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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pig iron (disambiguation)">Pig iron (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Pig iron</b>, also known as <b>crude iron</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_good" title="Intermediate good">intermediate good</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">iron industry</a> in the production of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. It is developed by <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a>. Pig iron has a high <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> content, typically 3.8–4.7%,<sup id="cite_ref-msts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Dross" title="Dross">dross</a>, which makes it <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a> and not useful directly as a material except for limited applications.<sup id="cite_ref-DThomasBio_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DThomasBio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pig_iron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pig_iron.jpg/240px-Pig_iron.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pig_iron.jpg/360px-Pig_iron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Pig_iron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="306"></a><figcaption>Pig iron used to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron" title="Ductile iron">ductile iron</a></figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Uses"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Modern_uses"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Modern uses</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_iron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The traditional shape of the molds used for pig iron <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingots</a> is a branching structure formed in <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, with many individual ingots at right angles<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a central channel or "runner", resembling a litter of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">piglets</a> being <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">nursed</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">sow</a>. When the metal had cooled and hardened, the smaller ingots (the "pigs") were simply broken from the runner (the "sow"), hence the name "pig iron".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As pig iron is intended for remelting, the uneven size of the ingots and the inclusion of small amounts of sand are insignificant issues when compared to the ease of <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a> and handling. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_iron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Ferrous metallurgy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casting_pig_iron,_Iroquois_smelter,_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Casting_pig_iron%2C_Iroquois_smelter%2C_Chicago.jpg/240px-Casting_pig_iron%2C_Iroquois_smelter%2C_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4456" data-file-height="3463"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Casting_pig_iron%2C_Iroquois_smelter%2C_Chicago.jpg/240px-Casting_pig_iron%2C_Iroquois_smelter%2C_Chicago.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="187" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Casting_pig_iron%2C_Iroquois_smelter%2C_Chicago.jpg/360px-Casting_pig_iron%2C_Iroquois_smelter%2C_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Casting_pig_iron%2C_Iroquois_smelter%2C_Chicago.jpg/480px-Casting_pig_iron%2C_Iroquois_smelter%2C_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Casting pig iron at the Iroquois smelter in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> between 1890 and 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chinese were already making pig iron during the later <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (which ended in 256 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furnaces such as <a href="/wiki/Lapphyttan" title="Lapphyttan">Lapphyttan</a> in Sweden may date back as far back as the 12th century; and some in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">County of Mark</a> dating back to the 13th century, which is now part of <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains to be established whether these northern European developments were derived from the Chinese ones. Wagner<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has postulated a possible link via Persian contacts with China along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and Viking contacts with Persia,<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is a chronological gap between the Viking period and Lapphyttan. </p><p>Smelting and producing <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> were known in ancient Europe and the Middle East, but it was produced in <a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">bloomeries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Direct_reduction" title="Direct reduction">direct reduction</a>. Small <a href="/wiki/Prill" title="Prill">prills</a> of pig iron dispersed in <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> are produced in all iron furnaces, but the operator of a bloomery had to avoid conditions causing the <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a> of the iron into liquid in the furnace, as the prill globules or any resulting pig iron are not malleable so can't be hammered in a single piece. Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Decarburization" title="Decarburization">decarburizing</a> the pig iron into steel was an extremely tedious process using medieval technology, so in Europe before the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the prills were discarded with the slag.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_iron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Traditionally, pig iron was worked into <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">finery forges</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Puddling_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Puddling furnace">puddling furnaces</a>, and more recently, into <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these processes, pig iron is melted and a strong current of air is directed over it while it is stirred or agitated. This causes the dissolved impurities (such as silicon) to be thoroughly oxidized. An intermediate product of puddling is known as <i>refined pig iron</i>, <i>finers metal</i>, or <i>refined iron</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-em_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-em-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pig iron can also be used to produce <a href="/wiki/Gray_iron" title="Gray iron">gray iron</a>. This is achieved by remelting pig iron, often along with substantial quantities of steel and <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap</a> iron, removing undesirable contaminants, adding alloys, and adjusting the carbon content. <a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron" title="Ductile iron">Ductile iron</a> can also be produced using certain high purity grades of pig iron; depending on the grade of ductile iron being produced, the pig irons chosen may be low in the elements silicon, manganese, sulfur and phosphorus. High purity pig iron is used to dilute any elements in a ductile iron charge which may be harmful to the ductile iron process (except carbon). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_uses">Modern uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_iron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Pig iron was historically poured directly out of the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> through a channel into a <a href="/wiki/Ladle_(metallurgy)" title="Ladle (metallurgy)">ladle</a> car for transfer to the <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mill</a> in mostly liquid form; in this state, the pig iron was referred to as <i>hot metal</i>. The hot metal was then poured into a <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steelmaking</a> vessel to produce <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, typically an <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Induction_furnace" title="Induction furnace">induction furnace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic oxygen furnace">basic oxygen furnace</a>, where the excess carbon is burned off and the <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> composition controlled. Earlier processes for this included the <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">finery forge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puddling_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Puddling furnace">puddling furnace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hearth furnace">open hearth furnace</a>. </p><p>Modern steel mills and <a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">direct-reduction</a> iron plants transfer the molten iron to a ladle for immediate use in the steel making furnaces or cast it into pigs on a pig-casting machine for reuse or resale. Modern pig casting machines produce stick pigs, which break into smaller 4–10-kilogram (9–22 lb) piglets at discharge. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_iron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-msts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msts_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampFrancis,_Charles_Blaine1920" class="citation book cs1">Camp, James McIntyre; Francis, Charles Blaine (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingshapingan00frangoog"><i>The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel</i></a> (2nd ed.). Pittsburgh: Carnegie Steel Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingshapingan00frangoog/page/n218">174</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2566055">2566055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making%2C+Shaping+and+Treating+of+Steel&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pages=174&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Carnegie+Steel+Co.&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2566055&rft.aulast=Camp&rft.aufirst=James+McIntyre&rft.au=Francis%2C+Charles+Blaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingshapingan00frangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DThomasBio-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DThomasBio_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Thomas1899" class="citation web cs1">Samuel Thomas (September 1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehopkinthomasproject.com./TheHopkinThomasProject/TimeLine/GenealogyPortraits/DavidThomasBios/SamThomaReminiscence.htm">"Reminiscences of the early anthracite-iron industry"</a>. <i>Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers (reprint by TheHopkinThomasProject.com)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314103940/http://www.thehopkinthomasproject.com/TheHopkinThomasProject/TimeLine/GenealogyPortraits/DavidThomasBios/SamThomaReminiscence.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Institute+of+Mining+Engineers+%28reprint+by+TheHopkinThomasProject.com%29&rft.atitle=Reminiscences+of+the+early+anthracite-iron+industry&rft.date=1899-09&rft.au=Samuel+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehopkinthomasproject.com.%2FTheHopkinThomasProject%2FTimeLine%2FGenealogyPortraits%2FDavidThomasBios%2FSamThomaReminiscence.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zTREw5lrjMC&pg=PA297"><i>Glossary of Metalworking Terms</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Press" title="Industrial Press">Industrial Press</a>. 2003. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780831131289" title="Special:BookSources/9780831131289"><bdi>9780831131289</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224053826/https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=6zTREw5lrjMC&pg=PA297">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Metalworking+Terms&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Industrial+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780831131289&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zTREw5lrjMC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081818/http://jpkc.lut.cn/upload/20120523/20120523180839157.pdf#page=18"><i>The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel: Ironmaking volume</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. AISE Steel Foundation. 1999. p. 18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpkc.lut.cn/upload/20120523/20120523180839157.pdf#page=18">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making%2C+Shaping%2C+and+Treating+of+Steel%3A+Ironmaking+volume&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=AISE+Steel+Foundation&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjpkc.lut.cn%2Fupload%2F20120523%2F20120523180839157.pdf%23page%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner, Donald. <i>Iron and Steel in Ancient China</i>. Leiden 1996: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several papers in <i>The importance of ironmaking: technical innovation and social change: papers presented at the Norberg Conference, May 1995</i> ed. Gert Magnusson (Jernkontorets Berghistoriska Utskott H58, 1995), 143–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolas1995" class="citation journal cs1">Golas, Peter (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1995_num_82_1_2347">"Donald B. Wagner : Iron and Steel in Ancient China"</a>. <i>Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient</i>. <b>82</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">426–</span>428.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+Fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=Donald+B.+Wagner+%3A+Iron+and+Steel+in+Ancient+China&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E426-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Golas&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fbefeo_0336-1519_1995_num_82_1_2347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jernkontoret.se/sv/publicerat/bergshistoria/bergshistoria/rapport-h-39">"Medieval Iron in Society II. Papers and discussions presented at the symposium in Norberg, May 6–10, 1985"</a>. <i>Rapport H 39 - Jernkontoret</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rapport+H+39+-+Jernkontoret&rft.atitle=Medieval+Iron+in+Society+II.+Papers+and+discussions+presented+at+the+symposium+in+Norberg%2C+May+6%E2%80%9310%2C+1985.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jernkontoret.se%2Fsv%2Fpublicerat%2Fbergshistoria%2Fbergshistoria%2Frapport-h-39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. F. Tylecote, <i>A history of metallurgy</i> (2nd edition, Institute of Materials, London, 1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-em-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-em_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajput2000" class="citation book cs1">Rajput, R.K. (2000). <i>Engineering Materials</i>. S. Chand. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-1960-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-219-1960-6"><bdi>81-219-1960-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Materials&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-219-1960-6&rft.aulast=Rajput&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_iron&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Andy Dingley" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1740682975"> <span>Last edited on 27 February 2025, at 19:02</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D9%81%D9%84" title="حديد غفل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حديد غفل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE" title="কাঁচা লোহা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাঁচা লোহা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingot_d%27alt_forn" title="Lingot d'alt forn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lingot d'alt forn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surov%C3%A9_%C5%BEelezo" title="Surové železo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Surové železo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5jern" title="Råjern – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Råjern" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roheisen" title="Roheisen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roheisen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrabio" title="Arrabio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arrabio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krudfero" title="Krudfero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krudfero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrabio_(metalurgia)" title="Arrabio (metalurgia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrabio (metalurgia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آهن خام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آهن خام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonte_brute" title="Fonte brute – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fonte brute" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muciarann" title="Muciarann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muciarann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusa" title="Gusa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gusa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EC%B2%A0" title="선철 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선철" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="कच्चा लोहा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कच्चा लोहा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirovo_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Sirovo željezo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sirovo željezo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi_kasar" title="Besi kasar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Besi kasar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99" title="ברזל גולמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברזל גולמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Сурово железо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сурово железо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwijzer" title="Ruwijzer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruwijzer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%91%E9%89%84" title="銑鉄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銑鉄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5jern" title="Råjern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Råjern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%C3%B3wka_hutnicza" title="Surówka hutnicza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Surówka hutnicza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusa" title="Gusa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gusa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font%C4%83_brut%C4%83" title="Fontă brută – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fontă brută" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Передельный чугун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Передельный чугун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9" title="අමු යකඩ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අමු යකඩ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pig iron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surov%C3%A9_%C5%BEelezo" title="Surové železo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Surové železo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodelj" title="Grodelj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grodelj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirovo_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Sirovo željezo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sirovo željezo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takkirauta" title="Takkirauta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Takkirauta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackj%C3%A4rn" title="Tackjärn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tackjärn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pik_demir" title="Pik demir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pik demir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Переробний чавун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Переробний чавун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_th%E1%BB%8Fi" title="Gang thỏi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gang thỏi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%90%B5" title="生鐵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生鐵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%90%B5" title="生鐵 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生鐵" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last 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