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Marruecos: Abusan de niños trabajadores domésticos | Human Rights Watch

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class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126011844/http://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fes%2Fnews%2F2012%2F11%2F15%2Fmarruecos-abusan-de-ni-os-trabajadores-dom-sticos&amp;count=horizontal&amp;via=&amp;text=Marruecos%3A%20Abusan%20de%20ni%C3%B1os%20trabajadores%20dom%C3%A9sticos&amp;counturl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fes%2Fnews%2F2012%2F11%2F15%2Fmarruecos-abusan-de-ni-os-trabajadores-dom-sticos" class="twitter-share-button service-links-twitter-widget" title="Tweet This" rel="nofollow"><span style="display:none;">Tweet Widget</span></a></li> <li class="service-links-facebook-like"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126011844/http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fes%2Fnews%2F2012%2F11%2F15%2Fmarruecos-abusan-de-ni-os-trabajadores-dom-sticos&amp;layout=button_count&amp;show_faces=false&amp;action=like&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;width=90&amp;height=21&amp;font=&amp;locale=" title="I 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Si bien Marruecos ha adoptado medidas importantes para reducir el trabajo infantil, debe realizar acciones concretas destinadas específicamente a proteger a estos niños empleados en el servicio doméstico y asegurar que se cumpla la ley. </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> Jo Becker, directora de defensa de derechos de los niños </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>(Rabat) &ndash; Numerosas j&oacute;venes, algunas de apenas 8 a&ntilde;os, sufren abusos f&iacute;sicos y cumplen largas jornadas de trabajo a cambio de un sueldo &iacute;nfimo como trabajadoras dom&eacute;sticas en <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126011844/http://www.hrw.org/middle-eastn-africa/morocco/western-sahara">Marruecos</a>.<br/> <br/> El informe de 73 p&aacute;ginas, &ldquo;Lonely Servitude: Child Domestic Labor in Morocco&rdquo; (Servidumbre solitaria: trabajo dom&eacute;stico infantil en Marruecos), comprob&oacute; que algunos ni&ntilde;os que est&aacute;n en el servicio dom&eacute;stico &ndash;en su gran mayor&iacute;a ni&ntilde;as&ndash; trabajan arduamente durante jornadas de 12 horas, todos los d&iacute;as de la semana, en algunos casos por tan s&oacute;lo US$ 11 al mes. Algunas j&oacute;venes dijeron a Human Rights Watch que era com&uacute;n que sus empleadores las golpearan y las agredieran verbalmente, y que adem&aacute;s les negaban la posibilidad de educaci&oacute;n y a veces no les daban alimentos adecuados.<br/> <br/> Durante la &uacute;ltima d&eacute;cada, el gobierno de Marruecos ha reducido los &iacute;ndices de trabajo infantil y ha conseguido aumentar las cifras de escolaridad. No obstante, deber&iacute;a controlar rigurosamente el cumplimiento de las leyes que proh&iacute;ben el trabajo de menores de 15 a&ntilde;os en el servicio dom&eacute;stico, aplicando sanciones a empleadores y a quienes facilitan su contrataci&oacute;n, creando mecanismos efectivos para identificar y recuperar de las casas de sus empleadores a los ni&ntilde;os de menos de 15 a&ntilde;os, y controlando las condiciones laborales de los trabajadores dom&eacute;sticos de entre 15 y 17 a&ntilde;os, indic&oacute; Human Rights Watch.<br/> <br/> &ldquo;Hay ni&ntilde;as que son explotadas, abusadas y obligadas a trabajar extensas jornadas por un sueldo insignificante&rdquo;, asever&oacute; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126011844/http://www.hrw.org/bios/jo-becker">Jo Becker</a>, directora de defensa de derechos de los ni&ntilde;os de Human Rights Watch. &ldquo;Si bien Marruecos ha adoptado medidas importantes para reducir el trabajo infantil, debe realizar acciones concretas destinadas espec&iacute;ficamente a proteger a estos ni&ntilde;os empleados en el servicio dom&eacute;stico y asegurar que se cumpla la ley&rdquo;.<br/> <br/> Human Rights Watch investig&oacute; por primera vez el uso de ni&ntilde;os como trabajadores dom&eacute;sticos en Marruecos en <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126011844/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/12/19/inside-home-outside-law-0">2005</a>. Las entrevistas efectuadas durante el estudio de seguimiento indicaron que la cantidad de ni&ntilde;os que trabajan en el servicio dom&eacute;stico se ha reducido en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os, y que las campa&ntilde;as de educaci&oacute;n y la repercusi&oacute;n que tuvo el tema en los medios de comunicaci&oacute;n generaron mayor conciencia p&uacute;blica sobre los riesgos del trabajo infantil en el &aacute;mbito dom&eacute;stico.<br/> <br/> El informe se elabor&oacute; a partir de una investigaci&oacute;n de campo efectuada en abril, mayo y julio de 2012 en Casablanca, Rabat, Marrakech y la regi&oacute;n de Imintanoute, en la provincia de Chichaoua. Human Rights Watch entrevist&oacute; a 20 ni&ntilde;os que anteriormente estuvieron en el servicio dom&eacute;stico, adem&aacute;s de funcionarios gubernamentales, abogados, docentes y representantes de organizaciones no gubernamentales e internacionales. De estos ni&ntilde;os que hab&iacute;an estado en el servicio dom&eacute;stico, 15 hab&iacute;an comenzado a trabajar antes de los 12 a&ntilde;os, y todos salvo 4 a&uacute;n ten&iacute;an menos de 18 a&ntilde;os al momento de la entrevista.<br/> <br/> La mayor&iacute;a de las 20 ni&ntilde;as entrevistadas dijeron que hab&iacute;an sufrido abusos f&iacute;sicos y verbales por parte de sus empleadores. Algunas dijeron que sus empleadores las golpeaban con la mano o con cinturones, varas de madera, zapatos o tubos de pl&aacute;stico. Tres afirmaron que sufrieron acoso o agresi&oacute;n sexual por integrantes masculinos de las familias empleadoras.<br/> <br/> &ldquo;Durante su trabajo en casas privadas, la mayor&iacute;a de estas ni&ntilde;as soportan condiciones terribles, pero no saben ad&oacute;nde acudir para obtener ayuda&rdquo;, dijo Becker. &ldquo;Marruecos deber&iacute;a abordar la particular situaci&oacute;n de aislamiento y vulnerabilidad de los ni&ntilde;os que trabajan en el servicio dom&eacute;stico implementando un sistema efectivo para recuperar a las ni&ntilde;as de menos de 15 a&ntilde;os de estos hogares, y controlar las condiciones laborales de las j&oacute;venes de entre 15 y 17 a&ntilde;os&rdquo;.<br/> <br/> La mayor&iacute;a de las j&oacute;venes entrevistadas proven&iacute;an de zonas rurales pobres. En casi la mitad de los casos, hubo intermediarios que reclutaron a las ni&ntilde;as para que trabajaran en ciudades m&aacute;s grandes, a menudo mediante promesas enga&ntilde;osas sobre las condiciones de trabajo.<br/> <br/> Un intermediario dijo a Latifa L, cuyo nombre se modific&oacute; por razones de seguridad, que sus empleadores &ldquo;ser&iacute;an muy amables&rdquo; y le pagar&iacute;an bien. Cont&oacute; a Human Rights Watch que en realidad tuvo que trabajar sin descanso desde las 6 de la ma&ntilde;ana hasta la medianoche, sin ning&uacute;n d&iacute;a libre. Dijo adem&aacute;s que su empleador ten&iacute;a el h&aacute;bito de golpearla.<br/> <br/> &ldquo;No me molesta trabajar&rdquo;, afirm&oacute;, &ldquo;pero lo peor era ser golpeada y no tener suficiente comida&rdquo;.<br/> <br/> En casi todos los casos investigados por Human Rights Watch, los salarios que percibieron estos ni&ntilde;os cuando estuvieron en el servicio dom&eacute;stico hab&iacute;an sido negociados entre sus padres o tutores y el intermediario o empleador. La mayor&iacute;a de las ni&ntilde;as contaron que no recib&iacute;an en forma directa ninguna remuneraci&oacute;n, ya que esta se entregaba a sus padres. El promedio de los salarios que percib&iacute;an las ni&ntilde;as entrevistadas era de 545 d&iacute;rhams por mes (US$ 61), menos del 25 por ciento del salario mensual m&iacute;nimo para el sector industrial de Marruecos, fijado en 2.333 d&iacute;rhams (US$ 261).<br/> <br/> El C&oacute;digo del Trabajo de Marruecos establece un m&aacute;ximo de 44 horas de trabajo semanales para la mayor&iacute;a de los trabajadores, pero no se aplica a los trabajadores dom&eacute;sticos. Algunas ni&ntilde;as dijeron a Human Rights Watch que trabajaban m&aacute;s de 100 horas por semana, y solamente 8 de las 20 entrevistadas ten&iacute;an un d&iacute;a de descanso semanal.<br/> <br/> Ninguna de las ni&ntilde;as entrevistadas asisti&oacute; a la escuela mientras estuvieron empleadas en el servicio dom&eacute;stico. &Uacute;nicamente dos dijeron que hab&iacute;an completado el tercer grado antes de comenzar a trabajar.<br/> <br/> Seg&uacute;n estad&iacute;sticas del gobierno, en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os Marruecos redujo notablemente los &iacute;ndices generales de trabajo infantil y consigui&oacute; aumentar la cantidad de ni&ntilde;os que asisten a la escuela. Las encuestas del gobierno indican que la cantidad de ni&ntilde;os de menos de 15 a&ntilde;os que se desempe&ntilde;aban en alg&uacute;n tipo de trabajo se redujo de 517.000 en 1999 a 123.000 en 2011.<br/> <br/> Conforme se observa en las entrevistas efectuadas por Human Rights Watch a organizaciones no gubernamentales y organismos de Naciones Unidas, el promedio de ni&ntilde;os que trabajan en el servicio dom&eacute;stico tambi&eacute;n se ha reducido, si bien no existen datos recientes al respecto. Diversos estudios de 2001 calcularon que hab&iacute;a entre 66.000 y 86.000 ni&ntilde;os menores de 15 a&ntilde;os dedicados al servicio dom&eacute;stico en todo el pa&iacute;s, incluidos cerca de 13.500 solamente en la periferia de Casablanca. El gobierno afirma que est&aacute; preparando una nueva encuesta para determinar los &iacute;ndices actuales de trabajo dom&eacute;stico infantil, pero que a&uacute;n no ha sido completada.<br/> <br/> Varias organizaciones locales y organismos de la ONU tambi&eacute;n creen que las campa&ntilde;as de educaci&oacute;n p&uacute;blica y la cobertura en los medios de comunicaci&oacute;n han servido para concienciar sobre el trabajo infantil en el servicio dom&eacute;stico y la prohibici&oacute;n legal de emplear a menores de 15 a&ntilde;os.<br/> <br/> Pese a los avances conseguidos en la reducci&oacute;n del trabajo infantil, las leyes que penalizan el empleo de ni&ntilde;os menores de 15 no se aplican adecuadamente, indic&oacute; Human Rights Watch. Los inspectores de trabajo no tienen la facultad de ingresar a casas privadas para identificar si hay ni&ntilde;os en el servicio dom&eacute;stico. Son pocos los casos en que la justicia penal juzga a empleadores que abusaron f&iacute;sicamente de ni&ntilde;os del servicio dom&eacute;stico, y casi nunca se aplican multas a empleadores que contratan a ni&ntilde;os de edad inferior a la autorizada para incorporarse al servicio dom&eacute;stico. Muchas veces, los ni&ntilde;os que trabajan en el servicio dom&eacute;stico desconocen que existen mecanismos para asistir a ni&ntilde;os en situaci&oacute;n vulnerable o no saben c&oacute;mo acceder a ellos.<br/> <br/> Human Rights Watch inst&oacute; al gobierno de Marruecos a intensificar sus esfuerzos para abordar el trabajo infantil, a trav&eacute;s de medidas como:</p> <ul> <li> Asegurar que se respete rigurosamente la edad m&iacute;nima de 15 a&ntilde;os para cualquier tipo de empleo, aplicando penas a empleadores e intermediarios que contratan o reclutan a ni&ntilde;os de menos de 15;</li> <li> Dar mayor difusi&oacute;n a las campa&ntilde;as de concienciaci&oacute;n p&uacute;blica sobre trabajo dom&eacute;stico infantil, incluida informaci&oacute;n sobre leyes vigentes y que facilite el acceso de ni&ntilde;as que necesitan ayuda a los servicios telef&oacute;nicos de asistencia;</li> <li> Crear un sistema efectivo para identificar y recuperar a trabajadores dom&eacute;sticos que tengan menos de la edad m&iacute;nima para trabajar, y a aquellos que tengan entre 15 &oacute; 17 a&ntilde;os y sufran abusos.</li> <li> Iniciar acciones conforme al C&oacute;digo Penal contra quienes sean responsables de actos de violencia contra ni&ntilde;os que trabajan en el servicio dom&eacute;stico.</li> </ul> <p>Human Rights Watch inst&oacute; adem&aacute;s al gobierno de Marruecos a sancionar un proyecto de ley sobre trabajadores dom&eacute;sticos que est&aacute; siendo tratado desde hace varios a&ntilde;os, y efectuar las reformas necesarias en este proyecto para armonizarlo con el Convenio de la Organizaci&oacute;n Internacional del Trabajo sobre el trabajo decente para las trabajadoras y los trabajadores dom&eacute;sticos. El Convenio, adoptado en 2011, fija est&aacute;ndares globales para los trabajadores dom&eacute;sticos.<br/> <br/> Dispone que la jornada laboral de los trabajadores dom&eacute;sticos deber&aacute; ser equivalente a la de otros sectores, y que se deben aplicar a estos trabajadores los requisitos sobre salario m&iacute;nimo. Sin embargo, el proyecto legislativo no precisa una jornada m&aacute;xima para los trabajadores dom&eacute;sticos, y permitir&iacute;a que perciban de sus empleadores una remuneraci&oacute;n que equivale al 50 por ciento de la m&iacute;nima prevista para el sector industrial.<br/> <br/> Marruecos vot&oacute; a favor de adoptar el Convenio sobre Trabajadores Dom&eacute;sticos durante la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo celebrada en 2011, pero a&uacute;n no lo ha ratificado. El Convenio se adopt&oacute; por amplia mayor&iacute;a de los gobiernos y entrar&aacute; en vigor en 2013.<br/> <br/> &ldquo;El proyecto de ley sobre trabajadores dom&eacute;sticos de Marruecos contiene importantes disposiciones, como aquellas que prev&eacute;n el contrato de trabajo y el d&iacute;a de descanso semanal. No obstante, en otros aspectos como jornada laboral y salario m&iacute;nimo, no se adecua a los nuevos est&aacute;ndares internacionales&rdquo;, expres&oacute; Becker. &ldquo;Reformar y adoptar la ley mostrar&aacute; el compromiso de Marruecos con esta cuesti&oacute;n, y permitir&aacute; mejorar las condiciones laborales de los trabajadores dom&eacute;sticos en el pa&iacute;s&rdquo;.</p> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_ar first"><a href="/web/20130126011844/http://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2012/11/15" title="الإساءة إلى عاملات المنازل القاصرات في المغرب" class="translation-link">العربية</a></li> <li class="node_translation_en"><a href="/web/20130126011844/http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/15/morocco-abuse-child-domestic-workers" title="Morocco: Abuse of Child Domestic Workers" class="translation-link">English</a></li> <li class="node_translation_fr"><a 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