Front Matter | Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop

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I’ll keep reading <span class="icon" data-icon="&#xe89b"></span></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-overlay"></div> <div class="click-overlay"></div> <ul> <li class="tools-contents"> <a href="#" class="tools-toc menu-btn button"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text"> Contents</span> </a> </li> <li class="divider"></li> <li class="tools-chapter"> <span title="Previous Chapter" class="tools-chapter-previous button disabled"><span data-icon=""></span></span> <span class="tools-label">Chapter</span> <a title="Next Chapter" href="/read/28035/chapter/2" class="tools-chapter-next button"><span data-icon=""></span></a> </li> <li class="divider"></li> <li class="tools-page"> <a title="Previous Page" href="#" class="tools-page-previous button"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> <form class="go-to-page" action=""> <span class="tools-label">Page</span> <input type="text" name="go-to-page" class="go-to-page-number" placeholder="#" min="1" max="64" value=""> <span class="tools-label">of 64</span> </form> <a title="Next Page" href="#" class="tools-page-next button"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </li> <li class="tools-view"></li> <li class="divider"></li> <li class="tools-search"> <form class="search" action="/booksearch.php"> <input type="hidden" name="record_id" value="28035"> <input type="text" name="term" placeholder="Search this book..." tabindex="-1" value="" autocomplete="off"> <span class="search-icon" data-icon=""></span> <span class="search-matches-count"></span> </form> </li> <li class="get-this-book"> <a href="" class="button" title="Buy or download a copy of this book."> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Get This Book</span> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="content"> <div id="openbook-image" > <div class="page" data-page="R1" data-display="i" data-format="image"> <div class="page-image"> <div class="page-tools"> <div class="page-tools-inner"> <span class="page-number">Page i <span class="page-status-text"></span></span> <span class="page-actions"> <span class="page-actions-inner"> <a href="#" class="page-action share addthis_button" title="Share this page" addthis:url="http://www.nap.edu/read/28035/page/R1" id="atic"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Share</span> </a> <a href="#" class="page-action cite" title="Cite this page"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Cite</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class="page-tools-panel"> <div class="panel-citation"> <strong>Suggested Citation:</strong>"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. <em>Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop</em>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28035. <div href="#" class="panel-close">×</div> </div> <div class="panel-bookmark"> <form action="" class="bookmark-form"> <input type="hidden" name="id" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="record_id" value="28035"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="R1"> <input type="hidden" name="chapter" value="1"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <input class="bookmark-note" type="text" name="note" placeholder="Add a note to your bookmark" value="" tabindex="-1"> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-save button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Save</span></a> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-delete button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Cancel</span></a> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAANSURBVBhXYzh8+PB/AAffA0nNPuCLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" data-original="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/books/28035/gif/R1.gif" alt="Page R1" width="1200" height="1553"> </div> </div> <div class="page" data-page="R2" data-display="ii" data-format="image"> <div class="page-image"> <div class="page-tools"> <div class="page-tools-inner"> <span class="page-number">Page ii <span class="page-status-text"></span></span> <span class="page-actions"> <span class="page-actions-inner"> <a href="#" class="page-action share addthis_button" title="Share this page" addthis:url="http://www.nap.edu/read/28035/page/R2" id="atic"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Share</span> </a> <a href="#" class="page-action cite" title="Cite this page"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Cite</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class="page-tools-panel"> <div class="panel-citation"> <strong>Suggested Citation:</strong>"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. <em>Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop</em>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28035. <div href="#" class="panel-close">×</div> </div> <div class="panel-bookmark"> <form action="" class="bookmark-form"> <input type="hidden" name="id" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="record_id" value="28035"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="R2"> <input type="hidden" name="chapter" value="1"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <input class="bookmark-note" type="text" name="note" placeholder="Add a note to your bookmark" value="" tabindex="-1"> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-save button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Save</span></a> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-delete button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Cancel</span></a> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAANSURBVBhXYzh8+PB/AAffA0nNPuCLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" data-original="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/books/28035/gif/R2.gif" alt="Page R2" width="1200" height="1553"> </div> </div> <div class="page" data-page="R3" data-display="iii" data-format="image"> <div class="page-image"> <div class="page-tools"> <div class="page-tools-inner"> <span class="page-number">Page iii <span class="page-status-text"></span></span> <span class="page-actions"> <span class="page-actions-inner"> <a href="#" class="page-action share addthis_button" title="Share this page" addthis:url="http://www.nap.edu/read/28035/page/R3" id="atic"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Share</span> </a> <a href="#" class="page-action cite" title="Cite this page"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Cite</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class="page-tools-panel"> <div class="panel-citation"> <strong>Suggested Citation:</strong>"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. <em>Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop</em>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28035. <div href="#" class="panel-close">×</div> </div> <div class="panel-bookmark"> <form action="" class="bookmark-form"> <input type="hidden" name="id" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="record_id" value="28035"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="R3"> <input type="hidden" name="chapter" value="1"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <input class="bookmark-note" type="text" name="note" placeholder="Add a note to your bookmark" value="" tabindex="-1"> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-save button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Save</span></a> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-delete button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Cancel</span></a> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAANSURBVBhXYzh8+PB/AAffA0nNPuCLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" data-original="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/books/28035/gif/R3.gif" alt="Page R3" width="1200" height="1553"> </div> </div> <div class="page" data-page="R4" data-display="iv" data-format="image"> <div class="page-image"> <div class="page-tools"> <div class="page-tools-inner"> <span class="page-number">Page iv <span class="page-status-text"></span></span> <span class="page-actions"> <span class="page-actions-inner"> <a href="#" class="page-action share addthis_button" title="Share this page" addthis:url="http://www.nap.edu/read/28035/page/R4" id="atic"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Share</span> </a> <a href="#" class="page-action cite" title="Cite this page"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Cite</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class="page-tools-panel"> <div class="panel-citation"> <strong>Suggested Citation:</strong>"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. <em>Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop</em>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28035. <div href="#" class="panel-close">×</div> </div> <div class="panel-bookmark"> <form action="" class="bookmark-form"> <input type="hidden" name="id" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="record_id" value="28035"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="R4"> <input type="hidden" name="chapter" value="1"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <input class="bookmark-note" type="text" name="note" placeholder="Add a note to your bookmark" value="" tabindex="-1"> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-save button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Save</span></a> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-delete button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Cancel</span></a> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAANSURBVBhXYzh8+PB/AAffA0nNPuCLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" data-original="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/books/28035/gif/R4.gif" alt="Page R4" width="1200" height="1553"> </div> </div> <div class="page" data-page="R5" data-display="v" data-format="image"> <div class="page-image"> <div class="page-tools"> <div class="page-tools-inner"> <span class="page-number">Page v <span class="page-status-text"></span></span> <span class="page-actions"> <span class="page-actions-inner"> <a href="#" class="page-action share addthis_button" title="Share this page" addthis:url="http://www.nap.edu/read/28035/page/R5" id="atic"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Share</span> </a> <a href="#" class="page-action cite" title="Cite this page"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Cite</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class="page-tools-panel"> <div class="panel-citation"> <strong>Suggested Citation:</strong>"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. <em>Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop</em>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28035. <div href="#" class="panel-close">×</div> </div> <div class="panel-bookmark"> <form action="" class="bookmark-form"> <input type="hidden" name="id" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="record_id" value="28035"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="R5"> <input type="hidden" name="chapter" value="1"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <input class="bookmark-note" type="text" name="note" placeholder="Add a note to your bookmark" value="" tabindex="-1"> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-save button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Save</span></a> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-delete button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Cancel</span></a> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAANSURBVBhXYzh8+PB/AAffA0nNPuCLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" data-original="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/books/28035/gif/R5.gif" alt="Page R5" width="1200" height="1553"> </div> </div> <div class="page" data-page="R6" data-display="vi" data-format="image"> <div class="page-image"> <div class="page-tools"> <div class="page-tools-inner"> <span class="page-number">Page vi <span class="page-status-text"></span></span> <span class="page-actions"> <span class="page-actions-inner"> <a href="#" class="page-action share addthis_button" title="Share this page" addthis:url="http://www.nap.edu/read/28035/page/R6" id="atic"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Share</span> </a> <a href="#" class="page-action cite" title="Cite this page"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Cite</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class="page-tools-panel"> <div class="panel-citation"> <strong>Suggested Citation:</strong>"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. <em>Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop</em>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28035. <div href="#" class="panel-close">×</div> </div> <div class="panel-bookmark"> <form action="" class="bookmark-form"> <input type="hidden" name="id" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="record_id" value="28035"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="R6"> <input type="hidden" name="chapter" value="1"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <input class="bookmark-note" type="text" name="note" placeholder="Add a note to your bookmark" value="" tabindex="-1"> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-save button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Save</span></a> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-delete button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Cancel</span></a> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAANSURBVBhXYzh8+PB/AAffA0nNPuCLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" data-original="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/books/28035/gif/R6.gif" alt="Page R6" width="1200" height="1553"> </div> </div> <div class="page" data-page="R7" data-display="vii" data-format="image"> <div class="page-image"> <div class="page-tools"> <div class="page-tools-inner"> <span class="page-number">Page vii <span class="page-status-text"></span></span> <span class="page-actions"> <span class="page-actions-inner"> <a href="#" class="page-action share addthis_button" title="Share this page" addthis:url="http://www.nap.edu/read/28035/page/R7" id="atic"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Share</span> </a> <a href="#" class="page-action cite" title="Cite this page"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Cite</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class="page-tools-panel"> <div class="panel-citation"> <strong>Suggested Citation:</strong>"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. <em>Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop</em>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28035. <div href="#" class="panel-close">×</div> </div> <div class="panel-bookmark"> <form action="" class="bookmark-form"> <input type="hidden" name="id" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="record_id" value="28035"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="R7"> <input type="hidden" name="chapter" value="1"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <input class="bookmark-note" type="text" name="note" placeholder="Add a note to your bookmark" value="" tabindex="-1"> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-save button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Save</span></a> </div> <div class="button-wrapper"> <a class="bookmark-button-delete button"><span data-icon=""></span><span class="icon-text">Cancel</span></a> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAANSURBVBhXYzh8+PB/AAffA0nNPuCLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" data-original="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/books/28035/gif/R7.gif" alt="Page R7" width="1200" height="1553"> </div> </div> <div class="page" data-page="R8" data-display="viii" data-format="image"> <div class="page-image"> <div class="page-tools"> <div class="page-tools-inner"> <span class="page-number">Page viii <span class="page-status-text"></span></span> <span class="page-actions"> <span class="page-actions-inner"> <a href="#" class="page-action share addthis_button" title="Share this page" addthis:url="http://www.nap.edu/read/28035/page/R8" id="atic"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Share</span> </a> <a href="#" class="page-action cite" title="Cite this page"> <span data-icon=""></span> <span class="icon-text">Cite</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class="page-tools-panel"> <div class="panel-citation"> <strong>Suggested Citation:</strong>"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. <em>Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop</em>. 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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. <em>Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop</em>. 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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. <em>Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop</em>. 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Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.</p> <p class="ocr-page">Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells Linda Casola, Noel Walters, and Cameron Oskvig, Rapporteurs Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Proceedings of a Workshop PREPUBLICATION COPY </p> <p class="ocr-page">NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This activity was supported by a contract between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of the Interior. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-XXXXX-X International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-XXXXX-X Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/28035 This publication is available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2024 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and National Academies Press and the graphical logos for each are all trademarks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/28035. Prepublication Copy </p> <p class="ocr-page">The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. Prepublication Copy </p> <p class="ocr-page">Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the studyâs statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committeeâs deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task. Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies. Rapid Expert Consultations published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are authored by subject-matter experts on narrowly focused topics that can be supported by a body of evidence. The discussions contained in rapid expert consultations are considered those of the authors and do not contain policy recommendations. Rapid expert consultations are reviewed by the institution before release. For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo. Prepublication Copy </p> <p class="ocr-page"> PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR A WORKSHOP ON PRACTICES AND STANDARDS FOR PLUGGING ORPHANED AND ABANDONED HYDROCARBON WELLS MARY HART FEELEY (Chair), ExxonMobil Exploration Company (retired) MARY KANG, McGill University DONALD NATHAN MEEHAN, Texas A&M University MILEVA RADONJIC, Oklahoma State University JAMES ALLEN SLUTZ, National Petroleum Council Staff DEBORAH GLICKSON, Director, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources CAMERON OSKVIG, Director, Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment EVAN ELWELL, Associate Program Officer, Air Force Studies Board MILES LANSING, Senior Program Assistant, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources NOEL WALTERS, Associate Program Officer, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Prepublication Copy v </p> <p class="ocr-page"> BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES ISABEL P. MONTAÃEZ (Chair), University of California, Davis THORSTEN W. BECKER, University of Texas at Austin MICHELE L. COOKE, University of Massachusetts Amherst MARY H. FEELEY, ExxonMobil Exploration Company (retired) KATHARINE W. HUNTINGTON, University of Washington KRISTEN KURLAND, Carnegie Mellon University MICHAEL MANGA, University of California, Berkeley W. ALLEN MARR, Jr., Geocomp Corporation PATRICIA F. MCDOWELL, University of Oregon JESSICA P. MOORE, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey ANN S. OJEDA, Auburn University DAVID B. SPEARS, Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy (retired) DAVID W. SZYMANSKI, Bentley University JOLANTE W. VAN WIJK, Los Alamos National Laboratory Staff DEBORAH GLICKSON, Director EMILY BERMUDEZ, Senior Program Assistant CHARLES BURGIS, Associate Program Officer MAYA FREY, Senior Program Assistant CYNTHIA GETNER, Senior Financial Business Partner SAMUEL KRAFT, Senior Program Assistant MILES LANSING, Senior Program Assistant SAMMANTHA L. MAGSINO, Senior Program Officer MARGO REGIER, Program Officer BRYAN RUFF, Senior Program Assistant JONATHAN TUCKER, Program Officer NOEL WALTERS, Associate Program Officer vi Prepublication Copy </p> <p class="ocr-page"> BOARD ON INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE CONSTRUCTED ENVIRONMENT JESUS M. DE LA GARZA (Chair), Clemson University BURCU AKINCI, Carnegie Mellon University STEPHEN AYERS, The Ayers Group, LLC BURCIN BECERIK-GERBER, University of Southern California LEAH BROOKS, George Washington University MIKHAIL V. CHESTER, Arizona State University JAMES âJACKâ DEMPSEY, Asset Management Partnership, LLC LEONARDO DUEÃAS-OSORIO, Rice University DEVIN K. HARRIS, University of Virginia DAVID J. HAUN, Haun Consulting, Inc. CHRISTOPHER J. MOSSEY, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ANDREW PERSILY, National Institute of Standards and Technology ROBERT âBOBâ RAINES, Atkins Nuclear Secured JAMES RISPOLI, North Carolina State University DOROTHY ROBYN, Boston University SHOSHANNA D. SAXE, University of Toronto Staff CAMERON OSKVIG, Director JIM MYSKA, Senior Program Officer JOSEPH PALMER, SR., Program Assistant BRITTANY SEGUNDO, Program Officer DONAVAN THOMAS, Finance Business Partner Prepublication Copy vii </p> <p class="ocr-page"></p> <p class="ocr-page"> Reviewers This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings: DWAYNE PURVIS, Purvis Energy Advisors DAVID SPEARS, Virginiaâs Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by Christine Ehlig-Economides, University of Houston. She is responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteur and the National Academies. We also thank staff member Jeffrey Kast for reading and providing helpful comments on this manuscript. Prepublication Copy ix </p> <p class="ocr-page"></p> <p class="ocr-page"> Contents 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 Workshop Overview, 1 Sponsor Remarks, 2 Organization of this Proceedings, 4 2 ORPHANED AND ABANDONED WELL-PLUGGING: COSTS, CHALLENGES, AND BENEFITS ................................................................................................... 5 Introduction, 5 Historic and Current Well-Plugging Efforts Across the States, 5 Orphaned Wells: Locations, Attributes, and Costs, 6 Research and Development Program for Undocumented Orphaned Wells, 7 Commentary from State Oil and Gas Leaders, 8 Open Discussion, 10 Compilation of State Standards and Procedures for Plugging and Abandoning Wells, 11 3 EXAMPLES OF WELL-PLUGGING PRIORITIZATION CONSIDERATIONS: EVALUATING WELLBORE INTEGRITY AND SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS ................. 15 Introduction, 15 Examples of Prioritization Considerations for Managing Permanent End-Of-Life Solutions for Marginal, Idled, Orphaned, and Other Wells, 15 Orphaned Well-Plugging Prioritization in Wyoming, 16 Orphaned and Abandoned Well-Plugging in Pennsylvania, 17 Railroad Commission of Texas: Standard Practices for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Wells, 18 Evaluating Wellbore Integrity and Subsurface Conditions in Alaskaâs Orphaned Wells, 19 Perspectives From the Bureau of Land Management, 20 Open Discussion, 21 4 EXAMPLES OF PROCEDURES AND BEST PRACTICES FOR WELLBORES .................. 23 Introduction, 23 Challenges to Plugging Orphaned Wells, 23 Example Learnings from Gulf of Mexico Plugging and Abandonment Experience, 24 The Process: Evaluation, Planning, and Execution, 25 Open Discussion, 26 5 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND MONITORING .................................................................... 28 Introduction, 28 The Environmental Protection Agency and the Quantification of Methane from Wells, 29 Potential Methods for Quantifying Methane Emissions from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells, 31 Methane Emissions and Water Quality Impacts Around Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells, 32 Leveraging Publicly Available Data to Understand Well-Integrity Risks, 34 Informing Groundwater-Quality Monitoring with Models, 36 Open Discussion, 37 Prepublication Copy xi </p> <p class="ocr-page">xii Contents 6 REMEDIATION, RECLAMATION, AND RESTORATION .................................................... 39 Introduction, 39 National Park Service Orphaned Wells Projects, 39 Surface Reclamation and Restoration, 40 Coloradoâs Orphaned Well Program, 41 A Modern Approach to Reclamation, 43 Open Discussion, 44 7 ADVANCES IN PLUGGING AND ABANDONMENT FOR IDLED WELLS......................... 46 Introduction, 46 Lessons Learned from the American Association of Petroleum Geologists: 2020âPresent, 46 New And Upcoming Plugging and Abandonment Technology, 47 Urban Abandonment: Challenges and Solutions, 48 U.S. Geological Survey Science to Support Orphaned Well-Plugging: Historical Drilling, Produced Waters Geochemistry, and Groundwater Quality, 49 Isolating Annuli Using Shale/Salt as a Barrier, 50 Open Discussion, 52 8 EXAMPLES OF KEY WORKSHOP THEMES .......................................................................... 54 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 56 APPENDIX A: WORKSHOP STATEMENT OF TASK ..................................................................... 59 APPENDIX B: WORKSHOP AGENDA ................................................................................................ 60 APPENDIX C: WORKSHOP PLANNING COMMITTEE MEMBER BIOGRAPHIES ................ 63 Prepublication Copy </p> </div> <a href="2" title="Next Chapter" class="chapter-nav chapter-nav-next">Next: <span class="chapter-nav-title">1 Introduction</span> »</a> </div> <footer> <a href="http://www.nas.edu" title="The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine" target="_blank"> <img src="/images/hdr/logo-nasem-wht-lg.png" border="0" alt="The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine" style="max-width: 20%; padding: 10px;"></a> <address> <span class="nasem-name">The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine <br></span> 500 Fifth Street, NW | Washington, DC 20001 </address> <div class="copyright-info"><br> <a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/legal" target=_blank style="color: white;">Copyright © 2024 National Academy of Sciences. 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Over time, many of these and other wells were abandoned - unplugged, or not plugged to modern standards, and have sat idle for an extended, possibly unknown, period of time. These wells might not have been originally operated and maintained in accordance with existing statutes and regulations and, due to degradation over time and potential improper prior operations, they can emit methane, contaminate groundwater, and impact ecosystems, creating risks for both the environment and the public.</p> <p>To explore and share the variety of existing procedures and standards for plugging orphaned and abandoned wells, including current best practices for well-plugging technologies, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on July 18-19, 2024. Sponsored by the Department of the Interior's Orphaned Wells Program Office, the workshop included members of the federal government, state leaders, tribal representatives, industry experts, and other affected parties. This proceedings summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.</p> <p class="info-overlay-btn info-close">READ FREE ONLINE</p> </div> </div> </div> <nav id="toc-menu" class="toc-menu"> <div class="toc-inner"> <h2>Contents</h2> <a href="#" class="toc-close"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> <ul> <li class="toc-search"> <form class="search" action="/booksearch.php"> <input type="hidden" name="record_id" value="28035"> <input type="text" name="term" placeholder="Search this book..." tabindex="-1" value=""> <span class="search-icon" data-icon=""></span> </form> </li> <li class="active"> <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/1">Front Matter</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">i–xii</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=i–xii"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> <li > <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/2">1 Introduction</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">1–4</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=1–4"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> <li > <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/3">2 Orphaned and Abandoned Well-Plugging: Costs, Challenges, and Benefits</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">5–14</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=5–14"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> <li > <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/4">3 Examples of Well-Plugging Prioritization Considerations: Evaluating Wellbore Integrity and Subsurface Conditions</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">15–22</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=15–22"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> <li > <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/5">4 Examples of Procedures and Best Practices for Wellbores</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">23–27</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=23–27"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> <li > <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/6">5 Environmental Risks and Monitoring</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">28–38</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=28–38"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> <li > <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/7">6 Remediation, Reclamation, and Restoration</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">39–45</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=39–45"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> <li > <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/8">7 Advances in Plugging and Abandonment for Idled Wells</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">46–53</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=46–53"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> <li > <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/9">8 Examples of Key Workshop Themes</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">54–55</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=54–55"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> <li > <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/10">References</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">56–58</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=56–58"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> <li > <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/11">Appendix A: Workshop Statement of Task</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">59</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=59"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> <li > <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/12">Appendix B: Workshop Agenda</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">60–62</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=60–62"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> <li > <span class="chapter-name"> <a href="/read/28035/chapter/13">Appendix C: Workshop Planning Committee Member Biographies</a> </span> <span class="chapter-page-range">63–64</span> <span class="chapter-skim"> <a href="/nap-cgi/skimchap.cgi?recid=28035&chap=63–64"> <span data-icon=""></span> </a> </span> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <ol id="openbook-tour" class="tourbus-legs"> <li data-orientation="centered" data-scroll-to="0" data-width="450"> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="tour-close">×</a> <h2>Welcome to OpenBook!</h2> <p>You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. 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Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed\nin this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that\nprovided support for the project.\n\nInternational Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-XXXXX-X\nInternational Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-XXXXX-X\nDigital Object Identifier: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/28035\n\nThis publication is available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck\n360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http:\/\/www.nap.edu.\n\nCopyright 2024 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences,\nEngineering, and Medicine and National Academies Press and the graphical logos for each are\nall trademarks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.\n\nPrinted in the United States of America.\n\nSuggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Practices\nand Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a\nWorkshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/28035.\n\n\n\n\n Prepublication Copy\n\f","R3":"The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by\nPresident Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues\nrelated to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding\ncontributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.\n\nThe National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the\nNational Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation.\nMembers are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L.\nAnderson is president.\n\nThe National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in\n1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and\nhealth issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine\nand health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.\n\nThe three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering,\nand Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct\nother activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National\nAcademies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to\nknowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.\n\nLearn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at\nwww.nationalacademies.org.\n\n\n\n\n Prepublication Copy\n\f","R4":"Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering,\nand Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study\u00e2\u0080\u0099s statement of task by an\nauthoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and\nrecommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\ndeliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review\nprocess and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.\n\nProceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and\nMedicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or\nother event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in\nproceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the\nplanning committee, or the National Academies.\n\nRapid Expert Consultations published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering,\nand Medicine are authored by subject-matter experts on narrowly focused topics that can be\nsupported by a body of evidence. The discussions contained in rapid expert consultations are\nconsidered those of the authors and do not contain policy recommendations. Rapid expert\nconsultations are reviewed by the institution before release.\n\nFor information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please\nvisit www.nationalacademies.org\/about\/whatwedo.\n\n\n\n\n Prepublication Copy\n\f","R5":" PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR A WORKSHOP ON PRACTICES AND STANDARDS FOR\n PLUGGING ORPHANED AND ABANDONED HYDROCARBON WELLS\n\n\nMARY HART FEELEY (Chair), ExxonMobil Exploration Company (retired)\nMARY KANG, McGill University\nDONALD NATHAN MEEHAN, Texas A&M University\nMILEVA RADONJIC, Oklahoma State University\nJAMES ALLEN SLUTZ, National Petroleum Council\n\nStaff\n\nDEBORAH GLICKSON, Director, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources\nCAMERON OSKVIG, Director, Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment\nEVAN ELWELL, Associate Program Officer, Air Force Studies Board\nMILES LANSING, Senior Program Assistant, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources\nNOEL WALTERS, Associate Program Officer, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources\n\n\n\n\nPrepublication Copy v\n\f","R6":" BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES\n\n\nISABEL P. MONTA\u00c3\u0091EZ (Chair), University of California, Davis\nTHORSTEN W. BECKER, University of Texas at Austin\nMICHELE L. COOKE, University of Massachusetts Amherst\nMARY H. FEELEY, ExxonMobil Exploration Company (retired)\nKATHARINE W. HUNTINGTON, University of Washington\nKRISTEN KURLAND, Carnegie Mellon University\nMICHAEL MANGA, University of California, Berkeley\nW. ALLEN MARR, Jr., Geocomp Corporation\nPATRICIA F. MCDOWELL, University of Oregon\nJESSICA P. MOORE, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey\nANN S. OJEDA, Auburn University\nDAVID B. SPEARS, Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy (retired)\nDAVID W. SZYMANSKI, Bentley University\nJOLANTE W. VAN WIJK, Los Alamos National Laboratory\n\nStaff\n\nDEBORAH GLICKSON, Director\nEMILY BERMUDEZ, Senior Program Assistant\nCHARLES BURGIS, Associate Program Officer\nMAYA FREY, Senior Program Assistant\nCYNTHIA GETNER, Senior Financial Business Partner\nSAMUEL KRAFT, Senior Program Assistant\nMILES LANSING, Senior Program Assistant\nSAMMANTHA L. MAGSINO, Senior Program Officer\nMARGO REGIER, Program Officer\nBRYAN RUFF, Senior Program Assistant\nJONATHAN TUCKER, Program Officer\nNOEL WALTERS, Associate Program Officer\n\n\n\n\nvi Prepublication Copy\n\f","R7":" BOARD ON INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE CONSTRUCTED ENVIRONMENT\n\n\nJESUS M. DE LA GARZA (Chair), Clemson University\nBURCU AKINCI, Carnegie Mellon University\nSTEPHEN AYERS, The Ayers Group, LLC\nBURCIN BECERIK-GERBER, University of Southern California\nLEAH BROOKS, George Washington University\nMIKHAIL V. CHESTER, Arizona State University\nJAMES \u00e2\u0080\u009cJACK\u00e2\u0080\u009d DEMPSEY, Asset Management Partnership, LLC\nLEONARDO DUE\u00c3\u0091AS-OSORIO, Rice University\nDEVIN K. HARRIS, University of Virginia\nDAVID J. HAUN, Haun Consulting, Inc.\nCHRISTOPHER J. MOSSEY, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory\nANDREW PERSILY, National Institute of Standards and Technology\nROBERT \u00e2\u0080\u009cBOB\u00e2\u0080\u009d RAINES, Atkins Nuclear Secured\nJAMES RISPOLI, North Carolina State University\nDOROTHY ROBYN, Boston University\nSHOSHANNA D. SAXE, University of Toronto\n\nStaff\n\nCAMERON OSKVIG, Director\nJIM MYSKA, Senior Program Officer\nJOSEPH PALMER, SR., Program Assistant\nBRITTANY SEGUNDO, Program Officer\nDONAVAN THOMAS, Finance Business Partner\n\n\n\n\nPrepublication Copy vii\n\f","R8":"\f","R9":" Reviewers\n\n\n This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their\ndiverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid\nand critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in\nmaking each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional\nstandards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and\ndraft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.\n We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:\n\n DWAYNE PURVIS, Purvis Energy Advisors\n DAVID SPEARS, Virginia\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy\n\n Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they\nwere not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release.\nThe review of this proceedings was overseen by Christine Ehlig-Economides, University of Houston. She\nis responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in\naccordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully\nconsidered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteur and the National\nAcademies.\n We also thank staff member Jeffrey Kast for reading and providing helpful comments on this\nmanuscript.\n\n\n\n\nPrepublication Copy ix\n\f","R10":"\f","R11":" Contents\n\n\n1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1\n Workshop Overview, 1\n Sponsor Remarks, 2\n Organization of this Proceedings, 4\n\n2 ORPHANED AND ABANDONED WELL-PLUGGING: COSTS,\n CHALLENGES, AND BENEFITS ................................................................................................... 5\n Introduction, 5\n Historic and Current Well-Plugging Efforts Across the States, 5\n Orphaned Wells: Locations, Attributes, and Costs, 6\n Research and Development Program for Undocumented Orphaned Wells, 7\n Commentary from State Oil and Gas Leaders, 8\n Open Discussion, 10\n Compilation of State Standards and Procedures for Plugging and Abandoning Wells, 11\n\n3 EXAMPLES OF WELL-PLUGGING PRIORITIZATION CONSIDERATIONS:\n EVALUATING WELLBORE INTEGRITY AND SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS ................. 15\n Introduction, 15\n Examples of Prioritization Considerations for Managing Permanent End-Of-Life\n Solutions for Marginal, Idled, Orphaned, and Other Wells, 15\n Orphaned Well-Plugging Prioritization in Wyoming, 16\n Orphaned and Abandoned Well-Plugging in Pennsylvania, 17\n Railroad Commission of Texas: Standard Practices for Plugging Orphaned and\n Abandoned Wells, 18\n Evaluating Wellbore Integrity and Subsurface Conditions in Alaska\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Orphaned Wells, 19\n Perspectives From the Bureau of Land Management, 20\n Open Discussion, 21\n\n4 EXAMPLES OF PROCEDURES AND BEST PRACTICES FOR WELLBORES .................. 23\n Introduction, 23\n Challenges to Plugging Orphaned Wells, 23\n Example Learnings from Gulf of Mexico Plugging and Abandonment Experience, 24\n The Process: Evaluation, Planning, and Execution, 25\n Open Discussion, 26\n\n5 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND MONITORING .................................................................... 28\n Introduction, 28\n The Environmental Protection Agency and the Quantification of Methane from Wells, 29\n Potential Methods for Quantifying Methane Emissions from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells, 31\n Methane Emissions and Water Quality Impacts Around Orphaned and Abandoned\n Hydrocarbon Wells, 32\n Leveraging Publicly Available Data to Understand Well-Integrity Risks, 34\n Informing Groundwater-Quality Monitoring with Models, 36\n Open Discussion, 37\n\n\n\n\nPrepublication Copy xi\n\f","R12":"xii Contents\n\n\n6 REMEDIATION, RECLAMATION, AND RESTORATION .................................................... 39\n Introduction, 39\n National Park Service Orphaned Wells Projects, 39\n Surface Reclamation and Restoration, 40\n Colorado\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Orphaned Well Program, 41\n A Modern Approach to Reclamation, 43\n Open Discussion, 44\n\n7 ADVANCES IN PLUGGING AND ABANDONMENT FOR IDLED WELLS......................... 46\n Introduction, 46\n Lessons Learned from the American Association of Petroleum Geologists: 2020\u00e2\u0080\u0093Present, 46\n New And Upcoming Plugging and Abandonment Technology, 47\n Urban Abandonment: Challenges and Solutions, 48\n U.S. Geological Survey Science to Support Orphaned Well-Plugging: Historical Drilling,\n Produced Waters Geochemistry, and Groundwater Quality, 49\n Isolating Annuli Using Shale\/Salt as a Barrier, 50\n Open Discussion, 52\n\n8 EXAMPLES OF KEY WORKSHOP THEMES .......................................................................... 54\n\nREFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 56\n\nAPPENDIX A: WORKSHOP STATEMENT OF TASK ..................................................................... 59\n\nAPPENDIX B: WORKSHOP AGENDA ................................................................................................ 60\n\nAPPENDIX C: WORKSHOP PLANNING COMMITTEE MEMBER BIOGRAPHIES ................ 63\n\n\n\n\n Prepublication Copy\n\f"}}, user: null, formats: {"image":"gif","html":null,"dimensions":{"width":1200,"height":1553}}, directory: "28035", currentPage: 'R1', firstPage: 'R1', lastPage: '64', pagesRead: [] }; </script> <script src="/read/js/clipboard.js"></script> <script src="/read/js/vendor.min.js"></script> <script src="/read/js/jquery.highlight.js"></script> <script src="/read/js/openbook.js"></script> <script language="javascript"> /* var $overlay = $('.info-overlay'); if(! docCookies.hasItem("overlay")){ document.cookie="overlay=1; path=/"; window.setTimeout(function(){ $overlay.addClass('active').css('zIndex', '1200'); $overlay.find('img').attr('src', function() { return $(this).data('original'); }); }, 1000); } */ </script>  </body> </html>

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