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Organoseleenchemie - Wikipedia
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<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Eigenschappen_van_de_koolstof_-_elementbinding_in_de_zuurstofgroep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eigenschappen_van_de_koolstof_-_elementbinding_in_de_zuurstofgroep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Eigenschappen van de koolstof - elementbinding in de zuurstofgroep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eigenschappen_van_de_koolstof_-_elementbinding_in_de_zuurstofgroep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verschillende_typen_organoseleenverbindingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verschillende_typen_organoseleenverbindingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Verschillende typen organoseleenverbindingen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verschillende_typen_organoseleenverbindingen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Verschillende typen organoseleenverbindingen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verschillende_typen_organoseleenverbindingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selenolen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selenolen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Selenolen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selenolen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseleniden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseleniden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Diseleniden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseleniden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selenylhalogeniden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selenylhalogeniden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Selenylhalogeniden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selenylhalogeniden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seleniden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seleniden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Seleniden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seleniden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selenoxiden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selenoxiden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Selenoxiden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selenoxiden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perseleenzuren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perseleenzuren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Perseleenzuren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perseleenzuren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selenuraan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selenuraan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Selenuraan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selenuraan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seleniraan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seleniraan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Seleniraan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seleniraan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Selon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organoseleenverbindingen_in_de_natuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organoseleenverbindingen_in_de_natuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organoseleenverbindingen in de natuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organoseleenverbindingen_in_de_natuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organoseleenverbindingen_in_de_organische_synthese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organoseleenverbindingen_in_de_organische_synthese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organoseleenverbindingen in de organische synthese</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organoseleenverbindingen_in_de_organische_synthese-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Organoseleenverbindingen in de organische synthese-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organoseleenverbindingen_in_de_organische_synthese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vinylische_seleniden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinylische_seleniden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vinylische seleniden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vinylische_seleniden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seleenoxide_oxidaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seleenoxide_oxidaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Seleenoxide oxidaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seleenoxide_oxidaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eliminaties_met_Seleenoxide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eliminaties_met_Seleenoxide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compuesto_de_organoselenio" title="Compuesto de organoselenio – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Compuesto de organoselenio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoseleeniyhdisteet" title="Organoseleeniyhdisteet – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Organoseleeniyhdisteet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compos%C3%A9_organos%C3%A9l%C3%A9ni%C3%A9" title="Composé organosélénié – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Composé organosélénié" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p>In de <b>organoseleenchemie</b> worden verbindingen bestudeerd waarin een directe binding optreedt tussen <a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">koolstof</a> en <a href="/wiki/Seleen" title="Seleen">seleen</a>. Zowel de eigenschappen van de verbindingen als in synthese en reacties worden bestudeerd. Seleen wordt tot de niet-metalen gerekend, en als zodanig is de organoseleenchemie geen onderdeel van de <a href="/wiki/Organometaalchemie" title="Organometaalchemie">organometaalchemie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seleen hoort tot de <a href="/wiki/Zuurstofgroep" title="Zuurstofgroep">zuurstofgroep</a> in het <a href="/wiki/Periodiek_systeem" title="Periodiek systeem">periodiek systeem</a> en overeenkomsten tussen de chemie van seleen enerzijds en de bekendere leden van deze groep, <a href="/wiki/Zuurstof_(element)" title="Zuurstof (element)">zuurstof</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zwavel" title="Zwavel">zwavel</a> anderzijds, zijn te verwachten. </p><p>De eerste organoseleenverbinding, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Di-ethylselenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Di-ethylselenide (de pagina bestaat niet)">di-ethylselenide</a>, is in <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> beschreven door L.C.J. Pogg<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschappen_van_de_koolstof_-_elementbinding_in_de_zuurstofgroep">Eigenschappen van de koolstof - elementbinding in de zuurstofgroep</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Eigenschappen van de koolstof - elementbinding in de zuurstofgroep" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Eigenschappen van de koolstof - elementbinding in de zuurstofgroep"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Van seleen zijn de <a href="/wiki/Oxidatietoestanden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidatietoestanden">oxidatietoestanden</a> -2, +2, +4, +6 bekend. In de organoseleenchemie speelt vooral Se(II) een belangrijke rol. Gaande door de zuurstofgroep wordt de bindingssterkte tussen koolstof en de elementen geleidelijk zwakker en de bindingslengte groter: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th valign="top">Element </th> <th valign="top">Bindingsenergie<br />(kJ/mol) </th> <th valign="top">Bindingslengte<br />(pm) </th> <th valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Zuurconstante" title="Zuurconstante">pK<sub>z</sub></a> voor XH<sub>2</sub> </th> <th valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Zuurconstante" title="Zuurconstante">pK<sub>z</sub></a> voor (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)XH </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">O</td> <td></td> <td align="center">141</td> <td align="center">16</td> <td align="center">9.89<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">S</td> <td align="center">272</td> <td align="center">181</td> <td align="center">7</td> <td align="center">6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Se</td> <td align="center">234</td> <td align="center">198</td> <td align="center">3.8</td> <td align="center">5.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Seleenverbindingen vormen betere <a href="/wiki/Nucleofiel" title="Nucleofiel">nucleofielen</a> dan de overeenkomstige zwavelverbindingen, en de hydriden zijn zuurder, zoals uit de tabel blijkt. In tegenstelling tot de <a href="/wiki/Sulfoxide" title="Sulfoxide">sulfoxiden</a> zijn de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seleenoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seleenoxide (de pagina bestaat niet)">seleenoxides</a> niet stabiel als ze over een β-proton beschikken; deze eigenschap wordt in een groot aantal <a href="/wiki/Organische_chemie" title="Organische chemie">syntheses</a> uitgebuit, met name in de seleenoxide-oxidaties en -eliminaties. Organoseleenverbindingen komen in zeer kleine hoeveelheden in het milieu voor (water, aarde, sediment).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verschillende_typen_organoseleenverbindingen">Verschillende typen organoseleenverbindingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verschillende typen organoseleenverbindingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verschillende typen organoseleenverbindingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selenolen">Selenolen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Selenolen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Selenolen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Selenol" title="Selenol">Selenolen</a> (RSeH) zijn de seleenanaloga van de <a href="/wiki/Alkanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkanol">alkanolen</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiolen</a>. De verbindingen zijn tamelijk instabiel en hebben over het algemeen een onprettige geur. <a href="/wiki/Benzeenselenol" title="Benzeenselenol">Benzeenselenol</a> (ook wel fenylselenol, selenafenol, PhSeH of ΦSeH) is zuurder (pK<sub>z</sub> 5.9) dan <a href="/wiki/Thiofenol" title="Thiofenol">thiofenol</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fenol" title="Fenol">fenol</a> (zie tabel) en oxideert ook makkelijker tot het <a href="/wiki/Difenyldiselenide" title="Difenyldiselenide">diselenide</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Benzeenthiol" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzeenthiol">benzeenthiol</a>. Selenafenol wordt gesynthetiseerd via de <a href="/wiki/Reductie_(scheikunde)" title="Reductie (scheikunde)">reductie</a> van difenyldiselenide.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseleniden">Diseleniden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Diseleniden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Diseleniden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diseleniden (R-Se-Se-R) zijn de seleen-analoga van de <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxiden</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide">disulfiden</a>. Deze stoffen worden veel toegepast als stabiele uitgangsstof voor de meer reactieve organoseleenverbindingen als de <a href="#selenolen">selenolen</a> en de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenylhalogeniden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenylhalogeniden (de pagina bestaat niet)">selenenylhalogeniden</a>. In de organische chemie wordt <a href="/wiki/Difenyldiselenide" title="Difenyldiselenide">difenyldiselenide</a> veel toegepast. Deze verbinding wordt zelf via PhSeMgBr uit <a href="/wiki/Fenylmagnesiumbromide" title="Fenylmagnesiumbromide">fenylmagnesiumbromide</a> en seleen bereid.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selenylhalogeniden">Selenylhalogeniden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Selenylhalogeniden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Selenylhalogeniden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selenenylhalogeniden (R-Se-Cl, R-Se-Br) ontstaan bij het halogeneren van de diseleniden. Zo ontstaat fenylselenylbromide (PhSeBr) uit broom en difenyldiselenide. Deze verbindingen vormen een bron van "PhSe<sup>+</sup>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seleniden">Seleniden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Seleniden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Seleniden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seleniden (R-Se-R), ook bekend als selenoethers, vormen de seleen-equivalenten van de <a href="/wiki/Ether_(scheikunde)" title="Ether (scheikunde)">ethers</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Thio-ether" title="Thio-ether">thio-ethers</a>. Dit is de grootste groep organoseleenverbindingen. Symmetrische seleniden worden meestal gesynthetiseerd via <a href="/wiki/Alkylering" title="Alkylering">alkylering</a> van alkaliseleniden als <a href="/wiki/Natriumselenide" title="Natriumselenide">natriumselenide</a>. De niet symatrische seleniden ontstaan via alkyleren van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenoaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenoaat (de pagina bestaat niet)">selenoaten</a>. </p><p>De seleniden reageren vooral als <a href="/wiki/Nucleofiel" title="Nucleofiel">nucleofiel</a>, onder anderen met alkylhalydes (R"-X), waarbij <b>selenoniumzouten</b> RR'R"Se<sup>+</sup>X<sup>−</sup> ontstaan. Met <a href="/wiki/HSAB-theorie" title="HSAB-theorie">zachte heteroatomen</a> reageert divalent seleen onder vorming van hypervalente seleenclusters.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sommige gevallen, met <a href="/wiki/Organolithiumchemie" title="Organolithiumchemie">organolithiumreagentia</a> treden de seleniden op als elektrofiel, waarbij <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aat_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aat complex (de pagina bestaat niet)">aat complexen</a> ontstaan: R'RRSe<sub>−</sub>Li<sup>+</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selenoxiden">Selenoxiden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Selenoxiden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Selenoxiden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selenoxiden (R-Se(O)-R) zijn de seleen-analoga van de <a href="/wiki/Sulfoxide" title="Sulfoxide">sulfoxiden</a>. Ze zijn makkelijk te oxideren tot de selenonen, de seleenvariant van de <a href="/wiki/Sulfon" title="Sulfon">sulfonen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perseleenzuren">Perseleenzuren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Perseleenzuren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Perseleenzuren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perseleenzuren (RSe(O)OOH) worden toegepast als katalysator in <a href="/wiki/Epoxide" title="Epoxide">epoxidatie</a> en in de <a href="/wiki/Baeyer-Villiger-reactie" title="Baeyer-Villiger-reactie">Baeyer–Villiger oxidatie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selenuraan">Selenuraan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Selenuraan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Selenuraan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selenuranen zijn <a href="/wiki/Hypervalentie" title="Hypervalentie">hypervalente</a> organoseleenverbindingen, die formeel beschouwd kunnen worden als derivaten van <a href="/wiki/Seleentetrachloride" title="Seleentetrachloride">SeCl<sub>4</sub></a>. Gedacht moet worden aan verbindingen van het type ArSeCl<sub>3</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De chloriden worden gesynthetiseerd uit <a href="/wiki/Seleenoxydichloride" title="Seleenoxydichloride">selenenylchloride</a> met <a href="/wiki/Dichloor" title="Dichloor">chloor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seleniraan">Seleniraan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Seleniraan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Seleniraan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Epoxide" title="Epoxide">epoxiden</a> en <a href="/wiki/Episulfide" title="Episulfide">episulfiden</a> hebben in de seleniranen hun analoga. De verbindingen bezitten een driering, met seleen als een van de ringatomen (de stamverbinding is: C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>Se). In tegenstelling tot de thiiranen zijn de seleniranen kinetisch instabiel: het seleenatoom wordt onder vorming van een <a href="/wiki/Alkeen" title="Alkeen">alkeen</a> zonder oxidatie spontaan afgestaan. Deze eigenschap is in de synthetisch organische chemie toegepast.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selon">Selon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Selon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Selon"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Selon" title="Selon">selonen</a> (R<sub>2</sub>C=Se, soms, foutief, als selenonen benoemd) zijn als verbinding vergelijkbaar met <a href="/wiki/Keton" title="Keton">ketonen</a>. Het is een zeer zeldzame groep verbindingen, gezien hun neiging tot <a href="/wiki/Oligomeer" title="Oligomeer">oligomerisatie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oka_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oka-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Diselenobenzoquinon is stabiel als metaalcomplex.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organoseleenverbindingen_in_de_natuur">Organoseleenverbindingen in de natuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Organoseleenverbindingen in de natuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Organoseleenverbindingen in de natuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoewel in kleine hoeveelheden, is seleen een <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologisch</a> noodzakelijk element. <a href="/wiki/Selenocyste%C3%AFne" title="Selenocysteïne">Selenocysteïne</a> is een selenol-bevattend <a href="/wiki/Aminozuur" title="Aminozuur">aminozuur</a> dat op een speciale manier in DNA gecodeerd wordt. <a href="/wiki/Selenomethionine" title="Selenomethionine">Selenomethionine</a> komt ook als natuurlijk aminozuur voor, maar deze selenidefunctie wordt als post-transcriptie modificatie gerealiseerd. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutathionoxidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glutathionoxidase (de pagina bestaat niet)">Glutathionoxidase</a> vormt een diselenide een essentieel onderdeel van het reactieve centrum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organoseleenverbindingen_in_de_organische_synthese">Organoseleenverbindingen in de organische synthese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Organoseleenverbindingen in de organische synthese" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Organoseleenverbindingen in de organische synthese"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organoseleenverbindingen vormen een gespecialiseerde, maar zeer bruikbare, groep reagentia in het arsenaal van de synthetisch organisch chemicus. In de synthese van farmaceutische producten is de toepasbaarheid echter, vanwege wet- en regelgeving beperkt. De bruikbaarheid van de verbindingen wordt vooral bepaald door twee belangrijke factoren: </p> <ol><li>de geringe bindingssterkte van de koolstof - seleenbinding</li> <li>het gemak waarmee seleen(II)verbindingen geoxideerd kunnen worden.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vinylische_seleniden">Vinylische seleniden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vinylische seleniden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vinylische seleniden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vinylische seleniden zijn organoseleenverbindingen waarbij seleen als substituent aan een dubbele binding optreedt. Deze groep stoffen speelt een rol in de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoselectief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stereoselectief (de pagina bestaat niet)">stereoselectieve</a> <a href="/wiki/Organische_synthese" title="Organische synthese">organische synthese</a> van gefunctionaliseerde <a href="/wiki/Alkeen" title="Alkeen">alkenen</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoewel er verschillende syntheseroutes naar deze reagentia beschreven zijn verloopt de voornaamste route via <a href="/wiki/Alkyn" title="Alkyn">alkynen</a>, zowel eindstandig als dubbelgesubstitueerd. De reactie kan zowel een <a href="/wiki/Nucleofiel" title="Nucleofiel">nucleofiele</a> als een <a href="/wiki/Elektrofiel" title="Elektrofiel">elektrofiele</a> additie van een organoseleenverbindingen aan het alkyn betreffen. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zo leidt de nucleofiele additie van <a href="/wiki/Benzeenselenol" title="Benzeenselenol">selenofenol</a> aan alkynen voornamelijk tot de Z-vinylseleniden na een lange reactietijd bij kamertemperatuur. Bij hogere temperatuur is de reactie, uiteraard, sneller maar er ontstaat een mengsel van Z- en E-vinylseleniden in een vrijwel 1:1 verhouding. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Onder invloed van <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(element)" title="Palladium (element)">palladium</a> als <a href="/wiki/Katalysator" title="Katalysator">katalysator</a> worden de <a href="/wiki/Regel_van_Markovnikov" title="Regel van Markovnikov">Markownikovproducten</a> in goede opbrengsten gevormd. Bij een (eindstandig) 1-alkyn koppelt de seleengroep dan aan het koolstofatoom op de 2-positie. </p><p>Aan de beschreven syntheseroutes kleven wel nadelen: er wordt gebruikgemaakt van diorganodiseleniden of selenofenol als uitgangsmateriaal. De synthese van deze reagentia is niet eenvoudig, ze zijn vluchtig en hebben doorgaans een onplezierige geur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seleenoxide_oxidaties">Seleenoxide oxidaties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Seleenoxide oxidaties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=15" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Seleenoxide oxidaties"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In een <b>allylische oxidatie</b> wordt een CH<sub>2</sub>-groep direct naast een <a href="/wiki/Dubbele_binding_(scheikunde)" title="Dubbele binding (scheikunde)">dubbele binding</a> geoxideerd tot een allylisch <a href="/wiki/Alkanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkanol">alkanol</a> of een <a href="/wiki/Keton" title="Keton">keton</a>. Door de aanwezigheid van de dubbele binding is deze omzetting niet via de standaard reagentia toegankelijk, de dubbele binding wordt vaak eerder geoxideerd dan de plaats ernaast. <a href="/wiki/Seleendioxide" title="Seleendioxide">Seleendioxide</a> is een voorbeeld van een groep <a href="/wiki/Oxidator" title="Oxidator">oxidatoren</a> waarmee deze omzetting wel te realiseren is. De oxidatie van <a href="/wiki/Cycloheptatrieen" title="Cycloheptatrieen">cycloheptatrieen</a> (tot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropon (de pagina bestaat niet)">tropon</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> β-<a href="/wiki/Pineen" title="Pineen">Pineen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanon" title="Cyclohexanon">cyclohexanon</a> tot <a href="/w/index.php?title=1,2-cyclohexaandion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,2-cyclohexaandion (de pagina bestaat niet)">1,2-cyclohexaandion</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> zijn voorbeelden van deze reactie. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Seleniumdioxide_oxidation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleendioxideoxidatie"><img alt="Seleendioxideoxidatie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Seleniumdioxide_oxidation.svg/340px-Seleniumdioxide_oxidation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Seleniumdioxide_oxidation.svg/510px-Seleniumdioxide_oxidation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Seleniumdioxide_oxidation.svg/680px-Seleniumdioxide_oxidation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>Seleendioxideoxidatie</figcaption></figure> <p>In het <a href="/wiki/Reactiemechanisme" title="Reactiemechanisme">reactiemechanisme</a> van deze reacties spelen <a href="/wiki/Radicaal_(scheikunde)" title="Radicaal (scheikunde)">radicalen</a> vaak een rol, al zijn ook gevallen beschreven van <a href="/wiki/Pericyclische_reactie" title="Pericyclische reactie">pericyclische</a> <a href="/wiki/Geconcerteerde_reactie" title="Geconcerteerde reactie">geconcerteerde reacties</a> in de seleenoxide-oxidatie. De eerste stap is een <a href="/wiki/Een-reactie" title="Een-reactie">een-reactie</a>, waarin een allylisch proton wordt overgedragen aan de seleenoxidegroep, de tweede stap bestaat uit een [2,3] <a href="/wiki/Sigmatrope_reactie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigmatrope reactie">sigmatrope reactie</a>. </p><p>De oxidatie met seleenhoudende verbindingen wordt vaak uitgevoerd met een katalytische hoeveelheid seleen en een oxidator zoals <a href="/wiki/Waterstofperoxide" title="Waterstofperoxide">waterstofperoxide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Selenigzuur" title="Selenigzuur">Selenigzuur</a> (H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub>) en <a href="/wiki/Pyridiniumchlorochromaat" title="Pyridiniumchlorochromaat">pyridiniumchlorochromaat</a> worden ook als zodanig toegepast. </p><p>De reactie kan uitgebreid worden tot ketonen die over β-methyleengroepen beschikken. Deze reactie is bekend onder de naam: <b>Riley oxidatie</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eliminaties_met_Seleenoxide">Eliminaties met Seleenoxide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Eliminaties met Seleenoxide" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=16" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Eliminaties met Seleenoxide"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seleenoxide-elimination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seleenoxide-elimination (de pagina bestaat niet)">Seleenoxide-elimination</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>In aanwezigheid van een β-proton zal een selenide na de oxidatie een eliminatiereactie ondergaan waarbij een alkeen en een selenol ontstaan. Tijdens de eliminatie zijn de vijf deelnemende atomen een coplanair, de reactie is een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syn_and_anti_additie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syn and anti additie (de pagina bestaat niet)">syn eliminatie</a>. Oxidatoren die voor dit doel gebruikt worden zijn waterstofperoxide, <a href="/wiki/Ozon_(stof)" title="Ozon (stof)">ozon</a> of <a href="/wiki/3-chloorperoxybenzo%C3%ABzuur" title="3-chloorperoxybenzoëzuur">MCPBA</a>. De reactie wordt vooral toegepast op ketonen met een <a href="/wiki/Enon_(scheikunde)" title="Enon (scheikunde)">enon</a> als synthetische doelverbinding. Een voorbeeld is de eliminatie van acetylcyclohexanon met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzeenselenylchloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzeenselenylchloride (de pagina bestaat niet)">benzeenselenylchloride</a> en <a href="/wiki/Natriumhydride" title="Natriumhydride">natriumhydride</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:SelenoxideElimination.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleenoxideelimination van carbonylverbindingen"><img alt="Seleenoxideelimination van carbonylverbindingen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/SelenoxideElimination.png/600px-SelenoxideElimination.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/SelenoxideElimination.png/900px-SelenoxideElimination.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/SelenoxideElimination.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>Seleenoxideelimination van carbonylverbindingen</figcaption></figure> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Grieco-eliminatie" title="Grieco-eliminatie">Grieco-eliminatie</a> is een vergelijkbare reactie waarbij o-nitrofenylselenocyanaat en tributylfosfine toegepast worden om de elementen van H<sub>2</sub>O uit een verbinding te elimineren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigatie">Navigatie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Navigatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoseleenchemie&action=edit&section=17" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Navigatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Koolstof-elementbinding" title="Categorie:Koolstof-elementbinding">Navigatie Koolstof-elementbinding</a> </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zie: <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps">A. Krief, L. Hevesi</span>.  (1988). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN Organoselenium Chemistry I. Functional Group Transformations  –   Springer  (Berlijn)   <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3540186298" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3540186298">ISBN 3540186298</a></span> </li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps"></span>.  (1986). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN Ed.: S. Patai, Z. Rappoport  The Chemistry of Organic Selenium and Tellurium Compounds Vol 1  –   John. Wiley and Sons  (Chichester)   <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-471-90425-2" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-471-90425-2">ISBN 0-471-90425-2</a></span> </li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps">C. Paulmier</span>.  (1986). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN Ed.: J.E. Baldwin  Selenium Reagents and Intermediates in Organic Synthesis  –   Pergamon Books Ltd.  (New York)   <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-08-032484-3" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-08-032484-3">ISBN 0-08-032484-3</a></span> </li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Diana M. Freudendahl, Stefano Santoro, Sohail A. Shahzad, Claudio Santi, Thomas Wirth</span>.  (2009). <i>Green Chemistry with Selenium Reagents: Development of Efficient Catalytic Reactions</i> <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>.  <b>48</b> <span class="nowrap">pag.: 8409</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200903893">10.1002/anie.200903893 </a></span>  </li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">L.C.J. Pogg</span>.  (1836). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN <i>Ann.</i>.  <b>37</b> <span class="nowrap">pag.: 552</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Nivon-commissie</span>.  (1986). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN BINAS  –   Wolters - Noordhof  (Groningen)   <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-01-89351-1" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-01-89351-1">ISBN 90-01-89351-1</a></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">D. Wallschläger, F. Feldmann</span>.  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(1997). <i>Vinylic Selenides and Tellurides - Preparation, Reactivity and Synthetic Applications</i> <i>Synthesis</i>.  <b>1997</b> <span class="nowrap">pag.: 373</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-1997-1210">10.1055/s-1997-1210 </a></span>  </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zie: <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps">J. Comasseto</span>.  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(2001). <i>Synthesis of (Z)-1-phenylseleno-1,4-diorganyl-1-buten-3-ynes: hydroselenation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1,4-diorganyl-1,3-butadiynes</i> <i>Tetrahedron</i>.  <b>57</b> <span class="nowrap">pag.: 4271</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0040-4020%2801%2900337-4">10.1016/S0040-4020(01)00337-4 </a></span>  </li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps">O. Doregobarros, E. Lang, C. Deoliveira, C. Peppe, G. Zeni</span>.  (2002). <i>Indium(I) iodide-mediated chemio-, regio-, and stereoselective hydroselenation of 2-alkyn-1-ol derivatives</i> <i>Tetrahedron Letters</i>.  <b>43</b> <span class="nowrap">pag.: 7921</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0040-4039%2802%2901904-4">10.1016/S0040-4039(02)01904-4 </a></span>  </li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">J. Comasseto</span>.  (1981). <i>Stereoselective synthesis of vinylic selenides</i> <i>Journal of Organometallic Chemistry</i>.  <b>216</b> <span class="nowrap">pag.: 287</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-328X%2800%2985812-X">10.1016/S0022-328X(00)85812-X </a></span>  </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zie: <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps"></span>.  (1998). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN <i>Organic Syntheses</i>. <span class="nowrap">pag.: 396</span>  Collective volume 9 </li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps"></span>.  (1993). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN <i>Organic Syntheses</i>.  <b>71</b> <span class="nowrap">pag.: 181</span> </li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zie: <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps"></span>.  (1988). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN <i>Organic Syntheses</i>. <span class="nowrap">pag.: 946</span>  Collective volume 6 </li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps"></span>.  (1977). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN <i>Organic Syntheses</i>.  <b>56</b> <span class="nowrap">pag.: 25</span> ]</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zie: <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps"></span>.  (1963). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN <i>Organic Syntheses</i>. <span class="nowrap">pag.: 229</span>  Collective volume 4 </li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps"></span>.  (1952). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN <i>Organic Syntheses</i>.  <b>32</b> <span class="nowrap">pag.: 35</span> </li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Harry Lister Riley, John Frederick Morley, Norman Alfred Child Friend</span>.  (1932). <i>255. Selenium dioxide, a new oxidising agent. Part I. Its reaction with aldehydes and ketones</i> <i>Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed)</i>. <span class="nowrap">pag.: 1875</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2FJR9320001875">10.1039/JR9320001875 </a></span>  </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zie: <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps"></span>.  (1988). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN <i>Organic Syntheses</i>. <span class="nowrap">pag.: 23</span>  Collective volume 6 </li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps"></span>.  (1979). GEEN TITEL OPGEGEVEN <i>Organic Syntheses</i>.  <b>59</b> <span class="nowrap">pag.: 58</span> </li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7d588db968‐b2kgf Cached time: 20241105011129 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.132 seconds Real time usage: 0.168 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6026/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22574/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10470/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16112/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.002/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 584249/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 108.870 1 -total 92.06% 100.226 1 Sjabloon:Appendix 89.72% 97.679 1 Sjabloon:References 65.59% 71.407 31 Sjabloon:Chemref 12.36% 13.453 12 Sjabloon:Nowrap 8.72% 9.499 11 Sjabloon:Doi 4.44% 4.830 1 Sjabloon:Zie_hoofdartikel 2.38% 2.593 1 Sjabloon:Multiparameters 1.86% 2.029 6 Sjabloon:ISBN --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key nlwiki:pcache:idhash:2168207-0!canonical and timestamp 20241105011129 and revision id 53926033. 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