzjG---CSa7H-1SJH-bW7qhB-LRwqH-nMzjG-&vi=111111&rc=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1%2C0%2C0%2Cprobably%2Cprobably&rb=1-eWpqtqfKKwioQuFGWaR9AipFMAPoke3hNTBJf6raYEJYmkCpSqbr2V04&rs=1-d6V3bHtQg2TbHQ%3D%3D&sc=1&os=1-Ew%3D%3D&qp=00000&is=BBBBB2BBEYBvGl2BBCBBtUTE1RmsqbKW8BsrBu0rCFE48CRBeeBS2hWTMBBQeQBBn2soYggyUig0CBlWZ0uBBCCCCCCOgRBBiOfnE6Bkg7OxCb8MxOtJYHCBdm5kBhBBC9Y8oBXckXBR76iUUsJBCBBBBBBBBBWBBBj3BBBZeGV2BBBCMciUBBBjgEBBBBBB94UMgTdJMtEcpMBBBQBBBniOccBBBBBB47kNBBBBBBBBBBBBBhcjG6BBJM2L4Bk8BwCBQmIoRBBCzBz1BBCTClBBrbGBC4ehueB57NG9aJeRzBqEKiuwBBBB&iv=8&qt=0&gz=0&hh=0&hn=0&tw=&qc=0&qd=0&qf=1400&qe=900&qh=1400&qg=900&qm=0&qa=1400&qb=900&qi=1400&qj=900&to=000&po=1-0020002000002120&vy=ot%24b%5Bh%40%22oDgO%3DLlE6%3AYnIBMwqCf%5D)4%5Dz%2C%5B%26u9L%2F%2F%24b4%5DIAIbzbld%7Dt00%7Ca_BB%3FVxyEO%22zf4%5D%24cr16Zh5YigBghs%7ClTr1W*d%5B4kf%2FLyUoRdByZ%3C99Ks(I%7DY(T0c%7BDQ3MY.NjDby7p%26C&qr=0&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fjaybird-coleman-mn0000182227&pcode=playwireprebidheader597261727146&rx=190253910524&callback=MoatNadoAllJsonpRequest_12128936">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jaybird+Coleman%3ABiography&rft.pub=allmusic.com&rft.aulast=Erlewine&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fp37988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+holler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_holler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlton,_Katherine2003" class="citation book cs1">Charlton, Katherine (2003). <i>Rock Music Styles - a history</i>. Mc Graw-Hill, 4th ed., pp. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-249555-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-249555-3"><bdi>0-07-249555-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+Music+Styles+-+a+history&rft.pub=Mc+Graw-Hill%2C+4th+ed.%2C+pp.+3&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-07-249555-3&rft.au=Charlton%2C+Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+holler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Oxford Music Online: Grove Music</li> <li>Southern, Eileen. The Music of Black Americans. 3rd. New York London: Norton, 1997. Print.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_holler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/john-and-ruby-lomax/?q=hollers">Recordings from <i>The John and Ruby Lomax 1939 Southern States Recording Trip</i></a> -> Hollers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.culturalequity.org/get-audio-ix.do?ix=recording&id=292&idType=genreId&sortBy=abc">Recordings of hollers</a>, done by Alan Lomax, 1947-1959 (Association for Cultural Equity)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_holler&oldid=1246506785">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_holler&oldid=1246506785</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Song_forms" title="Category:Song forms">Song forms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music">African-American music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_folk_music" title="Category:American folk music">American folk music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Work_music" title="Category:Work music">Work music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_cultural_history" title="Category:African-American cultural history">African-American cultural history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-emancipation_African-American_history" title="Category:Pre-emancipation African-American history">Pre-emancipation African-American history</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_October_2014" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from October 2014">Articles that may contain original research from October 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 September 2024, at 10:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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