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vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Corbett_National_Park&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Corbett_National_Park&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Corbett_National_Park&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DJim_Corbett_National_Park%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DJim_Corbett_National_Park%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q949297" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett National Park</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-protectedpagetext"><div class="mw-parser-output"> <div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1099782930">.mw-parser-output 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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}</style><table id="mw-protectedpagetext" class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation" style="border-style:none;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-protection" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/60px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/80px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:130%;"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div style="text-align: center;">This page is currently semi-protected so that only <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">registered users</a> can edit it.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="pptext-whywhat"> <div class="pptext-why"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Why_is_the_page_protected?"><span id="Why_is_the_page_protected.3F"></span>Why is the page protected?</h2></div> <ul> <li>While most articles can be edited by anyone, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Semi-protection" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">semi-protection</a> is sometimes necessary to prevent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">vandalism</a> to popular pages.</li> <li>The reason for protection can be found in the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=protect&page=Jim+Corbett+National+Park">protection log</a>. If there are no relevant entries in the protection log, the page may have been moved after being protected. </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pptext-what"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="What_can_I_do?"><span id="What_can_I_do.3F"></span>What can I do?</h2></div> <ul> <li>If you have a user account, <a href="/wiki/Special:UserLogin" title="Special:UserLogin">log in</a> first. If you do not yet have an account, you may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&type=signup&campaign=semiprotectednotice">create one</a>; after <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">4 days and 10 edits</a>, you will be able to edit semi-protected pages.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Talk:Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Talk:Jim Corbett National Park">Discuss this page</a> with others.</li> <li>For move-protected pages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">requested moves</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Current_requests_for_reduction_in_protection_level" title="Wikipedia:Requests for page protection">Request that the page's protection level be reduced</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Find out more about how to get started editing Wikipedia</a>.</li> <li>If you have noticed an error or have a suggestion for a <b>simple, non-controversial change</b>, you can submit an edit request by clicking the button below and following the instructions. An <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established user</a> may then make the change on your behalf. Please check <a href="/wiki/Talk:Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Talk:Jim Corbett National Park">the talk page</a> first in case the issue is already being discussed.</li> <li class="pptext-submit"><div> <p><span class="plainlinks clickbutton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AJim_Corbett_National_Park&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+semi-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Semi-protected+edit+request+on+27+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+semi-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Jim+Corbett+National+Park"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Submit an edit request</span></a></span> </p> </div></li> <li>If you wrote any text, please save it temporarily to your device until you can edit this page.</li> </ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">L235</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. 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C. |author2=Thapliyal, M. |author3= K. Moghe |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/uttaranchaltourism/corbett.html |access-date=2007-10-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105172317/http://gov.ua.nic.in/uttaranchaltourism/corbett.html |archive-date= 5 November 2007 }}</ref> | visitation_year = 1999 | governing_body = [[Project Tiger]], Government of Uttarakhand, Wildlife Warden, Jim Corbett National Park | world_heritage_site = | Jim Corbett – Map = | url = http://corbettonline.uk.gov.in/ }} '''Jim Corbett National Park''' is a [[List of national parks of India|national park in India]] located in the [[Nainital district]] of [[Uttarakhand]] state. The first national park in [[India]], it was established in 1936 during the [[British Raj]] and named ''Hailey National Park'' after [[Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey|William Malcolm Hailey]], a governor of the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] in which it was then located. In 1956, nearly a decade after India's independence, it was renamed ''Corbett National Park'' after the hunter and naturalist [[Jim Corbett]], who had played a leading role in its establishment and had died the year before. The park was the first to come under the [[Project Tiger]] initiative.<ref name=Riley1>Riley & Riley 2005: 208</ref> Corbett National Park comprises {{convert|520.8|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} area of hills, riverine belts, marshy depressions, grasslands and a large lake. The elevation ranges from {{convert|1300|to|4000|ft|m|abbr=on}}. Winter nights are cold but the days are bright and sunny. It rains from July to September. The park has [[Terai|sub-Himalayan belt]] geographical and [[ecology|ecological]] characteristics.<ref name=Tiwari2>Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 210</ref> Dense moist [[deciduous forest]] mainly consists of ''[[Shorea robusta]]'' (the sal tree), haldu, [[peepal]], rohini and [[mango tree]]s. Forest covers almost 73 per cent of the park, while 10 per cent of the area consists of grasslands. It houses around 110 tree species, 50 species of mammals, 580 bird species and 25 reptile species. An [[ecotourism]] destination,<ref name=Tiwari4/> the park contains 617 different species of plants and a diverse variety of [[fauna]].<ref name=Pant1/><ref name=Riley2>Riley & Riley 2005: 210</ref> The increase in tourist activities, among other problems, continues to present a serious challenge to the park's ecological balance.<ref name=Tiwari7>Tiwariji & Joshiji 1997: 309–311</ref> ==History== [[File:Indian Monitor Lizard - JTR.jpg|thumb|Indian monitor lizard]] [[File:A spotted deer or Chital in Jim Corbett national park looking straight to the camera.jpg|thumb|A [[chital]] in Jim Corbett National Park]] Some areas of the park were formerly part of the [[princely state]] of [[Tehri Garhwal]].<ref name=UNEP1>UNEP 2003</ref> The forests were cleared by the [[Uttarakhand Forest Department]] to make the area less vulnerable to [[Rohilla]] invaders.<ref name=UNEP1/> The [[Raja]] of Tehri formally ceded a part of his princely state to the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]] in return for their assistance in ousting the [[Gurkha]]s from his domain.<ref name=UNEP1/> The [[Buksa people|Buksa]]s—a tribe from the [[Terai]]—settled on the land and began growing crops, but in the early 1860s they were evicted with the advent of [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref name=UNEP1/> Efforts to save the forests of the region began in the 19th century under [[Henry Ramsay (Indian Army officer)|Major Ramsay]], the British officer who was in-charge of the area during those times. The first step in the protection of the area began in 1868 when the British forest department established control over the land and prohibited cultivation and the operation of cattle stations.<ref name=Tiwari1/> In 1879 these forests were constituted into a reserve forest where restricted felling was permitted. In the early 1900s, several [[wiktionary:Britisher|Britishers]], including E. R. Stevans and [[E. A. Smythies]], suggested the setting up of a national park on this soil. The British administration considered the possibility of creating a [[game reserve]] there in 1907.<ref name=Tiwari1/> It was only in the 1930s that the process of demarcation for such an area got underway. A reserve area known as ''Hailey National Park'' covering {{cvt|323.75|km2}} was created in 1936, when [[Sir Malcolm Hailey]] was the Governor of United Provinces, and Asia's first national park came into existence.<ref name=Projecttiger1>Corbett National Park (Project Tiger Directorate)</ref> Hunting was not allowed in the reserve, only timber cutting for domestic purposes was permitted. Soon after the establishment of the reserve, rules prohibiting the killing and capture of [[mammal]]s, [[reptiles]] and birds within its boundaries were passed.<ref name=Projecttiger1/> The reserve was renamed ''Ramganga National Park'' in 1954–1955 and was again renamed in 1955–1956 to Corbett National Park after author and naturalist [[Jim Corbett]].<ref name=Projecttiger1/> The park fared well during the 1930s under an elected administration. But during the [[Second World War]], it suffered from excessive [[poaching]] and timber cutting. Over time, the area in the reserve was increased to {{cvt|797.72|km2}} were added in 1991 as a buffer zone to the Corbett Tiger Reserve.<ref name=Projecttiger1/> The 1991 addition included the entire Kalagarh forest division, assimilating the {{cvt|301.18|km2}} area of Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary as a part of the Kalagarh division.<ref name=Projecttiger1/> It was chosen in 1974 as the location for launching the [[Project Tiger]] wildlife conservation project.<ref>Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 108</ref> The reserve is administered from its headquarters in the [[Nainital district]].<ref name=Tiwari1>Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 208</ref> Corbett National Park is one of the thirteen [[Protected areas of India|protected areas]] covered by the [[World Wide Fund For Nature]] under their [[Terai Arc Landscape]] Program.<ref name=WWF1>Drayton 2004</ref> The program aims to protect three of the five terrestrial flagship species, the tiger, the [[Asian elephant]] and the [[Indian rhinoceros]] by restoring [[wildlife corridor]]s to link 13 protected areas of [[Nepal]] and India and to enable wildlife [[wikt:migration|migration]].<ref name=WWF1/> == Geography == [[File:Ramganga dhikala.jpg|thumb|Banks of the Ramganga reservoir in the Dhikala grasslands of Corbett Tiger Reserve]] {{maplink |frame=yes|frame-lat=29.55|frame-long=78.88 |frame-width=300 |frame-height=240 |frame-align=right|text= Location of '''Corbett National Park''' in '''Uttarakhand''' |zoom=9 |type=shape-inverse |id=Q949297 |stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|title=Corbett National Park}} Jim Corbett National Park is located partly along [[Doon Valley]] between the [[Lesser Himalaya]] in the north and the [[Siwalik Hills]] in the south; it has a sub-Himalayan belt structure.<ref name=Tiwari2/> The upper tertiary rocks are exposed towards the base of the Shiwalik range and hard [[sandstone]] units form broad ridges.<ref name=Tiwari2/> Characteristic longitudinal valleys, geographically termed ''Doons,'' or ''Duns'' can be seen formed along the narrow tectonic zones between lineaments.<ref name=Tiwari2/> The elevation of the region ranges between {{cvt|360|m}} and {{cvt|1040|m}}.<ref name=Tiwari2/> It has numerous [[ravine]]s, [[ridge]]s, minor streams and small [[plateau]]s with varying aspects and degrees of slope.<ref name=Tiwari2/> The park encompasses the ''Patli Dun'' [[valley]] formed by the river [[Ramganga]].<ref name=Tiwari8>Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 286</ref> Its present area is {{cvt|1288.31|km2}} including a {{cvt|822|km2}} core zone and {{cvt|466.31|km2}} of buffer area.<ref name="wii 2023"/> == Climate == [[File:Morning Mist Dhikala Corbett Reserve Dec2019 R16 02285.jpg|thumb|Morning fog in winter, Dhikala, Dec 2019]] The weather in the park is temperate compared to most other protected areas of India.<ref name=Tiwari8/> The temperature may vary from {{convert|5|C|F|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|30|C|F|0|abbr=on}} during the winter and some mornings are foggy.<ref name=Tiwari8/> Summer temperatures normally do not rise above {{convert|40|C|F|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Tiwari8/> Rainfall ranges from light during the winter to heavy during the [[monsoon]]al summer.<ref name=Riley1/> == Flora == Tree density inside the reserve is higher in the areas of ''[[Sal tree|Sal]]'' forests and lowest in the ''[[Anogeissus]]''–''[[Acacia catechu]]'' forests.<ref name=Singh1>Singh et al. 1995</ref> Total tree basal cover is greater in Sal dominated areas of woody vegetation.<ref name=Singh1/> Healthy regeneration in sapling and seedling layers is occurring in the ''[[Mallotus philippensis]]'', ''[[Jamun]]'' and ''[[Diospyros]]'' spp. communities, but in the Sal forests the regeneration of [[sapling]] and [[seedling]] is poor.<ref name=Singh1/> A research survey in the 1970s recorded 488 different plant species;<ref name=Pant1>Pant 1976</ref> in 2023, 617 species were noted, including 110 tree species.<ref name="wii 2023"/> A profile of the reserve compiled by the [[Wildlife Institute of India]], listed the sal tree (''S. robusta''), ''[[Adina cordifolia]]'', ''[[Anogeissus latifolia]]'', ''[[Bauhinia]] rausinosa'', ''[[Cassia fistula]]'', and ''M. philippensis'' as the notable tree species.<ref name="wii 2023">{{cite web |last1=Nautiyal |first1=J.P. |last2=Lone |first2=A.M.U.D. |last3=Ghosh |first3=T. |last4=Malick |first4=A. |last5=Yadav |first5=S. P. |last6=Ramesh |first6=C. |last7=Ramesh |first7=K. |title=An Illustrative Profile of Tiger Reserves of India |date=2023 |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India; EIACP Programme Centre |location=Uttarakhand, India |pages=40–41 |url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/Reports/TR_profile/Illustrative_profile_tiger_reserves.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807002134/https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/Reports/TR_profile/Illustrative_profile_tiger_reserves.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2023}}</ref> == Fauna == [[File:Tussle of tuskers.jpg|thumbnail|Friendly tussle of tuskers at Dhikala grassland]] More than 586 species of resident and migratory birds have been sighted, including the [[crested serpent eagle]], [[blossom-headed parakeet]] and the [[red junglefowl]], [[owls]] and [[nightjar]]s.<ref name=Riley2/> 33 species of [[reptiles]] including the [[Indian python]],<ref name=Riley2/> seven species of [[amphibians]], seven species of fish and 36 species of [[dragonflies]] have also been recorded.<ref name=UNEP1/> Mammals are represented by the [[Indian elephant]], [[Indian leopard]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[jungle cat]], [[fishing cat]] and [[leopard cat]].<ref name=Riley1/><ref name=Riley2/> [[barking deer]], [[sambar deer]], [[hog deer]] and [[chital]], [[sloth bear]] and [[Asiatic black bear]], [[Indian gray mongoose]], [[otter]]s, [[yellow-throated marten]], [[Himalayan goral]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[langur]] and [[rhesus macaque]].<ref name=Riley2a>Riley & Riley 2005: 208–210</ref> [[Marsh crocodile]]s and [[gharial]]s were released into [[Ramganga]] river.<ref name=Riley2/> Thick jungle, the Ramganga river and plentiful prey make this reserve an ideal habitat for predators.<ref name=Riley2a>Riley & Riley 2005: 208–210</ref> The tigers in the park kill large animals like [[water buffalo]] and even sub apex-sized elephants when other prey is scarce.<!-- contradicts "plentiful prey" in previous sentence --><ref name=Riley2/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tigers-killing-and-eating-elephants-in-corbett-national-park-government-study-reveals-worrying-phenomenon/articleshow/69811871.cms |title=Tigers killing and eating elephants in Corbett National Park: government study reveals worrying phenomenon|website=Times of India |date=2019|access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref> == Ecotourism == [[File:Sambar Deer in Jim Corbet National Park.jpg|Early-morning encounter with a [[sambar deer]] in Jim Corbett National Park, on a guided elephant tour from the Dhikala tourist lodge.|thumb]] [[File:Asian Elephant at Corbett National Park 10.jpg|thumbnail|Young [[Indian elephant]] bull charging a jeep]] Though the main focus is protection of wildlife, the reserve management has also encouraged [[ecotourism]].<ref name=Projecttiger1/> In 1993, a training course covering [[natural history]], visitor management and park interpretation was introduced to train nature [[guide]]s. A second course followed in 1995 which recruited more guides for the same purpose. This allowed the staff of the reserve, previously preoccupied with guiding the visitors, to carry out management activities uninterrupted.<ref name=Projecttiger1/> The Indian government has organised workshops on ecotourism in Corbett National Park and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] region to ensure that the local citizens profit from tourism while the park remains protected.<ref name=Projecttiger1/> According to Riley & Riley (2005): "Best chances of seeing a tiger to come late in the dry season- April to mid-June-and go out with mahouts and elephants for several days."<ref name=Riley2/> As early as 1991, the Corbett National Park played host to 3237 tourist vehicles carrying 45,215 visitors during the main tourist seasons between 15 November and 15 June.<ref name=Tiwari4>Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 309</ref> This heavy influx of tourists has led to visible stress signs on the natural ecosystem. Excessive trampling of soil has led to reduction in plant species and resulted in reduced soil moisture. Tourists have increasingly used fuel wood for cooking. This fuel wood is obtained from nearby forests resulting in greater pressure on the ecosystem.<ref name=Tiwari4/> Additionally, tourists have also reportedly caused problems by making noise, littering, and causing disturbances in general.<ref name=Tiwari5>Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 311</ref> ==Other attractions== *Dhikala is situated at the fringes of Patli Dun valley. There is a rest house, which was built hundred of years ago. Kanda ridge forms the backdrop, and from Dhikala, there are views of the valley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nainital.info/portfolio/jim-corbett-national-park/|title=Dikhala}}</ref> *[[Kalagarh Dam]] is located in the south-west of the wildlife sanctuary. Many migratory [[waterfowl]] come here in the winters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/kalagarh-dam.php|title=Kalagarh Dam}}</ref> *Corbett Falls is a {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} water fall situated {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]], and {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Kaladhungi, on the Kaladhungi–[[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]] highway. The falls are surrounded by dense forests.<ref>{{cite web|author=chandan@nainitaltourism.com |url=http://www.nainitaltourism.com/corbett_water_fall.html |title=NAINITAL TOURISM 1000 Pages Since 1999 - Corbett Water Falls &#124; Jim Corbett National Park &#124; Corbett Water Falls Nainital India &#124; |publisher=Nainitaltourism.com |access-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> *[[Garjiya Devi Temple]] is sacred to Garjiya Devi and is mostly visited during the [[Kartik Purnima]] (November – December). It is located on the bank of the river Kosi, amidst the hilly terrains of Uttarakhand, nearby Garjiya village, at a distance of 14&nbsp;km. from [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]], Uttarakhand, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corbett-national-park.com/places-near-corbett.html |title=Tourist Places to Visit Near Jim Corbett National Park |publisher=Corbett-national-park.com |access-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> ==In popular culture== The 2005 [[Bollywood]] movie ''[[Kaal (2005 film)|Kaal]]'' has a plot set in the Jim Corbett National Park. The movie was filmed at the park as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/27lara2.htm|title=Lara: We had some close calls|work=Rediff.com|access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref> In August 2019, [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] appeared in a special episode of [[Discovery Channel]]'s show ''[[Man vs Wild]]'' with the host [[Bear Grylls]],<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi rows boat, makes weapon, goes on a wild adventure for Man vs Wild TV show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-narendra-modi-bear-grylls-on-man-vs-wild-show-1574682-2019-07-29|website=India Today|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> where he trekked the jungles and talked about nature and wildlife conservation with Grylls.<ref>{{cite web|title=Man Vs Wild: PM Modi walks in jungles of Jim Corbett with Bear Grylls, talks about conserving nature|url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/man-vs-wild-pm-modi-walks-in-jungles-of-jim-corbett-with-bear-grylls-talks-about-conserving-nature/1/372196.html|website=Business Today|date=13 August 2019 |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> The episode was filmed in Jim Corbett National Park and broadcast in 180 countries along India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taking Cue from PM's 'Man vs Wild' Episode, Tourism Ministry Makes 'Wildlife' Theme for Incredible India|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/taking-cue-from-pms-man-vs-wild-episode-tourism-ministry-makes-wildlife-theme-for-incredible-india-2266653.html|website=News18|date=12 August 2019 |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> == Challenges == === Past === [[File:An elephant herd at Jim Corbett National Park.jpg|right|210px|thumb|An elephant herd at Jim Corbett National Park]] A major incident in the history of the reserve followed the construction of a dam at the Kalagarh river and the submerging of {{convert|80|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of prime low lying riverine area. The consequences ranged from local extinction of swamp deer to a massive reduction in [[hog deer]] population. The reservoir formed due to the submerging of land has also led to an increase in aquatic fauna and has additionally served as a habitat for winter migrants.<ref name=Projecttiger1/> Two villages situated on the southern boundary were shifted to the [[Firozpur]]–[[Manpur, India|Manpur]] area situated on [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]–[[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] highway during 1990–93; the vacated areas were designated as buffer zones. The families in these villages were mostly dependent on forest products. With the passage of time, these areas began to show signs of ecological recovery.<ref name=Rao>Rao 2004</ref> [[Vine]]s, herbs, grasses and small trees began to appear, followed by herbaceous flora, eventually leading to natural forest type. It was observed that grass began to grow on the vacated agricultural fields and the adjoining forest areas started recuperating.<ref name=Rao/> By 1999–2002 several plant species emerged in these buffer zones. The newly arisen lush green fields attracted grass eating animals, mainly deer and elephants, who slowly migrated towards these areas and even remained during the monsoon.<ref name=Rao/> There were 109 cases of poaching {{clarify|date=June 2024}} recorded in 1988–89.<ref name=Tiwari6>Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 269</ref> This figure dropped to 12 reported cases in 1997–98.<ref name=Projecttiger1/> In 1985, [[David Hunt (ornithologist)|David Hunt]], a British ornithologist and birdwatching tour guide, was killed by a tiger in the park.<ref name="Flumm1985">Flumm, D. S. "Obituary". In Rogers, M. J. (ed.) (1985) ''Isles of Scilly Bird Report 1984''. Cornwall Bird Watching and Preservation Society.</ref> === Present === [[File:Asian Elephant at Corbett National Park4.jpg|right|210px|thumb|A bull elephant at Jim Corbett National Park]] [[File:Elephant Family- Jim Corbett National Park.jpg|thumb|Elephant Family- Dhikala Zone, Bank of River Ramganga, Jim Corbett National Park]] The reserve habitat faces threats from [[invasive species]] such as the exotic weeds ''[[Lantana]]'', ''[[Parthenium]]'' and ''[[Cassia (genus)|Cassia]]''. Natural resources like trees and grasses are exploited by the local population while encroachment of at least of {{cvt|13.62|ha}} by 74 families has been recorded.<ref name=Projecttiger1/> The villages surrounding the park are at least 15–20 years old and no new villages have come up in the recent past.<ref name=Tiwari3>Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 263</ref> The increasing population growth rate and the density of population within {{cvt|1|km}} to {{cvt|2|km}} from the park present a challenge to the management of the reserve.<ref name=Tiwari3/> Incidents of killing cattle by tigers and leopards have led to acts of retaliation by the local population in some cases.<ref name=Projecttiger1/> The Indian government has approved the construction of a {{cvt|12|km}} stone [[masonry wall]] on the southern boundary of the reserve where it comes in direct contact with agricultural fields.<ref name=Projecttiger1/> In April 2008, the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] (NTCA) expressed serious concern that protection systems have weakened, and poachers have infiltrated into this park. Monitoring of wild animals in the prescribed format has not been followed despite advisories and observations made during field visits. Also, the monthly monitoring report of field evidence relating to tigers has not been received since 2006. NTCA said that in the "absence of ongoing monitoring protocol in a standardised manner, it would be impossible to forecast and keep track of untoward happenings in the area targeted by poachers." A cement road has been built through the park against a Supreme Court order. The road has become a thoroughfare between Kalagarh and [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]. Constantly increasing vehicle traffic on this road is affecting the wildlife of crucial ranges like Jhirna, Kotirau and Dhara. The Kalagarh irrigation colony that takes up about {{cvt|5|km2}} of the park is yet to be vacated despite a 2007 Supreme Court order.<ref name="Pioneer">The Pioneer</ref> === Ecosystem valuation === An economic assessment study of Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve estimated its annual flow benefits to be [[Indian rupee|₹]]14.7 billion (1.14 lakh / hectare). Important [[ecosystem service]]s included gene-pool protection (₹10.65 billion), provisioning of water to downstream districts of Uttar Pradesh (₹1.61 billion), water purification services to the city of New Delhi (₹550 million), employment for local communities (₹82 million), provision of habitat and refugia for wildlife (₹274 million) and [[carbon sequestration|sequestration of carbon]] (₹214 million).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iifm.ac.in/sites/default/files/Newspdf/IIFM-NTCA-REPORT.compressed-min.pdf|title=Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves in India: A Value+ Approach|date=January 2015|publisher=Indian Institute of Forest Management|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826050803/http://www.iifm.ac.in/sites/default/files/Newspdf/IIFM-NTCA-REPORT.compressed-min.pdf|archive-date=26 August 2016|page=xii}}</ref> == See also == {{portal|India}} * [[Leopard of Rudraprayag]] * [[Champawat Tiger]] * [[Rajaji National Park]] * [[Man-Eaters of Kumaon]] and other [[literary references to Nainital]] * [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]] * [[Arid Forest Research Institute]] * [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]] == Notes == {{Reflist}} == References == * {{cite book |last=Riley |first =L. |author2=Riley, W. |title=Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-691-12219-9}} * {{cite journal|last=Singh|first =A. |author2=Reddy, V.S. |author3=Singh, J.S. |title=Analysis of woody vegetation of Corbett National Park, India |journal=Vegetation |year=1995 |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=69–79 |doi=10.1007/BF00033459 |s2cid=41815576}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Tiwari |editor-first=P.C. |editor2=Joshi, B. |title=Wildlife in the Himalayan Foothills: Conservation and Management |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |date=1997 |isbn=81-7387-066-7}} * {{cite web|title=Corbett National Park (Project Tiger Directorate) |publisher=Project Tiger Directorate, Ministry of Environment, [[Government of India]] |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/corbett.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040222014330/http://projecttiger.nic.in/corbett.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-02-22 |access-date=2007-10-13}} * {{cite web|url=http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/0180v.htm |title=World Database on Protected Areas, India, Corbett National Park |access-date=2007-10-13 |author=UNEP |year=2003 |publisher=[[UNEP]] [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224224245/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/0180v.htm |archive-date=24 December 2007}} * {{cite web|url= http://assets.wwfindia.org/downloads/talupdatedinformation.pdf |title=Terai Arc Landscape in India|access-date= 2007-10-13|author= Drayton, F.|year=2004|publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]]|archive-date=28 July 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110728160741/http://assets.wwfindia.org/downloads/talupdatedinformation.pdf|url-status= dead}} * {{cite journal|last=Pant, P.C. |year=1976 |title=Plants of Corbett National Park, Uttar Pradesh |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=73 |pages=287–295}} * {{cite journal|last=Rao|first=R.S.P|title=Secondary succession in the buffer zone of Corbett Tiger Reserve, Uttaranchal |journal=Current Science |volume=87|issue=4 |date=2004}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/41902/Trouble-in-paradise.html |title=Trouble in Paradise |author=The Pioneer |year=2008 |work=The Pioneer |access-date=2009-03-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424104331/http://www.dailypioneer.com/41902/Trouble-in-paradise.html |archive-date=24 April 2009}} == Further reading == * {{cite book | last = Corbett | first = Jim | title = Man-Eaters of Kumaon | publisher = Buccaneer Books, Inc. |date=January 1985 | isbn = 978-0-89966-574-0}} * {{cite book|author=Martin Booth|title=Carpet Sahib: A Life of Jim Corbett|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgyDQgAACAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Constable|isbn=978-0-09-467400-4}} * {{cite book|author= Johnsingh, A. J. T.|title=On Jim Corbett's Trail and Other Tales from Tree-tops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoCejHiL2CIC|year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-081-7}} == External links == {{Commons category|Jim Corbett National Park}} {{Wikivoyage|Corbett National Park}} * [http://corbettonline.uk.gov.in/ Corbett Tiger Reserve] — official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040817233242/http://projecttiger.nic.in/corbettmap.htm Map of the park provided by Project Tiger Directorate, Ministry of Environment, Govt of India.] * [http://expertbulletin.com/jim-corbett-national-park/ Expert Bulletin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630052730/http://expertbulletin.com/jim-corbett-national-park/ |date=30 June 2018 }} * [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026243/Corbett-National-Park "Corbett National Park." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 October 2007] * [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761583031/Corbett_National_Park.html "Corbett National Park," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007.] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20091031025322/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761583031/Corbett_National_Park.html Archived] 2009-10-31) {{National Parks of India|auto-collapsed}} {{Tiger Reserves Of India}} {{Uttarakhand}} {{Authority control}} {{Good article}} [[Category:Tiger reserves of India]] [[Category:Nainital district]] [[Category:National parks in Uttarakhand]] [[Category:Protected areas established in 1936]] [[Category:1936 establishments in India]] [[Category:Elephant reserves of India]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> 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