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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Browsers with process isolation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Browsers_with_process_isolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Programming languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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technologies<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed to protect each <a href="/wiki/Computer_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer process">process</a> from other processes on the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. It does so by preventing process A from writing to process B. </p><p>Process isolation can be implemented with <a href="/wiki/Virtual_address_space" title="Virtual address space">virtual address space</a>, where process A's address space is different from process B's address space – preventing A from writing onto B. </p><p>Security is easier to enforce by disallowing inter-process memory access, in contrast with less secure architectures such as <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> in which any process can write to any memory in any other process.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limited_inter-process_communication">Limited inter-process communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_isolation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Limited inter-process communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a system with process isolation, limited (controlled) interaction between processes may still be allowed over <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a> (IPC) channels such as <a href="/wiki/Shared_memory_(interprocess_communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared memory (interprocess communication)">shared memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix_domain_socket" title="Unix domain socket">local sockets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internet_sockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet sockets">Internet sockets</a>. In this scheme, all of the process' memory is isolated from other processes except where the process is allowing input from collaborating processes. </p><p>System policies may disallow IPC in some circumstances. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_access_control" title="Mandatory access control">mandatory access control</a> systems, subjects with different sensitivity levels may not be allowed to communicate with each other. The security implications in these circumstances are broad and span applications in network key encryption systematics as well as distributed caching algorithms. Interface-defined protocols such as basic cloud access architecture and network sharing are similarly affected.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_isolation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Operating systems that support process isolation by providing separate address spaces for each process include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Web_browsers">Web browsers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_isolation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Web browsers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_web_browsers" title="List of web browsers">List of web browsers</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_4" title="Internet Explorer 4">Internet Explorer 4</a> used process isolation in order to allow separate windowed instances of the <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">browser</a> their own processes; however, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Browser_wars" title="Browser wars">browser wars</a>, this was dropped in subsequent versions to compete with <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a> (which sought to concentrate upon one process for the entire Internet suite). This idea of process-per-instance would not be revisited until a decade afterwards, when <a href="/wiki/Tabbed_browsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabbed browsing">tabbed browsing</a> became more commonplace. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome#Stability" title="Google Chrome">Multi-Process Architecture</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_8" title="Internet Explorer 8">Internet Explorer 8</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_8#Performance_and_stability" title="Internet Explorer 8">Loosely Coupled IE (LCIE)</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tabbed_browsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabbed browsing">tabs</a> containing webpages are contained within their own semi-separate OS-level processes which are isolated from the core process of the browser so as to prevent the crash of one tab/page from crashing the entire browser. This method (known popularly as <b>multiprocess</b> or <b>process-per-tab</b>) is meant to both manage memory and processing by allowing offending tabs to crash separately from the browser and other tabs and manage security. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Browsers_with_process_isolation">Browsers with process isolation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_isolation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Browsers with process isolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> 8 and later</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> (default since 57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_languages">Programming languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_isolation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Programming languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang (programming language)</a> is providing a similar concept in user space, by realizing strictly separated lightweight processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_technologies">Related technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_isolation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Related technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_address_space" title="Virtual address space">virtual address space</a> allows for memory space isolation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyinstantiation" title="Polyinstantiation">Polyinstantiation</a> allows mirrors of shared resources, where changes by process A will not be visible to process B.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_isolation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">Sandbox (computer security)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NX_bit" title="NX bit">NX bit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_isolation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAikenFähndrichHawblitzelHunt2006" class="citation conference cs1">Aiken, Mark; Fähndrich, Manuel; Hawblitzel, Chris; Hunt, Galen; Larus, James R. (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~brecht/courses/702/Possible-Readings/oses/singularity-deconstructing-process-isolation-mem-system-perf-2006.pdf"><i>Deconstructing Process Isolation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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September 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chromium+Blog&rft.atitle=Multi-process+Architecture&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.chromium.org%2F2008%2F09%2Fmulti-process-architecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcess+isolation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Zeigler2008" class="citation web cs1">Andy Zeigler (March 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100313083900/http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2008/03/11/ie8-and-loosely-coupled-ie-lcie.aspx">"IE8 and Loosely-Coupled IE (LCIE)"</a>. 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