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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>End of "Taishō Democracy"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_"Taishō_Democracy"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington_Conference_to_Mukden_Incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington_Conference_to_Mukden_Incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Washington Conference to Mukden Incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington_Conference_to_Mukden_Incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rise of nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_state" 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pacific War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pacific_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Imperial rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_and_Allied_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_and_Allied_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Defeat and Allied occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_and_Allied_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Japanese_Miracle"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Japanese_Miracle""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>The "Japanese Miracle"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Japanese_Miracle"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Conversion table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shōwa era</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7" title="فترة شووا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فترة شووا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiau-h%C3%B4" title="Chiau-hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiau-hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oadvezh_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Oadvezh Shōwa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oadvezh Shōwa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADode_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Període Shōwa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Període Shōwa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obdob%C3%AD_%C5%A0%C3%B3wa" title="Období Šówa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Období Šówa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa-Zeit" title="Shōwa-Zeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shōwa-Zeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Era Shōwa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Era Shōwa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cova-epoko" title="Ŝova-epoko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝova-epoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Aroa" title="Shōwa Aroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shōwa Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7" title="دوره شووا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره شووا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88re_Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1926-1989)" title="Ère Shōwa (1926-1989) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ère Shōwa (1926-1989)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%87%BC%EC%99%80_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="쇼와 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쇼와 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Zaman Shōwa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Shōwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Periodo Shōwa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Periodo Shōwa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="תקופת שווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקופת שווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iova_laikotarpis" title="Šiova laikotarpis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiova laikotarpis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3va-kor" title="Sóva-kor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sóva-kor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Zaman Shōwa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Shōwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showaperiode" title="Showaperiode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Showaperiode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C" title="昭和 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="昭和" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa-perioden" title="Shōwa-perioden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shōwa-perioden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Shōwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shōwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Período Shōwa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Período Shōwa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сёва – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сёва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" title="Shōwa period – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shōwa period" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Шова период – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шова период" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa-kausi" title="Shōwa-kausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shōwa-kausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Shōwa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shōwa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahong_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Panahong Shōwa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panahong Shōwa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0" title="ยุคโชวะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคโชวะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eova_D%C3%B6nemi" title="Şova Dönemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şova Dönemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Період Сьова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Період Сьова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_Chi%C3%AAu_H%C3%B2a" title="Thời kỳ Chiêu Hòa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời kỳ Chiêu Hòa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C" title="昭和 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="昭和" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C" title="昭和 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="昭和" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C" title="昭和 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="昭和" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Period of Japanese history (1926–1989)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Japanese era name used during the reign of Emperor Shōwa from 1926 to 1989. For the Japanese era name used during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hanazono" title="Emperor Hanazono">Emperor Hanazono</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1312%E2%80%931317)" title="Shōwa (1312–1317)">Shōwa (1312–1317)</a>. For the Japanese era name used during the reign of Emperors <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Junna" title="Emperor Junna">Junna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ninmy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ninmyō">Ninmyō</a>, see <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dwa_(Heian_period)" title="Jōwa (Heian period)">Jōwa (Heian period)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Shōwa (disambiguation)">Shōwa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Shōwa<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">昭和</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-weight: bold;">December 25, 1926 – January 7, 1989</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Showa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Emperor_Showa.jpg/220px-Emperor_Showa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Emperor_Showa.jpg/330px-Emperor_Showa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Emperor_Showa.jpg/440px-Emperor_Showa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1212" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shōwa">Emperor Shōwa</a> (1928)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Including</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Major events</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitutional amendment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic recovery</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Summer Olympics</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics" title="1972 Winter Olympics">1972 Winter Olympics</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key events</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-occupation_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-occupation Japan">Post-occupation Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Chronology</b> <br /><table style="background:var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: inherit; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" style="text-align:left;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/10px-Arrleft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/15px-Arrleft.svg.png 1.5x, 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238254956">.mw-parser-output .history-of-japan .sidebar-caption{padding-bottom:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .history-of-japan .sidebar-list-title{border:none;background:gainsboro}.mw-parser-output .history-of-japan .sidebar-below{padding-top:0.2em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks history-of-japan"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Japan" title="Category:History of Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg/250px-KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg/375px-KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg/500px-KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Periods</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">before 14,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">14,000–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1000 BC – 300 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">300–538 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">538–710</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">710–794</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Nine_Years%27_War" title="Former Nine Years' War">Former Nine Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Three-Year_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Three-Year War">Later Three-Year War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">794–1185</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1185–1333</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_Courts_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern and Southern Courts period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1336–1573</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Imjin War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1573–1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period"><b>Edo</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tokugawa)</span></a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu" title="Invasion of Ryukyu">Invasion of Ryukyu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1603–1868</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryūkyū Disposition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Colonization of Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Colonization of Korea</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1868–1912</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Intervention in Siberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1912–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shōwa</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Invasion of Manchuria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Asset price bubble</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1926–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Japan" title="Cool Japan">Cool Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">Tōhoku earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">Imperial transition</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1989–2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe" title="Assassination of Shinzo Abe">Abe assassination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Noto_earthquake" title="2024 Noto earthquake">Noto earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2019–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Topics</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan#History" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li>Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Japan">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shinto" title="History of Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-war_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war Japan">Post-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Japan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_history" title="Glossary of Japanese history">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Japanese_history" title="Timeline of Japanese history">Timeline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Shōwa era</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">昭和時代</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōwa jidai</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɕoːwadʑidai]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0d\/TomJ-Showa.ogg\/TomJ-Showa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"TomJ-Showa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/TomJ-Showa.ogg/TomJ-Showa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:TomJ-Showa.ogg" title="File:TomJ-Showa.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)</span> is a historical period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese history</a> corresponding to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shōwa">Emperor Shōwa</a> (Hirohito) from December 25, 1926, until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Hirohito" title="Death and state funeral of Hirohito">his death on January 7, 1989</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> and succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a>. The pre-1945 and post-war Shōwa periods are almost completely different states: the pre-1945 Shōwa era (1926–1945) concerns the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, and post-1945 Shōwa era (1945–1989) concerns the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">State of Japan</a>. </p><p>Before 1945, Japan moved into political <a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">totalitarianism, ultranationalism and statism</a>, culminating in Japan's <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">invasion of China</a> in 1937, part of a global period of social upheavals and conflicts such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Defeat in the Pacific War</a> brought about radical change in Japan. For the first and only time in its history, Japan was <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupied by foreign powers</a>, an American-led occupation which lasted for six years and eight months. Allied occupation brought forth sweeping democratic reforms. It led to the formal <a href="/wiki/Humanity_Declaration" title="Humanity Declaration">end of the emperor's status as a demigod</a> and the transformation of Japan from a form of mixed <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a constitutional monarchy and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>. In 1952, with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a>, Japan became a sovereign state again. The <a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">postwar Shōwa period</a> was characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Japanese economic miracle</a>. </p><p>The Shōwa era was longer than the reign of <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">any previous Japanese emperor</a>. Emperor Shōwa was both the longest-lived and longest-reigning historical <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japanese emperor</a> as well as the longest-reigning <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> in the world at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 January 1989, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> succeeded to the <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum_Throne" title="Chrysanthemum Throne">Chrysanthemum Throne</a> upon the death of his father, Emperor Shōwa, which marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a>. Emperor Hirohito was served by total of 33 <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">prime ministers</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Wakatsuki_Reijiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakatsuki Reijiro">Wakatsuki Reijiro</a> and ending with <a href="/wiki/Noboru_Takeshita" title="Noboru Takeshita">Noboru Takeshita</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two kanji characters in Shōwa (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">昭和</span></span>) were from a passage of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">百姓昭明，協和萬邦</span> (Translated: "[T]he people (of his domain), ... all became brightly intelligent. (Finally), he united and harmonized the myriad states.") From this same quotation, Japan also adopted the era name <a href="/wiki/Meiwa" title="Meiwa">Meiwa</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">明和</span></span>) during the Edo period in the late-18th century. There were two other candidates at the time – Dōwa (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">同和</span></span>) and Genka (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">元化</span></span>). </p><p>The term could be roughly understood as meaning "enlightened peace" or in some interpretations "radiant Japan". </p><p>In his <a href="/wiki/Enthronement_of_the_Japanese_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Enthronement of the Japanese Emperor">enthronement</a> address which was read to the people, the Emperor referenced this <a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">era name</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>I have visited the battlefields of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In the presence of such devastation, I understand the blessing of peace and the necessity of concord among nations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_"Taishō_Democracy""><span id="End_of_.22Taish.C5.8D_Democracy.22"></span>End of "Taishō Democracy"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: End of "Taishō Democracy""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Diet_in_1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/National_Diet_in_1930s.jpg/220px-National_Diet_in_1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/National_Diet_in_1930s.jpg/330px-National_Diet_in_1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/National_Diet_in_1930s.jpg/440px-National_Diet_in_1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Building" title="National Diet Building">National Diet Building</a>, where both houses of the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> of Japan meet, was completed in early Shōwa era (1936).</figcaption></figure> <p>The election of <a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Takaaki" title="Katō Takaaki">Katō Takaaki</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> continued democratic reforms that had been advocated by influential individuals on the left. This culminated in the passage of universal adult male suffrage in May 1925. <a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a> gave all male subjects over the age of 25 the right to vote, provided they had lived in their electoral districts for at least one year and were not homeless. The electorate thereby nearly quadrupled in size, from 3.3 million to 12.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However the forces of reaction grew more powerful and steadily; after 1925 there was a retreat from reform, liberal policies and democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure from the conservative right forced the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a> of 1925 along with other anti-<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> legislation, only ten days before the passage of universal manhood suffrage. The Peace Preservation Act curtailed activism on the left—which was not extensive—and the screws were steadily tightened. It outlawed groups that sought to alter the system of government or to abolish private ownership. The small leftist movements that had been galvanized by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> were subsequently crushed and scattered. This was in part due to the Peace Preservation Act, but also due to the general fragmentation of the left. Conservatives forced the passage of the Peace Preservation Law because the party leaders and politicians of the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> had felt that, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the state was in danger from revolutionary movements. The Japanese state never clearly defined a boundary between private and public matters and, thus, demanded loyalty in all spheres of society. Subsequently, any ideological attack, such as a proposal for socialist reforms, was seen as an attack on the very existence of the state. The meaning of the law was gradually stretched to academic spheres. After the passage of the Peace Preservation Law and related legislation, <i><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">kokutai</a></i> emerged as the symbol of the state. Kokutai was seen as the barrier against communist and socialist movements in Japan. With the challenge of the Great Depression on the horizon, this would be the death knell for parliamentary democracy in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Washington_Conference_to_Mukden_Incident">Washington Conference to Mukden Incident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Washington Conference to Mukden Incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Western Powers, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilsonian</a> ideology, attempted an effort at general disarmament. At the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a> of 1921–1922, the Great Powers met to set limits on naval armament. The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Five Power Naval Limitation Agreement</a> worked out in Washington limited competition in battleships and aircraft carriers to a ratio of 5:5:3 (in terms of tonnage) for the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan respectively. Japanese ultra-nationalists viewed this as an attempt by Western powers to curb <a href="/wiki/Japanese_expansionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese expansionism">Japanese expansionism</a> in an area of the globe over which they had no interest. However, those in power in Japan readily agreed to the disarmament, realizing that the global taste for war had been soured after the First World War and knowing that, the ratio was sufficient to maintain <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> in the Pacific. </p><p>In 1924, however, friendly <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Japan–United States relations">U.S.–Japanese relations</a> were torpedoed by the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a>. The act closed off <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration to the United States</a> and dropped <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese immigrants</a> to the level of other <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asians</a> (who were already excluded). The overwhelming reaction in Japan, both at the highest levels and in mass rallies that reflected angry public opinion, was hostile and sustained. Commentators suggested the opening guns of a race war and called for a new buildup of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Imperial Japanese Armed Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a> was a financial panic in 1927, during the first year of the reign of Emperor Hirohito. It was a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. It brought down the government of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Wakatsuki_Reijir%C5%8D" title="Wakatsuki Reijirō">Wakatsuki Reijirō</a> and led to the domination of the <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a> over the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banking industry</a>. </p><p>From 1928 to 1932, a domestic crisis could no longer be avoided. As the left was vigorously put down by the state, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">economic collapse</a> brought new hardship to the people of Japan. Silk and rice prices plummeted and exports decreased 50%. Unemployment in both the cities and the countryside skyrocketed and social agitation came to a head.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a> was ratified in 1930. Its purpose was to extend the Washington Treaty System. The Japanese government had desired to raise their ratio to 10:10:7, but this proposal was swiftly countered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Thanks to back-room dealing and other intrigues, though, Japan walked away with a 5:4 <i>advantage</i> in heavy cruisers,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this small gesture would not satisfy the populace of Japan, which was gradually falling under the spell of the various ultra-nationalist groups spawning throughout the country. As a result of his failings regarding the London Naval Treaty, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hamaguchi_Osachi" title="Hamaguchi Osachi">Hamaguchi Osachi</a> was shot on November 14, 1930, by an ultranationalist and died in 1931. </p><p>By this time, the civilian government had lost control of the populace. A <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> correspondent called Japan a country ruled by "government by assassination".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army, moving independently of the proper government of Japan, took the opportunity to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">invade Manchuria</a> in the summer of 1931. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1905, Japan had maintained a military presence in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. On September 18, 1931, the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> occurred. There was a small explosion on the tracks of a Japanese railway, north of <a href="/wiki/Mukden" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden">Mukden</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japan invaded Manchuria</a> in the aftermath. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> mobilized the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a> and attacked Chinese troops. The Minseito government, headed by Hamaguchi's successor <a href="/wiki/Wakatsuki_Reijir%C5%8D" title="Wakatsuki Reijirō">Wakatsuki Reijirō</a>, was unable to curb the army's offensive. The Kwantung Army conquered all of Manchuria and set up the puppet state of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> on March 1, 1932. The last <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, was installed as the puppet ruler of Manchukuo. The Diet, now dominated by army officials, voted to withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. The first seeds of the coming conflict had been sown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_nationalism">Rise of nationalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise of nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism in Shōwa Japan</a></div> <p>Prior to 1868, most Japanese more readily identified with their <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> domain rather than the idea of "Japan" as a whole. When the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> was overthrown, the leaders of the revolt, <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū</a>, were ideologically opposed to the house of Tokugawa since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> changed all of that. With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Mass_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass education">mass education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">centralization</a>, and successful foreign wars, Japanese nationalism began to foment as a powerful force in society. Mass education and conscription served as a means to indoctrinate the coming generation with "the idea of Japan" as a <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> instead of a series of <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a></i>. In this way, loyalty to feudal domains was supplanted with loyalty to the central government. Industrialization and centralization gave the Japanese a strong sense that their country could once more rival and dominate Western powers technologically and socially. Moreover, successful foreign wars gave the populace a sense of martial pride in their country. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Empire2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Japanese_Empire2.png/220px-Japanese_Empire2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Japanese_Empire2.png/330px-Japanese_Empire2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Japanese_Empire2.png/440px-Japanese_Empire2.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Maximum extent of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese colonial empire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The rise of Japanese nationalism paralleled the growth of nationalism within the West. Certain conservatives such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gondo_Seikei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gondo Seikei (page does not exist)">Gondō Seikei</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahi_Heigo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahi Heigo (page does not exist)">Asahi Heigo</a> saw the rapid industrialization of Japan as something that had to be tempered. During the Meiji era, such nationalists railed against the <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">unequal treaties</a>, but in the years following the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, Western criticism of Japanese imperial ambitions and restrictions on Japanese immigration changed the focus of the nationalist movement in Japan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a> was buoyed by a romantic concept of <a href="/wiki/Bushid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushidō">Bushidō</a> and driven by a modern concern for rapid industrial development and strategic dominance in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. It saw the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a> of 1895 as a threat to Japanese success in East Asia and warned that the "<a href="/wiki/ABCD_line" title="ABCD line">ABCD Powers</a>" (America, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a>), were threatening the Empire of Japan. One solution was war.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first part of the Shōwa era, <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial discrimination in Japan">racial discrimination against other Asians</a> was habitual in Imperial Japan, having begun with the start of Japanese colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shōwa regime thus preached racial superiority and racialist theories, based on sacred nature of the <a href="/wiki/Yamato-damashii" title="Yamato-damashii">Yamato-damashii</a>. One of Emperor Shōwa's teachers, historian Kurakichi Shiratori, remarked, "Therefore nothing in the world compares to the divine nature (shinsei) of the imperial house and likewise the majesty of our national polity (<a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">kokutai</a>). Here is one great reason for Japan's superiority."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> brought Nazi ideologues to Japan who attempted but ultimately failed to inject Nazi-style anti-Semitic arguments into mainstream public discussion. Where the government presented the popular image of Jews, it was not so much to persecute but to strengthen domestic ideological uniformity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s Nazi Germany were refused when foreign minister of Japan <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Yōsuke Matsuoka</a> stated that: "Nowhere have I promised that we would carry out his anti-Semitic policies in Japan. This is not simply my personal opinion, it is the opinion of Japan, and I have no compunction about announcing it to the world."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imperial Japanese Army General <a href="/wiki/Kiichiro_Higuchi" title="Kiichiro Higuchi">Kiichiro Higuchi</a> and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Norihiro_Yasue" title="Norihiro Yasue">Norihiro Yasue</a> allowed 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to enter <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> in 1938. Higuchi and Yasue were well regarded for their actions and were subsequently invited to the independence ceremonies of the State of Israel. Diplomat <a href="/wiki/Chiune_Sugihara" title="Chiune Sugihara">Chiune Sugihara</a> wrote travel visas for over 6,000 Lithuanian Jews to flee the German occupation and travel to Japan. In 1985, Israel honored him as <i><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></i> for his actions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_state">Military state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism in Shōwa Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_political_figures_in_early_Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" title="List of Japanese political figures in early Shōwa period">List of Japanese political figures in early Shōwa period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg/220px-Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg/330px-Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg/440px-Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> as head of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> on April 29, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> meant that Japan was politically isolated. Japan <a href="/wiki/Rogue_state" title="Rogue state">had no strong allies and its actions had been internationally condemned</a>, whilst internally popular nationalism was booming. Local leaders, such as mayors, teachers, and Shinto priests were recruited by the various movements to indoctrinate the populace with ultra-nationalist ideals. They had little time for the pragmatic ideas of the business elite and party politicians. Their loyalty lay to the Emperor and the military. In March 1932 the "<a href="/wiki/League_of_Blood_Incident" title="League of Blood Incident">League of Blood</a>" assassination plot and the chaos surrounding the trial of its conspirators further eroded the rule of democratic law in Shōwa Japan. In May of the same year a group of right-wing Army and Navy officers succeeded in <a href="/wiki/May_15_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="May 15 Incident">assassinating the Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi</a>. The plot fell short of staging a complete coup d'état, but it effectively ended rule by political parties in Japan. </p><p>From 1932 to 1936, the country was governed by admirals. Mounting nationalist sympathies led to chronic instability in government. Moderate policies were difficult to enforce. The crisis culminated on February 26, 1936. In what became known as the <a href="/wiki/February_26_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 26 Incident">February 26 Incident</a>, about 1,500 ultranationalist army troops marched on central <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. Their mission was to assassinate the government and promote a "Shōwa Restoration". Prime Minister Okada survived the attempted coup by hiding in a storage shed in his house, but the coup only ended when the Emperor personally ordered an end to the bloodshed. </p><p>Within the state, the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asian_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> began to foment. The nationalists believed that the "ABCD powers" (Americans, British, Chinese, Dutch) were a threat to all Asians and that Asia could only survive by following the Japanese example. Japan had been the only Asian and non-Western power to industrialize itself successfully and rival great Western empires. While largely described by contemporary Western observers as a front for the expansion of the Japanese army, the idea behind the Co-Prosperity Sphere was that Asia would be united against the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western powers</a> under the auspices of the Japanese. The idea drew influence in the paternalistic aspects of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">Koshitsu Shinto</a></i></span>. Thus, the main goal of the Sphere was the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">hakkō ichiu</a></i></span>, the unification of the eight corners of the world under the rule (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kōdō</i></span>) of the Emperor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The reality during this period differed from the propaganda. Some nationalities and ethnic groups were marginalized, and during rapid military expansion into foreign countries, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> tolerated many <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">atrocities against local populations</a>, such as the experimentations of <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a>, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">sankō sakusen</a></i></span>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapon">biological weapons</a>, and civilian massacres such as those in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing massacre">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sook Ching massacre">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre" title="Manila massacre">Manila</a>. </p><p>Some of the atrocities were motivated by racism. For instance, Japanese soldiers were taught to think of captured Chinese as not worthy of mercy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Sino-Japanese_War">Second Sino-Japanese War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second Sino-Japanese War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/220px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/330px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/440px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Japanese advance from 1937 to 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 7, 1937, at the Marco Polo Bridge, the Japanese Kwantung army stationed there used explosions heard on the Chinese side of Manchuria as a pretext for invasion. The invasion led to a large-scale war known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> approved by the Emperor that was called a "holy war" (<i>Seisen</i>) in Imperial <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. </p><p>At the time, China was divided internally between the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP), which was under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, and the Nationalist government of China, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT), which was under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>. </p><p>The years of 1937–38 were a time of rapid and remarkable success by the Japanese, who had a number of advantages over the Chinese army. While the Japanese army possessed a smaller force of <a href="/wiki/List_of_armour_used_by_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of armour used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War">armour</a> and artillery than many Western powers, it was far ahead of China in this respect, and was also in command of the world's third largest navy with 2,700 watercraft at its disposal. </p><p>By the end of July 1937, the Japanese had slaughtered the elite 29th Army at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupeikou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kupeikou (page does not exist)">Kupeikou</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and soon <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beiping%E2%80%93Tianjin" title="Battle of Beiping–Tianjin">captured</a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. From there, the Japanese advanced down south through the major railway lines (Peiping-Suiyan, Peiping-Hankow, and Tientsin-Pukow). These were easily conquered by the superior Japanese army. </p><p>By October, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s best armies had been <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">defeated at</a> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. By the end of the year, the Chinese capital at <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">had also been seized</a>. The use of brutal <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics by both sides, the Chinese as in <a href="/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_flood" title="1938 Yellow River flood">1938 Yellow River flood</a> and later by the Japanese with the <a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">Three Alls Policy</a>, "kill all, burn all, loot all", initiated in 1940, claimed millions of lives. The Chinese nationalists resorted to massive civilian guerrilla tactics, which fatigued and frustrated Japanese forces. Countless Chinese civilians were executed on the suspicion of being resistance fighters. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> at Nanking and other sites in China and <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> have been well documented. </p><p>On December 13, 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>, following the capture of Nanjing, began the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (sometimes called the "Rape of Nanking"), which resulted in a massive number of civilian deaths including infants and elderly, and the large-scale rape of Chinese women. The exact number of casualties is an issue of fierce debate between Chinese and Japanese historians. </p><p>By 1939, the Japanese war effort had become a stalemate. The Japanese Army had seized most of the vital cities in China, including Shanghai, Nanjing, Beijing, and <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>. The Nationalists and the Communists, however, fought on from <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yenan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenan">Yenan</a>, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pacific_War">Pacific War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pacific War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II#Japan" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II § Japan</a></div> <p>Negotiations for a German-Japanese alliance began in 1937 with the onset of hostilities between Japan and China. On September 27, 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> was signed, creating the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Rome-Tokyo-Berlin Axis</a>. The alliance was shallow, with very little coordination or mutual help until the last two years of the war, when it was too late to make much difference.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1938, the United States increasingly was committed to supporting China and, with the cooperation of Britain and the Netherlands, threatening to restrict the supply of vital materials to the Japanese war machine, especially oil, steel and money. The Japanese army, <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">after sharp defeats by the Russians in Mongolia</a>, wanted to avoid war with the Soviet Union, even though it would have aided the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">German war against the USSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emperor became fatalistic about going to war, as the military assumed more and more control. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a> was replaced by the war cabinet of General <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a> (1884–1948), who demanded war. Tōjō had his way and the attack was made on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, as well as British and Dutch strong points. The main American battle fleet was disabled, and in the next 90 days Japan made remarkable advances including the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, Malaya and Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quagmire in China did not stall imperial ambitions for the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asian_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>. Indeed, the Second Sino-Japanese War fueled the need for oil that could be found in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> refused to remove its troops from China (excluding <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>) and <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> announced in July 1941 an <a href="/wiki/Oil_embargo_(Sino-Japanese_war)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil embargo (Sino-Japanese war)">oil embargo</a> on Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>, increasingly threatened by the loss of its oil supplies, insisted on a decision, warning the alternatives were a high risk war, that Japan might lose, or a certain descent into third class status and a loss of China and Manchuria. Officially the Emperor made the decision, but he was told by a key civilian official on 5 November 1941: </p> <blockquote><p>it is impossible, from the standpoint of our domestic political situation and of our self-preservation, to accept all of the American demands. ...we cannot let the present situation continue. If we miss the present opportunity to go to war, we will have to submit to American dictation. Therefore, I recognize that it is inevitable that we must decide to start a war against the United States. I will put my trust in what I have been told: namely, that things will go well in the early part of the war; and that although we will experience increasing difficulties as the war progresses, there is some prospect of success.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>With the Emperor's approval, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater East Asia War">Greater East Asia War</a>. It began with a <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">surprise attack</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. naval</a> base in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> on December 7, 1941. Japan declared war to the United States, Dutch and British. This marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> theatre of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. For the next six months, the Japanese had the initiative and went on the offensive. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> was overrun on December 8, 1941. By the summer of 1942, the Japanese had conquered <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> was one of the largest in history. In 1942 the Empire of Japan was at its greatest extent with colonies in Manchuria, China, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, Burma and many <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific islands</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_and_Nobusuke_Kishi_in_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_and_Nobusuke_Kishi_in_1943.jpg/220px-Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_and_Nobusuke_Kishi_in_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_and_Nobusuke_Kishi_in_1943.jpg/330px-Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_and_Nobusuke_Kishi_in_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_and_Nobusuke_Kishi_in_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Nobusuke_Kishi" title="Nobusuke Kishi">Nobusuke Kishi</a>, October 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The decisive naval/aerial <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a> took place in early June 1942. That changed the momentum of the war. Japan was put on the defensive as the Americans pursued their policy of <a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">island hopping</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo was repeatedly firebombed</a> in 1945 and in the early spring and summer of 1945, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</a> were seized by the Americans. Finally, the death agony of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> came in August 1945. On August 6, an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#Hiroshima" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">was dropped</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, instantly killing approximately 70,000 people when the attack took place (plus another estimated 130,000 by 1960 due to after-effects). On August 8, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a> began. The following day, a second atomic bomb <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">was dropped</a> on <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, killing approximately 40,000 people. These attacks with the new atomic weapons were a surprise. Japan lacked any atomic bomb technology and could not counter it. The government of the Empire of Japan (Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">Kantarō Suzuki</a>) <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrendered</a> on August 14. The official surrender ceremony was held on September 2. </p><p>Total Japanese military fatalities between 1937 and 1945 were 2.1 million; most came in the last year of the war. Starvation or malnutrition-related illness accounted for roughly 80 percent of Japanese military deaths in the Philippines, and 50 percent of military fatalities in China. The <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">aerial bombing of a total of 69 Japanese cities</a> appears to have taken a minimum of 400,000 and possibly closer to 600,000 civilian lives (over 100,000 in Tokyo alone, over 200,000 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined, and 80,000–150,000 civilian deaths in the battle of Okinawa). Civilian deaths among settlers who died attempting to return to Japan from Manchuria in the winter of 1945 were probably around 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_rule">Imperial rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Imperial rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japan launched multiple attacks in East Asia. In 1937, the Japanese Army invaded and captured most of the coastal Chinese cities such as Shanghai. On 22 September 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a> began. Japan took over <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>), <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>). <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> managed to stay independent by becoming a satellite state of Japan. On 13 April 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a> was signed. In December 1941 to May 1942, Japan sank major elements of the American, British and Dutch fleets, captured Hong Kong,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore, the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies, and reached the borders of India and Australia. Japan suddenly had achieved its goal of ruling the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. </p><p>The ideology of Japan's colonial empire, as it expanded dramatically during the war, contained two somewhat contradictory impulses. On the one hand, it preached the unity of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>, a coalition of Asian nations, directed by Japan, against <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Western imperialism</a>. This approach celebrated the spiritual values of the East in opposition to the "crass" materialism of the West.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, however, the Japanese installed organizationally-minded bureaucrats and engineers to run their annexed territories, and they believed in ideals of efficiency, modernization, and engineering solutions to social problems. It was fascism based on technology and rejected Western norms of democracy. After 1945, the engineers and bureaucrats took over and turned the wartime <a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">techno-fascism</a> into entrepreneurial management skills.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese government established puppet regimes in Manchuria and China; they were dismantled at the end of the war. The Army operated ruthless governments in most of the conquered areas but paid more favorable attention to the Dutch East Indies. The main goal was to obtain oil. The Dutch sabotaged their oil wells but the Japanese were able to reopen them. However most of the tankers taking oil to Japan were sunk by American submarines, so Japan's oil shortage became increasingly acute. Japan sponsored an Indonesian nationalist movement under <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sukarno finally came to power in the late 1940s after several years of battling the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defeat_and_Allied_occupation">Defeat and Allied occupation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Defeat and Allied occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">defeat of the Empire of Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Powers</a> dissolved it and placed the territories under occupation. The Soviet Union was made responsible for <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and annexed the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">southern portion</a> of the island of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>. The United States took responsibility for the rest of Japan's possessions in Oceania and took over <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. China, meanwhile, plunged back into its <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">civil war</a>, with the Communists in control by 1949. General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, from the US, was put in charge of the Allied <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a>; he and his staff exerted wide but indirect power, for the decisions were carried out by Japanese officials. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">War Crimes Tribunal</a>, similar to that at <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg</a>, was set up in Tokyo. On 3 May 1946, the prosecution began of Japanese military leaders for war crimes. Several prominent members of the Japanese cabinet were executed, most notably former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a>. But the Emperor Hirohito was neither tried at the Tokyo trials nor dethroned, nor any members of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">imperial family</a>. Instead, under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Post-war Constitution</a>, the Japanese Emperor was reduced to a figurehead nominal monarch without divine characteristics and is forbidden to play a role in politics. </p><p>Douglas MacArthur sought to break the power of the <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a>; Japan was democratized and liberalized along American "<a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>" liberal lines. Parliamentary party politics was restored. Old left-wing organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a> reasserted themselves. The <a href="/wiki/1946_Japanese_general_election" title="1946 Japanese general election">first post-war general election</a> was held in 1946, and for the first time, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">women were allowed to vote</a>. </p><p>On 3 May 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a> went into effect. This changed the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> into the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Japan">State of Japan</a> (Nihon Koku, 日本国) with a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>). <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">pre-war Japanese military</a> was disarmed completely and the absoluteness of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a> was repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Post-war Constitution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9</a> turned Japan into a <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> country without a military. </p><p>In July 1947, the Japanese government, with the encouragement of the U.S. occupation forces, established a <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Reserve" title="National Police Reserve">National Police Reserve</a> (警察予備隊 <i>Keisatsu-yobitai</i>). This consisted of 75,000 men equipped with light infantry weapons. This was the first step of its post-war rearmament. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a> was elected as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954. His policy, known as the "Yoshida Doctrine", emphasized military reliance on the United States and promoted unrestrained economic growth. On 8 September 1951, the US-led Allied <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a> ended after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a>, which became effective on April 28, 1952. It restored the sovereignty of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Security_Treaty_Between_the_United_States_and_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan">Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan</a> was signed as <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> tensions rose; it was later replaced by the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_Between_the_United_States_and_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan">Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan</a>. The 1960 treaty requires the U.S. to protect Japan from external aggression. It allows United States forces to be stationed in Japan. Meanwhile, Japanese ground and maritime forces deal with internal threats and natural disasters. This established the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Alliance" title="U.S.–Japan Alliance">U.S.–Japan alliance</a>. </p><p>In mid-1952, The Coastal Safety Force (海上警備隊 <i>Kaijō-keibitai</i>) was founded. It was the waterborne counterpart of <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Reserve" title="National Police Reserve">National Police Reserve</a>. </p><p>By the late 1940s, there were two conservative parties (the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Japan,_1947)" title="Democratic Party (Japan, 1947)">Democratic Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Japan,_1945)" title="Liberal Party (Japan, 1945)">Liberal Party</a>); after a series of mergers, they came together in 1955 as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> (LDP). By 1955, the political system stabilized in what was called the <a href="/wiki/1955_System" title="1955 System">1955 System</a>. The two chief parties were the conservative LDP and the leftist <a href="/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party" title="Japan Socialist Party">Japan Socialist Party</a> (JSP). Throughout the period 1955 to 2009, the LDP was dominant (with a brief interlude in 1993–94). The LDP was pro-<a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pro-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-American">pro-American</a>, and had a strong rural base.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_"Japanese_Miracle""><span id="The_.22Japanese_Miracle.22"></span>The "Japanese Miracle"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The "Japanese Miracle""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar Japan</a></div> <p>Japan's remarkable economic growth in the decades following 1950 has been called the "<a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Japanese Miracle</a>", as the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">economy</a> grew three times faster than other major nations. It was achieved almost without foreign capital.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The miracle slackened off in 1973 in the face of an upsurge in oil prices and the destabilization of international trade. By the mid-1990s the economy entered an era of stagnation and low growth that still persists.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ckita" class="mw-redirect" title="Saburō Ōkita">Saburō Ōkita</a> (1914–93), an economist, realized by 1942 that the war was lost; economic recovery that was published in 1945 as "The Fundamental Directions for the Reconstruction of the Japanese Economy". He became foreign minister in 1979 and endeavored to integrate Japan economically and politically with the world economy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1950 onward, Japan rebuilt itself politically and economically. Sugita finds that "the 1950s was a decade during which Japan formulated a unique corporate capitalist system in which government, business, and labor implemented close and intricate cooperation".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan's newfound economic power soon gave it dominant economic influence in the world. The Yoshida Doctrine and the Japanese government's economic intervention spurred on an economic miracle on par with <a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">the record of West Germany</a>. The Japanese government strove to spur industrial development through a mix of protectionism and trade expansion. The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of International Trade and Industry">Ministry of International Trade and Industry</a> (MITI) was instrumental in the Japanese post-war economic recovery. By 1954, the MITI system was in full effect. It coordinated industry and government action and fostered cooperative arrangements, and sponsored research to develop promising exports as well as imports for which substitutes would be sought (especially dyestuffs, iron and steel, and soda ash). Yoshida's successor, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hayato_Ikeda" title="Hayato Ikeda">Hayato Ikeda</a>, began implementing economic policies which removed much of Japan's anti-monopoly laws. Foreign companies were locked out of the Japanese market and strict protectionist laws were enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the United States under President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> saw Japan as the economic anchor for <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> policy in Asia. Japan was completely demilitarized and did not contribute to military power, but did provide the economic power. The US and UN forces used Japan as their forward logistics base during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–53), and orders for supplies flooded Japan. The close economic relationship strengthened the political and diplomatic ties, so that the two nations survived a <a href="/wiki/Anpo_Protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Anpo Protests">major political crisis in 1960</a> involving left-wing opposition to the revision of the <a href="/wiki/Anpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Anpo">U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a>. The left failed to force the removal of large <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan" title="United States Forces Japan">American military bases in Japan</a>, especially on <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shimizu argues that the American policy of creating "people of plenty" was a success in Japan and reached its goal of defusing anti-capitalist protest on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July 1954, the Self-Defense Forces Act (Act No. 165 of 1954) reorganized the National Security Board as the Defense Agency on July 1, 1954. Afterward, the National Security Force was reorganized as the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Japan Ground Self-Defense Force</a> (GSDF) (陸上自衛隊 <i>Rikujō Jieitai</i>). The Coastal Safety Force was reorganized as the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a> (JMSDF) (海上自衛隊 <i>Kaijō Jieitai</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Japan Air Self-Defense Force</a> (JASDF) (航空自衛隊 <i>Kōkū Jieitai</i>) was established as a new branch of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a> (JSDF) (自衛隊 <i>Jieitai</i>). These are the de facto postwar Japanese army, navy and air force as the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Navy</a>. </p><p>On 12 December 1956, Japan joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p><p>In 1957, Japan was the first country to build dedicated railway lines for high-speed travel. In 1957, Odakyu Electric Railway introduced its 3000 series SE Romancecar train, setting a world speed record of 145 km/h (90 mph) for a narrow gauge train. This would lead to the design of the first <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a>, This record gave impetus for the design of the first <a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">0 Series Shinkansen</a>. </p><p>In 1960, Japan was wracked by the massive <a href="/wiki/Anpo_Protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Anpo Protests">Anpo Protests</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan">revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a>. </p><p>On 1 October 1964, the largest Japanese land reclamation project thus far was completed in Lake <a href="/wiki/Hachir%C5%8Dgata" title="Hachirōgata">Hachirōgata</a>. The village of <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cgata,_Akita" title="Ōgata, Akita">Ōgata</a> was established. Land reclamation work began at Lake Hachirōgata in April 1957. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg/170px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg/255px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg/340px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Akasaka_Palace" title="Akasaka Palace">Akasaka Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 October 1964, <a href="/wiki/Tokaido_Shinkansen" title="Tokaido Shinkansen">Tokaido Shinkansen</a> was the first high-speed rail line in Japan and the oldest high-speed rail system in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 October 1964, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Summer Olympics</a>. This marked the first time that the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> were held in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. </p><p>In 1968, Japan surpassed <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> to become the second largest economic power in the world. In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogasawara Islands">Ogasawara Islands</a> were returned from US occupation to Japanese sovereignty. Japanese citizens were allowed to return. </p><p>By the 1970s, Japan ascended to <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> status again. It had the world's <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">second largest economy</a> after the United States. However, its military power was very limited due to pacifist policies and <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">article 9</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">1947 constitution</a>. This made Japan an abnormal great power.<sup id="cite_ref-Milena_Sterio_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milena_Sterio-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 February 1970, the first successful launch of the <a href="/wiki/Lambda_4S" title="Lambda 4S">Lambda 4S</a> rocket placed the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ohsumi_(satellite)" title="Ohsumi (satellite)">Ohsumi satellite</a> on orbit. </p><p>On 20 December 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a> was a violent and spontaneous protest against the US military presence in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>. </p><p>On 30 September 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Zengakuren" title="Zengakuren">Zengakuren</a> demonstrated and rioted in Tokyo against terms for the return of Okinawa from the US to Japanese control. They wanted to remove all American military presence. </p><p>On 24 November 1971, the <a href="/wiki/1971_Okinawa_Reversion_Agreement" title="1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement">Okinawa Reversion Agreement</a> was ratified and returned the <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a> to Japanese sovereignty. </p><p>In 1974, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a> was the first Asian to accept the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. </p><p>In 1980, Japan became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">biggest motor vehicle producing country</a> in the world with 11,042,884 motor vehicles compared to the US's 8,009,841. </p><p>The beginning of 1980s saw the introduction of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> into the American and western culture. In the 1990s, Japanese animation slowly gained popularity in the United States. </p><p>In 1985, the home <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">video game industry</a> was revitalized by the widespread success of the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>. The success of the NES marked a shift in the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">video game industry</a> from the United States to Japan during the third generation of consoles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Memorials to the era include <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Day" title="Shōwa Day">Shōwa Day</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Showa_Memorial_Park" title="Showa Memorial Park">Showa Memorial Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Showa_Memorial_Museum" title="National Showa Memorial Museum">National Showa Memorial Museum</a>. There is a phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_nostalgia" title="Shōwa nostalgia">Shōwa nostalgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2020s, there were an increased number of programmes relating to the era, such as <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Tetsuya_no_Sh%C5%8Dwa_wa_kagayaiteita" title="Takeda Tetsuya no Shōwa wa kagayaiteita">Takeda Tetsuya no Shōwa wa kagayaiteita</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite">Broadcasting Satellite (BS)</a> television channels.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, a new genus, <i>Showajidaia</i>, and new family, Showajidaiidae, of nudibranch mollusks were named after the era.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion_table">Conversion table</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conversion table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To convert any <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> year between 1926 and 1989 to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a> year in Shōwa era, 1925 needs to be subtracted from the year in question. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="1">Shōwa</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>11</th> <th>12</th> <th>13</th> <th>14</th> <th>15</th> <th>16 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">AD</td> <td>1926</td> <td>1927</td> <td>1928</td> <td>1929</td> <td>1930</td> <td>1931</td> <td>1932</td> <td>1933</td> <td>1934</td> <td>1935</td> <td>1936</td> <td>1937</td> <td>1938</td> <td>1939</td> <td>1940</td> <td>1941 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1">Shōwa</th> <th>17</th> <th>18</th> <th>19</th> <th>20</th> <th>21</th> <th>22</th> <th>23</th> <th>24</th> <th>25</th> <th>26</th> <th>27</th> <th>28</th> <th>29</th> <th>30</th> <th>31</th> <th>32 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">AD</td> <td>1942</td> <td>1943</td> <td>1944</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1946</td> <td>1947</td> <td>1948</td> <td>1949</td> <td>1950</td> <td>1951</td> <td>1952</td> <td>1953</td> <td>1954</td> <td>1955</td> <td>1956</td> <td>1957 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1">Shōwa</th> <th>33</th> <th>34</th> <th>35</th> <th>36</th> <th>37</th> <th>38</th> <th>39</th> <th>40</th> <th>41</th> <th>42</th> <th>43</th> <th>44</th> <th>45</th> <th>46</th> <th>47</th> <th>48 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">AD</td> <td>1958</td> <td>1959</td> <td>1960</td> <td>1961</td> <td>1962</td> <td>1963</td> <td>1964</td> <td>1965</td> <td>1966</td> <td>1967</td> <td>1968</td> <td>1969</td> <td>1970</td> <td>1971</td> <td>1972</td> <td>1973 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1">Shōwa</th> <th>49</th> <th>50</th> <th>51</th> <th>52</th> <th>53</th> <th>54</th> <th>55</th> <th>56</th> <th>57</th> <th>58</th> <th>59</th> <th>60</th> <th>61</th> <th>62</th> <th>63</th> <th>64 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">AD</td> <td>1974</td> <td>1975</td> <td>1976</td> <td>1977</td> <td>1978</td> <td>1979</td> <td>1980</td> <td>1981</td> <td>1982</td> <td>1983</td> <td>1984</td> <td>1985</td> <td>1986</td> <td>1987</td> <td>1988</td> <td>1989 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_resistance_during_the_Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese resistance during the Shōwa period">Japanese resistance during the Shōwa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_political_figures_in_early_Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" title="List of Japanese political figures in early Shōwa period">List of Japanese political figures in early Shōwa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a> (昭和モダン), referring to the modernization of Japan during the Shōwa era.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Shōwa". <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA888"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA888">Japan Encyclopedia<i>, p. 888</i></a>, p. 888, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHein2009" class="citation book cs1">Hein, Patrick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5QJsvhHwjVMC&pg=PA72"><i>How the Japanese became foreign to themselves : the impact of globalization on the private and public spheres in Japan</i></a>. Berlin: Lit. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3643100856" title="Special:BookSources/978-3643100856"><bdi>978-3643100856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Japanese+became+foreign+to+themselves+%3A+the+impact+of+globalization+on+the+private+and+public+spheres+in+Japan&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3643100856&rft.aulast=Hein&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5QJsvhHwjVMC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossette1989" class="citation news cs1">Crossette, Barbara (May 21, 1989). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/21/magazine/king-bhumibol-s-reign.html">"King Bhumibol's Reign"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=King+Bhumibol%27s+Reign&rft.date=1989-05-21&rft.aulast=Crossette&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F05%2F21%2Fmagazine%2Fking-bhumibol-s-reign.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durschmied, Erik (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GwE8uBAUbpIC&pg=PA253&dq=taisho+handicap#PPA254,M1"><i>Blood of Revolution: From the Reign of Terror to the Rise of Khomeini</i>, p. 254</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hane, Mikiso, <i>Modern Japan: A Historical Survey</i> (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992) 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharon Minichiello, <i>Retreat from Reform: Patterns of Political Behavior in Interwar Japan</i> (University of Hawaii Press, 1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Germaine A. Hoston, "The state, modernity, and the fate of liberalism in prewar Japan". <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i> 51.2 (1992): 287-316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard H. Mitchell, "Japan's Peace Preservation Law of 1925: Its origins and significance", <i>Monumenta Nipponica</i> (1973): 317-345. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383786">2383786</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Izumi Hirobe, <i>Japanese Pride, American Prejudice: Modifying the Exclusion Clause of the 1924 Immigration Act</i> (2001) ch 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tohmatsu, Haruo; Willmott, H. P. <i>A Gathering Darkness: The Coming of War to the Far East and the Pacific, 1921–1942</i> (Lanham, Maryland: SR Books, 2004), pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pyle, Kenneth, <i>The Rise of Modern Japan</i>, p. 189.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Edward Brown, et al. <i>Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict</i> (2001) p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin P. Hoyt, <i>Warlord: Tojo Against the World</i> (1983) pp 43-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J.C. Butow, <i>Tojo and the Coming of the War</i> (1961)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Bix, <i>Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</i>, 2001, p.280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Wetzler, <i>Hirohito and War</i>, 1998, p.104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David G. Goodman, Masanori Miyazawa, <i>Jews in the Japanese Mind :The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype</i> , 1995, p.104-105, 106–134, Herbert Bix, <i>Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</i>, 2001, p.281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl425.htm">"THE JEWS OF JAPAN"</a>. March 1, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+JEWS+OF+JAPAN&rft.date=2000-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcpa.org%2Fjl%2Fjl425.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Barak_Kushner" title="Barak Kushner">Barak Kushner</a>, <i>The Thought War</i>, 2006, p.131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Boyd, <i> Hitler's Japanese Confidant: General Ōshima Hiroshi and MAGIC Intelligence, 1941-1945</i> (UP of Kansas, 1993) pp 44-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry W. Moses, "Soviet-Japanese Confrontation in Outer Mongolia: The Battle of Nomonhan-Khalkin Gol", <i>Journal of Asian History</i> 1.1 (1967): 64-85, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41929840">41929840</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noriko Kawamura, "Emperor Hirohito and Japan's Decision to Go to War with the United States: Reexamined". <i>Diplomatic History</i> 2007 31#1: 51-79. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24916020">24916020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Marius B. Jansen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanchina00mari"><i>Japan and China: from War to Peace, 1894–1972</i></a> (1975), p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDower2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dower, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2007/0709/index.cfm">"Lessons from Iwo Jima"</a>. <i>Perspectives</i>. <b>45</b> (6): 54–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+Iwo+Jima&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=54-56&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dower&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fperspectives%2Fissues%2F2007%2F0709%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2009" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, Oliver (2009). <i>The Battle for Hong Kong, 1941–1945: Hostage to Fortune</i>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3162-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3162-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-3162-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Hong+Kong%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Hostage+to+Fortune&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3162-8&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidann2003" class="citation book cs1">Davidann, Jon (2003). "Citadels of Civilization: U.S. and Japanese Visions of World Order in the Interwar Period". In Jensen, Richard; et al. (eds.). <i>Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 21–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97714-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97714-5"><bdi>0-275-97714-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Citadels+of+Civilization%3A+U.S.+and+Japanese+Visions+of+World+Order+in+the+Interwar+Period&rft.btitle=Trans-Pacific+Relations%3A+America%2C+Europe%2C+and+Asia+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=21-43&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-275-97714-5&rft.aulast=Davidann&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2013" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Aaron (2013). <i>Constructing East Asia: Technology, Ideology, and Empire in Japan's Wartime Era, 1931–1945</i>. pp. 6–8, 21–22, 226–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+East+Asia%3A+Technology%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Empire+in+Japan%27s+Wartime+Era%2C+1931%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=6-8%2C+21-22%2C+226-27&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSluimers1996" class="citation journal cs1">Sluimers, Laszlo (1996). "The Japanese military and Indonesian independence". <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 19–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463400010651">10.1017/S0022463400010651</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154027511">154027511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+military+and+Indonesian+independence&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-36&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463400010651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154027511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sluimers&rft.aufirst=Laszlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHering2003" class="citation book cs1">Hering, Bob (2003). <i>Soekarno: Founding Father of Indonesia, 1901–1945</i>. Hasta Mitra. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6718-191-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-6718-191-9"><bdi>90-6718-191-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soekarno%3A+Founding+Father+of+Indonesia%2C+1901%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Hasta+Mitra&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-6718-191-9&rft.aulast=Hering&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDower1979" class="citation book cs1">Dower, John W. (1979). <i>Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1878–1954</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-25125-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-25125-3"><bdi>0-674-25125-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Aftermath%3A+Yoshida+Shigeru+and+the+Japanese+Experience%2C+1878%E2%80%931954&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-674-25125-3&rft.aulast=Dower&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraussPekkanen2010" class="citation book cs1">Krauss, Ellis S.; Pekkanen, Robert J., eds. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofjapans00krau"><i>The Rise and Fall of Japan's LDP: Political Party Organizations as Historical Institutions</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4932-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4932-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-4932-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Japan%27s+LDP%3A+Political+Party+Organizations+as+Historical+Institutions&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4932-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofjapans00krau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1998" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Richard (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japansystemthats00katz"><i>Japan – the System that Soured: The Rise & Fall of the Japanese Economic Miracle</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+%E2%80%93+the+System+that+Soured%3A+The+Rise+%26+Fall+of+the+Japanese+Economic+Miracle&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapansystemthats00katz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry2002" class="citation book cs1">Terry, Edith (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howasiagotrichja0000terr"><i>How Asia Got Rich: Japan, China and the Asian Miracle</i></a></span>. M.E. Sharpe. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howasiagotrichja0000terr/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765603562" title="Special:BookSources/9780765603562"><bdi>9780765603562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Asia+Got+Rich%3A+Japan%2C+China+and+the+Asian+Miracle&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780765603562&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowasiagotrichja0000terr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span> - See <i><a href="/wiki/How_Asia_Got_Rich" title="How Asia Got Rich">How Asia Got Rich</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugita2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sugita, Yoneyuki (2002). "Enigma of U.S.-Japan Relations in the 1950s". <i>Reviews in American History</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 477–485 [quoting p. 483]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2002.0066">10.1353/rah.2002.0066</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30031308">30031308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144173659">144173659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Enigma+of+U.S.-Japan+Relations+in+the+1950s&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=477-485+quoting+p.+483&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144173659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30031308%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2002.0066&rft.aulast=Sugita&rft.aufirst=Yoneyuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1982" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Chalmers (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mitijapanesemira00chal"><i>Miti and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1128-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1128-3"><bdi>0-8047-1128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miti+and+the+Japanese+Miracle%3A+The+Growth+of+Industrial+Policy%2C+1925%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8047-1128-3&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Chalmers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmitijapanesemira00chal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugita2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sugita, Yoneyuki (2002). "Enigma of U.S.-Japan Relations in the 1950s". <i>Reviews in American History</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 477–485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2002.0066">10.1353/rah.2002.0066</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30031308">30031308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144173659">144173659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Enigma+of+U.S.-Japan+Relations+in+the+1950s&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=477-485&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144173659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30031308%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2002.0066&rft.aulast=Sugita&rft.aufirst=Yoneyuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimizu2001" class="citation book cs1">Shimizu, Sayuri (2001). <i>Creating People of Plenty: The United States and Japan's Economic Alternatives, 1950–1960</i>. Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-706-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-706-6"><bdi>0-87338-706-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+People+of+Plenty%3A+The+United+States+and+Japan%27s+Economic+Alternatives%2C+1950%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-87338-706-6&rft.aulast=Shimizu&rft.aufirst=Sayuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321092401/https://www.trainspread.com/japan/shinkansen/">"Shinkansen – Bullet Trains in Japan"</a>. <i>Trainspread.com</i>. 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trainspread.com/japan/shinkansen/#:~:text=Opened%20in%201964%2C%20Tokaido%20Shinkansen,Railway%20Company%20(JR%20Central)">the original</a> on March 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trainspread.com&rft.atitle=Shinkansen+%E2%80%93+Bullet+Trains+in+Japan&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trainspread.com%2Fjapan%2Fshinkansen%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOpened%2520in%25201964%252C%2520Tokaido%2520Shinkansen%2CRailway%2520Company%2520%28JR%2520Central%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milena_Sterio-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milena_Sterio_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterio2013" class="citation book cs1">Sterio, Milena (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC&q=The+Right+to+Self-determination+Under+International+Law:+%22selfistans%22,+Secession+and+the+Rule+of+the+Great+Powers"><i>The right to self-determination under international law : "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers</i></a>. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. xii (preface). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415668187" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415668187"><bdi>978-0415668187</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+right+to+self-determination+under+international+law+%3A+%22selfistans%22%2C+secession+and+the+rule+of+the+great+powers&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=xii+%28preface%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0415668187&rft.aulast=Sterio&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-QuI6n_OVMYC%26q%3DThe%2BRight%2Bto%2BSelf-determination%2BUnder%2BInternational%2BLaw%3A%2B%2522selfistans%2522%2C%2BSecession%2Band%2Bthe%2BRule%2Bof%2Bthe%2BGreat%2BPowers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span> ("The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">veto-wielding members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/shows/6032036/">Showa Nostalgia</a>, NHK, broadcast 2 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2023/06/22/japan-is-nostalgic-for-a-past-that-was-in-part-worse-than-its-present">Japan is nostalgic for a past that was in part worse than its present</a>, The Economist, 22 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/07/20/national/media-national/new-era-aside-showa-nostalgia-continues-keep-rolling-along/">New era aside, Showa nostalgia continues to keep rolling along</a>, The Japan Times, 20 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tokyoweekender.com/art_and_culture/japanese-culture/the-showa-revival-in-japan-why-its-happening-and-where-to-get-your-retro-fix/">The Showa Revival in Japan: Why It’s Happening and Where to Get Your Retro Fix</a>, Tokyo Weekender, 16 June 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news-postseven.com/archives/20210315_1643346.html?DETAIL">地上波の若者シフトでBSの昭和化加速　「野球、歌番組、時代劇」目白押し</a>. News ポストセブン. 15 March 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorshunovaFletcherPictonLundin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Korshunova, Tatiana; Fletcher, Karin; Picton, Bernard; Lundin, Kennet; Kashio, Sho; Sanamyan, Nadezhda; Sanamyan, Karen; Padula, Vinicius; Schrödl, Michael; Martynov, Alexander (2020). "The Emperor's <i>Cadlina</i>, hidden diversity and gill cavity evolution: new insights for the taxonomy and phylogeny of dorid nudibranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda)". <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>189</b> (3): 762–827. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlz126">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=The+Emperor%27s+Cadlina%2C+hidden+diversity+and+gill+cavity+evolution%3A+new+insights+for+the+taxonomy+and+phylogeny+of+dorid+nudibranchs+%28Mollusca%3A+Gastropoda%29&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=762-827&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlz126&rft.aulast=Korshunova&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Karin&rft.au=Picton%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Lundin%2C+Kennet&rft.au=Kashio%2C+Sho&rft.au=Sanamyan%2C+Nadezhda&rft.au=Sanamyan%2C+Karen&rft.au=Padula%2C+Vinicius&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6dl%2C+Michael&rft.au=Martynov%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?165148-1/hirohito-making-modern-japan"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Herbert Bix on <i>Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</i>, September 2, 2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?155311-1/embracing-defeat"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with John Dower on <i>Embracing Defeat</i>, March 26, 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Allinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary Allinson (page does not exist)">Allinson, Gary D.</a> <i>The Columbia Guide to Modern Japanese History</i> (1999). 259 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Columbia-Guide-Modern-Japanese-History/dp/0231111444/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Allinson, Gary D. <i>Japan's Postwar History</i> (2nd ed 2004). 208 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801489121">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bix,_Herbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Bix, Herbert">Bix, Herbert</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan" title="Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan">Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</a></i> (2001), the standard scholarly biography</li> <li>Brendon, Piers. <i>The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s</i> (2000) pp 203–229, 438–464, 633–660 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Dark%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28Piers%20Brendon%2C%29">online</a>.</li> <li>Brinckmann, Hans, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rogge" title="Michael Rogge">Ysbrand Rogge</a>. <i>Showa Japan: The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Showa-Japan-Post-War-Golden-Troubled/dp/4805310022/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">Dower, John</a>. <i>Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II</i> (2000), 680pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Embracing-Defeat-Japan-Wake-World/dp/0393320278/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Dower, John W. <i>Empire and aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese experience, 1878–1954</i> (1979) for 1945–54.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDower1975" class="citation journal cs1">Dower, John W. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/f99e1cddefdad5979c28d87d70e82534/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=40509">"Occupied Japan as History and Occupation History as Politics*"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 485–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2052762">10.2307/2052762</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0401">1752-0401</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2052762">2052762</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155234627">155234627</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Occupied+Japan+as+History+and+Occupation+History+as+Politics%2A&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=485-504&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=1752-0401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155234627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2052762%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2052762&rft.aulast=Dower&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Ff99e1cddefdad5979c28d87d70e82534%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D40509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C5%8Dwa+era" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dunn, Frederick Sherwood. <i>Peace-making and the Settlement with Japan</i> (1963) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=EUDWCgAAQBAJ">excerpt</a></li> <li>Drea, Edward J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/1191/CEAS.1979.n11.pdf?sequence=1">The 1942 Japanese General Election: Political Mobilization in Wartime Japan</a>". (U of Kansas, 1979).</li> <li>Duus, Peter, ed. <i>The Cambridge History of Japan: Vol. 6: The Twentieth Century</i> (1989). 866 pp.</li> <li>Finn, Richard B. <i>Winners in Peace: MacArthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan</i> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft058002wk&brand=ucpress">online free</a></li> <li>Gluck, Carol, and Stephen R. Graubard, eds. <i>Showa: The Japan of Hirohito</i> (1993) essays by scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Showa-Japan-Hirohito-Carol-Gluck/dp/0393310647/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Hanneman, Mary L. "The Old Generation in (Mid) Showa Japan: Hasegawa Nyozekan, Maruyama Masao, and Postwar Thought", <i>The Historian</i> 69.3 (Fall, 2007): 479–510.</li> <li>Hane, Mikiso. <i>Eastern Phoenix: Japan since 1945</i> (5th ed. 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Havens" title="Thomas Havens">Havens, Thomas R. H.</a> "Women and War in Japan, 1937–45". <i>American Historical Review</i> (1975): 913–934. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1867444">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Havens, Thomas R. H. <i>Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two</i> (W. W. Norton, 1978).</li> <li>Hunter-Chester, David. <i>Creating Japan's Ground Self-Defense Force, 1945–2015: A Sword Well Made</i> (Lexington Books, 2016).</li> <li>Huffman, James L., ed. <i>Modern Japan: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism</i> (1998). 316 pp.</li> <li>LaFeber, Walter. <i>The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations</i> (1997). 544 pp. detailed history</li> <li>Lowe, Peter. "An Embarrassing Necessity: The Tokyo Trial of Japanese Leaders, 1946–48". In R. A. Melikan ed., <i>Domestic and international trials, 1700–2000</i> (Manchester UP, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchesteropenhive.com/downloadpdf/9781526137326/9781526137326.00014.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Mauch, Peter. "Prime Minister Tōjō Hideki on the Eve of Pearl Harbor: New Evidence from Japan". <i>Global War Studies</i> 15.1 (2018): 35–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/gws/gws/2018/00000015/00000001/art00005?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf">online</a></li> <li>Nish, Ian (1990). "An Overview of Relations Between China and Japan, 1895–1945". <i>China Quarterly</i> (1990) 124 (1990): 601–623. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/654639">online</a></li> <li>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC"><i>Japan Encyclopedia</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5">978-0-674-01753-5</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128">58053128</a>.</li> <li>Rice, Richard. "Japanese Labor in World War II". <i>International Labor and Working-Class History</i> 38 (1990): 29–45.</li> <li>Robins-Mowry, Dorothy. <i>The Hidden Sun: Women of Modern Japan</i> (Routledge, 2019).</li> <li>Saaler, Sven, and Christopher W. A. Szpilman, eds. <i>Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History</i> (Routledge, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Handbook-Japanese-History-Handbooks/dp/1138815187">excerpt</a>.</li> <li>Sims, Richard. <i>Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation, 1868–2000</i> (2001). 395 pp.</li> <li>Tsutsui Kiyotada, ed. <i>Fifteen Lectures on Showa Japan: Road to the Pacific War in Recent Historiography</i> (Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jpicinternational.com/books/history/001721.html">[1]</a>.</li> <li>Yamashita, Samuel Hideo. <i>Daily Life in Wartime Japan, 1940–1945</i> (2015). 238pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_era&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cook, Haruko Taya and Cook, Theodore F. eds. <i>Japan at War: An Oral History</i> (1992). 504 pp., interviews about the World War II homefront <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Japan-at-War-Oral-History/dp/1565840399/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Yoshida, Shigeru. <i>The Yoshida Memoirs: The Story of Japan in Crisis</i> (1961), on Occupation, 1945–51 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/34588784/the-yoshida-memoirs-the-story-of-japan-in-crisis">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106182750/https://www.questia.com/read/34588784/the-yoshida-memoirs-the-story-of-japan-in-crisis">Archived</a> November 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大正</span></span>)</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era of Japan</a><br />Shōwa<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">昭和</span></span>)</span> </b><br />25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">平成</span></span>)</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_era_names_(nengō)_by_period" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_era_names" title="Template:Japanese era names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_era_names" title="Template talk:Japanese era names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_era_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese era names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_era_names_(nengō)_by_period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese era names <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>nengō</i>)</span></a> by period</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;;font-size:90%:;"><div id="538–1264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">538–1264</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><span class="nobold">Heian <span style="font-size:85%;">(cont'd)</span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><span class="nobold">Heian <span style="font-size:85%;">(cont'd)</span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><span class="nobold">Heian <span style="font-size:85%;">(cont'd)</span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><span class="nobold">Heian <span style="font-size:85%;">(cont'd)</span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><span class="nobold">Kamakura <span style="font-size:85%;">(cont'd)</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">645–650</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Taika_(era)" title="Taika (era)">Taika</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">650–654</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Hakuchi_(era)" title="Hakuchi (era)">Hakuchi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">686–686</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shuch%C5%8D" title="Shuchō">Shuchō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">701–704</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_(era)" title="Taihō (era)">Taihō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">704–708</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Keiun" title="Keiun">Keiun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">708–715</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wad%C5%8D_(era)" title="Wadō (era)">Wadō</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">715–717</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Reiki_(era)" title="Reiki (era)">Reiki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">717–724</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" title="Yōrō">Yōrō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">724–729</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jinki_(era)" title="Jinki (era)">Jinki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">729–749</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D" title="Tenpyō">Tenpyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">749</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-kanp%C5%8D" title="Tenpyō-kanpō">Tenpyō-kanpō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">749–757</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-sh%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Tenpyō-shōhō">Tenpyō-shōhō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">757–765</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-h%C5%8Dji" title="Tenpyō-hōji">Tenpyō-hōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">765–767</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-jingo" title="Tenpyō-jingo">Tenpyō-jingo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">767–770</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jingo-keiun" title="Jingo-keiun">Jingo-keiun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">770–781</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dki" title="Hōki">Hōki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">781–782</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ten%27%C5%8D" title="Ten'ō">Ten'ō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">782–806</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enryaku" title="Enryaku">Enryaku</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">806–810</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Daid%C5%8D" title="Daidō">Daidō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">810–824</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dnin_(era)" title="Kōnin (era)">Kōnin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">824–834</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tench%C5%8D" title="Tenchō">Tenchō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">834–848</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dwa_(Heian_period)" title="Jōwa (Heian period)">Jōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">848–851</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kash%C5%8D" title="Kashō">Kashō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">851–854</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ninju" title="Ninju">Ninju</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">854–857</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Saik%C5%8D" title="Saikō">Saikō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">857–859</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ten%27an" title="Ten'an">Ten'an</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">859–877</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dgan" title="Jōgan">Jōgan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">877–885</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gangy%C5%8D" title="Gangyō">Gangyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">885–889</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ninna" title="Ninna">Ninna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">889–898</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kanpy%C5%8D_(era)" title="Kanpyō (era)">Kanpyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">898–901</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dtai" title="Shōtai">Shōtai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">901–923</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Engi_(era)" title="Engi (era)">Engi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">923–931</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ench%C5%8D" title="Enchō">Enchō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">931–938</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dhei" title="Jōhei">Jōhei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">938–947</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tengy%C5%8D" title="Tengyō">Tengyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">947–957</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenryaku" title="Tenryaku">Tenryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">957–961</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tentoku" title="Tentoku">Tentoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">961–964</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cwa" title="Ōwa">Ōwa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">964–968</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Kōhō">Kōhō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">968–970</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Anna_(era)" title="Anna (era)">Anna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">970–973</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenroku" title="Tenroku">Tenroku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">973–976</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ten%27en" title="Ten'en">Ten'en</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">976–978</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dgen_(Heian_period)" title="Jōgen (Heian period)">Jōgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">978–983</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tengen_(era)" title="Tengen (era)">Tengen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">983–985</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eikan" title="Eikan">Eikan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">985–987</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kanna_(era)" title="Kanna (era)">Kanna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">987–988</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eien" title="Eien">Eien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">988–990</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiso_(era)" title="Eiso (era)">Eiso</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">990–995</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dryaku" title="Shōryaku">Shōryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">995–999</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dtoku" title="Chōtoku">Chōtoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">999–1004</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_(era)" title="Chōhō (era)">Chōhō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1004–1012</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kank%C5%8D" title="Kankō">Kankō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1012–1017</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dwa" title="Chōwa">Chōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1017–1021</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kannin" title="Kannin">Kannin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1021–1024</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jian_(era)" title="Jian (era)">Jian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1024–1028</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Manju_(era)" title="Manju (era)">Manju</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1028–1037</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dgen" title="Chōgen">Chōgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1037–1040</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dryaku" title="Chōryaku">Chōryaku</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1040–1044</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dky%C5%AB" title="Chōkyū">Chōkyū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1044–1046</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kantoku" title="Kantoku">Kantoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1046–1053</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eish%C5%8D_(Heian_period)" title="Eishō (Heian period)">Eishō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1053–1058</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tengi" title="Tengi">Tengi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1058–1065</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dhei" title="Kōhei">Kōhei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1065–1069</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jiryaku" title="Jiryaku">Jiryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1069–1074</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enky%C5%AB" title="Enkyū">Enkyū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1074–1077</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Jōhō">Jōhō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1077–1081</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dryaku" title="Jōryaku">Jōryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1081–1084</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eih%C5%8D" title="Eihō">Eihō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1084–1087</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctoku" title="Ōtoku">Ōtoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1087–1094</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji_(era)" title="Kanji (era)">Kanji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1094–1096</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kah%C5%8D" title="Kahō">Kahō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1096–1097</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eich%C5%8D" title="Eichō">Eichō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1097–1099</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dtoku" title="Jōtoku">Jōtoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1099–1104</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dwa_(Heian_period)" title="Kōwa (Heian period)">Kōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1104–1106</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dji" title="Chōji">Chōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1106–1108</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kaj%C5%8D" title="Kajō">Kajō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1108–1110</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tennin_(era)" title="Tennin (era)">Tennin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1110–1113</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ten%27ei" title="Ten'ei">Ten'ei</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1113–1118</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiky%C5%AB" title="Eikyū">Eikyū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1118–1120</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gen%27ei" title="Gen'ei">Gen'ei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1120–1124</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dan" title="Hōan">Hōan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1124–1126</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenji_(era)" title="Tenji (era)">Tenji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1126–1131</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Daiji_(era)" title="Daiji (era)">Daiji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1131–1132</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_(Heian_period)" title="Tenshō (Heian period)">Tenshō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1132–1135</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Chōshō">Chōshō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1135–1141</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Den" title="Hōen">Hōen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1141–1142</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiji_(era)" title="Eiji (era)">Eiji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1142–1144</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_(Heian_period)" title="Kōji (Heian period)">Kōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1144–1145</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ten%27y%C5%8D" title="Ten'yō">Ten'yō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1145–1151</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABan" title="Kyūan">Kyūan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1151–1154</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ninpei" title="Ninpei">Ninpei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1154–1156</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABju" title="Kyūju">Kyūju</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1156–1159</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dgen_(era)" title="Hōgen (era)">Hōgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1159–1160</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Heiji" title="Heiji">Heiji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1160–1161</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiryaku" title="Eiryaku">Eiryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1161–1163</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ch%C5%8D" title="Ōhō">Ōhō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1163–1165</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dkan" title="Chōkan">Chōkan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1165–1166</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiman" title="Eiman">Eiman</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1166–1169</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Nin%27an" title="Nin'an">Nin'an</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1169–1171</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%8D_(era)" title="Kaō (era)">Kaō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1171–1175</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dan_(era)" title="Jōan (era)">Jōan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1175–1177</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Angen" title="Angen">Angen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1177–1181</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jish%C5%8D" title="Jishō">Jishō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1181–1182</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dwa" title="Yōwa">Yōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1182–1184</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Juei" title="Juei">Juei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1184–1185</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genryaku" title="Genryaku">Genryaku</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1185–1190</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunji_(era)" title="Bunji (era)">Bunji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1190–1199</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kenky%C5%AB" title="Kenkyū">Kenkyū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1199–1201</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dji_(era)" title="Shōji (era)">Shōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1201–1204</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kennin" title="Kennin">Kennin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1204–1206</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genky%C5%AB" title="Genkyū">Genkyū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1206–1207</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ken%27ei" title="Ken'ei">Ken'ei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1207–1211</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dgen_(Kamakura_period)" title="Jōgen (Kamakura period)">Jōgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1211–1213</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kenryaku" title="Kenryaku">Kenryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1213–1219</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kempo_(era)" title="Kempo (era)">Kempo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1219–1222</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB" title="Jōkyū">Jōkyū</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1222–1224</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D%C5%8D_(Kamakura_period)" title="Jōō (Kamakura period)">Jōō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1224–1225</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gennin" title="Gennin">Gennin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1225–1227</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Karoku" title="Karoku">Karoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1227–1229</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Antei" title="Antei">Antei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1229–1232</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kangi" title="Kangi">Kangi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1232–1233</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dei" title="Jōei">Jōei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1233–1234</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenpuku" title="Tenpuku">Tenpuku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1234–1235</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunryaku" title="Bunryaku">Bunryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1235–1238</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Katei" title="Katei">Katei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1238–1239</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ryakunin" title="Ryakunin">Ryakunin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1239–1240</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/En%27%C5%8D" title="En'ō">En'ō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1240–1243</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ninji" title="Ninji">Ninji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1243–1247</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kangen" title="Kangen">Kangen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1247–1249</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dji_(era)" title="Hōji (era)">Hōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1249–1256</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kench%C5%8D" title="Kenchō">Kenchō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1256–1257</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dgen" title="Kōgen">Kōgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1257–1259</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dka_(era)" title="Shōka (era)">Shōka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1259–1260</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgen" title="Shōgen">Shōgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1260–1261</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bun%27%C5%8D" title="Bun'ō">Bun'ō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1261–1264</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Kōchō">Kōchō</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;;font-size:90%:;"><div id="1264–present" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1264–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(cont'd)</span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;">Nanboku-chō</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><span class="nobold">Muromachi <span style="font-size:85%;">(cont'd)</span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Momoyama</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><span class="nobold">Edo <span style="font-size:85%;">(cont'd)</span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;">Modern Japan</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1264–1275</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bun%27ei" title="Bun'ei">Bun'ei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1275–1278</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kenji_(era)" title="Kenji (era)">Kenji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1278–1288</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan_(Kamakura_period)" title="Kōan (Kamakura period)">Kōan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1288–1293</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D%C5%8D_(Kamakura_period)" title="Shōō (Kamakura period)">Shōō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1293–1299</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Einin" title="Einin">Einin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1299–1302</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dan" title="Shōan">Shōan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1302–1303</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kengen" title="Kengen">Kengen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1303–1306</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kagen" title="Kagen">Kagen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1306–1308</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tokuji" title="Tokuji">Tokuji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1308–1311</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enky%C5%8D_(Kamakura_period)" title="Enkyō (Kamakura period)">Enkyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1311–1312</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cch%C5%8D" title="Ōchō">Ōchō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1312–1317</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1312%E2%80%931317)" title="Shōwa (1312–1317)">Shōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1317–1319</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunp%C5%8D" title="Bunpō">Bunpō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1319–1321</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gen%27%C5%8D" title="Gen'ō">Gen'ō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1321–1324</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_(first)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genkō (first)">Genkō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1324–1326</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB_(era)" title="Shōchū (era)">Shōchū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1326–1329</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Karyaku" title="Karyaku">Karyaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1329–1331</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gentoku" title="Gentoku">Gentoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1331–1334</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_(second)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genkō (second)">Genkō</a><sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1332–1333</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Shōkyō">Shōkyō</a><sup>b</sup></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.0em;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Court" title="Northern Court">Northern Court</a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1334–1338</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kenmu" title="Kenmu">Kenmu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1338–1342</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ryaku%C5%8D" title="Ryakuō">Ryakuō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1342–1345</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dei" title="Kōei">Kōei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1345–1350</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dwa_(Muromachi_period)" title="Jōwa (Muromachi period)">Jōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1350–1352</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kann%C5%8D" title="Kannō">Kannō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1352–1356</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunna" title="Bunna">Bunna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1356–1361</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enbun" title="Enbun">Enbun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1361–1362</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōan (Muromachi period)">Kōan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1362–1368</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dji" title="Jōji">Jōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1368–1375</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Can" title="Ōan">Ōan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1375–1379</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiwa" title="Eiwa">Eiwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1379–1381</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dryaku" title="Kōryaku">Kōryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1381–1384</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eitoku" title="Eitoku">Eitoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1384–1387</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shitoku" title="Shitoku">Shitoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1387–1389</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kakei" title="Kakei">Kakei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1389–1390</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8D%C5%8D" title="Kōō">Kōō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1390–1394</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Meitoku" title="Meitoku">Meitoku</a><sup>c</sup></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.0em;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Court" title="Southern Court">Southern Court</a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1334–1336</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kenmu" title="Kenmu">Kenmu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1336–1340</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Engen" title="Engen">Engen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1340–1346</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dkoku" title="Kōkoku">Kōkoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1346–1370</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhei" title="Shōhei">Shōhei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1370–1372</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kentoku" title="Kentoku">Kentoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1372–1375</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunch%C5%AB" title="Bunchū">Bunchū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1375–1381</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenju" title="Tenju">Tenju</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1381–1384</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dwa_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōwa (Muromachi period)">Kōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1384–1392</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gench%C5%AB" title="Genchū">Genchū</a><sup>c</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1394–1428</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cei" title="Ōei">Ōei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1428–1429</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Shōchō">Shōchō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1429–1441</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiky%C5%8D" title="Eikyō">Eikyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1441–1444</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kakitsu" title="Kakitsu">Kakitsu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1444–1449</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bun%27an" title="Bun'an">Bun'an</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1449–1452</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dtoku" title="Hōtoku">Hōtoku</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1452–1455</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dtoku" title="Kyōtoku">Kyōtoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1455–1457</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Kōshō">Kōshō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1457–1460</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Droku" title="Chōroku">Chōroku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1460–1466</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kansh%C5%8D" title="Kanshō">Kanshō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1466–1467</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunsh%C5%8D" title="Bunshō">Bunshō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1467–1469</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin" title="Ōnin">Ōnin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1469–1487</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunmei" title="Bunmei">Bunmei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1487–1489</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Chōkyō">Chōkyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1489–1492</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Entoku" title="Entoku">Entoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1492–1501</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mei%C5%8D" title="Meiō">Meiō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1501–1521</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunki" title="Bunki">Bunki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1504–1521</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eish%C5%8D_(Muromachi_period)" title="Eishō (Muromachi period)">Eishō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1521–1528</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Daiei_(era)" title="Daiei (era)">Daiei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1528–1532</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Droku" title="Kyōroku">Kyōroku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1532–1555</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenbun" title="Tenbun">Tenbun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1555–1558</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōji (Muromachi period)">Kōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1558–1570</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiroku" title="Eiroku">Eiroku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1570–1573</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genki_(era)" title="Genki (era)">Genki</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1573–1592</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_(Momoyama_period)" title="Tenshō (Momoyama period)">Tenshō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1592–1596</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunroku" title="Bunroku">Bunroku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1596–1615</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Keich%C5%8D" title="Keichō">Keichō</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1615–1624</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genna" title="Genna">Genna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1624–1644</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kan%27ei" title="Kan'ei">Kan'ei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1644–1648</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Shōhō">Shōhō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1648–1652</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Keian" title="Keian">Keian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1652–1655</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D%C5%8D_(Edo_period)" title="Jōō (Edo period)">Jōō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1655–1658</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Meireki" title="Meireki">Meireki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1658–1661</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Manji_(era)" title="Manji (era)">Manji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1661–1673</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kanbun_(era)" title="Kanbun (era)">Kanbun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1673–1681</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enp%C5%8D" title="Enpō">Enpō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1681–1684</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenna" title="Tenna">Tenna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1684–1688</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Jōkyō">Jōkyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1688–1704</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genroku" title="Genroku">Genroku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1704–1711</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dei" title="Hōei">Hōei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1711–1716</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dtoku_(era)" title="Shōtoku (era)">Shōtoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1716–1736</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Kyōhō">Kyōhō</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1736–1741</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genbun" title="Genbun">Genbun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1741–1744</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kanp%C5%8D" title="Kanpō">Kanpō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1744–1748</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enky%C5%8D_(Edo_period)" title="Enkyō (Edo period)">Enkyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1748–1751</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kan%27en" title="Kan'en">Kan'en</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1751–1764</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dreki" title="Hōreki">Hōreki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1764–1772</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Meiwa" title="Meiwa">Meiwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1772–1781</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/An%27ei" title="An'ei">An'ei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1781–1789</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenmei" title="Tenmei">Tenmei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1789–1801</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kansei" title="Kansei">Kansei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1801–1804</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dwa" title="Kyōwa">Kyōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1804–1818</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunka" title="Bunka">Bunka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1818–1830</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunsei" title="Bunsei">Bunsei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1830–1844</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenp%C5%8D" title="Tenpō">Tenpō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1844–1848</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dka" title="Kōka">Kōka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1848–1854</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kaei" title="Kaei">Kaei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1854–1860</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ansei" title="Ansei">Ansei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1860–1861</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Man%27en" title="Man'en">Man'en</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1861–1864</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunky%C5%AB" title="Bunkyū">Bunkyū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1864–1865</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genji (era)">Genji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1865–1868</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kei%C5%8D" title="Keiō">Keiō</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1868–1912</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1912–1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1926–1989</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1989–2019</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">2019–present</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;;background:lightsteelblue;font-size:90%;"><div> <ul><li><sup>a</sup> Not recognized by the Northern Court, which retained <a href="/wiki/Gentoku" title="Gentoku">Gentoku</a> until 1332.</li> <li><sup>b</sup> Not recognized by the Southern Court.</li> <li><sup>c</sup> Genchū discontinued upon <a href="/wiki/Northern_Court#Re-unification_of_Imperial_Courts" title="Northern Court">reunification of the Northern and Southern Courts</a> in 1392 and Meitoku retained until 1394.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imperial Seal of Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mutsuhito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yoshihito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hirohito)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration<br />(ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and<br />deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code"><i>Senjinkun</i> military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a></i> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shōwa_era&oldid=1259154903">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shōwa_era&oldid=1259154903</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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