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id="toc-Other_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gymnasia_for_girls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gymnasia_for_girls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gymnasia for girls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gymnasia_for_girls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_names_given_to_yeargroups_in_the_German_gymnasium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_names_given_to_yeargroups_in_the_German_gymnasium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical names given to yeargroups in the German gymnasium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_names_given_to_yeargroups_in_the_German_gymnasium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages_of_instruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_of_instruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Languages of instruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages_of_instruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subjects_taught" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjects_taught"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Subjects taught</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subjects_taught-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_for_the_gifted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_for_the_gifted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Schools for the gifted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_for_the_gifted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_types_of_gymnasium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_types_of_gymnasium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Common types of gymnasium</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_types_of_gymnasium-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common types of gymnasium subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_types_of_gymnasium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humanistisches_Gymnasium_(humanities-oriented)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanistisches_Gymnasium_(humanities-oriented)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Humanistisches Gymnasium (humanities-oriented)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanistisches_Gymnasium_(humanities-oriented)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neusprachliches_Gymnasium_(focus_on_modern_languages)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neusprachliches_Gymnasium_(focus_on_modern_languages)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Neusprachliches Gymnasium (focus on modern languages)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neusprachliches_Gymnasium_(focus_on_modern_languages)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliches_Gymnasium_(focus_on_math_and_science)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliches_Gymnasium_(focus_on_math_and_science)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliches Gymnasium (focus on math and science)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliches_Gymnasium_(focus_on_math_and_science)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Previous_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Previous names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_types_of_gymnasium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_types_of_gymnasium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Special types of gymnasium</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Special_types_of_gymnasium-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Special types of gymnasium subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Special_types_of_gymnasium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Sportgymnasium_and_the_Skigymnasium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sportgymnasium_and_the_Skigymnasium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>The Sportgymnasium and the Skigymnasium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sportgymnasium_and_the_Skigymnasium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musikgymnasium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musikgymnasium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Musikgymnasium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musikgymnasium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europäisches_Gymnasium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europäisches_Gymnasium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Europäisches Gymnasium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europäisches_Gymnasium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gymnasium_for_mature_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gymnasium_for_mature_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gymnasium for mature students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gymnasium_for_mature_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_of_Teaching_and_Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_of_Teaching_and_Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Culture of Teaching and Testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_of_Teaching_and_Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gymnasium_and_academic_grading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gymnasium_and_academic_grading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Gymnasium and academic grading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gymnasium_and_academic_grading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_"gymnasium_in_the_south"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_"gymnasium_in_the_south""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>A "gymnasium in the south"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_"gymnasium_in_the_south"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Athletics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_clubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Social clubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exchange_visits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange_visits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Exchange visits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchange_visits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Dress code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mentoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mentoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Mentoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mentoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Booster_clubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Booster_clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Booster clubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Booster_clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Teacher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admission_to_a_gymnasium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission_to_a_gymnasium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>Admission to a gymnasium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission_to_a_gymnasium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>Tuition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_cultural_and_ethnic_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_cultural_and_ethnic_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>On cultural and ethnic diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_cultural_and_ethnic_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Great_equaliser"_or_"breeding_ground_of_privilege"?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Great_equaliser"_or_"breeding_ground_of_privilege"?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>"Great equaliser" or "breeding ground of privilege"?</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-"Great_equaliser"_or_"breeding_ground_of_privilege"?-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle "Great equaliser" or "breeding ground of privilege"? subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-"Great_equaliser"_or_"breeding_ground_of_privilege"?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progress_in_International_Reading_Literacy_Study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progress_in_International_Reading_Literacy_Study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.1</span> <span>Progress in International Reading Literacy Study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progress_in_International_Reading_Literacy_Study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PISA_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PISA_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.2</span> <span>PISA study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PISA_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ELEMENT-study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ELEMENT-study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.3</span> <span>ELEMENT-study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ELEMENT-study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study_by_the_University_of_Mainz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_by_the_University_of_Mainz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.4</span> <span>Study by the University of Mainz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study_by_the_University_of_Mainz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_big-fish-little-pond_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_big-fish-little-pond_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.5</span> <span>The big-fish-little-pond effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_big-fish-little-pond_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Are_children_with_immigration_backgrounds_discriminated_against?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Are_children_with_immigration_backgrounds_discriminated_against?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.6</span> <span>Are children with immigration backgrounds discriminated against?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Are_children_with_immigration_backgrounds_discriminated_against?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Do_gymnasia_help_working-class_students_catch_up_with_their_middle-class_peers?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Do_gymnasia_help_working-class_students_catch_up_with_their_middle-class_peers?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.7</span> <span>Do gymnasia help working-class students catch up with their middle-class peers?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Do_gymnasia_help_working-class_students_catch_up_with_their_middle-class_peers?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Does_gymnasium_matter_after_all?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Does_gymnasium_matter_after_all?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.8</span> <span>Does gymnasium matter after all?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Does_gymnasium_matter_after_all?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_of_Gymnasiasten_on_various_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_of_Gymnasiasten_on_various_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26</span> <span>Performance of <i>Gymnasiasten</i> on various tests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance_of_Gymnasiasten_on_various_tests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance of <i>Gymnasiasten</i> on various tests subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_of_Gymnasiasten_on_various_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gymnasium_and_IQ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gymnasium_and_IQ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26.1</span> <span>Gymnasium and IQ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gymnasium_and_IQ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gymnasium_and_performance_on_standardised_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gymnasium_and_performance_on_standardised_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26.2</span> <span>Gymnasium and performance on standardised tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gymnasium_and_performance_on_standardised_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gymnasium_and_selflessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gymnasium_and_selflessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26.3</span> <span>Gymnasium and selflessness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gymnasium_and_selflessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gymnasium_and_performance_on_the_TOEFL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gymnasium_and_performance_on_the_TOEFL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26.4</span> <span>Gymnasium and performance on the TOEFL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gymnasium_and_performance_on_the_TOEFL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defending_comprehensive_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defending_comprehensive_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26.5</span> <span>Defending comprehensive schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defending_comprehensive_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27</span> <span>Quotas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Berlin_Gymnasium_lottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Berlin_Gymnasium_lottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">28</span> <span>The Berlin Gymnasium lottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Berlin_Gymnasium_lottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">29</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">30</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">31</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">32</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Gymnasium</i> (Germany)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasia_and_Realgymnasia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnasia and Realgymnasia">Gymnasia and Realgymnasia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of secondary school in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altbaupforte_des_Kollegs_St._Blasien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Altbaupforte_des_Kollegs_St._Blasien.jpg/220px-Altbaupforte_des_Kollegs_St._Blasien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Altbaupforte_des_Kollegs_St._Blasien.jpg/330px-Altbaupforte_des_Kollegs_St._Blasien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Altbaupforte_des_Kollegs_St._Blasien.jpg/440px-Altbaupforte_des_Kollegs_St._Blasien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kolleg_St._Blasien" title="Kolleg St. Blasien">Kolleg St. Blasien</a> in a former Benedictine monastery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aloisiuskolleg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aloisiuskolleg.jpg/220px-Aloisiuskolleg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aloisiuskolleg.jpg/330px-Aloisiuskolleg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aloisiuskolleg.jpg/440px-Aloisiuskolleg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aloisiuskolleg" title="Aloisiuskolleg">Aloisiuskolleg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wanderrudern_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wanderrudern_1959.jpg/220px-Wanderrudern_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wanderrudern_1959.jpg/330px-Wanderrudern_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wanderrudern_1959.jpg/440px-Wanderrudern_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Gymnasiasts sailing a rowboat on the Unterelbe in 1959</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graues_Kloster_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Graues_Kloster_Berlin.jpg/220px-Graues_Kloster_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Graues_Kloster_Berlin.jpg/330px-Graues_Kloster_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Graues_Kloster_Berlin.jpg/440px-Graues_Kloster_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berlinisches_Gymnasium_zum_Grauen_Kloster" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster">Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster</a> (1910)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Gymnasium</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɡʏmˈnaːzi̯ʊm]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/56\/De-Gymnasium.ogg\/De-Gymnasium.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Gymnasium.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/De-Gymnasium.ogg/De-Gymnasium.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Gymnasium.ogg" title="File:De-Gymnasium.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; German plural: <i>Gymnasien</i>), in the <a href="/wiki/German_education_system" class="mw-redirect" title="German education system">German education system</a>, is the most advanced and highest of the three types of German <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a>, the others being <i><a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></i> (lowest) and <i><a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschule</a></i> (middle).<sup id="cite_ref-GPPME1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPPME1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Gymnasium</i> strongly emphasizes academic learning, comparable to the British <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> system or with <a href="/wiki/University_preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University preparatory school">prep schools</a> in the United States. A student attending <i>Gymnasium</i> is called a <i>Gymnasiast</i> (German plural: <i>Gymnasiasten</i>). In 2009/10 there were 3,094 gymnasia in Germany, with <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2,475,000</span> students (about 28 percent of all precollegiate students during that period), resulting in an average student number of 800 students per school.<sup id="cite_ref-destatis-11-1-2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-destatis-11-1-2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gymnasia are generally public, state-funded schools, but a number of parochial and private gymnasia also exist. In 2009/10, 11.1 percent of gymnasium students attended a private gymnasium.<sup id="cite_ref-destatis-11-1-2010_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-destatis-11-1-2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These often charge <a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuition fees">tuition fees</a>, though many also offer scholarships. Tuition fees are lower than in comparable European countries. Some gymnasia are <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding schools</a>, while others run as day schools; they are now predominantly co-educational, and few single-sex schools remain. </p><p>Students are generally admitted at 10 years of age and are required to have completed four years (six in Berlin and Brandenburg where they are enrolled at the age of 12) of <a href="/wiki/Grundschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundschule">Grundschule</a> (primary education). In some states of Germany, permission to apply for gymnasium is nominally dependent on a letter of recommendation written by a teacher or a certain GPA, although when parents petition, an examination can be used to decide the outcome. </p><p>Traditionally, a pupil attended gymnasium for nine years in western Germany. However, since 2004, there has been a strong political movement to reduce the time spent at the gymnasium to <a href="/wiki/Abitur_after_twelve_years" title="Abitur after twelve years">eight years</a> throughout Germany; nowadays most pupils throughout Germany attend the gymnasium for 8 years (referred to as G8), dispensing with the traditional ninth year or <i>oberprima</i> (except in Rhineland-Palatinate and Lower Saxony which still has a year 13; Bavaria will bring back the 13th year in 2024, North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein will bring back the 13th year in 2025), which is roughly equivalent to the first year of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>. Final year students take the <i><a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a></i> final exam. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Harral._A_Ladies_Class_Et_The_German_Gymnasium.1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Horace_Harral._A_Ladies_Class_Et_The_German_Gymnasium.1872.jpg/200px-Horace_Harral._A_Ladies_Class_Et_The_German_Gymnasium.1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Horace_Harral._A_Ladies_Class_Et_The_German_Gymnasium.1872.jpg/300px-Horace_Harral._A_Ladies_Class_Et_The_German_Gymnasium.1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Horace_Harral._A_Ladies_Class_Et_The_German_Gymnasium.1872.jpg/400px-Horace_Harral._A_Ladies_Class_Et_The_German_Gymnasium.1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>H. W. Patterson. A Ladies' Class at The German Gymnasium. 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>The gymnasium arose out of the humanistic movement of the sixteenth century. The first general school system to incorporate the gymnasium emerged in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> in 1528, with the study of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> added to the curriculum later; these languages became the foundation of teaching and study in the gymnasium, which then offered a nine-year course. Hebrew was also taught in some gymnasia. The integration of philosophy, English, and chemistry into the curriculum also set the gymnasium apart from other schools.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> secondary schools only received the title "Gymnasium" in 1918, which for some time would be the only path to university study.<sup id="cite_ref-ESMG1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESMG1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the rise of German nationalism in the 1900s, the Gymnasium's focus on humanism came under attack, causing it to lose prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the harshest critics was <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Lange_(journalist)" title="Friedrich Lange (journalist)">Friedrich Lange</a>, who assaulted the school's "excessive humanism" and "aesthetic idealism." He argued that they are not aligned with the aims of patriotism, duty, and the idea of Germanhood and that the country's history could also provide the education and insights offered by the models of classical antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a> era, it became virtually impossible for girls to study at a Gymnasium according to <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>'s idea, as stated in <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i>, the education of girls should be conditioned only by the task of motherhood.<sup id="cite_ref-ESMG1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESMG1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Second World War, German education was reformed with the introduction of new system, content, aims, and ethos.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gymnasium was retained, along with vocational and general schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_methods">Other methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Realgymnasium</i> offered instead a nine-year course including Latin, but not Greek. Prussian <i>Progymnasien</i> and <i>Realprogymnasien</i> provided six- or seven-year courses, and the <i>Oberschulen</i> later offered nine-year courses with neither Greek nor Latin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gymnasia_for_girls">Gymnasia for girls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gymnasia for girls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010221-0001,_Bad_Honnef,_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010221-0001%2C_Bad_Honnef%2C_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010221-0001%2C_Bad_Honnef%2C_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010221-0001%2C_Bad_Honnef%2C_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010221-0001%2C_Bad_Honnef%2C_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010221-0001%2C_Bad_Honnef%2C_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010221-0001%2C_Bad_Honnef%2C_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Students of the Gymnasium Nonnenwerth, an all-girls school in 1960</figcaption></figure> <p>The early twentieth century saw an increase in the number of <i><a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyzeum</a></i> schools for girls, which offered a six-year course. The rising prominence of girls' gymnasia was mainly due to the ascendancy of the German <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a> in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, corresponding to the rising demand for women's university education. </p><p>Co-educational gymnasia have become widespread since the 1970s, and today, single-sex gymnasia are rare in Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_names_given_to_yeargroups_in_the_German_gymnasium">Historical names given to yeargroups in the German gymnasium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical names given to yeargroups in the German gymnasium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maulbronn_Hof_und_Kirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Maulbronn_Hof_und_Kirche.jpg/220px-Maulbronn_Hof_und_Kirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Maulbronn_Hof_und_Kirche.jpg/330px-Maulbronn_Hof_und_Kirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Maulbronn_Hof_und_Kirche.jpg/440px-Maulbronn_Hof_und_Kirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Seminaries_of_Maulbronn_and_Blaubeuren" title="Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren">Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren</a> – church and courtyard</figcaption></figure> <p>When primary school ended with the fourth grade and pupils left German basic secondary schools (<i>Volksschule/Hauptschule</i> or <i>Realschule</i>) at the end of the ninth or tenth grade, the gymnasium used special terms for its grade levels: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>School year (US) </th> <th>Age group </th> <th>Year in gymnasium </th></tr> <tr> <td>Fifth </td> <td>10–11 </td> <td>Sexta </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sixth </td> <td>11–12 </td> <td>Quinta </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seventh </td> <td>12–13 </td> <td>Quarta </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eighth </td> <td>13–14 </td> <td>Untertertia (lower Tertia) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ninth </td> <td>14–15 </td> <td>Obertertia (upper Tertia) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tenth </td> <td>15–16 </td> <td>Untersekunda (lower Secunda) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eleventh </td> <td>16–17 </td> <td>Obersekunda (upper Secunda) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Twelfth </td> <td>17–18 </td> <td>Unterprima (lower Prima) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thirteenth </td> <td>18–19 </td> <td>Oberprima (upper Prima) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_languages">Modern languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and English as elective languages in the early twentieth century brought about the greatest change to German secondary education since the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschulen</a> in the eighteenth century. Today, German gymnasia teach English, French, or <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as a compulsory primary foreign language, while the compulsory second foreign language may be English, French, Latin, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Language">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Russian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Language">Russian</a>. The German State of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, where secondary education normally begins in the seventh year of schooling, has some specialised gymnasia beginning with the fifth year which teach Latin or French as a primary foreign language. </p><p>Teaching English as a subject, particularly, has a long history at the Gymnasium and this is demonstrated by the time-honoured practices and subject matter that are unique to the gymnasia and could be baffling to outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often offered in the last three years at school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_of_instruction">Languages of instruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Languages of instruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although some specialist gymnasia have English or French as the language of instruction, most lessons in a typical gymnasium (apart from foreign language courses) are conducted in <a href="/wiki/Standard_High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard High German">Standard High German</a>. This is true even in regions where High German is not the prevailing dialect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subjects_taught">Subjects taught</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subjects taught"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0011,_Bonn,_Gymnasium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0011%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0011%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0011%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0011%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0011%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0011%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Gymnasium student in crafts class, Bonn, 1988</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agd-vignette-mit-programm01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Agd-vignette-mit-programm01.jpg/220px-Agd-vignette-mit-programm01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Agd-vignette-mit-programm01.jpg/330px-Agd-vignette-mit-programm01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Agd-vignette-mit-programm01.jpg/440px-Agd-vignette-mit-programm01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>This vignette of the Arndt-Gymnasium Dahlem shows a young man studying at the left and a young man doing sports at the right; it was printed on the 2008 school programme.</figcaption></figure> <p>Curricula differ from school to school, but generally include <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Informatics_(academic_field)" class="mw-redirect" title="Informatics (academic field)">informatics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">art</a> (as well as crafts and design), <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civics" title="Civics">civics</a> / citizenship,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, and several foreign languages. </p><p>For younger students nearly the entire curriculum of a gymnasium is compulsory; in upper years more elective subjects are available, but the choice is not as wide as in a U.S. high school. Generally academic standards are high as the gymnasium typically caters for the upper 25–35% of the ability range. </p><p>Schools concentrate not only on academic subjects, but on producing well-rounded individuals, so physical education and religion or ethics are compulsory, even in non-denominational schools which are prevalent. The German constitution guarantees the separation of church and state, so although religion or ethics classes are compulsory, students may choose to study a specific religion or none at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_for_the_gifted">Schools for the gifted</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Schools for the gifted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gymnasien are often conceived as schools for the gifted. This, however, depends on many factors; some states such as Bavaria select their students by elementary grades or by entrance examination, and so do certain specialist schools, like the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsisches_Landesgymnasium_Sankt_Afra_zu_Mei%C3%9Fen" title="Sächsisches Landesgymnasium Sankt Afra zu Meißen">Sächsisches Landesgymnasium Sankt Afra zu Meißen</a>, in other states. In these federal states, it is not up to the parents to decide if a pupil will attend the Gymnasium but decision will mainly be based on the performance in elementary schools. However, even "the gifted" in this sense comprise a fourth or fifth of the population. Other gymnasia in other states have no such strict provisions. Though gymnasia traditionally impose strict grading that causes students of average academic ability to struggle, many schools share the motto: "No child left behind" ("<i>Keiner darf verloren gehen</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_types_of_gymnasium">Common types of gymnasium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Common types of gymnasium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanistisches_Gymnasium_(humanities-oriented)"><span id="Humanistisches_Gymnasium_.28humanities-oriented.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Humanistisches_Gymnasium"></span>Humanistisches Gymnasium (humanities-oriented)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Humanistisches Gymnasium (humanities-oriented)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Joachimsthalsches_Gymnasium_Aristoteles_Max_Klein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Berlin_Joachimsthalsches_Gymnasium_Aristoteles_Max_Klein.jpg/220px-Berlin_Joachimsthalsches_Gymnasium_Aristoteles_Max_Klein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Berlin_Joachimsthalsches_Gymnasium_Aristoteles_Max_Klein.jpg/330px-Berlin_Joachimsthalsches_Gymnasium_Aristoteles_Max_Klein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Berlin_Joachimsthalsches_Gymnasium_Aristoteles_Max_Klein.jpg/440px-Berlin_Joachimsthalsches_Gymnasium_Aristoteles_Max_Klein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="2596" /></a><figcaption>Representation of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Joachimsthalsches_Gymnasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium">Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium</a>, a humanities-oriented gymnasium</figcaption></figure> <p>Humanities-oriented gymnasia usually have a long tradition. They teach Latin and Ancient Greek (sometimes also Classical Hebrew) and additionally teach English or French or both. The focus is on the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> and the civilizations of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For certain subjects, such as History, many universities still require the <i>Latinum,</i> some also the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graecum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graecum (page does not exist)">Graecum</a></i>, proof of study or comprehension of Latin or Ancient Greek, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neusprachliches_Gymnasium_(focus_on_modern_languages)"><span id="Neusprachliches_Gymnasium_.28focus_on_modern_languages.29"></span>Neusprachliches Gymnasium (focus on modern languages)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neusprachliches Gymnasium (focus on modern languages)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of school is less traditional. It teaches at least two modern languages. In most cases the students have the chance to learn Latin as well.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliches_Gymnasium_(focus_on_math_and_science)"><span id="Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliches_Gymnasium_.28focus_on_math_and_science.29"></span>Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliches Gymnasium (focus on math and science)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliches Gymnasium (focus on math and science)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often combined with the Neusprachliches Gymnasium this type of schools have a focus on <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> subjects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_names">Previous names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Previous names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gymnasium with focus on mathematics and sciences used to be called <i>Oberrealschule</i>, the Gymnasium with focus on both modern languages and mathematics plus sciences used to be called <i>Realgymnasium</i>. The Gymnasium was supposed to be the humanities-oriented variety; during the Nazi era, a common term for all of these schools put together was <i>Oberschule</i> (literally, "upper school"). In the 1960s, school reformers in an equalization effort discontinued these names. The most practical benefit of this was that it prevented the frequent confusion among parents about the fundamental difference between <i>Realgymnasium,</i> <i>Oberrealschule</i> and <i>Oberschule</i> on the one side and <i>Realschule</i> on the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_types_of_gymnasium">Special types of gymnasium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Special types of gymnasium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Sportgymnasium_and_the_Skigymnasium">The Sportgymnasium and the Skigymnasium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Sportgymnasium and the Skigymnasium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sportgymnasium is a school of the gymnasium-type, usually a boarding school, that has its main focus on sport. The Skigymnasium has a focus on skiing.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musikgymnasium">Musikgymnasium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Musikgymnasium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Musikgymnasium has its focus on music.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In Bavaria) It requires to learn to play an instrument (mostly the piano or the violin) as one of their major subjects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europäisches_Gymnasium"><span id="Europ.C3.A4isches_Gymnasium"></span>Europäisches Gymnasium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Europäisches Gymnasium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Europäisches Gymnasium has its focus on languages. It exists in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>. In Bavaria, students are required to learn three different foreign languages. They start learning their first foreign language in 5th grade, the second in 6th grade and the third by grade 10 or 11.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Baden-Württemberg students attending the Europäisches gymnasium start learning Latin and English while in 5th grade. They pick up their third language by 7th or 8th grade and their fourth foreign language by 10th grade. By 10th grade, students also choose if they want to drop one of the languages they started in 5th grade. Later, they may drop another language. Students are required to take at least two foreign languages and fluency is a requirement for graduation. If they wish, students may also graduate with four foreign languages.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gymnasium_for_mature_students">Gymnasium for mature students</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gymnasium for mature students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of gymnasia for mature students, people who graduated from school, but did not receive an <a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a>. Most of these schools have only the top three or four year groups, rather than the traditional 5th to 13th years. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Abendgymnasium" title="Abendgymnasium">Abendgymnasium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aufbaugymnasium" title="Aufbaugymnasium">Aufbaugymnasium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftsgymnasium" title="Wirtschaftsgymnasium">Wirtschaftsgymnasium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_of_Teaching_and_Testing">Culture of Teaching and Testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture of Teaching and Testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0003,_Bonn,_Gymnasium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079061-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Students raising their hands to indicate they know the answer, Bonn, 1988</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010220-0009,_Bad_Honnef,_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010220-0009%2C_Bad_Honnef%2C_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010220-0009%2C_Bad_Honnef%2C_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010220-0009%2C_Bad_Honnef%2C_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010220-0009%2C_Bad_Honnef%2C_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010220-0009%2C_Bad_Honnef%2C_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010220-0009%2C_Bad_Honnef%2C_Gymnasium_Nonnenwerth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>This 1961 picture shows a student standing up, to answer the teacher's question. On the wall is a Christian crucifix, then commonly found in a gymnasium classroom, but now less frequent. In 1995, a court ruled it violates the rights of non-Christian students and must be removed if any student objects.</figcaption></figure> <p>German gymnasia follow different pedagogical philosophies, and teaching methods may vary. In the most traditional schools, students rise when the teacher enters the classroom. The teacher says "Good morning, class" and the class answers "Good morning, Mr./Ms. ... ." The teacher then asks them to sit down. </p><p>Up to the 1960s, students used to be supposed to call their teachers by the appropriate title, e. g. "Herr <a href="/wiki/Studienrat" title="Studienrat">Studienrat</a>." This is generally outdated. The headmaster might also be addressed more laxly as Herr Direktor (the correct title being Herr Oberstudiendirektor). The general mode of address is these days Mr. + surname. Teachers mostly address students by their first name. </p><p>Corporal punishment was banned in 1973. Teachers who want to punish students put them in detention or assign them boring tasks. Some have them write essays like "Why a student should not interrupt his teachers." Students may also be subjected to official disciplinary measures, such as a <i>Verweis</i> (reprimand), not unlike equally-called measures in the disciplining of civil-servants or soldiers; the hardest of these measures is expelling from school. Such pupils have to go to another school, or even be banned from attending state schools altogether. This is rare though. Some private schools are more easy with expulsions, along with the line that the pupil in question does not fit into the community and should thus try his fortune with a school officially designated to take all pupils, i.e. a state school. </p><p>There are written, as well as oral, exams. Written exams are essay-based and called <i>Klausur</i> and typically take one and a half hours. Many German students never take a multiple choice test. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gymnasium_and_academic_grading">Gymnasium and academic grading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gymnasium and academic grading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Germany" title="Academic grading in Germany">Academic grading in Germany</a></div> <p>Gymnasium is a school where most of the students are college-bound and stringent grading is traditional. Pupils of average ability find themselves at the bottom of their class and might have done better at another type of school. </p><p>A study revealed that upper-class gymnasium students of average mathematical ability<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of "5" (fail). Comprehensive school upper-class students of average ability in mathematics found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of "3+".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students who graduated from a gymnasium often do better in college than their grades or ranking in class would predict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_"gymnasium_in_the_south""><span id="A_.22gymnasium_in_the_south.22"></span>A "gymnasium in the south"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: A "gymnasium in the south""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To many traditionally minded Germans, a "gymnasium in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">south</a>" is the epitome of a good education,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while to other Germans, it is the epitome of outmoded traditions and <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A study revealed that gymnasia in the south did have higher standards than those in other parts of Germany. On a standardised mathematics test provided by scientists, the study showed that students attending a southern gymnasium outperformed those attending one elsewhere in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2007 study revealed that those attending a gymnasium in the north had similar IQs to those attending one in the south. Yet those attending a gymnasium in the north under-performed on standardised tests. The students who did worst came from <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and the students who did best came from <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>. According to the study, the final year students in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> lagged two years behind those attending a gymnasium in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>. Because students had the same IQ, the difference in knowledge can only be explained by a difference in the teaching methods.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, gymnasia in the south have the reputation of valuing knowledge over creativity, while those in the north have the reputation of valuing creativity over knowledge. Comparing students on a creativity test could produce different results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schuelerrudern_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Schuelerrudern_1959.jpg/220px-Schuelerrudern_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Schuelerrudern_1959.jpg/330px-Schuelerrudern_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Schuelerrudern_1959.jpg/440px-Schuelerrudern_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>Rowing has a long tradition for many German Gymnasia: Students participating in a Regatta in Neumünster, 1959</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruderboottaufe-agd-rudererhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ruderboottaufe-agd-rudererhaus.jpg/220px-Ruderboottaufe-agd-rudererhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ruderboottaufe-agd-rudererhaus.jpg/330px-Ruderboottaufe-agd-rudererhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ruderboottaufe-agd-rudererhaus.jpg/440px-Ruderboottaufe-agd-rudererhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Students of the Arndt-Gymnasium, standing in front of their "rowing house", baptising their new boat in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Students from all grades are required to take <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a> classes. Most gymnasia have sports teams. Sports often include <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>. </p><p>Most gymnasia offer students the opportunity to participate in sport-related outings. In the summer months, they have the opportunity to enjoy rowing trips or <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> and in winter months, they may go <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>. Students are not required to participate, but teachers see the trips as good for building character and leadership skills and encourage students to participate. As a rule, most of these trips come with fees. A school "Förderverein" (<a href="/wiki/Booster_club" title="Booster club">booster club</a>) pays for those wishing to attend, but unable to afford the fee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_clubs">Social clubs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Social clubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guetersloh-Gymnasial-Posaunenchor_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Guetersloh-Gymnasial-Posaunenchor_2006.jpg/220px-Guetersloh-Gymnasial-Posaunenchor_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Guetersloh-Gymnasial-Posaunenchor_2006.jpg/330px-Guetersloh-Gymnasial-Posaunenchor_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Guetersloh-Gymnasial-Posaunenchor_2006.jpg/440px-Guetersloh-Gymnasial-Posaunenchor_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Brass-band of the gymnasium in Gütersloh, 2006. The students are wearing traditional uniforms and caps.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most gymnasia offer social and academic clubs. Most traditional among these (sports excepted) are <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> (i. e. producing a <i>Schülerzeitung</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debating" class="mw-redirect" title="Debating">debating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Additional_Mathematics" title="Additional Mathematics">additional math</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">experimental physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT classes</a>, etc. can also be found. </p><p>Some gymnasia require students to participate in at least one club (of the student's choosing), but in most cases, participation is voluntary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exchange_visits">Exchange visits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Exchange visits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has become increasingly common for gymnasium students to spend some time attending school in another country. Very popular destinations are English-speaking countries such as the US, Great Britain, Canada and Ireland; however, as it is increasingly difficult to find partner schools in English-speaking countries (high demand, little supply, among other things because of the limited importance of German lessons) even countries whose language is not taught at all are visited. While this is not required, it is encouraged. Some pupils might go a year or half a year abroad (and are granted some time to catch up with their studies at home), while the more general thing is an organized stay of 2–4 weeks in either country in a group of 20+ students with two teachers (who are, naturally, dispensed from every-day duties during the time). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dress_code">Dress code</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dress code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Schmitt_1904_Schulklasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Carl_Schmitt_1904_Schulklasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>Gymnasium students wearing traditional caps in 1904. Wearing them was seen not as a liability, but a privilege.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boell-Gymnasium_LU_Bibliothek04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Boell-Gymnasium_LU_Bibliothek04.JPG/220px-Boell-Gymnasium_LU_Bibliothek04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Boell-Gymnasium_LU_Bibliothek04.JPG/330px-Boell-Gymnasium_LU_Bibliothek04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Boell-Gymnasium_LU_Bibliothek04.JPG/440px-Boell-Gymnasium_LU_Bibliothek04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1513" /></a><figcaption>Students at the Heinrich-Böll-Gymnasium (Ludwigshafen) can wear a t-shirt that says "Reading endangers stupidity" (it resembles the German warning label on cigarettes).</figcaption></figure> <p>Generally, gymnasia have no school uniforms or official dress codes. However, students may be expected to dress modestly and tastefully. Some gymnasia offer branded shirts, but students are allowed to choose whether or not to wear them. For specific school events (like the Abitur ball) students attending them may be expected to wear formal dress, usually consisting of dresses for women and blazer and tie for men, but even this is no longer the case for every gymnasium. </p><p>In the past, <i>Gymnasiasten</i> wore a traditional cap, marking them as a gymnasium student. The colour of the cap differed by gymnasium and grade. In case of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Meyn" title="Ludwig Meyn">Ludwig Meyn</a> Gymnasium in <a href="/wiki/Uetersen" title="Uetersen">Uetersen</a>, for example, in 1920: </p> <ul><li><i>Untertertia</i>-students wore green cap with a blue, red and white cord</li> <li><i>Obertertia</i>-students wore a green cap, with a black-and-white cord</li> <li><i>Untersekunda</i>-students wore a violet cap with a blue, white and red cord</li> <li><i>Obersekunda</i>-students wore a violet cap with a black-and-white cord</li> <li><i>Unterprima</i>-students wore a red cap with, a blue white and red cord</li> <li><i>Oberprima</i>-students wore a red cap with a black and white cord</li></ul> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">Machtergreifung</a> of the Nazis, the gymnasium cap was banned for political reasons. Literature describing student caps was burned<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.Students received new clothing from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a>. Gymnasium students were forbidden from wearing clothing that identified them as members of their school. Now, it is no longer illegal and these caps are again being sold<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, few ever wear one. </p><p>At some schools, when graduating, students receive an Abitur T-shirt, which is printed with the name of the school, the year of graduation and a slogan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mentoring">Mentoring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mentoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_in_Torgelow,_direkt_am_See.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Schloss_in_Torgelow%2C_direkt_am_See.JPG/220px-Schloss_in_Torgelow%2C_direkt_am_See.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Schloss_in_Torgelow%2C_direkt_am_See.JPG/330px-Schloss_in_Torgelow%2C_direkt_am_See.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Schloss_in_Torgelow%2C_direkt_am_See.JPG/440px-Schloss_in_Torgelow%2C_direkt_am_See.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torgelow_am_See" title="Torgelow am See">Internat Schloss Torgelow</a>, a renowned private Gymnasium boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>, that leads to prestigious <a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a> exams</figcaption></figure> <p>As the new crop of students arrive at gymnasium, there is often a period of adjustment. Some gymnasia have mentors that help the new, younger students get settled in. They show them around the school and introduce them to older students. In the case of boarding schools, they also show them the city. The mentoring does not mean a student is seen as being "at risk." On the contrary, if there is a mentoring programme, <b>all</b> new students are likely to have a mentor. </p><p>Some schools have mentors (mostly alumni or parents) who help graduates choose a college and who arrange practical training for them. </p><p>In 2008, a mentoring programme called "Arbeiterkind" ("working-class child") was founded to assist students from working-class families make the transition. A year later, this organization had 1000 mentors and 70 local chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Booster_clubs">Booster clubs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Booster clubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CvO_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CvO_15.jpg/220px-CvO_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CvO_15.jpg/330px-CvO_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CvO_15.jpg/440px-CvO_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Gymnasiasten</i> on a skiing-trip. In many cases, the booster club covers the costs of poorer students</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Schulverein</i> or <i>Förderverein</i> is an organization formed for financial support of the school. Members may be parents and alumni, or philanthropists. They pay for books for the school library and offer a hand to students from less affluent families, affording them the opportunity to participate in field trips and school outings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teacher_education">Teacher education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Teacher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, to obtain a teaching degree for Gymnasia, prospective teachers have to study at least two subjects which are part of the curriculum of the gymnasia. Some decide to study three subjects or more. In addition, the university programmes for teachers always include lectures on educational sciences and didactics. After nine semesters (4.5 years) or more, students have to pass the <i>Erstes Staatsexamen,</i> a state-level exam, roughly equivalent to a master's degree, which marks the end of their academic training. However, having passed this test does not qualify someone at once to become a gymnasium teacher. This education is followed by the <i>Referendariat</i> (training on-the-job), which normally lasts for 18–24 months. During this time, the student teacher gains practical teaching experience under the supervision of experienced colleagues. This phase is completed by the "Zweites Staatsexamen," which assesses the trainees' practical teaching ability. Those having successfully completed both the first and second state examinations may then apply for a position at a Gymnasium or lesser schools. </p><p>However, the systems of teacher education differ among the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Bundesländer</a>, include exceptions and are often modified. One trend is the abolishing of the first state examination in favour of Master of Education programmes. The second state examination is not affected by this development.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Admission_to_a_gymnasium">Admission to a gymnasium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Admission to a gymnasium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GKvolleAula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GKvolleAula.jpg/220px-GKvolleAula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GKvolleAula.jpg/330px-GKvolleAula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GKvolleAula.jpg/440px-GKvolleAula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>The first class of students admitted at the Gymnasium Kirchseeon (founded in 2008) gather in the assembly hall to celebrate their first day of school.</figcaption></figure> <p>Admission procedures vary by state and gymnasium. Most gymnasia do not have written entrance exams. In some cases, students need a certain grade point average in order to apply to gymnasium. In most cases, students applying to a gymnasium nominally need a letter of recommendation written by the primary school teacher. The letter covers the child's academic performance, classroom behaviour, personal attributes, leadership abilities and extracurricular activities. </p><p>Based on that letter, the gymnasium determines the applicant's suitability for the school. Some gymnasia have informal interviews during which they present their school to the applicant and in turn, learn about him as the school representative works with the applicant and his parents to find out if that gymnasium is a good fit for the child. </p><p>The state of Berlin allows its gymnasia to pick 65% to 70% of their students, the rest being selected by lottery. Any qualified child can enter the lottery, regardless of previous school performance (see: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Berlin" title="Education in Berlin">Education in Berlin</a>). </p><p>Some gymnasia are inundated with applications and some children have to resort to second or third choices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuition">Tuition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tuition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>State-funded schools (a big majority) are tuition-free, as foreseen by the respective laws, even often on constitutional level. Segregation of students by parent wealth or income is looked down upon, to the point of being an exception to the constitutionally guaranteed freedom to have private schools (Article 7 section 4 of the German constitution, <i>Sondierungsverbot</i>). Of the private gymnasia, the vast majority is run by the Catholic Church on very low tuition fees (which is more easy as by <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a>, the Church receives a high percentage of the amount of money the State need not spend for a pupil in a Church-school); fees for schools who need to earn money by teaching are higher. Schools with fees generally offer scholarships. </p><p>In 2005, the German government spent €5,400 per student for those attending public gymnasium. This is less than what was spent on a student attending <a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a>, but more than was spent on those attending <a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gesamtschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesamtschule">Gesamtschule</a> students have special needs requiring extra help, so those schools cannot operate as cost-effectively as gymnasia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_cultural_and_ethnic_diversity">On cultural and ethnic diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: On cultural and ethnic diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Academic_achievement_among_different_groups_in_Germany" title="Academic achievement among different groups in Germany">Academic achievement among different groups in Germany</a></div> <p>While one third of all German youngsters have at least one foreign-born parent<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other German schools are becoming more multicultural, gymnasia have remained more or less socially and ethnically exclusive. However, that is only half the truth. Children belonging to Russian-Jewish, Chinese, Greek, Korean or Vietnamese minorities<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are more likely to attend a gymnasium than ethnic Germans. Yet, most minorities are less likely to attend a gymnasium than ethnic Germans. A study done in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> revealed that 85.9% of students attending a gymnasium were ethnic Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the gymnasium is the German school with the most homogenous student body. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> magazine, some minority students were denied a letter of recommendation for entrance to a gymnasium by their teachers simply because they were immigrants. According to <i>Der Spiegel,</i> teachers think minority students would not feel at home at a school having such a homogenous student body.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Great_equaliser"_or_"breeding_ground_of_privilege"?"><span id=".22Great_equaliser.22_or_.22breeding_ground_of_privilege.22.3F"></span>"Great equaliser" or "breeding ground of privilege"?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: "Great equaliser" or "breeding ground of privilege"?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pf%C3%B6rtnerhaus1FK.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pf%C3%B6rtnerhaus1FK.JPG/220px-Pf%C3%B6rtnerhaus1FK.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pf%C3%B6rtnerhaus1FK.JPG/330px-Pf%C3%B6rtnerhaus1FK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pf%C3%B6rtnerhaus1FK.JPG/440px-Pf%C3%B6rtnerhaus1FK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2485" /></a><figcaption>Stella Matutina in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldkrich_(Hartheim)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feldkrich (Hartheim) (page does not exist)">Feldkirch</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Cantor_Gymnasium_Halle_Au%C3%9Fenansicht.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Georg_Cantor_Gymnasium_Halle_Au%C3%9Fenansicht.JPG/220px-Georg_Cantor_Gymnasium_Halle_Au%C3%9Fenansicht.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Georg_Cantor_Gymnasium_Halle_Au%C3%9Fenansicht.JPG/330px-Georg_Cantor_Gymnasium_Halle_Au%C3%9Fenansicht.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Georg_Cantor_Gymnasium_Halle_Au%C3%9Fenansicht.JPG/440px-Georg_Cantor_Gymnasium_Halle_Au%C3%9Fenansicht.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Georg-Cantor-Gymnasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg-Cantor-Gymnasium">Georg-Cantor-Gymnasium</a> is an all-day school founded in 1989.</figcaption></figure> <p>A study revealed that 50% of the students attending a gymnasium come from families of the top levels of German society.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people have voiced concerns that gymnasia are designed to accommodate a minority of privileged children and that talented working-class children are impeded in gaining access to gymnasium. There have been calls for the abolition of the gymnasium and a switch-over to <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">comprehensive schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others want the gymnasia to target more children from poor backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Susanne_Vieth-Entus_2008_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susanne_Vieth-Entus_2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some believe that gymnasia are "the great equaliser" and have pointed out that state-funded and parochial gymnasia have helped many students rise above humble backgrounds. Some also point to the fact that gymnasia are the only schools where working-class students nearly catch up with their middle-class peers, while in the case of comprehensive schools, the effects of social class on student academic performance are more pronounced than in any other type of school.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progress_in_International_Reading_Literacy_Study">Progress in International Reading Literacy Study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Progress in International Reading Literacy Study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Progress_in_International_Reading_Literacy_Study" title="Progress in International Reading Literacy Study">Progress in International Reading Literacy Study</a> revealed that working-class children needed to achieve higher reading scores than middle-class children in order to get letters of recommendation for entrance into the gymnasium. After testing their reading abilities, the odds for upper-middle-class children to be nominated for a gymnasium were 2.63 times higher than for working-class children. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Points needed to be nominated for gymnasium<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Teachers nominating<br />child for gymnasium</th> <th>Parents wanting child<br />to attend gymnasium </th></tr> <tr> <td>Children from upper-middle-class backgrounds</td> <td>537</td> <td>498 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Children from lower-middle-class backgrounds</td> <td>569</td> <td>559 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Children of parents holding pink-collar jobs</td> <td>582</td> <td>578 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Children of self-employed parents</td> <td>580</td> <td>556 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Children from upper-working-class backgrounds</td> <td>592</td> <td>583 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Children from lower-working-class backgrounds</td> <td>614</td> <td>606 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Progress_in_International_Reading_Literacy_Study" title="Progress in International Reading Literacy Study">Progress in International Reading Literacy Study</a>, students from ethnic German families were 4.96 times more likely than children from immigrant families to have their teacher write a letter of recommendation. Even when comparing children with the same reading scores, ethnic Germans were still 2.11 times as likely to receive the letter.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PISA_study">PISA study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: PISA study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/PISA" class="mw-redirect" title="PISA">PISA</a> study, competency was linked to social class. After allowing for cognitive competency, middle-class children were still attending gymnasium at three times the rate of working-class children. After allowing for reading competency and cognitive competency, children from the highest social class still attended gymnasium at four to six times the rate of working-class children. According to the study, immigrant children were not discriminated against. The reason so few immigrant children attended gymnasium was poor reading skills. After allowing for reading competency, children from immigrant families were as likely as children from native German families to attend gymnasium.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ELEMENT-study">ELEMENT-study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: ELEMENT-study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German scientist Lehmann did a longitudinal study on the performance of pupils in Berlin in standardised tests. Such pupils used to be admitted to a gymnasium after the fourth grade and after the sixth grade. Pupils in German schools do not undergo standardised testing, but rather write essays. However, Lehmann wanted to know if those test results would predict the likelihood of admission to a gymnasium after the sixth grade and if admission to a gymnasium after the fourth grade would boost their performance in standardised tests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lehmann's findings were as follows: </p> <ul><li>Performance in standardised tests was a key indicator of admission to a gymnasium; after evaluating the performance in those tests, it was clear that social class did not play a major role in determining whether or not a pupil would be admitted to a gymnasium.</li> <li>Working-class children were not discriminated against; in fact, there seemed to be some evidence that after evaluating performances in standardised tests, gymnasium admission after the sixth grade seemed to be slightly biased against middle-class children and favoured working-class children as well as those from the higher social classes.</li> <li>After evaluating the test scores, it was shown that girls were somewhat more likely to be admitted to the gymnasium than boys.</li> <li>Very few pupils who did poorly in standardised tests in the fourth grade were admitted to gymnasium. However, those who were, were able to improve their performance in those tests in subsequent years.</li> <li>Even after testing performance in grade four, those who were admitted to gymnasium outperformed their peers who were not at grade six<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study_by_the_University_of_Mainz">Study by the University of Mainz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Study by the University of Mainz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study by the University of Mainz revealed that of all children living in the city of Wiesbaden, 81% of children from the upper social classes and only 14% percent of working-class children received a letter of recommendation from their teachers. It also showed that only 76% of working-class children whose grades placed them at the top of the class, as well as 91% of children from the upper social classes in the same situation received a recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_big-fish-little-pond_effect">The big-fish-little-pond effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: The big-fish-little-pond effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to scientists Joachim Tiedemann and Elfriede Billmann-Mahecha, there was a big-fish-little-pond effect. Children were more likely to have their teacher write a letter of recommendation if the remainder of their primary school class was not too bright. They stated, </p> <dl><dd>A high share of students with above-average academic achievement, cognitive abilities and achievement-oriented parents actually decreases students’ chances of getting into higher educational tracks (Realschule and gymnasium instead of Hauptschule).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Are_children_with_immigration_backgrounds_discriminated_against?"><span id="Are_children_with_immigration_backgrounds_discriminated_against.3F"></span>Are children with immigration backgrounds discriminated against?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Are children with immigration backgrounds discriminated against?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the same study, they are not. The researchers stated, </p> <dl><dd>After controlling for individual students' competencies, e.g. their cognitive abilities, the common assumption that children with immigration backgrounds are disadvantaged could not be confirmed. Even a high proportion of children in a class who do not speak German as a family language does not induce adverse results in recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Do_gymnasia_help_working-class_students_catch_up_with_their_middle-class_peers?"><span id="Do_gymnasia_help_working-class_students_catch_up_with_their_middle-class_peers.3F"></span>Do gymnasia help working-class students catch up with their middle-class peers?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Do gymnasia help working-class students catch up with their middle-class peers?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, a study revealed that lower-class and working-class children attending a comprehensive school lagged behind their less disadvantaged peers in terms of mathematical abilities. The same study revealed that working- and lower-class children attending gymnasium nearly caught up to their peers attending the same school.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, special care must be taken in interpreting the data, since lower- and working-class children admitted to gymnasium may be different from other pupils in their class <i>ab initio.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Does_gymnasium_matter_after_all?"><span id="Does_gymnasium_matter_after_all.3F"></span>Does gymnasium matter after all?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Does gymnasium matter after all?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study done by Helmut Fend revealed that gymnasium may not matter as much as is generally perceived. According to the study, parents' social class, not schooling, determined children's life trajectories. The study revealed that upper-middle-class children graduating from gymnasium (and upper-middle-class children graduating from comprehensive schools) later graduated from college and followed the footsteps of their parents into higher professional jobs. It also revealed that for every working-class child who graduated from college, there were 12 upper-middle-class children who did.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_of_Gymnasiasten_on_various_tests">Performance of <i>Gymnasiasten</i> on various tests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Performance of Gymnasiasten on various tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gymnasium_and_IQ">Gymnasium and IQ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Gymnasium and IQ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only a few specialised gymnasia admit their students on the basis of IQ tests. A 1999 study revealed 10th graders attending a normal gymnasium and 10th graders attending a <a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschule</a> had higher IQs than 10th graders attending a comprehensive. It also revealed that the difference was greater in 10th grade than it had been in 7th grade.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kathrin_Spoerr_2000_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kathrin_Spoerr_2000-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The media reacted to the charge that comprehensive schools are "the place where intelligence atrophies."<sup id="cite_ref-Kathrin_Spoerr_2000_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kathrin_Spoerr_2000-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Max Planck Institute for Human Development stated that nobody was "dumbed down" at the comprehensive school and that those attending a comprehensive in 10th grade did no worse on IQ tests than in 7th grade. The institute also stated that the IQ difference between comprehensives on the one hand and gymnasia and Realschulen on the other was greater by 10th grade than in 7th grade because the mean IQ of those at gymnasium and Realschule had risen. The institute did not believe, however, that attending Realschule or gymnasium boosts students' IQ. Instead, they stated that students with lower IQs who attend gymnasium or Realschule might find themselves increasingly unable to keep up and thus may drop out by 10th grade.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gymnasium_and_performance_on_standardised_tests">Gymnasium and performance on standardised tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Gymnasium and performance on standardised tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As has been mentioned before, gymnasia and <i>Gesamtschulen</i> in Germany do not administer standardised tests to their students and few students are familiar with those kinds of tests. Yet, scientists sometimes use standardised tests to evaluate schools. 10th graders attending a gymnasium have been shown to outperform 10th graders attending a comprehensive school by one standard deviation on a standardised mathematics test. That equals 2 to 3 years of schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of comprehensive schools have criticised such studies, stating they believe standardised tests to be biased against those attending comprehensive school. They have said comprehensives taught their students "Independence, capacity for team work, creativity, conflict management and broad mindedness" and that those qualities cannot be measured on standardised tests.<sup id="cite_ref-ggg-nrw.de_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ggg-nrw.de-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gymnasium_and_selflessness">Gymnasium and selflessness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Gymnasium and selflessness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a disputed study evaluating students' character, based on a standardised test, those attending a Realschule or gymnasium were more likely to be respectful and considerate of other peoples' feelings than those attending a comprehensive school.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this study, gymnasium students were more likely to be classified as "selfless" than students attending any other kind of school and those attending a comprehensive were more likely to be classified "self-serving" than those attending any other type of school. This study has been widely criticised.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It has been claimed that character cannot be measured on standardised tests and that students' answers might not reflect their real behaviour. Charges were raised that questions were worded in academic language<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus, students attending a comprehensive may not have understood them properly. It has also been suggested that the answers the students gave may have been influenced by social class, that gymnasium students may have been brought up to think they were selfless, while really they were not. Proponents of comprehensive schools stated gymnasium students were phony and elitist while pretending to be selfless.<sup id="cite_ref-ggg-nrw.de_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ggg-nrw.de-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gymnasium_and_performance_on_the_TOEFL">Gymnasium and performance on the TOEFL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Gymnasium and performance on the TOEFL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study revealed that college-bound students attending a traditional gymnasium did better on the <a href="/wiki/TOEFL" class="mw-redirect" title="TOEFL">TOEFL</a> than college-bound students attending a comprehensive, but those did better than college-bound students attending an "<a href="/wiki/Aufbaugymnasium" title="Aufbaugymnasium">Aufbaugymnasium</a>," "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Technisches_Gymnasium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technisches Gymnasium (page does not exist)">Technisches Gymnasium</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftsgymnasium" title="Wirtschaftsgymnasium">Wirtschaftsgymnasium</a>" (the last three schools serve students, who graduated from another school receiving no <a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a> and give them the opportunity to earn the Abitur). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of school</th> <th>Percentage of students earning at least 500 points</th> <th>Percentage of students earning at least 550 points</th> <th>Percentage of students earning at least 600 points<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Traditional gymnasium</td> <td>64.7%</td> <td>32.0%</td> <td>8.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Comprehensive school</td> <td>30.5%</td> <td>11.3%</td> <td>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Aufbaugymnasium</i></td> <td>18.9%</td> <td>5.2%</td> <td>.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftsgymnasium" title="Wirtschaftsgymnasium">Wirtschaftsgymnasium</a></i></td> <td>19.7%</td> <td>5.7%</td> <td>.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Technical gymnasium</td> <td>22.3%</td> <td>12.6%</td> <td>1.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defending_comprehensive_schools">Defending comprehensive schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Defending comprehensive schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of comprehensive schools often hold the opinion that it is unfair to compare gymnasia and Realschulen with comprehensive schools. While gymnasia and Realschulen often handpick their students, comprehensives are open to all. </p><p>Proponents of comprehensives also think they lack the most academically promising young people, who have been skimmed off by other schools. They also point out that some comprehensives (such as the "<a href="/wiki/Laborschule_Bielefeld" title="Laborschule Bielefeld">Laborschule Bielefeld</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/Helene-Lange-School_(Wiesbaden)" title="Helene-Lange-School (Wiesbaden)">Helene Lange School</a>" in Wiesbaden) ranked among Germany's best schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotas">Quotas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Quotas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Germany's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Left Party</a></i> introduced a discussion concerning <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Zillich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Zillich (page does not exist)">Stefan Zillich</a>, quotas should be "a possibility" to help working-class children who do not do well in school gain access to gymnasium.<sup id="cite_ref-Susanne_Vieth-Entus_2008_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susanne_Vieth-Entus_2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Headmasters have objected, saying this type of policy would be "a disservice" to poor children, that they would not be able to keep up academically. The headmasters have also expressed concerns that children of working-class families would not feel welcome at gymnasia. Wolfgang Harnischfeger, headmaster of a well-known Berlin gymnasium, has stated, </p><blockquote><p> It can be noticed in children as young as kindergarten students, that children take after their parents. They emulate their language, their way of dressing, their way of spending their free time. Kids from <a href="/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln" title="Neukölln">Neukölln</a> [a poor neighbourhood] would not feel good about themselves if they had to attend a type of school that mainly serves students from social classes different from their own. They will not be able to integrate. Every field day, every school party will show that."<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Klesmann_2009_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Klesmann_2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He also said "this kind of policy would weaken the gymnasium" and that this would be dangerous because "German society could not afford to do without the excellence the gymnasium produces."<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Klesmann_2009_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Klesmann_2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stefan Zillich answered this, saying that "German society [cannot] afford to have so few adults with a world-class education."<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Klesmann_2009_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Klesmann_2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Berlin_Gymnasium_lottery">The Berlin Gymnasium lottery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: The Berlin Gymnasium lottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Berlin" title="Senate of Berlin">Senate of Berlin</a> decided that Berlin's gymnasium should no longer be allowed to handpick all of their students. It was ruled that while gymnasia should be able to pick 70% to 65% of their students, the other places are to be allocated by lottery. Every child will be able to enter the lottery, no matter how the child performed in primary school. It is hoped that this policy will increase the number of working-class students attending gymnasium.<sup id="cite_ref-Heinz-Peter_Meidinger_2009_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinz-Peter_Meidinger_2009-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left Party</a> proposed that Berlin gymnasia should no longer be allowed to expel students who perform poorly, so that the students who won a gymnasium place in the lottery have a fair chance of graduating from that school.<sup id="cite_ref-Heinz-Peter_Meidinger_2009_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinz-Peter_Meidinger_2009-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not clear yet whether the Berlin Senate will decide in favour of The Left Party's proposal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_schools_debate" title="Grammar schools debate">Grammar schools debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium (school)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Germany" title="List of schools in Germany">List of schools in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abitur_after_twelve_years" title="Abitur after twelve years">Abitur after twelve years</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GPPME1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GPPME1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeleuGreck-Ismair2012" class="citation book cs1">Leleu, Simead; Greck-Ismair, Michaela (2012). "Zusätzliche Einzelheiten". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7r-5BAAAQBAJ"><i>German Pen Pals Made Easy KS3</i></a>. Dunstable: Brilliant Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857475589" title="Special:BookSources/9780857475589"><bdi>9780857475589</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zus%C3%A4tzliche+Einzelheiten&rft.btitle=German+Pen+Pals+Made+Easy+KS3&rft.place=Dunstable&rft.pub=Brilliant+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780857475589&rft.aulast=Leleu&rft.aufirst=Simead&rft.au=Greck-Ismair%2C+Michaela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7r-5BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnasium+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-destatis-11-1-2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-destatis-11-1-2010_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-destatis-11-1-2010_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Federal Statistical office of Germany, Fachserie 11, Reihe 1: Allgemeinbildende Schulen – Schuljahr 2009/2010, Wiesbaden 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1861" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Henry (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanschoolsan00barngoog"><i>German schools and pedagogy: Organization and instruction of common schools in Germany, with the views of German teachers and educators on elementary instruction</i></a>. New York: F.C. Brownell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanschoolsan00barngoog/page/n142">138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+schools+and+pedagogy%3A+Organization+and+instruction+of+common+schools+in+Germany%2C+with+the+views+of+German+teachers+and+educators+on+elementary+instruction.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=F.C.+Brownell&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanschoolsan00barngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnasium+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESMG1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESMG1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESMG1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelHinton_Thomas2001" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Richard H.; Hinton Thomas, Richard (2001). "III. The Schools". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mOCejSdc50C"><i>Education and Society in Modern Germany</i></a>. Vol. 7. London: Routledge & K. Paul. pp. 44–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415177566" title="Special:BookSources/9780415177566"><bdi>9780415177566</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+The+Schools&rft.btitle=Education+and+Society+in+Modern+Germany&rft.place=London&rft.pages=44-51&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+K.+Paul&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780415177566&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft.au=Hinton+Thomas%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mOCejSdc50C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnasium+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPine2010" class="citation book cs1">Pine, Lisa (2010). <i>Education in Nazi Germany</i>. Oxford: Berg. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845202644" title="Special:BookSources/9781845202644"><bdi>9781845202644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781845202644&rft.aulast=Pine&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnasium+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrook2014" class="citation book cs1">Fulbrook, Mary (2014). <i>A History of Germany 1918 – 2014: The Divided Nation</i>. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118776148" title="Special:BookSources/9781118776148"><bdi>9781118776148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Germany+1918+%E2%80%93+2014%3A+The+Divided+Nation&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781118776148&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnasium+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2014" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Claude (2014). <i>ost-O-Level Studies in Modern Languages: Language Division</i>. Oxford: Pergamon Press, Ltd. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483149417" title="Special:BookSources/9781483149417"><bdi>9781483149417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ost-O-Level+Studies+in+Modern+Languages%3A+Language+Division&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781483149417&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnasium+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">this subject has different names in the different states of Germany. See <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinschaftskunde" class="extiw" title="de:Gemeinschaftskunde">de:Gemeinschaftskunde</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gymnasium-bgd.de/public/home/index.php">"Homepage of the CJD Christopherursschule"</a> (in German). Gymnasium-bgd.de. 2010-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage+of+the+CJD+Christopherursschule&rft.pub=Gymnasium-bgd.de&rft.date=2010-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gymnasium-bgd.de%2Fpublic%2Fhome%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnasium+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more information (in German), see: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neusprachliches_Gymnasium" class="extiw" title="de:Neusprachliches Gymnasium">de:Neusprachliches Gymnasium</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more information (in German), see: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportgymnasium" class="extiw" title="de:Sportgymnasium">de:Sportgymnasium</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more information (in German), see: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikgymnasium" class="extiw" title="de:Musikgymnasium">de:Musikgymnasium</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718052429/http://did.mat.uni-bayreuth.de/~gmg/info/euro.html">"Informationen zum Europäischen Gymnasium Typ II"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Informationen+zum+Europ%C3%A4ischen+Gymnasium+Typ+II&rft.pub=Did.mat.uni-bayreuth.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdid.mat.uni-bayreuth.de%2F~gmg%2Finfo%2Feuro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnasium+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bildungklick.de: ""Europäisches Gymnasium" im Aufwind." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bildungsklick.de/pm/15913/europaeisches-gymnasium-im-aufwind">http://bildungsklick.de/pm/15913/europaeisches-gymnasium-im-aufwind</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">who scored 100 on a mathematics test provided by the scientists conducting the study</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Tücke: "Psychologie in der Schule, Psychologie für die Schule: Eine themenzentrierte Einführung in die Psychologie für (zukünftige) Lehrer." 4 Auflage 2005. Münster: LIT Verlag; p. 127. The study was conducted in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> with students in an advanced course.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Tücke: "Psychologie in der Schule, Psychologie für die Schule: Eine themenzentrierte Einführung in die Psychologie für (zukünftige) Lehrer". 4 Auflage 2005. Münster: LIT Verlag; p. 126-127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Sprenger: "Schulleistungen von Abiturienten"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gradcaps.eu/index.php?page=oferta&szczegoly=38">"gradcaps.eu"</a>. gradcaps.eu<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arbeiterkind.de&rft.pub=Arbeiterkind.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arbeiterkind.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnasium+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726134618/http://www.schulministerium.nrw.de/ZBL/Wege/Lehramtsstudium/index.html">"main source"</a>. Schulministerium.nrw.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schulministerium.nrw.de/ZBL/Wege/Lehramtsstudium/index.html">the original</a> on 2010-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pressemitteilung Nr.105 vom 11.03.2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marina Mai. 07.10.2008. "Schlaue Zuwanderer: Ostdeutsche Vietnamesen überflügeln ihre Mitschüler." Der Spiegel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choi, Sun-Ju; Lee, You-Jae (January 2006) <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> (PDF), Umgekehrte Entwicklungshilfe – Die koreanische Arbeitsmigration in Deutschland (Reverse Development Assistance – Korean labour migration in Germany), Seoul: Goethe Institute</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panagiotis Kouparanis: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dradio.de/dkultur/sendungen/thema/438100/">Migrantenkinder mit Bildungserfolg</a> retrieved 20 January 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landesinstitut für Schulentwicklung: "Untersuchung zum Abschneiden von Schülerinnen und Schülern mit Migrationshintergrund im Rahmen der DVA 2007"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Terkessidis. "Pisa-Zwischenruf: Normschüler aufs Gymnasium, Migranten ab in die Hauptschule". <i>Der Spiegel,</i> Dec. 5, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehmke et al., 2004, In: PISA-Konsortium Deutschland (Hrsg.): PISA 2003 – Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse des 2. internationalen Vergleiches, Waxmann Verlag, Münster/New York, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608052140/http://www.eineschule.de/">"Aktuell: Eine Schule für alle"</a>. Eineschule.de. 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"Sozialquote: Berliner Gymnasien sollen mehr Schüler aus armen Familien aufnehmen." <i>Der Tagesspiegel</i> (Dezember 29, 2008) <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press release. "JU Lüneburg sieht Gesamtschule weiterhin kritisch" Junge Union Lüneburg, Handorf. (September 3, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043514/http://www.iglu.ifs-dortmund.de/assets/files/iglu/IGLU2006_Pressekonferenz.doc">"IGLU 2006 Press conference, retrieved May 27, 2008"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iglu.ifs-dortmund.de/assets/files/iglu/IGLU2006_Pressekonferenz.doc">the original</a> on July 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IGLU+2006+Press+conference%2C+retrieved+May+27%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iglu.ifs-dortmund.de%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Figlu%2FIGLU2006_Pressekonferenz.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnasium+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietlind fischer, Volker Elsenbast: "Zur Gerechtigkeit im Bildungssystem". 2007. Münster: Waxmann, p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Stanat, R. Watermann, J. Baumert, E. Klieme, C. Artelt, M. Neubrand, M. Prenzel, U. Schiefele, W. Schneider, G. Schümer, K.-J. Tillmann, M. Weiß: "Rückmeldung der PISA 2000 Ergebnisse an die beteiligten Schulen." 2002. Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsfoschung <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/en/pisa/newweb/Rueckmeldung_Teil_I.pdf">German Version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115050211/http://www.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/en/pisa/newweb/Rueckmeldung_Teil_I.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; p. 17 + p. 24 retrieved 11 January 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deutscher Philologenverband. "Erkenntnisse der ELEMENT-Studie vorurteilsfrei zur Kenntnis nehmen!" Press release. April 22, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Schulwechsel: Reiche Eltern – Freibrief fürs Gymnasium." (September 12, 2008) Eltern family.de</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joachim Tiedemann and Elfriede Billmann-Mahecha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11618-007-0009-8">"Zum Einfluss von Migration und Schulklassenzugehörigkeit auf die Übergangsempfehlung für die Sekundarstufe I"</a>, Retrieved January 11, 2010. In German and English</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehmke et al., 2004, In: PISA-Konsortium Deutschland (Hrsg.): PISA 2003 – Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse des 2. internationalen Vergleiches, Münster/New York: Waxmann, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helmut Fend. "Schwerer Weg nach oben: Das Elternhaus entscheidet über den Bildungserfolg – unabhängig von der Schulform". <i>Die Zeit</i> (January 4, 2008) <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jochen Leffers. "Gesamtschule folgenlos, Bildung wird vererbt." <i>Der Spiegel</i> (January 3, 2008) <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Tücke: "Psychologie in der Schule, Psychologie für die Schule: Eine themenzentrierte Einführung in die Psychologie für (zukünftige) Lehrer". 4 Auflage 2005. Münster: LIT Verlag; p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kathrin_Spoerr_2000-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kathrin_Spoerr_2000_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kathrin_Spoerr_2000_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathrin Spoerr. "Die Gesamtschule: Ein Ort, an dem Intelligenz verkümmert." <i>Welt</i> (February 8, 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung. Letter to the Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft Gesamtschule e.V. (February 9, 2000) <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Tücke: "Psychologie in der Schule, Psychologie für die Schule: Eine themenzentrierte Einführung in die Psychologie für (zukünftige) Lehrer." 4 Auflage 2005. Münster: LIT Verlag, p. 126-127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ggg-nrw.de-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ggg-nrw.de_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ggg-nrw.de_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Ratzki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggg-nrw.de/Qual/RaA_BiJu.html">"BiJu und die Gesamtschule oder: Über die Subjektivität von Noten"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719032048/http://www.ggg-nrw.de/Qual/RaA_BiJu.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen Baumert and Olaf Köller. "Nationale und internationale Schulleistungsstudien: was können sie leisten, wo sind ihre Grenzen?" Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The questions used double subjunctives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josef Keuffer, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kublitz-Kramer" title="Maria Kublitz-Kramer">Maria Kublitz-Kramer</a>: "Was braucht die Oberstufe?" 2008. Weinheim and Basel: Beltz-Verlag; p.112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Klesmann_2009-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Klesmann_2009_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Klesmann_2009_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Klesmann_2009_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Klesmann. "'Kinder aus Neukölln würden sich nicht integrieren lassen' – Ein Politiker und ein Schulleiter streiten über Sozialquoten an Gymnasien." <i>Berliner Zeitung</i> (February 23, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinz-Peter_Meidinger_2009-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heinz-Peter_Meidinger_2009_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heinz-Peter_Meidinger_2009_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz-Peter Meidinger. "Berliner Schullotterie." Profil 07-08/2009 (August 24, 2009)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Matthew Arnold, <i>Higher Schools and Universities in Germany,</i> (second edition, London, 1882)</li> <li>Schrader, <i>Erziehungs- und Unterrichtslehre für Gymnasien und Realschulen,</i> (5th edition, Berlin, 1893)</li> <li>Paulsen, <i>German Education, Past and Present,</i> (translated by Lorenz, New York, 1908)</li> <li>A. Beier, <i>Die höheren Schulen in Preußen und ihre Lehrer,</i> (Halle, 1909)</li> <li>J. F. Brown, <i>The Training of Teachers for Secondary Schools in Germany and the United States,</i> (New York, 1911)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(Germany)&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gymnasiums_(schools)_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gymnasiums (schools) in Germany">Gymnasiums (schools) in Germany</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/19px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/29px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/38px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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