20th-Century Painters, Artists

<html> <head> <title>20th-Century Painters, Artists</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta name="description" content="20th-Century Painters: Biographies of 20th-Century Artists: Cubists, Expressionists, Pop-Artists: Postmodernists and Turner Prize-Winners"> <meta name="keywords" content="Twentieth Century Painters, 20th Century Artists, Modernist Painting, Expressionists, Fauvists, Cubists, Abstract Painters, Futurists, Rayonists, Suprematists, Dadaists, Constructivists, Precisionists, Surrealists, Abstract-Expressionists, Pop Artists, Minimalists, Photorealists, Young British Artists, Postmodernist Art Styles, Turner Prize Winners"> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"> <div id="fb-root"></div> <script>(function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_GB/all.js#xfbml=1"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));</script> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td> 20th Century Painters Biographies of Twentieth Century Artists, Modernist/Postmodernist. <a href="../site/search.htm">MAIN A-Z INDEX</a> <div class="fb-like" data-href="http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/twentieth-century-painters.htm" data-width="450" data-show-faces="true" data-send="true"></div> <a href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" class="pin-it-button" count-layout="none"><img src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/PinExt.png" alt="Pin it" / ></a> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js"></script> </td> </tr> </table> <hr width="750" size="1"> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"> EVOLUTION OF VISUAL ART For details of art movements and styles, see: <a href="../history-of-art.htm">History of Art</a>. <a href="http://www.facebook.com/ArtEncyclopedia" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img src="../images/facebookimage.jpg" width="80" height="80" border="0"></a> </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <h1>20th Century Painters For earlier painters (1700-1900), see: <a href="../famous-artists.htm">Famous Painters</a> For even earlier painters (1200-1700), see: <a href="../old-masters.htm">Old Masters</a> For a complete index, see: <a href="../site/artist-biographies-alphabetical.htm" rel="nofollow">A-Z of Artists</a></h1> CONTENTS Expressionist Painters <a href="#fauves">Fauves (1905-1907)</a> <a href="#brucke">Die Brucke Group (1905-13) (The Bridge)</a> <a href="#blauereiter">Der Blaue Reiter Group (1911-14) (Blue Rider)</a> <a href="#objectivity">Die Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) (1920s)</a> <a href="#france">France</a> - <a href="#austria">Austria</a> - <a href="#britain">Britain</a> - <a href="#belgium">Belgium</a> - <a href="#easterneurope">Eastern Europe</a> Realist Painters <a href="#ashcan">Ashcan School, New York (1900-1915)</a> <a href="#murals">Mexican Mural Painters (c.1920-40)</a> <a href="#socialist">Socialist Realist Painters (c.1928-80)</a> <a href="#realists">Social Realism (1930-45)</a> <a href="#regionalism">American Scene Painting (c.1925-45)</a> <a href="#photorealism">Photorealism (1960s onwards)</a> Abstract Painters <a href="#cubism">Cubism (1908-14)</a> <a href="#futurism">Futurism (1909-1914)</a> <a href="#orphism">Orphism (1910-13)</a> <a href="#rayonism">Rayonism (1912-14)</a> <a href="#synchromism">Synchromism (1913-18)</a> <a href="#suprematism">Suprematism (1913-18)</a> <a href="#vorticism">Vorticism (c.1914-15)</a> <a href="#constructivism">Constructivism (c.1914-32)</a> <a href="#stijl">De Stijl/Neo-Plasticism/Elementarism (1917-40)</a> Inter-War Painters (1919-39) <a href="#metaphysical">Metaphysical Painters (c.1913-20)</a> <a href="#dada">Dada Painters (1916-1924)</a> <a href="#precisionism">Precisionism and Art Deco (1920s)</a> <a href="#surrealists">Surrealist Painters (1924 onwards)</a> Post-War Painters (1945-60) <a href="#gesturalism">Abstract Expressionism (Gesturalism)</a> <a href="#colourfield">Abstract Expressionism (Colour Field Painting)</a> <a href="#calligraphic">Calligraphic Abstraction</a> <a href="#ppa">Post-Painterly Abstraction</a> <a href="#hardedge">Hard Edge & Shaped Canvas</a> <a href="#informel">Art Informel (European Abstract Expressionism)</a> <a href="#lyrical">Lyrical Abstraction (European)</a> <a href="#cobra">COBRA Group</a> <a href="#aussie">Australian School (mid-20th Century)</a> <a href="#neodada">Neo-Dada (1953-65) (Incl: Nouveau Realisme, France)</a> <a href="#opart">Op-Art/Kinetic Art (1950s, 1960s)</a> <a href="#pop">Pop Art (1960s onwards)</a> <a href="#minimalists">Minimalists (1960s, 1970s)</a> <a href="#graffiti">Graffiti Painters (1970s onwards)</a> <a href="#london">London School (1970s)</a> <a href="#neoexpressionism">Neo-Expressionism (1979 onwards)</a> <a href="#ybas">Young British Artists (YBAs) (1990s)</a> <a href="#figurepainters">20th Century Figurative Painters</a> <a href="#contemporarystyles">Contemporary Styles</a> <a href="#chinese">Contemporary Chinese Painters (2000s)</a> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top">   </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top">   </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> Introduction The 20th century was the stage for some of the greatest <a href="../modern-artists.htm">modern artists</a> in history. Except for Impressionism, it witnessed all the influential movements of <a href="../modern-art.htm">modern art</a> (modernism), plus the more fragmented styles of <a href="../contemporary-art.htm">contemporary art</a> (postmodernism). From the most vivid colourism (Fauvism, Expressionism) to revolutionary intellectual painting (Cubism, Constructivism) and political art, (Entartete Kunst, Socialist Realism), the period gave rise to a wealth of schools, theories and differing aesthetics. Although the number of abstract painters increased substantially from the late 1900s onwards - in the form of Cubists, Suprematists, the De Stijl movement, Abstract Expressionism and the Minimalists - figurative artists continued to develop new techniques and methods. Mural painting enjoyed a Renaissance in Mexico; urban and social scenery were central to the Ashcan School, the Social Realists, Precisionists and Graffiti artists; while the Surrealists, the London School and the Photorealists all sought to express their own form of figuration. And of course there were the anti-art Dadaists to challenge all conventional aesthetics! List of 20th Century Painters Here is a quick reference guide to the most famous painters of the period. A few individuals are listed under more than one style. Expressionist Painters <a name="fauves"></a> FAUVES (1905-1907) <a href="../famous-artists/matisse.htm">Henri Matisse</a> (1869-1954) Founder of Fauvism and the leading colourist in modern art. <a href="../famous-artists/albert-marquet.htm">Albert Marquet</a> (1875-1947) Specialized in watery landscapes of River Seine, ports etc. Impressionist style. <a href="../famous-artists/maurice-de-vlaminck.htm">Maurice de Vlaminck</a> (1876-1958) Self-taught colourist painter, influenced by Van Gogh and later Cezanne. <a href="../famous-artists/raoul-dufy.htm">Raoul Dufy</a> (1877-1953) French Impressionist/Fauvist painter noted for his colourism & mural paintings. <a href="../famous-artists/kees-van-dongen.htm">Kees van Dongen</a> (1877-1968) Dutch Fauvist, member of Dresden Die Brucke expressionist group, portraitist. <a href="../famous-artists/andre-derain.htm">Andre Derain</a> (1880-1954) Member of Ecole de Paris, friend of <a href="fauvist-painters.htm">Fauvist painters</a> like Matisse, De Vlaminck. <a href="../famous-artists/othon-friesz.htm">Othon Friesz</a> (1879-1949) Le Havre artist with loose, highly coloured style. Fauvism was his peak. Georges Braque (1882-1963) See listing under Cubism. Louis Valtat (1869-1952) Precursor of Fauvism, and explored the use of colour pigments long after. <a href="../famous-artists/manguin.htm">Henri-Charles Manguin</a> (1874-1949) Friend of Matisse & Camoin, noted for landscapes, still lifes and nudes. Jean Puy (1876-1960) Exhibited at the original 1905 Salon d'Automne Fauves Show. <a href="../famous-artists/charles-camoin.htm">Charles Camoin</a> (1879-1964) Fauvist friend of Matisse from Moreau's class at Ecole des Beaux Arts. <a name="brucke"></a> DIE BRUCKE GROUP (1905-13) (The Bridge) <a href="../famous-artists/kirchner-ernst-ludwig.htm">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a> (1880-1938) Leader of Die Brucke, a group inspired by violent forms and Primitive art. <a href="../famous-artists/schmidt-rottluff.htm">Karl Schmidt-Rottluff</a> (1884-1976) Vivid colourist, noted for his woodcuts, landscapes and portrait art. <a href="../famous-artists/erich-heckel.htm">Erich Heckel</a> (1883-1970) Founding member of Die Brucke, noted for landscapes, nudes and woodcuts. <a href="../famous-artists/emil-nolde.htm">Emil Nolde</a> (1867-1956) Painter, printmaker (woodcuts) whose works exemplify German Expressionism. <a href="../famous-artists/otto-mueller.htm">Otto Mueller</a> (1874-1930) Close friend of Heckel, noted for his female nudes in landscape settings. <a href="../famous-artists/max-pechstein.htm">Max Pechstein</a> (1881-1955) Founding member of Berlin's Neue Sezession, influenced by Fauves. <a name="blauereiter"></a> DER BLAUE REITER GROUP (1911-14) (Blue Rider) <a href="../famous-artists/kandinsky-wassily.htm">Wassily Kandinsky</a> (1866-1944) Russian colourist & abstract painter, theorist, founder of Der Blaue Reiter. <a href="../famous-artists/alexei-jawlensky.htm">Alexei von Jawlensky</a> (1864-1941) The "Russian Matisse"; combined elements of icon painting and colourism. <a href="../famous-artists/franz-marc.htm">Franz Marc</a> (1880-1916) German painter, explored expressive values of colour, inspired by Orphism. <a href="../famous-artists/paul-klee.htm">Paul Klee</a> (1879-1940) Fantasy Expressionist famous for his vivid watercolours. Later a Surrealist. <a href="../famous-artists/gabriele-munter.htm">Gabriele Munter</a> (1877-1962) German landscape painter and engraver; Kandinsky's partner. <a href="../famous-artists/august-macke.htm">August Macke</a> (1887-1914). Influenced by Delaunay; noted for his peaceful expressionist art. <a name="objectivity"></a> DIE NEUE SACHLICHKEIT (New Objectivity) (1920s) <a href="../famous-artists/otto-dix.htm">Otto Dix</a> (1891-1969) Powerful anti-war painter, satirized the corruption of Weimar Germany. <a href="../famous-artists/george-grosz.htm">George Grosz</a> (1893-1959) Berlin Dadaist, expressionist painter, member of Neue Sachlichkeit. Christian Schad (1894-1982) Zurich Dadaist, noted for his photograms, Schadographs, portraits, nudes. <a href="../famous-artists/beckmann-max.htm">Max Beckmann</a> (1884-1950) Painter, printmaker; famous for his expressionist self-portraits and triptychs. Conrad Felixmuller (1897-1977) Berlin political painter, exhibited with Sturm Gallery. Rudolph Schlichter (1890-1955) Best known for his portrayals of Berlin street life, including portraits. Albert Carel Willink (1900-83) Dutch expressionist, known for his portraiture, and his subject paintings. <a name="france"></a> FRANCE <a href="../famous-artists/leon-bakst.htm">Leon Bakst</a> (1866-1924) Russian set/costume designer for <a href="../famous-artists/diaghilev.htm">Sergei Diaghilev</a> and the Ballets Russes. <a href="../famous-artists/alexander-benois.htm">Alexander Benois</a> (1870-1960) Theatrical costume designer and set painter for the Ballets Russes. <a href="../famous-artists/kupka-frantisek.htm">Frank Kupka</a> (1871-1957) Czech-born painter, pioneer of abstract expressionism; influenced Delaunay. <a href="../famous-artists/georges-rouault.htm">Georges Rouault</a> (1871-1958) Painter, stained glass artist, known for his sombre but glowing colours. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) See his listing under Cubism. Leader of Ecole de Paris. <a href="../famous-artists/modigliani.htm">Amedeo Modigliani</a> (1884-1920) Expressionist portrait painter, famous for his primitivist forms. <a href="../famous-artists/marc-chagall.htm">Marc Chagall</a> (1887-1985) Prolific, versatile Jewish-Russian painter, lithographer, stained glass artist. <a href="../famous-artists/chaim-soutine.htm">Chaim Soutine</a> (1893-1943) Jewish-Russian expressionist painter, noted for figure painting. Note: For an explanation of some of the great works by painters of the Ecole de Paris, please see: <a href="../paintings-analysis/index.htm">Analysis of Modern Paintings</a> (1800-2000). <a name="austria"></a> AUSTRIA <a href="../famous-artists/oskar-kokoschka.htm">Oskar Kokoschka</a> (1886-1980) Viennese Expressionist portrait artist and landscape painter. <a href="../famous-artists/schiele-egon.htm">Egon Schiele</a> (1890-1918) Genius at graphic art, specialized in disturbingly powerful nudes. <a name="britain"></a> BRITAIN <a href="../famous-artists/laurence-stephen-lowry.htm">L.S. Lowry</a> (1887-1976) English genre-painter and urban cityscape artist noted for "matchstick men". <a name="belgium"></a> BELGIUM Constant Permeke (1886-1952) One of the leading expressionist painters in Belgium. Gustave de Smet (1877-1943) Best known for his rural paintings reminiscent of Chagall. <a name="easterneurope"></a> EASTERN EUROPE Emil Filla (1882-1953) Czech painter, noted for his still lifes and Cubist-Expressionism. Bela Czobel (1883-1976) Hungarian painter, Nagybanya school, leader of avant-garde group The Eight. </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"> </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> Realist Painters <a name="ashcan"></a> ASHCAN SCHOOL NEW YORK (1900-1915) Arthur B. Davies (1862-1928) Leader organizer of the 1913 Armory Show and a member of The Eight. William J Glackens (1870-1938) American realist painter, illustrator, co-founder of The Eight. <a href="../famous-artists/robert-henri.htm">Robert Henri</a> (1865-1929) Modern painter, influenced by Eakins, he led The Eight and the Ashcan School. Ernest Lawson (1873-1939) Canadian-American landscape painter and member of The Eight. George Luks (1867-1933) American realist painter, noted for genre paintings of urban subjects. Maurice Prendergast (1858-1924) American Post-Impressionist artist noted for mosaic-like style of painting. Everett Shinn (1876-1953) Youngest member of The Eight, noted for paintings of the theatre and NYC. John Sloan (1871-1951) Famous for his neighborhood genre painting, captured through his window. <a href="../famous-artists/george-wesley-bellows.htm">George Wesley Bellows</a> (1882-1925) Ashcan school urban painter noted for sports pictures, A Stag at Sharkey's. Jerome Myers (1867-1940) Specialized in painting immigrant life on New York's lower East Side. <a name="murals"></a> MEXICAN MURAL PAINTING REVIVAL (c.1920-40) <a href="../famous-artists/orozco.htm">Jose Clemente Orozco</a> (1883-1949) Classically trained Mexican wall painter. <a href="../famous-artists/diego-rivera.htm">Diego Rivera</a> (1886-1957) Greatest Mexican fresco mural painter, husband of Frida Kahlo. <a href="../famous-artists/siqueiros.htm">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> (1896-1974) The most radical of the Mexican fresco muralists. <a name="socialist"></a> SOCIALIST REALIST PAINTERS (c.1928-80) Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev (1878-1927) Influenced by French Impressionism. Isaak Israilevich Brodsky (1884-1939) History paintings on Revolution and life of Lenin. Georgy Georgievich Ryazhsky (1895-1952) Painted inspirational pictures for the new 'Soviet' man. Alexander Deineka (1899-1969) Noted for Building New Factories (1926) Tretyakov Gallery Moscow. Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin (1878-1939) His works include Death of a Commissar (1928) State Museum, St Petersburg. Alexander Gerasimov (1881-1963) History paintings like, Lenin on the Tribune (1930) Lenin Museum Moscow. Semyon Chuikov (1902-80) Landscapes: Daughter of Soviet Kirgizia (1948) Hermitage St Petersburg. Arkady Plastov (1893-1972) Noted for Threshing on Collective Farm (1949) Museum of Art Kiev. Komar & Melamid (Vitaly Komar b.1943; Aleksander Melamid b.1945) Contemporary realist duo famous for Socialist Realism with twist. Two of the best history painters of the Russian school. <a name="realists"></a> SOCIAL REALISTS (1930-45) <a href="../famous-artists/ben-shahn.htm">Ben Shahn</a> (1898-1969) Noted for social realist frescoes, gouache panel paintings, illustrations. Reginald Marsh (1898-1954) Famous for his pictures of tawdry aspects of Coney Island, Bowery district. Moses Soyer (1899-1974) and Raphael Soyer (1899-1987) Russian-born artist twins, emigrated to America 1913, noted for Depression era pictures of working people. William Gropper (1897-1977) Communist cartoonist, noted for social realist drawings, caricatures. Isabel Bishop (1902-88) Noted for pictures of New York urban steet life, working class women. Renato Guttuso (1912-87) Italy's leading exponent of Social Realism, famous for Crucifixion (1941). <a name="regionalism"></a> AMERICAN SCENE PAINTING (Regionalism) (c.1925-45) <a href="../famous-artists/edward-hopper.htm">Edward Hopper</a> (1882-1967) American realist, one of the best genre painters of the 20th century. <a href="../famous-artists/thomas-hart-benton.htm">Thomas Hart Benton</a> (1889-1975) Realist artist, exponent of American Scene Painting and Regionalism. <a href="../famous-artists/grant-wood.htm">Grant Wood</a> (1892-1942) Realist painter from Iowa, noted for his mid-West landscapes and portraits. <a href="../famous-artists/stuart-davis.htm">Stuart Davis</a> (1892-1964) Best known for his avant-garde American Scene paintings. <a href="../famous-artists/norman-rockwell.htm">Norman Rockwell</a> (1894-1978) American Saturday Evening Post illustrator, subject-painter and portraitist. Grandma Moses (Anna Mary Robertson) (1899-1974) Noted for lovingly observed detail of her "old-timey" farm scenes. Charles Burchfield (1893-1967) Ohio watercolourist, noted for bleak small-town vernacular architecture. Paul Sample (1896-1974) Vermont artist associated with Regionalism. John Steuart Curry (1897-1946) Kansas painter, muralist with anecdotal style; depicted the violence of nature. Peter Hurd (1904-84) New Mexico-based painter of the Regionalist movement. <a href="../famous-artists/andrew-wyeth.htm">Andrew Wyeth</a> (1917-2009) Tempera painter and watercolourist from Pennsylvania. <a name="photorealism"></a> PHOTOREALISM - SUPERREALISM (1960s onwards) <a href="../famous-artists/richard-estes.htm">Richard Estes</a> (b.1932) US superrealist painter of urban architecture. <a href="../famous-artists/chuck-close.htm">Chuck Close</a> (b.1940) Leader of American photorealism style, noted for gigantic self-portraits. Audrey Flack (b.1931) Noted for her vanitas still lifes. Howard Kanovitz (1929-2009) His works have the illusion of using figurative cut-outs Ralph Goings (b.1928) Achieved a crystal clear style of illusionism by using an airbrush. Robert Bechtle (b.1932) Large scale paintings of suburban society. Robert Cottingham (b.1935) Best known for close-ups of advertising and shop signs. David Parrish (b.1939) Painted motorbikes from slide-photos. <a href="../irish-artists/john-doherty.htm">John Doherty</a> (b.1940) Leading Irish hyperrealist painter. Don Eddy (b.1944) Specializes in car bodies and shop windows. Abstract Painters <a name="cubism"></a> CUBISM (1908-14) <a href="../famous-artists/braque-georges.htm">Georges Braque</a> (1882-1963) Co-founder of Analytical and Synthetic Cubism. <a href="../famous-artists/picasso.htm">Pablo Picasso</a> (1881-1973) Co-founder of Cubism, leading expressionist-style artist of 20th century. <a href="../famous-artists/juan-gris.htm">Juan Gris</a> (1887-1927) One of the great <a href="cubist-painters.htm">Cubist painters</a> and the movement's leading theorist. <a href="../famous-artists/fernand-leger.htm">Fernand Leger</a> (1881-1955) Fourth Cubist, socialist painter, muralist, stained glass and textile artist. <a href="../famous-artists/albert-gleizes.htm">Albert Gleizes</a> (1881-1953) French Cubist, important theoretician, founding member of Section d'Or group. Emil Filla (1882-1953) Leading Czech Cubist painter. <a href="../famous-artists/jean-metzinger.htm">Jean Metzinger</a> (1883-1957) Cubist painter, co-author of Du Cubisme, founder member of Section d'Or. Roger de la Fresnaye (1885-1925) Member of Section d'Or, Puteaux Group, noted for decorative Cubism. <a href="../famous-artists/andre-lhote.htm">Andre Lhote</a> (1885-1962) Cubist painter, sculptor, teacher, co-founder of Nouvelle Revue Francaise. <a href="../famous-artists/lyonel-feininger.htm">Lyonel Feininger</a> (1871-1956) German-American Cubist painter, illustrator. <a href="../famous-artists/marsden-hartley.htm">Marsden Hartley</a> (1877-1943) American painter, best known for abstract Cubist/Expressionist war portraits. Louis Marcoussis (Ludwig Markus) (1878-1941) Polish-French painter, printmaker, member of Cubist avant-garde in Paris. <a name="futurism"></a> FUTURISM (1909-1914) <a href="../famous-artists/balla.htm">Giacomo Balla</a> (1871-1958) Turin-born Futurist leader, noted for Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash. <a href="../famous-artists/carlo-carra.htm">Carlo Carra</a> (1881-1966) See listing under Metaphysical Painting. Gino Severini (1883-1966) Leading Futurist, associated with Neo-Classicism. Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (1876-1944) Author of the Futurist Manifesto (1908). <a href="../famous-artists/david-burlyuk.htm">David Burlyuk</a> (1882-1967) Father of Russian Futurism. <a name="orphism"></a> ORPHISM (Orphic Cubism) (1910-13) <a href="../famous-artists/robert-delaunay.htm">Robert Delaunay</a> (1885-1941) Abstract painter, founder of Orphism (Orphic Cubism) or Simultanism. Sonia Delaunay-Terk (1885-1979) Applied technique to textiles, clothes, bookbinding as well as painting. <a name="rayonism"></a> RAYONISM (1912-14) <a href="../famous-artists/goncharova.htm">Natalia Goncharova</a> (1881-1962) Painter, noted for Neo-Primitivism, Cubo-Futurism/Rayonism, ballet-set design. <a href="../famous-artists/mikhail-larionov.htm">Mikhail Larionov</a> (1881-1964) Russian painter, set designer, inventor of Rayonism, husband of Goncharova. <a name="synchromism"></a> SYNCHROMISM (1913-18) Morgan Russell (1883-1953) American abstract painter, exhibited Synchromist paintings at Armory Show. Stanton MacDonald-Wright (1890-1973) Co-founder of Synchromism & Forum Exhibition of American Modernists, NYC. </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"> </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <a name="suprematism"></a> SUPREMATISM (1913-18) <a href="../famous-artists/kasimir-malevich.htm">Kasimir Malevich</a> (1878-1935) Founder of abstract style known as Suprematism. <a href="../famous-artists/lissitzky.htm">El Lissitzky</a> (1890-1941) Abstract painter, architect, designer, book illustrator and poster artist. NOTE: The Supremus group included: Liubov Popova, Aleksandra Ekster, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Ivan Kliun, Olga Rozanova, Nina Genke, Ivan Puni, Ksenia Boguslavskaya and others who at this time worked in Verbovka Village Folk Centre. <a name="vorticism"></a> VORTICISM (c.1914-15) <a href="../famous-artists/percy-wyndham-lewis.htm">Percy Wyndham Lewis</a> (1882-1957) Founder of Vorticism, Group X, Rebel Art Centre. CRW Nevinson (1889-1946) Noted for paintings of killing machines and robotic soldiers. David Bomberg (1890-1957) Famous Slade School of Art graduate. <a name="constructivism"></a> CONSTRUCTIVISM (c.1914-32) <a href="../famous-artists/tatlin.htm">Vladimir Tatlin</a> (1885-1953) Founder of Constructivism, designed Monument to the Third International. <a href="../famous-artists/lyubov-popova.htm">Lyubov Popova</a> (1889-1924) Suprematist and Constructivist artist, influenced by Cubo-Futurism. <a href="../famous-artists/lissitzky.htm" rel="nofollow">El Lissitzky</a> (1890-1941) Abstract painter, architect, designer, book illustrator and poster artist. Alexander Rodchenko (1891-1956) Painter, graphic designer, photomontage artist, married to Varvara Stepanova. Varvara Stepanova (1894-1958) Constructivist artist, theatre and textile designer. <a href="../famous-artists/moholy-nagy.htm">Laszlo Moholy-Nagy</a> (1895-1946) Experimental artist/designer, noted for kinetic art, Bauhaus teaching. <a name="stijl"></a> DE STIJL/NEO-PLASTICISM/ELEMENTARISM (1917-40) <a href="../famous-artists/piet-mondrian.htm">Piet Mondrian</a> (1872-1944) Member of De Stijl movement. One of the pioneer <a href="abstract-painters.htm">abstract painters</a>. <a href="../famous-artists/theo-van-doesburg.htm">Theo van Doesburg</a> (1883-1931) Abstract artist; painter, designer. Leading member of Dutch De Stijl group. Auguste Herbin (1882-1960) Founder member of Abstraction-Creation; noted for coloured geometric works. Jean Helion (1904-87) Best-known for three-dimensional, Constructivist-style geometric forms. Max Bill (1908-94) Noted for his geometric concrete art, flat colours. Otto Freundlich (1878-1943) Cubist painter, best known for geometric, highly coloured abstract pictures. Painters in the Inter-War Years (1919-39) <a name="metaphysical"></a> METAPHYSICAL PAINTING (Pittura Metafisica) (c.1913-20) <a href="../famous-artists/giorgio-de-chirico.htm">Giorgio De Chirico</a> (1888-1978) Italian artist, co-inventor with Carlo Carra of Pittura Metafisica. <a href="../famous-artists/giorgio-morandi.htm">Giorgio Morandi</a> (1890-1964) Minimalist still life painter; one of the best still life painters of the modern era. Carlo Carra (1881-1966) Ex-Futurist, adopted figurative style of art, loaded with mystery. <a name="dada"></a> DADA PAINTERS (1916-1924) <a href="../famous-artists/francis-picabia.htm">Francis Picabia</a> (1879-1953) Energetic Cubist founder of Paris Dada, member of Surrealism. <a href="../famous-artists/duchamp-marcel.htm">Marcel Duchamp</a> (1887-1968) Pioneer of Dada and Object Art or Junk Art, noted for 'readymades'. <a href="../famous-artists/kurt-schwitters.htm">Kurt Schwitters</a> (1887-1948) German Dada artist noted for his "Merz" collage art, multi-media "Merzbau". <a href="../sculpture/jean-arp.htm">Jean (Hans) Arp</a> (1887-1966) French painter/sculptor; co-founder of Dada Zurich 1916. Hans Richter (1888-1976) German painter, sculptor, film-maker; member of Zurich Dada. <a href="../photography/raoul-hausmann.htm">Raoul Hausmann</a> (1886-1971) Czech painter, co-founder of Berlin Dada 1918, created photomontage. <a href="../photography/john-heartfield.htm">John Heartfield</a> (Helmut Herzfelde) (1891-1968) Berlin Dadaist famous for militant anti-Nazi art, communist photomontages. <a name="precisionism"></a> PRECISIONISM & ART DECO (1920s) <a href="../famous-artists/charles-demuth.htm">Charles Demuth</a> (1883-1935) Leading Precisionist of the 1920s and 1930s; also invented poster-portraits. <a href="../famous-artists/charles-sheeler.htm">Charles Sheeler</a> (1883-1965) Romantic painter, master photographer, snapped Ford's River Rouge car plant. <a href="../famous-artists/georgia-okeeffe.htm">Georgia O'Keeffe</a> (1887-1986) Painted sharp urban landscapes, as well as flowers; wife of Alfred Stieglitz. George Ault (1891-1948) Best known for his night scenes of industry and industrial architecture. <a href="../famous-artists/tamara-de-lempicka.htm">Tamara de Lempicka</a> (Tamara Gorska) (1898-1980) Art Deco-style portraitist. Ralston Crawford (1906-78) Best known for sharp portrayals of factories, bridges, shipyards. Niles Spencer (1893-1952) Noted for Precisionist-style urban landscapes, but with looser brushwork. <a name="surrealists"></a> SURREALIST PAINTERS (1924 onwards) <a href="../famous-artists/andre-breton.htm">Andre Breton</a> (1896-1966) Writer and chief theoretician and spokesman of the Surrealism movement. <a href="../famous-artists/paul-nash.htm">Paul Nash</a> (1889-1946) Leader of English surrealism; War Artist, watercolourist, book illustrator. <a href="../famous-artists/man-ray.htm">Man Ray</a> (1890-1976) Dada artist, active in Paris; noted for Surrealist photography & junk art. <a href="../famous-artists/max-ernst.htm">Max Ernst</a> (1891-1976) Ex-Dada artist, painter, sculptor, inventor of frottage and decalcomania. <a href="../famous-artists/joan-miro.htm">Joan Miro</a> (1893-1983) Spanish surrealist painter: ceramicist, printmaker and stained glass artist. <a href="../famous-artists/andre-masson.htm">Andre Masson</a> (1896-1987) Skilled draftsman, famous for his use of automatism and automatic drawing. <a href="../famous-artists/paul-delvaux.htm">Paul Delvaux</a> (1897-1994) Surrealist painter, famous for his Magic Realism and female nudes. <a href="../famous-artists/rene-magritte.htm">Rene Magritte</a> (1898-1967) Belgian classical painter, member of Magic Realism and Surrealism movements. <a href="../famous-artists/yves-tanguy.htm">Yves Tanguy</a> (1900-55) French abstract painter, married to the American Surrealist Kay Sage. Hans Bellmer (1902-75) Polish-French Surrealist, best known for disturbing doll constructions. <a href="../famous-artists/salvador-dali.htm">Salvador Dali</a> (1904-89) Spanish painter, one of the most famous <a href="surrealist-artists.htm">Surrealist artists</a>. Edward Burra (1905-76) British Surrealist who depicted the dreamland of the subconscious. <a href="../famous-artists/frida-kahlo.htm">Frida Kahlo</a> (1907-1954) Mexican surrealist self portraitist, wife of Diego Rivera. <a href="../famous-artists/balthus.htm">Balthus</a> (Balthazar Klossowski de Rola) (1908-2001) Surrealist-style figurative painter, best known for pictures of young girls. Carel Weight (1908-97) Introduces psychological tension into his works, like De Chirico/Magritte. <a href="../irish-artists/francis-bacon.htm">Francis Bacon</a> (1909-92) The world's most successful post-war contemporary artist, noted for his grotesque imagery. <a href="../famous-artists/alex-colville.htm">Alex Colville</a> (1920-2013) Canada's foremost exponent of Magic Realism. Paula Rego (b.1935) Famous for mysterious surreal, sinister pictures reminiscent of De Chirico. Post-War Painters (1945-60) <a name="gesturalism"></a> ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM (GESTURALISM) <a href="../famous-artists/hans-hofmann.htm">Hans Hofmann</a> (1880-1966) German-American expressionist, art teacher; pioneer of action painting. <a href="../famous-artists/adolph-gottlieb.htm">Adolph Gottlieb</a> (1903-74) Abstract Surrealist painter, noted for his Pictographs, Landscapes, Bursts. <a href="../famous-artists/arshile-gorky.htm">Arshile Gorky</a> (1904-48) Last surrealist, first abstract expressionist; influenced De Kooning. <a href="../famous-artists/de-kooning-willem.htm">Willem De Kooning</a> (1904-97) Noted for rough gesturalist brushwork and semi-abstract "Woman" series. <a href="../famous-artists/lee-krasner.htm">Lee Krasner</a> (1908-84) Wife of Jackson Pollock; her drip-paintings predated his 'action-painting'. <a href="../famous-artists/franz-kline.htm">Franz Kline</a> (1910-1962) Famous for gestural action-painting & calligraphic black-and-white pictures. <a href="../famous-artists/jackson-pollock.htm">Jackson Pollock</a> (1912-56) Founder of 'action-painting', variant of Abstract Expressionism in USA. William Baziotes (1912-63) Decorative biomorphic abstracts with soft misty brushwork and tonal harmony. <a href="../famous-artists/robert-motherwell.htm">Robert Motherwell</a> (1915-91) Painter, collagist, lithographer, famous for Elegy to the Spanish Republic. Richard Diebenkorn (1922-93) Californian angst-free expressionist; made colourful, abstract landscapes. Joan Mitchell (1926-92) Active in Paris, her abstract works unusually drew inspiration from nature. </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"> </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <a name="colourfield"></a> ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM (COLOUR FIELD PAINTING) <a href="../famous-artists/mark-rothko.htm">Mark Rothko</a> (1903-70) Latvian-American abstract painter, co-founder of Colour Field painting. <a href="../famous-artists/clyfford-still.htm">Clyfford Still</a> (1904-1980) American artist, co-founder with Rothko/Newman of Colour Field painting. <a href="../famous-artists/barnett-newman.htm">Barnett Newman</a> (1905-70) Colour Field Painter. Pioneer influence on Post-Painterly Abstraction. <a href="../famous-artists/josef-albers.htm">Josef Albers</a> (1888-1976) Bauhaus teacher, painter noted for Homage to the Square colourist series. <a name="calligraphic"></a> CALLIGRAPHIC ABSTRACTION <a href="../famous-artists/mark-tobey.htm">Mark Tobey</a> (1890-1976) Noted for his White Writing, a form of calligraphic gesturalism; tachisme art. <a href="../famous-artists/philip-guston.htm">Philip Guston</a> (1913-80) Inventor of 'Abstract Impressionism'; later switched to Neo-Expressionism. <a href="../famous-artists/cy-twombly.htm">Cy Twombly</a> (1928-2011) Active in Italy, made graffiti-style, calligraphic-like drawings/paintings. <a name="ppa"></a> POST-PAINTERLY ABSTRACTION Morris Louis (1912-62) Noted for his paint-pouring techniques focusing on light and colour. Jules Olitski (1922-2007) Leading PPA member; stained and sprayed his canvases with acrylic paint. <a href="../famous-artists/helen-frankenthaler.htm">Helen Frankenthaler</a> (b.1928) Founder of colour stain painting, a variant of drip-painting. <a href="../irish-artists/sean-scully.htm">Sean Scully</a> (b.1945) Renowned for large-scale elemental shapes. <a name="hardedge"></a> HARD EDGE & SHAPED CANVAS <a href="../famous-artists/kenneth-noland.htm">Kenneth Noland</a> (b.1924) Associated with Hard Edge Painting, Minimalism & Post-Painterly Abstraction. <a href="../famous-artists/frank-stella.htm">Frank Stella</a> (b.1936) Minimalist, Hard-Edge painter, noted for his shaped canvases and printmaking. <a href="../famous-artists/ellsworth-kelly.htm">Ellsworth Kelly</a> (b.1923) Main concern has been the internal relationship between colour and form. <a name="informel"></a> ART INFORMEL PAINTERS (European Abstract Expressionism) <a href="../famous-artists/jean-dubuffet.htm">Jean Dubuffet</a> (1901-1985) French experimental painter, portraitist, Art Brut collector. Hans Hartung (1904-89) Art Informel pioneer, noted for his gesturalism and ripped canvases. <a href="../famous-artists/maria-helena-vieira-da-silva.htm">Maria Helena Vieira da Silva</a> (1908-92) Portuguese-French abstract expressionist artist. <a href="../famous-artists/wols.htm">Wols</a>: Alfred Otto Wolfgang Schulze (1913-51) German painter, member of Art Informel, and Tachisme. <a href="../famous-artists/pierre-soulages.htm">Pierre Soulages</a> (b.1919) French Art Informel painter, leading exponent of Tachisme. <a href="../famous-artists/georges-mathieu.htm">Georges Mathieu</a> (1921-2012) Pioneer of Lyrical Abstraction style of French abstract art. <a href="../famous-artists/jean-paul-riopelle.htm">Jean-Paul Riopelle</a> (1923-2002) Canadian painter known for his all-over gestural abstracts. Lucio Fontana (1899-1968) Best-known for slashed canvases. Alberto Burri (1915-95) Matter painter, famous for pretty works using sacking and/or collage. <a href="../famous-artists/antoni-tapies.htm">Antoni Tapies</a> (1923-2012) Spanish abstract artist; mixed media Matter painting. <a name="lyrical"></a> LYRICAL ABSTRACTION (European) Maurice Esteve (1904-2001) Lyrical abstraction painting, with interlocking shapes, luminous colour. Jean Bazaine (1904-2001) Lyrical abstractionist painter noted for free style. Alfred Manessier (1911-93) Lyrical abstractionist painter, stained glass artist; mystical abstracts. <a href="../famous-artists/nicolas-de-stael.htm">Nicolas de Stael</a> (1914-1955) Russian-French abstract painter noted for his colourism & Lyrical Abstraction. <a href="../famous-artists/patrick-heron.htm">Patrick Heron</a> (1920-99) Abstract paintings saturated with blots of brilliant colour. <a href="../famous-artists/sam-francis.htm">Sam Francis</a> (1923-1994) American painter, member of Tachisme & Lyrical Abstraction movements. <a name="cobra"></a> COBRA GROUP <a href="../famous-artists/asger-jorn.htm">Asger Jorn</a> (1914-73) Danish gesturalist painter, founder of COBRA group, linked to Art Informel. <a href="../famous-artists/karel-appel.htm">Karel Appel</a> (1921-2006) Dutch abstract painter, gesturalist; member of COBRA & Art Informel. Carl-Henning Pedersen (1913-2007) Danish founder of COBRA, noted for pictures of palaces, princesses, demons. Corneille (Corneille Beverloo) (b.1922) Famous for child-like COBRA imagery, brilliant colour, vigorous brushwork. Pierre Alechinsky (b.1927) Belgian COBRA member, noted for calligraphic abstract paintings. <a name="aussie"></a> AUSTRALIAN SCHOOL (Mid-20th Century) <a href="../famous-artists/russell-drysdale.htm">Russell Drysdale</a> (1912-81) Famous melancholic-style Australian expressionist/surrealist 'bush painter'. <a href="../famous-artists/sidney-nolan.htm">Sidney Nolan</a> (1917-92) Celebrated Australian painter, noted for pictures of bushranger Ned Kelly. <a name="neodada"></a> NEO-DADA - NOUVEAU REALISME (1953-65) <a href="../famous-artists/robert-rauschenberg.htm">Robert Rauschenberg</a> (1925-2008) Noted for his "Combines", collages, assemblages and conceptualism. <a href="../famous-artists/jasper-johns.htm">Jasper Johns</a> (b.1930) Painter, sculptor, lithographer, collage & multi-media artist; Neo-Dada. Larry Rivers (1923-2002) De Kooning + collage + Pop Art. <a href="../famous-artists/yves-klein.htm">Yves Klein</a> (1928-62) Pioneer of contemporary performance art, patented the colour International Klein Blue (IKB) and founded Anthropometry painting. Refreshingly original, in the Dada tradition, and one of the first authentic <a href="../postmodernist-artists.htm">postmodernist artists</a>. For details about his activities, see: <a href="../famous-artists/klein-postmodernist.htm">Yves Klein's Postmodernist art</a> (1956-62). Jiro Yoshihara (1905-72) Abstract painter, founder of radical, Dadaist Japanese Gutai Group in Osaka. <a name="opart"></a> OP-ART - KINETIC ART (1950s, 1960s) <a href="../famous-artists/victor-vasarely.htm">Victor Vasarely</a> (1906-1997) Hungarian painter, graphic designer; founder of Op-Art, explored Kineticism. <a href="../famous-artists/bridget-riley.htm">Bridget Riley</a> (b.1931) Leader of British Op-Art movement, a form of geometric abstract art. Richard Anuszkiewicz (b.1930) Leading US Optical artist, focuses on radiating expanses of lines. Peter Sedgley (b.1930) British Op artist; highly inventive use of lights and colours. Nicholas Schoffer (1912-80) Theorist of Kinetic Art, spatiodynamism, luminodynamism, chronodynamism. Jesus Raphael Soto (1923-2005) Used coloured dots to explore optical reflectivity of geometric forms. Francois Morellet (b.1926) Known for mathematical concrete art, studied optics and movement. <a name="pop"></a> POP ART (1960s onwards) <a href="../famous-artists/roy-lichtenstein.htm">Roy Lichtenstein</a> (1923-97) Creator of comic-strip style, benday dot paintings, like "Wham!" <a href="../famous-artists/andy-warhol.htm">Andy Warhol</a> (1928-87) Founder of Pop-Art movement, noted for screenprints & popular imagery. <a href="../famous-artists/robert-indiana.htm">Robert Indiana</a> (b.1928) Uses digits, emblems and words as central motifs. <a href="../famous-artists/david-hockney.htm">David Hockney</a> (b.1937) English Pop artist, noted for portraits, etchings and photo-collages. RB Kitaj (1932-2007) American Pop artist active in England. Peter Blake (b.1932) Best known for paintings of popular culture in a naive style. <a href="../famous-artists/james-rosenquist.htm">James Rosenquist</a> (b.1933) Billboard painter who became an American Pop artist. <a href="../famous-artists/jim-dine.htm">Jim Dine</a> (b.1935) Abstract expressionist canvases with attachments of a personal connection. <a href="../famous-artists/ed-ruscha.htm">Ed Ruscha</a> (b.1937) Key figure in Californian Pop Art movement in the 1960s. Sigmar Polke (b.1941) German painter, made inventive, cool, humorous Contemporary Pop Art. </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"> </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <a name="minimalists"></a> MINIMALISTS (1960s, 1970s) <a href="../famous-artists/agnes-martin.htm">Agnes Martin</a> (1912-2004) American Minimalist painter; hand-drawn pencil grids on gesso, acrylics/oils. <a href="../famous-artists/ad-reinhardt.htm">Ad Reinhardt</a> (1913-67) Influenced by Josef Albers, he turned to minimalist monochromatic works. Robert Ryman (b.1930) Noted for impastoed canvases with geometric areas of colour. <a href="../famous-artists/robert-morris.htm">Robert Morris</a> (b.1931) Minimalist/ expressionist painter, noted for 1980s Firestorm series. <a name="graffiti"></a> GRAFFITI PAINTERS (1970s onwards) <a href="../famous-artists/david-wojnarowicz.htm">David Wojnarowicz</a> (1954-92) AIDS activist, collage artist and street painter. <a href="../famous-artists/jean-michel-basquiat.htm">Jean-Michel Basquiat</a> (1960-88) New York graffiti artist, noted for his urban neo-expressionism. <a href="../famous-artists/banksy.htm">Banksy</a> (b.1973-4) Postmodernist graffiti stencil painter, street sculptor, installation artist. <a href="../famous-artists/keith-haring.htm">Keith Haring</a> (1958-90) New York graffiti artist, noted for interacting animal/human figures. <a name="london"></a> LONDON SCHOOL (1970s) <a href="../famous-artists/frank-auerbach.htm">Frank Auerbach</a> (b.1931) British semi-abstract portrait painter, noted for heavily impastoed paintings. Leon Kossoff (b.1926) Jewish-British expressionist painter of London scenes. RB Kitaj (1932-2007) See listing under Pop Art. Gillian Ayres (b.1930) Associated with Tachiste movement, for her emotional colour abstracts. Howard Hodgkin (b.1932) Small abstracts with sumptuous colours. <a name="neoexpressionism"></a> NEO-EXPRESSIONISM (1979 onwards) <a href="../famous-artists/gerhard-richter.htm">Gerhard Richter</a> (b.1932) Noted for his abstracts and his photo-based paintings. <a href="../famous-artists/georg-baselitz.htm">Georg Baselitz</a> (b.1938) German Neo-Expressionist painter, famous for his upside down paintings. <a href="../famous-artists/anselm-kiefer.htm">Anselm Kiefer</a> (b.1945) Creates large-scale, heavily textured paintings on Holocaust & German history. Jorg Immendorf (b.1945) Paints genre paintings populated by military, political, deviant figures. Rainer Fetting (b.1949) Founder of Neue Wilden, noted for postmodernist expressionist works. <a name="ybas"></a> YOUNG BRITISH ARTISTS (YBAs) (1990s) <a href="../famous-artists/tracey-emin.htm">Tracey Emin</a> (b.1963) British postmodernist artist, noted for shocking feminist pictures. <a href="../famous-artists/damien-hirst.htm">Damien Hirst</a> (b.1965) Known for his coloured spot paintings. <a href="../famous-artists/jenny-saville.htm">Jenny Saville</a> (b.1970) Famous for unsentimental obese nudes. Peter Davies (b.1970) Noted for his geometric abstract paintings, populated with minute motifs. Chris Ofili (b.1968) Turner Prize Winner; produces highly coloured contemporary ethnic paintings. <a name="figurepainters"></a> 20TH CENTURY FIGURATIVE PAINTERS <a href="../famous-artists/graham-sutherland.htm">Graham Sutherland</a> (1903-80) Noted for his portraits, religious painting and tapestry art. <a href="../famous-artists/lucian-freud.htm">Lucian Freud</a> (1922-2011) British realist - one of the best portrait artists of the modern era. <a href="../famous-artists/botero-fernando.htm">Fernando Botero</a> (b.1932) Columbian artist, leading South American painter noted for obese figures. <a href="../famous-artists/jack-vettriano.htm">Jack Vettriano</a> (b.1951) Populist British genre-painter, noted for The Singing Butler. <a name="contemporarystyles"></a> Contemporary Styles <a href="../famous-artists/christopher-wool.htm">Christopher Wool</a> (b.1955) Leading exponent of word painting and text-based art. <a name="chinese"></a> CONTEMPORARY CHINESE PAINTERS Zhang Xiaogang (b.1958) One of the leaders of the <a href="cynical-realism.htm">Cynical Realism</a> painting movement. Zeng Fanzhi (b.1964) Wuhan painter noted for his figure painting, portraits. Yue Minjun (b.1962) Cynical Realist painter noted for humorous clown-like figures. Liu Xiaodong (b.1963) Contemporary Chinese painter from Liaoning. Yan Pei-Ming (b.1960) Shanghai portrait painter. Chen Yifei (b.1946) Zhejing contemporary artist. Fang Lijun (b.1963) Cynical Realist painter from Hebei, noted for bald-headed figures. Zhou Chunya (b.1955) Sichuan portrait artist. TO FIND A BIOGRAPHY OF A PARTICULAR ARTIST, BROWSE OUR <a href="../site/artist-biographies-alphabetical.htm">A-Z of ARTISTS</a> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td> For more about 20th century painting, see: <a href="../index.htm">Homepage</a>. <hr size="1"> <a rel="author" href="https://profiles.google.com/115076279462378566554#115076279462378566554"> <img src="http://www.google.com/images/icons/ui/gprofile_button-16.png" width="16" height="16"></a> ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ART HISTORY © visual-arts-cork.com. All rights reserved. </td> </tr> </table> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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20th-Century Painters, Artists