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aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Real_tennis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_tennis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Real tennis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_tennis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_lawn_tennis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_lawn_tennis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Birth of lawn tennis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_lawn_tennis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tournaments_and_tours_of_the_Amateur_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tournaments_and_tours_of_the_Amateur_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tournaments and tours of the Amateur Era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tournaments_and_tours_of_the_Amateur_Era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tournaments and tours of the Amateur Era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tournaments_and_tours_of_the_Amateur_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amateur_tournaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_tournaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Amateur tournaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur_tournaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Four_Majors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Four_Majors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>The Four Majors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Four_Majors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1877:_Wimbledon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1877:_Wimbledon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.1</span> <span>1877: Wimbledon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1877:_Wimbledon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1881:_U.S._Open" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1881:_U.S._Open"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.2</span> <span>1881: U.S. Open</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1881:_U.S._Open-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1891/1925:_French_Open" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1891/1925:_French_Open"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.3</span> <span>1891/1925: French Open</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1891/1925:_French_Open-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1905:_Australian_Open" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905:_Australian_Open"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.4</span> <span>1905: Australian Open</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905:_Australian_Open-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Davis_Cup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Davis_Cup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>The Davis Cup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Davis_Cup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Tennis_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Tennis_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>International Tennis Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Tennis_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Fed_Cup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fed_Cup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>The Fed Cup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fed_Cup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_professional_circuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_professional_circuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The professional circuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_professional_circuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pro_tours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro_tours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Pro tours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro_tours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro_Championships_(Pro_Slams)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro_Championships_(Pro_Slams)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Pro Championships (Pro Slams)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro_Championships_(Pro_Slams)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Open Era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Open_Era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Open Era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Open_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Tennis_League_(NTL)_and_World_Championship_Tennis_(WCT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Tennis_League_(NTL)_and_World_Championship_Tennis_(WCT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>National Tennis League (NTL) and World Championship Tennis (WCT)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Tennis_League_(NTL)_and_World_Championship_Tennis_(WCT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Prix_circuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Prix_circuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Grand Prix circuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Prix_circuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tour_rivalries_and_the_creation_of_the_Association_of_Tennis_Professionals_(ATP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tour_rivalries_and_the_creation_of_the_Association_of_Tennis_Professionals_(ATP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Tour rivalries and the creation of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tour_rivalries_and_the_creation_of_the_Association_of_Tennis_Professionals_(ATP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ATP_Tour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ATP_Tour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>ATP Tour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ATP_Tour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_professional_tennis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_professional_tennis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Women's professional tennis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_professional_tennis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>International Tennis Hall of Fame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of tennis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="تاريخ كرة المضرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ كرة المضرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennisin_tarixi" title="Tennisin tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tennisin tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_des_Tennis" title="Geschichte des Tennis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte des Tennis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_tenis" title="Historia del tenis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia del tenis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تاریخ تنیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ تنیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_tennis" title="Histoire du tennis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du tennis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="테니스의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테니스의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թենիսի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թենիսի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_del_tennis" title="Storia del tennis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia del tennis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Теннис тарихы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теннис тарихы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_tenisz_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete" title="A tenisz története – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A tenisz története" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3" title="تاريخ التنس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاريخ التنس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_tarixi" title="Tennis tarixi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tennis tarixi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_t%C3%AAnis" title="História do tênis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História do tênis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" title="История тенниса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История тенниса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%83" title="Історія тенісу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія тенісу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2295996#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Centre_Court.jpg/440px-Centre_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Centre_Court.jpg/660px-Centre_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Centre_Court.jpg/880px-Centre_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Players on Wimbledon's <a href="/wiki/Centre_Court" title="Centre Court">Centre Court</a> in 2008, a year before the installation of a retractable roof</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Racket_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Racket sport">racket sport</a> traditionally named lawn tennis, invented in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>, England, now commonly known simply as <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, is the direct descendant of what is now denoted <a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a> or royal tennis, which continues to be played today as a separate sport with more complex rules. </p><p>Most rules of (lawn) tennis derive from this precursor and it is reasonable to see both sports as variations of the same game. Most historians believe that tennis originated in the monastic cloisters in northern France in the 12th century, but the ball was then struck with the palm of the hand, hence the name <a href="/wiki/Jeu_de_paume" title="Jeu de paume">jeu de paume</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">game of the palm</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the 16th century that <a href="/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)" title="Racket (sports equipment)">rackets</a> came into use and the game began to be called 'tennis'. It was popular in the Kingdom of France as well as in England, where <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> was a notable enthusiast of the game, which is now referred to as 'real tennis'.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many original tennis courts remain, including courts at Oxford, Cambridge, <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Palace" title="Falkland Palace">Falkland Palace</a> in Fife where <a href="/wiki/Mary_Queen_of_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Queen of Scots">Mary Queen of Scots</a> regularly played, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tennis_Court,_Hampton_Court" title="Royal Tennis Court, Hampton Court">Hampton Court Palace</a>. Many of the French courts were decommissioned with the terror that accompanied the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> (<i>Serment du Jeu de Paume</i>) was a pivotal event during the first days of the French Revolution; it was a pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on 20 June 1789. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club" title="Marylebone Cricket Club">Marylebone Cricket Club</a>'s Rules of Lawn Tennis have been official, with periodic slight modifications, ever since 1875. Those rules were adopted by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club for the first lawn tennis championship, <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">The Championships, Wimbledon</a> in 1877. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a>, an annual competition between men's national teams, dates to 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The analogous competition for women's national teams, the <a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a>, was founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a>, also known as the ITF. </p><p>Promoter <a href="/wiki/C._C._Pyle" title="C. C. Pyle">C. C. Pyle</a> created the first professional tennis tour in 1926, with a group of American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-TS1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable of these early professionals were the American <a href="/wiki/Vinnie_Richards" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinnie Richards">Vinnie Richards</a> and the Frenchwoman <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lenglen" title="Suzanne Lenglen">Suzanne Lenglen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TS1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Open_Minded_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open_Minded-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Players turning pro could not compete in the major (amateur) tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-TS1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968 commercial pressures and rumours of some amateurs taking money under the table led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the Open Era, in which all players could compete in all tournaments and top players were able to make their living from tennis. With the beginning of the Open Era, the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of television rights, tennis's popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed its upper/middle-class English-speaking image<sup id="cite_ref-class_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although it is acknowledged that this stereotype still exists).<sup id="cite_ref-class_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word tennis came into use in English in the mid-14th century from French, via the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> term Tenez, which can be translated as 'hold!', 'receive!' or 'take!', a call from the server to his opponent indicating that he is about to serve.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known appearance of the word in English literature is by poet <a href="/wiki/John_Gower" title="John Gower">John Gower</a> in his poem titled 'In Praise of Peace' dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">King Henry IV</a> and composed in 1400; "Of the tenetz to winne or lese a chase, Mai no lif wite er that the bal be ronne". (Whether a chase is won or lost at tennis, Nobody can know until the ball is run).<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Real-tennis-rackets-balls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Real-tennis-rackets-balls.jpg/170px-Real-tennis-rackets-balls.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Real-tennis-rackets-balls.jpg/255px-Real-tennis-rackets-balls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Real-tennis-rackets-balls.jpg/340px-Real-tennis-rackets-balls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Real tennis racquets and balls. Cahusac at the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Palace_Royal_Tennis_Club" title="Falkland Palace Royal Tennis Club">Falkland Palace Royal Tennis Club</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tennis is mentioned in literature as far back as the Middle Ages. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Shepherds%27_Play" title="The Second Shepherds' Play">The Second Shepherds' Play</a></i> (c. 1500) shepherds gave three gifts, including a tennis ball, to the newborn Christ. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Gawain">Sir Gawain</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a> of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>'s round table, plays tennis against a group of 17 giants in <i>The Turke and Gowin</i> (c. 1500).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real_tennis">Real tennis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Real tennis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Medieval form of tennis is termed as <a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a>, a game that evolved over three centuries from an earlier ball game played around the 12th century in France that involved hitting a ball with a bare hand and later with a glove.<sup id="cite_ref-clerici_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clerici-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schickel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schickel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 16th century the glove had become a racquet, the game had moved to an enclosed playing area and the rules had stabilized. Real tennis spread in popularity throughout royalty in Europe, reaching its peak in the 16th century. </p><p>In 1437 at the <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars,_Perth" title="Blackfriars, Perth">Blackfriars, Perth</a>, the playing of tennis indirectly led to the death of King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a>, when the drain outlet, through which he hoped to escape assassins, had been blocked to prevent the loss of tennis balls.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James was trapped and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-McGladdery,_p_143_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGladdery,_p_143-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> (1515–1547) was an enthusiastic player and promoter of real tennis, building courts and encouraging play among the courtiers and commoners. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> (1547–59), was also an excellent player and continued the royal French tradition. In 1555 an Italian priest, Antonio Scaino da Salothe, wrote the first known book about tennis, <i>Trattato del Giuoco della Palla</i>. Two French kings died from tennis related episodes—<a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a> of a severe chill after playing and <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a> after hitting his head during a game.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">King Charles IX</a> granted a constitution to the Corporation of Tennis Professionals in 1571, creating the first pro tennis 'tour', establishing three professional levels: apprentice, associate, and master. A professional named Forbet wrote and published the first codification of the rules in 1599.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Royal interest in England began with <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a> (1413–22). <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> (1509–47) made the biggest impact as a young monarch, playing the game with gusto at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampton Court">Hampton Court</a> on a court he had built in 1530. It is believed that his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>, was watching a game when she was arrested and that Henry was playing when news of her <a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">execution</a> arrived. During the reign of James I (1603–25) London had 14 courts.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawn_Tennis_Court_1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lawn_Tennis_Court_1874.jpg/170px-Lawn_Tennis_Court_1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lawn_Tennis_Court_1874.jpg/255px-Lawn_Tennis_Court_1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lawn_Tennis_Court_1874.jpg/340px-Lawn_Tennis_Court_1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of a Lawn Tennis court as originally designed by Major <a href="/wiki/Walter_Clopton_Wingfield" title="Walter Clopton Wingfield">Walter Clopton Wingfield</a> in 1874</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawn_Tennis_rule_book_cover,_1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lawn_Tennis_rule_book_cover%2C_1874.jpg/170px-Lawn_Tennis_rule_book_cover%2C_1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lawn_Tennis_rule_book_cover%2C_1874.jpg/255px-Lawn_Tennis_rule_book_cover%2C_1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lawn_Tennis_rule_book_cover%2C_1874.jpg/340px-Lawn_Tennis_rule_book_cover%2C_1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the first edition of the book about Lawn Tennis by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Clopton_Wingfield" title="Walter Clopton Wingfield">Walter Clopton Wingfield</a>, published in February 1874</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg/170px-BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg/255px-BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg/340px-BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Tennis doubles final at 1896 Olympic Games</figcaption></figure> <p>Real tennis is mentioned in literature by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, who mentions "tennis balles" in <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i> (1599), when a basket of them is given to King Henry as a mockery of his youth and playfulness; the incident is also mentioned in some earlier chronicles and <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_Fifth%27s_Conquest_of_France" title="King Henry Fifth's Conquest of France">ballads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most striking early references appears in a painting by <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Tiepolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Giambattista Tiepolo">Giambattista Tiepolo</a> entitled <i>The Death of Hyacinth</i> (1752–1753), in which a strung racquet and three tennis balls are depicted. The theme of the painting is the mythological story of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)" title="Hyacinth (mythology)">Hyacinth</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>. Giovanni Andrea dell'Anguillara translated it into Italian in 1561 and replaced the ancient game of discus in the original text with pallacorda or tennis, which had achieved a high status at the courts in the middle of the 16th century. Tiepolo's painting, displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Thyssen_Bornemisza" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Thyssen Bornemisza">Museo Thyssen Bornemisza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, was ordered in 1752 by German count Wilhelm Friedrich Schaumburg Lippe, who was an avid tennis player. </p><p>The game thrived among the 17th-century nobility in France, Spain, Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> but suffered under English <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritanism</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Napoleon">Age of Napoleon</a> the royal families of Europe were besieged and real tennis was largely abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Real tennis played a minor role in the history of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a>, a pledge signed by French deputies on a real tennis court, which formed a decisive early step in starting the revolution. </p><p>An epitaph in <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">St Michael's Church, Coventry</a>, written circa 1705 read, in part:<sup id="cite_ref-Astley_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astley-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Here lyes an old toss'd Tennis Ball:<br /> Was racketted, from spring to fall,<br /> With so much heat and so much hast,<br /> Time's arm for shame grew tyred at last. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In England, during the 18th and early 19th centuries as real tennis declined, three other racquet sports emerged: <a href="/wiki/Racquets_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racquets (sport)">racquets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash racquets</a> and lawn tennis (the modern game). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_of_lawn_tennis">Birth of lawn tennis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Birth of lawn tennis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg/170px-Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg/255px-Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg/340px-Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augurio_Perera" title="Augurio Perera">Augurio Perera</a>'s house in Edgbaston, Birmingham, where he and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Gem" title="Harry Gem">Harry Gem</a> first played the modern game of lawn tennis</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ett_s%C3%A4llskap_med_b%C3%A5de_kvinnor_och_m%C3%A4n_i_sommarkl%C3%A4der_framf%C3%B6r_en_byggnad._N%C3%A5gra_spelar_tennis,_dubbel,_medan_andra_%C3%A4r_%C3%A5sk%C3%A5dare._NMA.0094374.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ett_s%C3%A4llskap_med_b%C3%A5de_kvinnor_och_m%C3%A4n_i_sommarkl%C3%A4der_framf%C3%B6r_en_byggnad._N%C3%A5gra_spelar_tennis%2C_dubbel%2C_medan_andra_%C3%A4r_%C3%A5sk%C3%A5dare._NMA.0094374.jpg/170px-Ett_s%C3%A4llskap_med_b%C3%A5de_kvinnor_och_m%C3%A4n_i_sommarkl%C3%A4der_framf%C3%B6r_en_byggnad._N%C3%A5gra_spelar_tennis%2C_dubbel%2C_medan_andra_%C3%A4r_%C3%A5sk%C3%A5dare._NMA.0094374.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ett_s%C3%A4llskap_med_b%C3%A5de_kvinnor_och_m%C3%A4n_i_sommarkl%C3%A4der_framf%C3%B6r_en_byggnad._N%C3%A5gra_spelar_tennis%2C_dubbel%2C_medan_andra_%C3%A4r_%C3%A5sk%C3%A5dare._NMA.0094374.jpg/255px-Ett_s%C3%A4llskap_med_b%C3%A5de_kvinnor_och_m%C3%A4n_i_sommarkl%C3%A4der_framf%C3%B6r_en_byggnad._N%C3%A5gra_spelar_tennis%2C_dubbel%2C_medan_andra_%C3%A4r_%C3%A5sk%C3%A5dare._NMA.0094374.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ett_s%C3%A4llskap_med_b%C3%A5de_kvinnor_och_m%C3%A4n_i_sommarkl%C3%A4der_framf%C3%B6r_en_byggnad._N%C3%A5gra_spelar_tennis%2C_dubbel%2C_medan_andra_%C3%A4r_%C3%A5sk%C3%A5dare._NMA.0094374.jpg/340px-Ett_s%C3%A4llskap_med_b%C3%A5de_kvinnor_och_m%C3%A4n_i_sommarkl%C3%A4der_framf%C3%B6r_en_byggnad._N%C3%A5gra_spelar_tennis%2C_dubbel%2C_medan_andra_%C3%A4r_%C3%A5sk%C3%A5dare._NMA.0094374.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6197" data-file-height="4641" /></a><figcaption>Amateur tennis match in Sweden, 1892.</figcaption></figure> <p>The lawyer and memoirist <a href="/wiki/William_Hickey_(memoirist)" title="William Hickey (memoirist)">William Hickey</a> recalled that in 1767 "in the summer we had another club, which met at the Red House in Battersea fields, nearly opposite Ranelagh.... The game we played was an invention of our own, and called field tennis, which afforded noble exercise.... The field, which was of sixteen acres in extent, was kept in as high an order, and smooth as a <a href="/wiki/Bowling_green" title="Bowling green">bowling green</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern sport is tied to two separate inventions. </p><p>Between 1859 and 1865, in Birmingham, England, Major <a href="/wiki/Harry_Gem" title="Harry Gem">Harry Gem</a>, a solicitor, and his friend <a href="/wiki/Augurio_Perera" title="Augurio Perera">Augurio Perera</a>, a Spanish merchant, combined elements of the game of racquets and a <a href="/wiki/Ball_of_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball of wind">ball of wind</a> and played it on a <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a> lawn in Edgbaston.<sup id="cite_ref-countrylife_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrylife-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-civic_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civic-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1872, both men moved to <a href="/wiki/Leamington_Spa" title="Leamington Spa">Leamington Spa</a> and in 1874, with two doctors from the Warneford Hospital, founded the world's first tennis club, the Leamington Tennis Club.<sup id="cite_ref-LTC_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1873 Major <a href="/wiki/Walter_Clopton_Wingfield" title="Walter Clopton Wingfield">Walter Clopton Wingfield</a> designed an hourglass-shaped tennis court in order to obtain a patent on his court (as the rectangular court was already in use and was unpatentable). A temporary patent on this hourglass-shaped court was granted to him in February, 1874, which he never renewed when it expired in 1877. It is commonly believed, mistakenly, that Wingfield obtained a patent on the game he devised to be played on that type of court, but in fact Wingfield never applied for nor received a patent on his game, although he did obtain a copyright — but not a patent — on his rules for playing it. And, after a running series of articles and letters in the British sporting magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Field_(magazine)" title="The Field (magazine)">The Field</a></i>, and a meeting at London's <a href="/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club" title="Marylebone Cricket Club">Marylebone Cricket Club</a>, the official rules of lawn tennis were promulgated by that Club in 1875, which preserved none of the aspects of the variations that Wingfield had dreamed up and named <i>Sphaeristikè</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">σφαιριστική</span>, that is, "sphere-istic", an ancient Greek adjective meaning "of or pertaining to use of a ball, globe or sphere"), which was soon corrupted to "sticky". Wingfield claimed that he had invented his version of the game for the amusement of his guests at a weekend garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in <a href="/wiki/Llanelidan" title="Llanelidan">Llanelidan</a>, Wales in 1874, but research has demonstrated that even his game was not likely played during that country weekend in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THoT_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THoT-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had likely based his game on both the evolving sport of outdoor tennis and on real tennis. Much of modern tennis terminology also derives from this period, for Wingfield and others borrowed both the name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis, and applied them to their variations of real tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-eot1974_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eot1974-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the scholarly work <i>Tennis: A Cultural History</i>, Heiner Gillmeister reveals that on 8 December 1874, Wingfield had written to Harry Gem, commenting that he had been experimenting with his version of lawn tennis for a year and a half.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gem himself had largely credited Perera with the invention of the game. </p><p>Wingfield did patent his hourglass court <sup id="cite_ref-Feb23_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feb23-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1874, but not his eight-page rule book titled "Sphairistike or Lawn Tennis",<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he failed in enforcing his patent.<sup id="cite_ref-USCL_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCL-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his version, the game was played on an hourglass-shaped court, and the net was higher (4 feet 8 inches) than it is in official lawn tennis. The service had to be made from a diamond-shaped box in the middle of one side of the court only, and the service had to bounce beyond the service line instead of in front of it. He adopted the rackets-based system of scoring where games consisted of 15 points (called 'aces').<sup id="cite_ref-barrett_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrett-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of these quirks survived the <a href="/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club" title="Marylebone Cricket Club">Marylebone Cricket Club</a>'s 1875 <i>Rules of Lawn Tennis</i> that have been official, with periodic slight modifications, ever since then. Those rules were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club" title="All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club">All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club</a> for the first Lawn Tennis Championship, at Wimbledon in 1877 (the men who devised those rules were members of both clubs). Wingfield does deserve great credit for popularizing the game of lawn tennis, as he marketed, in one boxed set, all the equipment needed to play his or other versions of it, equipment that had been available previously only at several different outlets. Because of this convenience, versions of the game spread like wildfire in Britain, and by 1875 lawn tennis had virtually supplanted <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a> as outdoor games for both men and women. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ewing_Outerbridge" title="Mary Ewing Outerbridge">Mary Ewing Outerbridge</a> played the game in Bermuda at Clermont, a house with a spacious lawn in Paget parish.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Innumerable histories claim that in 1874, Mary returned from Bermuda onboard the ship S.S. <i>Canima</i> and introduced lawn tennis to the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> setting up supposedly the first tennis court in the United States on the grounds of the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club, which was near where the Staten Island Ferry Terminal is today.<sup id="cite_ref-statenislandtennisassociation.com_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statenislandtennisassociation.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club was founded on or about 22 March 1872. She is also mistakenly said to have played the first tennis game in the U.S. against her sister Laura in Staten Island, New York on an hourglass-shaped court.<sup id="cite_ref-statenislandtennisassociation.com_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statenislandtennisassociation.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, all this would have been impossible, as the tennis equipment she is said to have brought back from Bermuda was not available in Bermuda until 1875, and her next trip to Bermuda, when it was available there, was in 1877. In fact, lawn tennis was first introduced in the United States on a grass court on Col. William Appleton's Estate in Nahant, Massachusetts by Dr. James Dwight ("the Father of American Lawn Tennis"), Henry Slocum, Richard Dudley Sears and Sears' half-brother Fred Sears, in 1874. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wingfield borrowed both the name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis: </p> <ul><li>Tennis comes from the French tenez, the formal imperative form of the verb tenir, to hold, meaning "hold!", "receive!" or "take!", an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent to indicate that he is about to serve.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Racket (or racquet) derives from the Arabic rakhat, meaning the palm of the hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Beijing_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beijing-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Deuce comes from "a deux du jeu" - two points away from game (that is, two consecutive points must be scored to win the game).<sup id="cite_ref-Trad_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trad-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The origin of the use of love for zero is disputed. It is ascribed to derive from l'œuf, French for "the egg", traditionally representing the shape of a zero.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possibility is that it derives from the Dutch expression "iets voor lof doen", which means to do something for praise, implying no monetary stakes.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The reason for the numbering of scores being "15", "30" and "40" is unknown. Historical sources suggest the system was originally 15, 30, 45 with the 45 simplified to 40 over time. Common theories are that it originated from the quarters of a clock, or from gambling stakes or just a trick from royal families to confuse the servants and maids so they wouldn't understand the system of scoring (that's why they use 40 in their system and not 45).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tournaments_and_tours_of_the_Amateur_Era">Tournaments and tours of the Amateur Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tournaments and tours of the Amateur Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amateur_tournaments">Amateur tournaments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Amateur tournaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Four_Majors">The Four Majors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Four Majors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The four majors or <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments, the four biggest competitions on the tennis circuit, are <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a>. Since the mid-1920s they became and have remained the more prestigious events in tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-TS1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AUSslam_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUSslam-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winning these four tournaments in the same year is called the Calendar Grand Slam (a term borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">bridge</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1877:_Wimbledon">1877: Wimbledon</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1877: Wimbledon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon#Beginning" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon, The Beginning</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">The Championships, Wimbledon</a>, were founded by the <a href="/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club" title="All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club">All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club</a> in 1877 to raise money for the club.<sup id="cite_ref-History_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Championships were contested by 22 men and the winner received a Silver Gilt Cup proclaiming the winner to be "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Championships culminated a significant debate on how to standardize the rules. The following year, it was recognized as the official British Championships, although it was open to international competitors. In 1884 the Ladies Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles Championships were inaugurated, followed by the Ladies and Mixed Doubles in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Name</b><br /> 1877: The Championships </p><p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Surface</b><br /> 1877: <a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">Grass</a> </p><p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Venue change</b><br /> 1877: Worple Road, <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon,_London" title="Wimbledon, London">Wimbledon</a><br /> 1922: Church Road, <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon,_London" title="Wimbledon, London">Wimbledon</a> </p><p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1881:_U.S._Open">1881: U.S. Open</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1881: U.S. Open"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)#History" title="US Open (tennis)">History of U.S. Open</a></div> <p>Tennis was first played in the U.S. on a grass court set up on the Estate of Col. William Appleton in <a href="/wiki/Nahant,_Massachusetts" title="Nahant, Massachusetts">Nahant, Massachusetts</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Dwight" title="James Dwight">James Dwight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sears_(tennis)" title="Richard Sears (tennis)">Richard Dudley Sears</a> and Fred Sears in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-MEO_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEO-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1881, the desire to play tennis competitively led to the establishment of tennis clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-TS1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first American National tournament was played in 1880 at the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club in New York. An Englishman named <a href="/wiki/Otway_Woodhouse" title="Otway Woodhouse">Otway Woodhouse</a> won the singles match. There was also a doubles match which was won by a local pair. There were different rules at each club. The ball in Boston was larger than the one normally used in NY. On 21 May 1881, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association" title="United States Tennis Association">United States Tennis Association</a>) was formed to standardize the rules and organize competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-USTA_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USTA-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. National Men's Singles Championship, now the <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a>, was first held in 1881 at <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. National Women's Singles Championships were first held in 1887 in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tournament was made officially one of the tennis 'Majors' from 1924 by the <a href="/wiki/International_Lawn_Tennis_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Lawn Tennis Federation">International Lawn Tennis Federation</a> (ILTF). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Name change</b><br /> 1881: U.S. National Championship<br /> 1968: U.S. Open </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Surface change</b><br /> 1881: <a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">Grass</a><br /> 1975: <a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">Clay</a> <a href="/wiki/Har-Tru" class="mw-redirect" title="Har-Tru">Har-Tru</a><br /> 1978: <a href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">Hard</a> <a href="/wiki/DecoTurf" title="DecoTurf">DecoTurf</a> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Venue change (men's championship)</b><br /> 1881: <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a><br /> 1915: <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Queens" title="Forest Hills, Queens">Forest Hills</a><br /> 1921: <a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Germantown</a><br /> 1924: Forest Hills<br /> 1978: <a href="/wiki/Flushing_Meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Flushing Meadows">Flushing Meadows</a> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1891/1925:_French_Open"><span id="1891.2F1925:_French_Open"></span>1891/1925: French Open</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1891/1925: French Open"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Open_(tennis)#History" class="mw-redirect" title="French Open (tennis)">History of French Open</a></div> <p>Tennis was predominantly a sport of the English-speaking world, dominated by Great Britain and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Buzzle_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buzzle-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also popular in France, where the <a href="/wiki/French_Open_(tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Open (tennis)">French Open</a> dates to 1891 as the Championat de France International de Tennis. This tournament was not recognised as a Major or Grand Slam tournament until it was opened to all nationalities in 1925. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Name change</b><br /> 1891: Championnat de France<br /> 1925: Championnats Internationaux de France<br /> 1928: Tournoi de Roland Garros<br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Surface change</b><br /> 1891: <a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">Clay</a> and Sand<br /> 1909: Clay<br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Venue change</b><br /> 1891–1908: shared by Tennis Club de Paris/Ile de Puteaux, Paris/Racing Club de France<br /> 1909: Societe Athletique de la Villa Primrose, Bordeaux<br /> 1910: Racing Club de France, Paris<br /> 1925: Stade Français, Paris<br /> 1926: Racing Club de France, Paris<br /> 1927: Stade Français, Paris<br /> 1928: <a href="/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros" title="Stade Roland Garros">Stade Roland Garros</a>, Paris<br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1905:_Australian_Open">1905: Australian Open</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1905: Australian Open"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open#History" title="Australian Open">History of Australian Open</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a> was first played in 1905 as The Australasian (Australia and New Zealand) Championships. Because of its geographic remoteness, historically, the event did not gain attendance from the top tennis players. It became one of the major tennis tournaments starting in 1924 (designated by the ILTF). In 1927, because of New Zealand tennis authorities releasing their commitments to the tournament, it became known as the Australian Championships. For most of the 1970s and the early 1980s, the event lacked participation from top ranked tennis professionals. Since its move to <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Park" title="Melbourne Park">Melbourne Park</a> in 1988, the Australian Open has gained the popularity of the other three majors. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Name change</b><br /> 1905: Australasian Championships<br /> 1927: Australian Championships<br /> 1969: Australian Open </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Surface change</b><br /> 1905: <a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">Grass</a><br /> 1988: <a href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">Hard</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebound_Ace" title="Rebound Ace">Rebound Ace</a><br /> 2008: Hard <a href="/wiki/Plexicushion" title="Plexicushion">Plexicushion</a><br /> 2020: Hard <a href="/wiki/GreenSet" title="GreenSet">GreenSet</a> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Venue change</b><br /> 1905–1923: alternated irregularly between <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> (3 events each), <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> (2 events), <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand" title="Hastings, New Zealand">Hastings</a> (1 event each)<sup id="cite_ref-australian-open-venues-1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australian-open-venues-1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 1924–1955: alternated cyclically between Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide (9 events each)<sup id="cite_ref-australian-open-venues-2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australian-open-venues-2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 1956–1969: alternated cyclically between Brisbane, Melbourne (4 events each), Sydney, and Adelaide (3 events each)<sup id="cite_ref-australian-open-venues-3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australian-open-venues-3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 1970: White City Tennis Club, Sydney<br /> 1972: <a href="/wiki/Kooyong_Stadium" title="Kooyong Stadium">Kooyong</a><br /> 1988: <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Park" title="Melbourne Park">Melbourne Park</a> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Davis_Cup">The Davis Cup</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Davis Cup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a></div> <p>In 1898, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">Dwight F. Davis</a> of the Harvard University tennis team designed a tournament format with the idea of challenging the British to a tennis showdown.<sup id="cite_ref-maker_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maker-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first match, between the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Davis_Cup_team" title="United States Davis Cup team">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_Davis_Cup_team" title="Great Britain Davis Cup team">Great Britain</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a> in <a href="/wiki/1900_International_Lawn_Tennis_Challenge" title="1900 International Lawn Tennis Challenge">1900</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American team, of which Dwight Davis was a part, surprised the British by winning the first three matches. By <a href="/wiki/1905_International_Lawn_Tennis_Challenge" title="1905 International Lawn Tennis Challenge">1905</a> the tournament had expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Belgium_Davis_Cup_team" title="Belgium Davis Cup team">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria_Davis_Cup_team" title="Austria Davis Cup team">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_Davis_Cup_team" title="France Davis Cup team">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australasia_Davis_Cup_team" title="Australasia Davis Cup team">Australasia</a>, a combined team from Australia and New Zealand that competed jointly until <a href="/wiki/1913_International_Lawn_Tennis_Challenge" title="1913 International Lawn Tennis Challenge">1913</a>. </p><p>The tournament initially was known as the International Lawn Tennis Challenge. It was renamed the Davis Cup following the death of Dwight Davis in 1945. The tournament has vastly expanded and, on its 100th anniversary in 1999, 130 nations competed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_Tennis_Federation">International Tennis Federation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: International Tennis Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1896_Olympic_tennis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1896_Olympic_tennis.jpg/240px-1896_Olympic_tennis.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1896_Olympic_tennis.jpg/360px-1896_Olympic_tennis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1896_Olympic_tennis.jpg/480px-1896_Olympic_tennis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>1896 Summer Olympics men's singles final</figcaption></figure> <p>1913 also saw 12 national tennis associations agree at a Paris conference to form the <a href="/wiki/International_Lawn_Tennis_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Lawn Tennis Federation">International Lawn Tennis Federation</a> (ILTF), renamed in 1977 as the current <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a> (ITF).<sup id="cite_ref-itfhistory_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itfhistory-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rules the association promulgated in 1924 have remained remarkably stable in the ensuing century, the one major change being the addition of the tie-break system designed by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Alen" title="Jimmy Van Alen">James Van Alen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same year, tennis withdrew from the Olympics after the 1924 Games but returned 60 years later as a 21-and-under demonstration event in 1984. This reinstatement was credited by the efforts by the then ITF President <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Chatrier" title="Philippe Chatrier">Philippe Chatrier</a>, ITF General Secretary David Gray and ITF Vice President Pablo Llorens as well as support from IOC President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch">Juan Antonio Samaranch</a>. The success of the event was overwhelming, and the IOC decided to reintroduce tennis as a full medal sport at Seoul in 1988. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Fed_Cup">The Fed Cup</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Fed Cup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a></div> <p>The idea of a Davis Cup-style tournament for national women's teams is surprisingly old—it was first proposed in 1919 by <a href="/wiki/Hazel_Hotchkiss_Wightman" title="Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman">Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman</a>. After she was turned down, she donated a trophy in 1923 that would be known as the <a href="/wiki/Wightman_Cup" title="Wightman Cup">Wightman Cup</a>, awarded in an annual match between the two strongest women's tennis nations of the time, the United States and Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wightman's original idea for a worldwide women's team tournament would bear fruit more than 40 years later in 1962, when <a href="/wiki/Nell_Hall_Hopman" title="Nell Hall Hopman">Nell Hopman</a> persuaded the ITF to begin sponsoring such an event. The first Federation Cup was played in <a href="/wiki/1963_Federation_Cup_(tennis)" title="1963 Federation Cup (tennis)">1963</a> as part of the ITF's 50th anniversary celebrations; it involved 16 countries and was played over one week. By the 1990s, over 70 nations competed each year, and regional qualifiers were introduced in <a href="/wiki/1992_Federation_Cup_(tennis)" title="1992 Federation Cup (tennis)">1992</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1995_Fed_Cup" title="1995 Fed Cup">1995</a>, the ITF introduced a new Davis Cup-style format for the competition and rechristened it the Fed Cup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_professional_circuit">The professional circuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The professional circuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1926, promoter <a href="/wiki/C.C._Pyle" class="mw-redirect" title="C.C. Pyle">C.C. Pyle</a> established the first professional tour with a group of American and French players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-TS1_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable early professionals were American <a href="/wiki/Vinnie_Richards" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinnie Richards">Vinnie Richards</a> and Frenchwoman <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lenglen" title="Suzanne Lenglen">Suzanne Lenglen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TS1_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Open_Minded_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open_Minded-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Players turning pro could not compete in the major (amateur) tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-TS1_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Open Era, the leading professional players were under contract with a professional promoter who controlled their appearances. For example, in 1926, Lenglen and Richards toured North America along with <a href="/wiki/Paul_F%C3%A9ret" title="Paul Féret">Paul Féret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_K._Browne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary K. Browne">Mary K. Browne</a> under contract to Charles C. Pyle. The main events of the professional circuit comprised head-to-head competition and by-invitation Pro Championships, which were the equivalent of the Grand Slam tournaments on the professional circuit. </p><p>Suzanne Lenglen was the leading player in the first year of the professional circuit, and after she retired in February 1927, few female players played on the professional circuit before the Open Era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pro_tours">Pro tours</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pro tours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tennis_Pro_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis Pro Tours">Tennis Pro Tours</a></div> <p>In the years before the Open Era, professionals often played more frequently on head-to-head tours than in tournaments because tours paid much better than tournaments and the number of professional tournaments was small. For example, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Perry" title="Fred Perry">Fred Perry</a> earned U.S. $91,000 ($1,928,694 today) in a 1937 North American tour against <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Vines" title="Ellsworth Vines">Ellsworth Vines</a> but won only U.S. $450 ($9,740) for his 1938 victory at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Pro_Tennis_Championships" title="U.S. Pro Tennis Championships">U.S. Pro Tennis Championships</a>. Vines probably never entered a tournament in 1937 and 1938. In 1937, Vines played 70 matches on two tours and no tournament matches. Even in the 1950s, some professionals continued to play tour matches. During his first five months as a professional (January through May 1957), <a href="/wiki/Ken_Rosewall" title="Ken Rosewall">Ken Rosewall</a> played 76 matches on a tour against <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Gonzales" title="Pancho Gonzales">Pancho Gonzales</a> but only 9 tournament matches. Joe McCauley determined that for 1952, only 7 professional tournaments were played by the top international players, and 2 other professional tournaments (the British Pro and the German Pro) were reserved for domestic players. Only during the 1960s did professional tournaments become more significant than tours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pro_Championships_(Pro_Slams)"><span id="Pro_Championships_.28Pro_Slams.29"></span>Pro Championships (Pro Slams)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pro Championships (Pro Slams)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_tennis_tournaments_before_the_Open_Era" title="Major professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era">Major professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era</a></div> <p>In addition to head-to-head events several annual professional tournaments were called championship tournaments. The most prestigious was usually the <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Wembley Championship">Wembley Championship</a>, held at the <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Arena" title="Wembley Arena">Wembley Arena</a> in England, played between 1934 and 1990. The oldest was the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Pro_Tennis_Championships" title="U.S. Pro Tennis Championships">U.S. Pro Tennis Championships</a>, played between 1927 and 1999. Between 1954 and 1962, it was played indoors in Cleveland and was called the World Professional Championships. The third major tournament was the <a href="/wiki/French_Pro_Championship" title="French Pro Championship">French Pro Championship</a>, played between 1930 and 1968. The British and American championships continued into the Open Era but devolved to the status of minor tournaments after the late 1960s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tournament_of_Champions_(tennis)" title="Tournament of Champions (tennis)">Tournament of Champions</a> was held between 1957 and 1959, the 1957 Australian editions taking place in Sydney White City and Melbourne Kooyong, while the U.S. editions in 1957, 1958 and 1959 took place at <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Queens" title="Forest Hills, Queens">Forest Hills, Queens</a>. There was also the <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Pro" title="Wimbledon Pro">Wimbledon Pro</a> tournament held in August 1967, the first tournament where professional tennis players were allowed to play at Wimbledon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_Era"><span class="anchor" id="Open_Era"></span><span class="anchor" id="Open_era"></span>Open Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Open Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Open era" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Open_era_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Open era (disambiguation)">Open era (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Open_era_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_men%27s_singles" class="mw-redirect" title="Open era tennis records – men's singles">Open era tennis records – men's singles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_Era_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_women%27s_singles" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Era tennis records – women's singles">Open Era tennis records – women's singles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peugeot_306_Roland_Garros_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Peugeot_306_Roland_Garros_003.JPG/220px-Peugeot_306_Roland_Garros_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Peugeot_306_Roland_Garros_003.JPG/330px-Peugeot_306_Roland_Garros_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Peugeot_306_Roland_Garros_003.JPG/440px-Peugeot_306_Roland_Garros_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>The French Championships at Roland Garros was the first Grand Slam tournament to become "open" to professionals</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Open Era</b> began in 1968 when <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments agreed to allow professional players to compete with amateurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Open_tennis_accepted_for_Wimbledon_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open_tennis_accepted_for_Wimbledon-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1968, only amateurs were allowed to compete in Grand Slam tournaments and other events organized or sanctioned by the ILTF, including the Davis Cup. </p> <blockquote><p>The move is made because the English are tired of the hypocrisy in the sport, the <a href="/wiki/Shamateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamateurism">shamateurism</a> that plagues high-class tennis. It is well known that amateurs bargain for – and receive – exorbitant expenses to compete at many tournaments. "We must take action on our own account to make the game honest", said Derek Penmam of the British association. "For too long now we have been governed by a set of amateur rules that are quite unenforceable."<sup id="cite_ref-Open_tennis_accepted_for_Wimbledon_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open_tennis_accepted_for_Wimbledon-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During the first years of the Open Era, power struggles between the ILTF and the commercial promoters led to boycotts of Grand Slam events. The first Open Era event was the <a href="/wiki/1968_British_Hard_Court_Championships" title="1968 British Hard Court Championships">1968 British Hard Court Championships</a> held in April at <a href="/wiki/The_West_Hants_Club" title="The West Hants Club">The West Hants Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Bournemouth, England">Bournemouth, England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the first open Grand Slam tournament was the <a href="/wiki/1968_French_Open" title="1968 French Open">1968 French Open</a> in May.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both tournaments were won by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Rosewall" title="Ken Rosewall">Ken Rosewall</a>. The Open Era allowed all tennis players the opportunity to make a living by playing tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Tennis_League_(NTL)_and_World_Championship_Tennis_(WCT)"><span id="National_Tennis_League_.28NTL.29_and_World_Championship_Tennis_.28WCT.29"></span>National Tennis League (NTL) and World Championship Tennis (WCT)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National Tennis League (NTL) and World Championship Tennis (WCT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1968, a few professionals were independent, including <a href="/wiki/Lew_Hoad" title="Lew Hoad">Lew Hoad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mal_Anderson" title="Mal Anderson">Mal Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Ayala_(tennis)" title="Luis Ayala (tennis)">Luis Ayala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Owen_Davidson" title="Owen Davidson">Owen Davidson</a>, but most of the best players were under contract. George McCall operated the <a href="/wiki/National_Tennis_League" title="National Tennis League">National Tennis League (NTL)</a> and managed <a href="/wiki/Rod_Laver" title="Rod Laver">Rod Laver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Rosewall" title="Ken Rosewall">Ken Rosewall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Gimeno" title="Andrés Gimeno">Andrés Gimeno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Gonzales" title="Pancho Gonzales">Pancho Gonzales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Stolle" title="Fred Stolle">Fred Stolle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Emerson" title="Roy Emerson">Roy Emerson</a>. Meanwhile Dave Dixon (later succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Hunt" title="Lamar Hunt">Lamar Hunt</a>) ran the <a href="/wiki/World_Championship_Tennis" title="World Championship Tennis">World Championship Tennis (WCT)</a> and managed the "<a href="/wiki/Handsome_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Handsome Eight">Handsome Eight</a>": <a href="/wiki/John_Newcombe" title="John Newcombe">John Newcombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Roche" title="Tony Roche">Tony Roche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Pili%C4%87" title="Nikola Pilić">Nikola Pilić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(tennis)" title="Roger Taylor (tennis)">Roger Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Barth%C3%A8s" title="Pierre Barthès">Pierre Barthès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_%22Butch%22_Buchholz" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl "Butch" Buchholz">Earl "Butch" Buchholz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Drysdale" title="Cliff Drysdale">Cliff Drysdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ralston" title="Dennis Ralston">Dennis Ralston</a>. In 1968, none of the original Handsome Eight WCT players participated in the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a>. In 1970, NTL players did not play in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a> because their organization did not receive a guarantee. In 1970, neither WCT nor NTL players played in the French Open. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Prix_circuit">Grand Prix circuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Grand Prix circuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_tennis_circuit" title="Grand Prix tennis circuit">Grand Prix tennis circuit</a></div><p> In the first two years of the Open Era, the National Tennis League and WCT promoters began to take control of the game. To outmaneuver them, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kramer" title="Jack Kramer">Jack Kramer</a>, the best player of the late 1940s / early 1950s, and at that time a promoter, conceived the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_tennis_circuit" title="Grand Prix tennis circuit">Grand Prix tennis circuit</a> in late 1969. He described it as: </p><blockquote><p>. . . a series of tournaments with a money bonus pool that would be split up on the basis of a cumulative point system. This would encourage the best players to compete regularly in the series, so that they could share in the bonus at the end and qualify for a special championship tournament that would climax the year.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1970, none of the contract players participated in the <a href="/wiki/1970_French_Open" title="1970 French Open">French Open</a>. The International Lawn Tennis Federation, alarmed by the control of the promoters, approved Kramer's Grand Prix. Twenty-seven tournaments, including the three Grand Slams (French Open, Wimbledon and US Open), were played that year, with Stockholm tournament ending on 1 November. The independent professional players along with a few contract players, entered the Grand Prix circuit. Contract players could play Grand Prix events provided their contracts allowed it, and that they had adequate time apart from their own circuit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tour_rivalries_and_the_creation_of_the_Association_of_Tennis_Professionals_(ATP)"><span id="Tour_rivalries_and_the_creation_of_the_Association_of_Tennis_Professionals_.28ATP.29"></span>Tour rivalries and the creation of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tour rivalries and the creation of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first WCT tournaments were held in February 1968 and the first NTL tournaments in March 1969. In July 1970, the WCT absorbed the NTL.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 1970, a panel of journalists ranked the players, leading the WCT to send invitations to the 32 top men to play the 1971 WCT circuit: among the 32, <a href="/wiki/Ilie_N%C4%83stase" title="Ilie Năstase">Ilie Năstase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Smith" title="Stan Smith">Stan Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kode%C5%A1" title="Jan Kodeš">Jan Kodeš</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Franulovi%C4%87" title="Željko Franulović">Željko Franulović</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clark_Graebner" title="Clark Graebner">Clark Graebner</a> stayed independent. In 1971, the WCT ran 20 tournaments, and concluded the year with the WCT Finals. In 1971, the majority of the best players still mainly played the WCT circuit. Thus, the 1971 Australian Open was a WCT competition whereas the French Open, Wimbledon and U.S. Open were ILTF Grand Prix events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By then, the rivalry between the two groups became so intense that Rosewall, Gimeno, Laver, Emerson and some other WCT players boycotted the 1971 US Open (although Newcombe played and lost in the first round to Kodes). Bill Riordan (the future manager of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Connors" title="Jimmy Connors">Jimmy Connors</a>) complicated matters further with a third professional tour, the U.S. Indoor Circuit. In 1972, the conflict between the ILTF and the WCT culminated in the ILTF banning the contract professional players from all ILTF Grand Prix events between January and July, which included the <a href="/wiki/1972_French_Open" title="1972 French Open">1972 French Open</a> and <a href="/wiki/1972_Wimbledon_Championships" title="1972 Wimbledon Championships">1972 Wimbledon</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/1972_US_Open_(tennis)" title="1972 US Open (tennis)">1972 US Open</a> in September, all the players attended and agreed to form a player syndicate to protect themselves from the promoters and associations, resulting in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)</a>. </p><p>In 1973, there were four rival professional circuits: the WCT circuit, the Grand Prix circuit, the U.S. Indoor Circuit with Connors and <a href="/wiki/Ilie_N%C4%83stase" title="Ilie Năstase">Ilie Năstase</a> and the European Spring Circuit with Năstase as their star. During the year, the ILTF banned <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Pili%C4%87" title="Nikola Pilić">Nikola Pilić</a> from 1973 Wimbledon, due to Pilic's alleged refusal to play in Yugoslavia's Davis Cup tie against New Zealand. In retaliation, 81 out of 84 of Pilic's fellow players who were ATP members, boycotted 1973 Wimbledon in response, stating that professional players should have the right of deciding whether to play Davis Cup matches or not. The only ATP players who refused to boycott 1973 Wimbledon were Ilie Năstase, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(tennis)" title="Roger Taylor (tennis)">Roger Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Keldie" title="Ray Keldie">Ray Keldie</a>. They were later fined by the ATP for their participation in the tournament. </p><p>Between 1974 and 1978, any tennis player who participated in the nascent <a href="/wiki/World_Team_Tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="World Team Tennis">World Team Tennis</a>, which conflicted with the European leg of the Grand Prix circuit, was banned by the <a href="/wiki/French_Tennis_Federation" title="French Tennis Federation">French Tennis Federation</a> from playing in the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a> in the same calendar year.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (September 2015)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integration">Integration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978 the ILTF Grand Prix and WCT circuits merged. However, In 1982, the WCT circuit separated again and created a more complex WCT ranking, similar to the ATP ranking. The WCT was not as successful in the 1980s, and the Grand Prix circuit became the primary circuit. The Grand Prix's governance was led by the <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_International_Professional_Tennis_Council" title="Men's International Professional Tennis Council">Men's International Professional Tennis Council</a> (also called the Men's Tennis Council).<sup id="cite_ref-atphistory_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atphistory-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/WCT_Finals" title="WCT Finals">WCT Finals</a> in Dallas continued being held until the end of the 1980s, and then disbanded with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour">ATP Tour</a> for 1990.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Open Era, the global professional circuit, and television helped tennis spread globally and shed its elitist, <a href="/wiki/Anglocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglocentric">anglocentric</a> image. In the United States, since the 1970s, courts have been a common feature of public recreational facilities. Accordingly, in the 1970s, the U.S. Open moved from the private <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Tennis_Club" title="West Side Tennis Club">West Side Tennis Club</a> to a public park (the <a href="/wiki/USTA_Billie_Jean_King_National_Tennis_Center" title="USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center">USTA National Tennis Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flushing_Meadows_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Flushing Meadows Park">Flushing Meadows Park</a>) that is accessible to anyone who buys a ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About the same time, the ruling body's name changed from the United States Lawn Tennis Association to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association" title="United States Tennis Association">United States Tennis Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HUSTA_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HUSTA-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ATP_Tour">ATP Tour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: ATP Tour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, the Association of Tennis Professionals, led by <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Jordan" title="Hamilton Jordan">Hamilton Jordan</a>, replaced the MTC as the governing body of men's professional tennis. They established the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour" title="ATP Tour">ATP Tour</a>, and packaged the nine most prestigious events as the "Championship Series – Single Tournament Week", and beginning in 1996, as the <a href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_Masters_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour Masters 1000">"Super Nine"</a>. Twelve of the Grand Prix which were slightly less prestigious than the first nine events were renamed as the "Championship Series – Double Week" (meaning in most cases, 2 of those tournaments occurred the same week). Winning a Super Nine tournament was worth roughly half the points (370) of winning a Grand Slam tournament (750), while Championship Series tournaments were worth as much as 360 points depending on the total prize money. The format continued until 2000, at which time the Super Nine were renamed the Masters Series (the winner being awarded 500 points), occupying the rank below the Grand Slams (1000 points for the winner), and the Championship Series was renamed to simply the International Series Gold (worth 250 to 300 points for the winner). In 2000, the Grand Slam tournaments and the Masters Series tournaments became mandatory professional events if a player's ranking qualifies them for the tournament. Players were automatically entered and Masters and Slam events became the baseline for player rankings with up to an additional 5 tournaments also counted (18 in all plus the ATP Finals if they qualify). Before 2000, a players' best 14 tournaments were counted towards the ATP Point Rankings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2009, the Masters events were renamed the <a href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_Masters_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour Masters 1000">ATP World Tour Masters 1000</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Monte-Carlo_Masters" title="Monte-Carlo Masters">Monte-Carlo Masters</a> becoming a non-mandatory event, meaning a player could use his results from a lower-level tournament in place of it. International Series Gold became the <a href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_500" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour 500">ATP World Tour 500</a> and the remaining events became the <a href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_250" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour 250">ATP World Tour 250</a>. The numbers in the tournament type name indicate the winners' ranking points. By way of comparison, a winner of one of the four Grand Slam tournaments is awarded 2000 points. In 2009, a greater emphasis began to be placed on winning a tournament, as the points awarded to the runner-up dropped from 70% of the champion's points to 60% (i.e. from 700 points to 600 points in a Masters 1000 event). Points also began to be awarded for Davis Cup singles play.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_professional_tennis"><span id="Women.27s_professional_tennis"></span>Women's professional tennis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Women's professional tennis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women's professional tennis began in 1926, when world number one female player <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lenglen" title="Suzanne Lenglen">Suzanne Lenglen</a> accepted $50,000 for a series of matches against three-time U.S. Champion <a href="/wiki/Mary_K._Browne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary K. Browne">Mary K. Browne</a>. The series ended in 1927, and the women did not compete as professionals again until 1941 when <a href="/wiki/Alice_Marble" title="Alice Marble">Alice Marble</a> headlined a tour against <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hardwick" title="Mary Hardwick">Mary Hardwick</a>. World War II hindered most professional competitions and many players were involved with entertaining the troops. </p><p>In 1947, women professionals were again in action with a short-lived series of exhibition matches between <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Betz" title="Pauline Betz">Pauline Betz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palfrey_Cooke" title="Sarah Palfrey Cooke">Sarah Palfrey Cooke</a>, both U.S. National Champions. In 1950 and 1951, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Riggs" title="Bobby Riggs">Bobby Riggs</a> signed Betz and <a href="/wiki/Gussie_Moran" title="Gussie Moran">Gussie Moran</a> to play a pro tour with <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kramer" title="Jack Kramer">Jack Kramer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Segura" title="Pancho Segura">Pancho Segura</a>, wherein Betz dominated Moran. <a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a> turned professional in 1958 and joined with <a href="/wiki/Karol_Fageros" title="Karol Fageros">Karol Fageros</a> ("the Golden Goddess") as the opening act for the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters" title="Harlem Globetrotters">Harlem Globetrotters</a> for one season. </p><p>There was virtually no further women's professional tennis until 1967, when promoter George McCall signed <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Haydon-Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Haydon-Jones">Ann Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_D%C3%BCrr" title="Françoise Dürr">Françoise Dürr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Casals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosie Casals">Rosie Casals</a> to join his tour of eight men for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The professional women then played as independents as the Open Era began. </p><p>In 1970, promoter for the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Southwest_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Southwest Championships">Pacific Southwest Championships</a> in Los Angeles <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kramer" title="Jack Kramer">Jack Kramer</a> offered the women only $7,500 in prize money versus the men's total of $50,000. When Kramer refused to match the men's prize money, King and Casals urged the other women to boycott. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Heldman" title="Gladys Heldman">Gladys Heldman</a>, American publisher of <i>World Tennis</i> magazine, responded with a separate women's tour under the sponsorship of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Slims" title="Virginia Slims">Virginia Slims</a> cigarettes. In 1971 and 1972, the WT Women's Pro Tour offered nearly 10 times the prize money of other pro women's tennis events. The USLTA initially would not sanction the tour; however, the two groups determined to give Virginia Slims the individual events, and the USLTA the tour, thus resolving the conflict. In 1973, the U.S. Open made history by offering equal prize money to men and women. Billie Jean King, the most visible advocate for the women's cause, earned over $100,000 in 1971 and 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sexes_(tennis)" title="Battle of the Sexes (tennis)">Battle of the Sexes</a> exhibition match against the vocally sexist <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Riggs" title="Bobby Riggs">Bobby Riggs</a> in September 1973, King brought even more media attention to tennis, and to women professionals in all walks of life by beating Riggs. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">Women's Tennis Association</a>, formed in 1973, is the principal organizing body of women's professional tennis, organizing the worldwide, professional <a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour" title="WTA Tour">WTA Tour</a>. From 1984 to 1998, the finals matches of the championship event were best-of-five, uniquely among women's tournaments. In 1999, the finals reverted to best-of-three. The WTA Tour Championships are generally considered to be the women's fifth most prestigious event (after the four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments.) Sponsors have included Virginia Slims (1971–78), <a href="/wiki/Avon_Products" title="Avon Products">Avon</a> (1979–82), Virginia Slims again (1983–94), <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Morgan Chase">J.P. Morgan Chase</a> (1996–2000), <a href="/wiki/Sanex" title="Sanex">Sanex</a> (2001) <a href="/wiki/Home_Depot" title="Home Depot">Home Depot</a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Ericsson">Sony Ericsson</a> (2006–2010), and <a href="/wiki/Hologic" title="Hologic">Hologic</a> (2022–present) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame">International Tennis Hall of Fame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: International Tennis Hall of Fame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Alen" title="Jimmy Van Alen">James Van Alen</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Tennis Hall of Fame">International Tennis Hall of Fame</a>, a non-profit museum in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building contains a large collection of memorabilia as well as honoring prominent players and others. Each year, a grass-court tournament takes place on its grounds, as well as an induction ceremony honoring new members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_ball.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/28px-Tennis_ball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/42px-Tennis_ball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/56px-Tennis_ball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennis" title="Portal:Tennis">Tennis portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_tennis" title="Doping in tennis">Doping in tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_fixing_in_tennis" title="Match fixing in tennis">Match fixing in tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_technology" title="Tennis technology">Tennis technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Tennis at the Summer Olympics">Tennis at the Summer Olympics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-etymology-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymology_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first known instance of the word tennis in the English language dates to 1396 when a William Terrey had to appear before the burghmote of Canterbury for allowing people to play le Closhe and le Tenesse on his ground.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-australian-open-venues-1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-australian-open-venues-1_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not held in 1916–1918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-australian-open-venues-2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-australian-open-venues-2_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The order was reversed in <a href="/wiki/1935_Australian_Championships" title="1935 Australian Championships">1935</a>–<a href="/wiki/1936_Australian_Championships" title="1936 Australian Championships">1936</a> between Melbourne and Adelaide and in <a href="/wiki/1947_Australian_Championships" title="1947 Australian Championships">1947</a>–<a href="/wiki/1948_Australian_Championships" title="1948 Australian Championships">1948</a> between Sydney and Melbourne. Not held in 1941–1945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-australian-open-venues-3-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-australian-open-venues-3_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The order was reversed in <a href="/wiki/1968_Australian_Championships" title="1968 Australian Championships">1968</a>–<a href="/wiki/1969_Australian_Open" title="1969 Australian Open">1969</a> between Melbourne and Brisbane.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGillmeister1998" class="citation book cs1">Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/117"><i>Tennis : A Cultural History</i></a>. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/117">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081473121X" title="Special:BookSources/081473121X"><bdi>081473121X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis+%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Washington+Square%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=081473121X&rft.aulast=Gillmeister&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftennisculturalhi0000gill%2Fpage%2F117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crego, Robert. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCl1c2yy5ooC&pg=PA115">Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries</a></i>, page 115 (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviscup.com/en/organisation/davis-cup-history.aspx">"Davis Cup History"</a>. ITF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Davis+Cup+History&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daviscup.com%2Fen%2Forganisation%2Fdavis-cup-history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TS1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TS1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TS1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TS1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TS1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TS1_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TS1_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TS1_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tennisserver.com/lines/lines_99_10_31.html">"Suzanne Lenglen and the First Pro Tour"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suzanne+Lenglen+and+the+First+Pro+Tour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennisserver.com%2Flines%2Flines_99_10_31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tennisserver.com/lines/lines_01_03_01.html">"History of the Pro Tennis Wars Chapter 2, part 1 1927–1928"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Pro+Tennis+Wars+Chapter+2%2C+part+1+1927%E2%80%931928&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennisserver.com%2Flines%2Flines_01_03_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Open_Minded-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Open_Minded_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Open_Minded_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,519,00.html">Open Minded</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031090952/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,519,00.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Bruce Goldman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-class-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-class_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-class_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Henderson2008" class="citation news cs1">Jon Henderson (10 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/dec/10/tennis.news">"Middle-class heroes can lift our game"</a>. London: The Observer, theguardian.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2008</span>. <q>it was no longer true that tennis was a middle-class sport</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Middle-class+heroes+can+lift+our+game&rft.date=2008-12-10&rft.au=Jon+Henderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2006%2Fdec%2F10%2Ftennis.news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKate_Magee2008" class="citation web cs1">Kate Magee (10 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandrepublic.com/News/830579/FRONT-PAGE-Max-Clifford-help-shed-tennis-middle-class-image/">"Max Clifford to help shed tennis' middle-class image"</a>. PR Week<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Max+Clifford+to+help+shed+tennis%27+middle-class+image&rft.pub=PR+Week&rft.date=2008-07-10&rft.au=Kate+Magee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandrepublic.com%2FNews%2F830579%2FFRONT-PAGE-Max-Clifford-help-shed-tennis-middle-class-image%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Sugarman" class="citation web cs1">The Sugarman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookiebusters.net/sugarman/tim_henman.html">"There are 3 levels of social class in tennis: Upper middle class, middle class and lower middle class"</a>. BookieBusters.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There+are+3+levels+of+social+class+in+tennis%3A+Upper+middle+class%2C+middle+class+and+lower+middle+class&rft.pub=BookieBusters.net&rft.au=The+Sugarman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookiebusters.net%2Fsugarman%2Ftim_henman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tennis">"tennis – Origin and history of tennis by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>Etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymonline.com&rft.atitle=tennis+%E2%80%93+Origin+and+history+of+tennis+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dtennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillmeister1998" class="citation book cs1">Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/106"><i>Tennis : A Cultural History</i></a>. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081473121X" title="Special:BookSources/081473121X"><bdi>081473121X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis+%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Washington+Square%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=081473121X&rft.aulast=Gillmeister&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftennisculturalhi0000gill%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillmeister1998" class="citation book cs1">Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/40"><i>Tennis : A Cultural History</i></a>. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/40">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081473121X" title="Special:BookSources/081473121X"><bdi>081473121X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis+%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Washington+Square%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=081473121X&rft.aulast=Gillmeister&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftennisculturalhi0000gill%2Fpage%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2004" class="citation book cs1">Whitman, Malcolm D. (2004) [1932]. <i>Tennis : Origins and Mysteries</i> (Dover ed.). Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. pp. 25, 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486433579" title="Special:BookSources/0486433579"><bdi>0486433579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis+%3A+Origins+and+Mysteries&rft.place=Mineola%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=25%2C+26&rft.edition=Dover&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0486433579&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Tennis_Association1979" class="citation book cs1">United States Tennis Association (1979). Bill Shannon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialencyclop0000unit/page/2"><i>Official Encyclopedia of Tennis</i></a> (Rev. and updated 1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialencyclop0000unit/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060144785" title="Special:BookSources/0060144785"><bdi>0060144785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Encyclopedia+of+Tennis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=Rev.+and+updated+1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0060144785&rft.au=United+States+Tennis+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofficialencyclop0000unit%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/forprafrm.htm">"John Gower: In Praise of Peace"</a>. University of Rochester<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Gower%3A+In+Praise+of+Peace&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.rochester.edu%2Fcamelot%2Fteams%2Fforprafrm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillmeister1998" class="citation book cs1">Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/75"><i>Tennis : A Cultural History</i></a>. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/75">75, 76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081473121X" title="Special:BookSources/081473121X"><bdi>081473121X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis+%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Washington+Square%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=75%2C+76&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=081473121X&rft.aulast=Gillmeister&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftennisculturalhi0000gill%2Fpage%2F75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hahn, Thomas(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/turkfrm.htm"><i>Sir Gawain: Eleven Romances and Tales</i></a>. Medieval Institute Publications</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clerici-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clerici_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClerici1976" class="citation book cs1">Clerici, Gianni (1976). <i>Tennis</i>. London: Octopus Books. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780706405231" title="Special:BookSources/9780706405231"><bdi>9780706405231</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16360735">16360735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Octopus+Books&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16360735&rft.isbn=9780706405231&rft.aulast=Clerici&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schickel-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schickel_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchickel1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schickel" title="Richard Schickel">Schickel, Richard</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldoftennis00schi/page/32"><i>The World of Tennis</i></a>. New York: Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldoftennis00schi/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-49940-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-49940-9"><bdi>0-394-49940-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Tennis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-394-49940-9&rft.aulast=Schickel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldoftennis00schi%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Morgan1991" class="citation journal cs1">Roger Morgan (1991). 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New York: Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldoftennis00schi/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-49940-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-49940-9"><bdi>0-394-49940-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Tennis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-394-49940-9&rft.aulast=Schickel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldoftennis00schi%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopedia of Tennisp</i>. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Encyclopedia of Tennis, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Shakespeare, William (Early 1600s). <i>The Chronicle History of King Henry the Fifth. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Originality+of+the+phrase+%22Grand+Slam%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hickoksports.com%2Fhistory%2Fgrandslm.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/abouttheitf/worldwide/history.asp">"History of Tennis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Tennis&rft.pub=International+Tennis+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fabouttheitf%2Fworldwide%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427055957/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/history/trophies.html">"The Trophies"</a>. wimbledon.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Trophies&rft.pub=wimbledon.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wimbledon.org%2Fen_GB%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Ftrophies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209063108/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/history/rolls/index.html">"Roll of Honour"</a>. wimbledon.org. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therooms.ca/archives/wis/tennis.asp">the original</a> on 14 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+In+Sport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therooms.ca%2Farchives%2Fwis%2Ftennis.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USTA-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USTA_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030214640/http://www.usta.com/communitytennis/fullstory.sps?iNewsid=95424&icategoryid=437">"History of United States Tennis Association"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis%3A+Britain+Misses+Out+on+World+Party+That+Once+Roused+Fury+of+the+Fuhrer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzle.com%2Feditorials%2F12-3-2005-83054.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maker-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maker_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviscup.com/en/history/davis-cup-history.aspx">"Davis Cup History"</a>. daviscup.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 2007-09-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153610/http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=126">"James Henry Van Alen in the Tennis Hall of Fame"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=126">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Pro+Tennis+Wars+Chapter+2%2C+part+1+1927%E2%80%931928&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennisserver.com%2Flines%2Flines_01_03_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Open_tennis_accepted_for_Wimbledon-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Open_tennis_accepted_for_Wimbledon_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Open_tennis_accepted_for_Wimbledon_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/classic/s/moment001214tennis.html">"Open tennis accepted for Wimbledon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a></i>. ESPN. 14 December 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN&rft.atitle=Open+tennis+accepted+for+Wimbledon&rft.date=1967-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fclassic%2Fs%2Fmoment001214tennis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2008" class="citation news cs1">Henderson, Jon (15 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/jun/15/tennis.rugbyunion">"Now I'd choose tennis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Yes, "open" tennis has come at last and Bournemouth has been entrusted with the task of a world shaking launching,' said the programme notes for the 1968 Hard Court Championships of Great Britain, which brought an end to the sport's segregation of amateur and professional players.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Now+I%27d+choose+tennis&rft.date=2008-06-15&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2008%2Fjun%2F15%2Ftennis.rugbyunion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704064149/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/history.html">"Event Guide / History: Roland-Garros, a never-ending story"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">Roland Garros Official Website</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/IBM_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Corporation">IBM Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Française de Tennis">Fédération Française de Tennis</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/history.html">the original</a> on 4 July 2008. <q>Another significant turning point came in 1968 when the French Internationals became the first Grand Slam tournament to join the "Open"" era.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roland+Garros+Official+Website&rft.atitle=Event+Guide+%2F+History%3A+Roland-Garros%2C+a+never-ending+story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rolandgarros.com%2Fen_FR%2Fabout%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article131790899">"Power struggle on the tennis courts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 19 June 1969. p. 30 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Power+struggle+on+the+tennis+courts.&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1969-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article131790899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>THE GAME My 40 Years in Tennis</i>, by Jack Kramer with Frank Deford, pages 275–276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/255608443">"New grip on masters"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Press_%26_Sun-Bulletin" title="Press & Sun-Bulletin">Press & Sun-Bulletin</a></i>. 29 July 1970. p. 3C – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press+%26+Sun-Bulletin&rft.atitle=New+grip+on+masters&rft.pages=3C&rft.date=1970-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F255608443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/04/archives/french-to-lift-ban-on-w-t-t-players-amritrajes-clarify-stand.html">"French to lift ban on W.T.T. players"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 4 November 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=French+to+lift+ban+on+W.T.T.+players&rft.date=1974-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F11%2F04%2Farchives%2Ffrench-to-lift-ban-on-w-t-t-players-amritrajes-clarify-stand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atphistory-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atphistory_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/corporate/history">"ATP corporate history"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ATP+corporate+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atpworldtour.com%2Fen%2Fcorporate%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040519005057/http://www.foresthillstennis.com/wstcnew/about%20wstc/wstchistory.htm">"History of the West Side Tennis Club"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foresthillstennis.com/wstcnew/about%20wstc/wstchistory.htm">the original</a> on 19 May 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+West+Side+Tennis+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foresthillstennis.com%2Fwstcnew%2Fabout%2520wstc%2Fwstchistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HUSTA-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HUSTA_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061112145318/http://www.usta.com/communitytennis/fullstory.sps?iNewsid=95424&icategoryid=437">"History of USTA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usta.com/communitytennis/fullstory.sps?iNewsid=95424&icategoryid=437">the original</a> on 12 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+USTA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usta.com%2Fcommunitytennis%2Ffullstory.sps%3FiNewsid%3D95424%26icategoryid%3D437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Robertson, <i>The Encyclopedia of Tennis</i>, 1974, The Viking Press, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-29408-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-29408-4">978-0-670-29408-4</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Robertson, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518085009/http://www.tennisfame.com/tennisfame.aspx?pgID=866">"International Tennis Hall of Fame Information"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tennisfame.com/tennisfame.aspx?pgID=866">the original</a> on 18 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Tennis+Hall+of+Fame+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennisfame.com%2Ftennisfame.aspx%3FpgID%3D866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+tennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms" title="Glossary of tennis terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_tennis_match" title="Types of tennis match">Match types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tennis_players" title="Lists of tennis players">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_tennis_rankings" title="Current tennis rankings">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tennis_records_and_statistics" title="Lists of tennis records and statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_umpires" title="List of tennis umpires">Umpires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of tennis stadiums by capacity">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tennis" title="Outline of tennis">Basics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_scoring_system" title="Tennis scoring system">Scoring system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Point_(tennis)" title="Point (tennis)">point</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_strategy" title="Tennis strategy">Strategy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grip_(tennis)" title="Grip (tennis)">grips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve-and-volley" title="Serve-and-volley">serve-and-volley</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_ball" title="Tennis ball">ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)#Tennis" title="Racket (sports equipment)">racket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strings_(tennis)" title="Strings (tennis)">strings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_(tennis)" title="Official (tennis)">Official</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_technology" title="Tennis technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_line_judge" title="Electronic line judge">electronic line judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk-Eye" title="Hawk-Eye">Hawk-Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li>Controversies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_code_violations" title="List of tennis code violations">Code violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_tennis" title="Doping in tennis">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_fixing_in_tennis" title="Match fixing in tennis">Match fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunting_in_tennis" title="Grunting in tennis">Grunting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">Courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_court" title="Carpet court">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_court" title="Wood court">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Tennis_shot" title="Tennis shot">Shots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backhand" title="Backhand">Backhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backspin" title="Backspin">Backspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_shot" title="Drop shot">Drop shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(tennis)" title="Flat (tennis)">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forehand" title="Forehand">Forehand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundstroke" title="Groundstroke">Groundstroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_volley" title="Half volley">Half volley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lob_(tennis)" title="Lob (tennis)">Lob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_shot" title="Passing shot">Passing shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">Serve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_(tennis)" title="Ace (tennis)">ace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fault_(tennis)" title="Double fault (tennis)">double fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smash_(tennis)" title="Smash (tennis)">Smash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topspin" title="Topspin">Topspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volley_(tennis)" title="Volley (tennis)">Volley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships" title="Wimbledon Championships">Wimbledon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)#Grand_Slam_tournament_champions" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_singles_finals" title="List of Grand Slam singles finals">Singles finals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_and_related_tennis_records" title="List of Grand Slam and related tennis records">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional<br />tours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP_rankings" title="ATP rankings">ATP rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour" title="ATP Tour">ATP Tour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Masters_1000_tournaments" title="ATP Masters 1000 tournaments">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_500_tournaments" title="ATP 500 tournaments">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_250_tournaments" title="ATP 250 tournaments">250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Finals" title="ATP Finals">Finals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Tour" title="ATP Challenger Tour">ATP Challenger Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITF_Men%27s_World_Tennis_Tour" title="ITF Men's World Tennis Tour">ITF Men's World Tennis Tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTA_rankings" title="WTA rankings">WTA rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour" title="WTA Tour">WTA Tour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTA_1000_tournaments" title="WTA 1000 tournaments">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_500_tournaments" title="WTA 500 tournaments">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_250_tournaments" title="WTA 250 tournaments">250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Finals" title="WTA Finals">Finals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_125_tournaments" title="WTA 125 tournaments">WTA 125 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITF_Women%27s_World_Tennis_Tour" title="ITF Women's World Tennis Tour">ITF Women's World Tennis Tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Team_tennis" title="Team tennis">Team tennis</a><br />tournaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King_Cup" title="Billie Jean King Cup">Billie Jean King Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Cup" title="United Cup">United Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laver_Cup" title="Laver Cup">Laver Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopman_Cup" title="Hopman Cup">Hopman Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wightman_Cup" title="Wightman Cup">Wightman Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Cup" title="World Team Cup">World Team Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champions_Tennis_League" title="Champions Tennis League">Champions Tennis League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Premier_Tennis_League" title="International Premier Tennis League">International Premier Tennis League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_TeamTennis" title="World TeamTennis">World TeamTennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Cup" title="ATP Cup">ATP Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Tennis at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Wheelchair tennis at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="Tennis at the Summer Youth Olympics">Youth Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_World_University_Games" title="Tennis at the Summer World University Games">Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Tennis at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Island_Games" title="Tennis at the Island Games">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Mediterranean_Games" title="Tennis at the Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_African_Games" title="Tennis at the African Games">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Tennis at the Asian Games">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_SEA_Games" title="Tennis at the SEA Games">Southeast Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Pacific_Games" title="Tennis at the Pacific Games">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Tennis at the Pan American Games">Pan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_South_American_Games" title="Tennis at the South American Games">South American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governing bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">Association of Tennis Professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">Women's Tennis Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_ball.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/16px-Tennis_ball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/24px-Tennis_ball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/32px-Tennis_ball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="263" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennis" title="Portal:Tennis">Tennis portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tennis" title="Outline of tennis">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tennis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tennis">WikiCommons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_basketball" title="History of basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cricket" title="History of cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cycling" title="History of cycling">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fencing" title="History of fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_field_hockey" title="History of field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_figure_skating" title="History of figure skating">Figure skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_golf" title="History of golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hurling" title="History of hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lacrosse" title="History of lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_professional_wrestling" title="History of professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rock_climbing" title="History of rock climbing">Rock climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rodeo" title="History of rodeo">Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rowing_sports" title="History of rowing sports">Rowing sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_skiing" title="History of skiing">Skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_surfing" title="History of surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_swimming" title="History of swimming">Swimming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_polo" title="History of water polo">Water polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wrestling" title="History of wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&oldid=1256673446">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_tennis&oldid=1256673446</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_tennis" title="Category:History of tennis">History of tennis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_originating_in_England" title="Category:Sports originating in England">Sports originating in England</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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