NIHR Evidence | Informative and accessible health and care research

<!doctype html> <html class="no-js" lang="en-GB"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta class="foundation-mq"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Lato:wght@300;400;700;900&display=swap" rel="preload" as="style" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Lato:wght@300;400;700;900&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="icon" href="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/themes/f1000-nihr/assets/images/favicon.png"> <link href="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/themes/f1000-nihr/assets/images/favicon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" /> <link rel="pingback" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/xmlrpc.php"> <title> NIHR Evidence | Informative and accessible health and care research </title> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <title>NIHR Evidence - Informative and accessible health and care research</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="NIHR Evidence - Informative and accessible health and care research" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIHR Evidence" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-04-02T10:46:27+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/","url":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/","name":"NIHR Evidence - Informative and accessible health and care research","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/#website"},"about":{"@id":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/#organization"},"datePublished":"2020-02-04T20:40:33+00:00","dateModified":"2025-04-02T10:46:27+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/#website","url":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/","name":"NIHR Evidence","description":"Informative and accessible health and care research","publisher":{"@id":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/#organization","name":"NIHR Evidence","url":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"http://s47827.p622.sites.pressdns.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/NIHR-Logo-Blue.svg","contentUrl":"http://s47827.p622.sites.pressdns.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/NIHR-Logo-Blue.svg","width":453,"height":45,"caption":"NIHR Evidence"},"image":{"@id":"https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.jsdelivr.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--light-grey: #eff1f3;--wp--preset--color--grey: #ACBCC3;--wp--preset--color--blue: #193E72;--wp--preset--color--pastel-red: #FBE0DD;--wp--preset--color--pastel-teal: #D6EEF0;--wp--preset--color--pastel-green: #DAEEE2;--wp--preset--color--pastel-blue: #D1D8E3;--wp--preset--color--pastel-yellow: #FFF6E4;--wp--preset--color--pastel-orange: #FCE9D6;--wp--preset--color--pastel-purple: #E0E1EF;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-grey-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-grey) !important;}.has-grey-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey) !important;}.has-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.has-pastel-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-red) !important;}.has-pastel-teal-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-teal) !important;}.has-pastel-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-green) !important;}.has-pastel-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-blue) !important;}.has-pastel-yellow-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-yellow) !important;}.has-pastel-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-orange) !important;}.has-pastel-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-grey-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-grey) !important;}.has-grey-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey) !important;}.has-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.has-pastel-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-red) !important;}.has-pastel-teal-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-teal) !important;}.has-pastel-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-green) !important;}.has-pastel-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-blue) !important;}.has-pastel-yellow-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-yellow) !important;}.has-pastel-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-orange) !important;}.has-pastel-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-grey-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-grey) !important;}.has-grey-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey) !important;}.has-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.has-pastel-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-red) !important;}.has-pastel-teal-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-teal) !important;}.has-pastel-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-green) !important;}.has-pastel-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-blue) !important;}.has-pastel-yellow-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-yellow) !important;}.has-pastel-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-orange) !important;}.has-pastel-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pastel-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=6.0.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cookie-law-info-css' href='https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/public/css/cookie-law-info-public.css?ver=2.6.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cookie-law-info-gdpr-css' href='https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/public/css/cookie-law-info-gdpr.css?ver=2.6.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='cookie-law-info-gdpr-inline-css' type='text/css'> .cli-modal-content, .cli-tab-content { background-color: #ffffff; }.cli-privacy-content-text, .cli-modal .cli-modal-dialog, .cli-tab-container p, a.cli-privacy-readmore { color: #000000; }.cli-tab-header { background-color: #f2f2f2; }.cli-tab-header, .cli-tab-header a.cli-nav-link,span.cli-necessary-caption,.cli-switch .cli-slider:after { color: #000000; }.cli-switch .cli-slider:before { background-color: #ffffff; }.cli-switch input:checked + .cli-slider:before { background-color: #ffffff; }.cli-switch .cli-slider { background-color: #e3e1e8; }.cli-switch input:checked + .cli-slider { background-color: #28a745; }.cli-modal-close svg { fill: #000000; }.cli-tab-footer .wt-cli-privacy-accept-all-btn { background-color: #00acad; color: #ffffff}.cli-tab-footer .wt-cli-privacy-accept-btn { background-color: #00acad; color: #ffffff}.cli-tab-header a:before{ border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='search-filter-plugin-styles-css' href='https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/css/search-filter.min.css?ver=2.5.20' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fontawesome-css' href='https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='site-css-css' href='https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/themes/f1000-nihr/assets/styles/style.css?ver=1742284311' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='slick-css-css' href='//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/slick-carousel@1.8.1/slick/slick.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='slick-theme-css-css' href='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/slick-carousel/1.9.0/slick-theme.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="cookie-law-info-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var Cli_Data = {"nn_cookie_ids":["_ga_*","yt-remote-fast-check-period","yt-remote-cast-available","yt-remote-session-name","yt-remote-cast-installed","yt-remote-session-app","yt-remote-connected-devices","yt-player-headers-readable","ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY","yt-remote-device-id","_gat_UA-*","_gid","_ga","yt.innertube::nextId","yt.innertube::requests","PREF","VISITOR_PRIVACY_METADATA","VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE","YSC","CookieLawInfoConsent"],"non_necessary_cookies":{"necessary":["cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary","cookielawinfo-checkbox-functional","cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance","cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics","cookielawinfo-checkbox-advertisement","cookielawinfo-checkbox-others","CookieLawInfoConsent"],"functional":["yt-remote-device-id","ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY","yt-player-headers-readable","yt-remote-connected-devices","yt-remote-session-app","yt-remote-cast-installed","yt-remote-session-name","yt-remote-cast-available","yt-remote-fast-check-period"],"analytics":["_gat_UA-*","_ga_*","_ga","_gid"],"advertisement":["YSC","VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE","VISITOR_PRIVACY_METADATA","PREF","yt.innertube::requests","yt.innertube::nextId"]},"cookielist":{"necessary":{"id":2189,"status":true,"priority":0,"title":"Necessary","strict":true,"default_state":true,"ccpa_optout":false,"loadonstart":false},"functional":{"id":2190,"status":true,"priority":5,"title":"Functional","strict":false,"default_state":false,"ccpa_optout":false,"loadonstart":false},"performance":{"id":2191,"status":true,"priority":4,"title":"Performance","strict":false,"default_state":false,"ccpa_optout":false,"loadonstart":false},"analytics":{"id":2192,"status":true,"priority":3,"title":"Analytics","strict":false,"default_state":false,"ccpa_optout":false,"loadonstart":false},"advertisement":{"id":2193,"status":true,"priority":2,"title":"Advertisement","strict":false,"default_state":false,"ccpa_optout":false,"loadonstart":false},"others":{"id":2194,"status":true,"priority":1,"title":"Others","strict":false,"default_state":false,"ccpa_optout":false,"loadonstart":false}},"ajax_url":"https:\/\/evidence.nihr.ac.uk\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","current_lang":"en","security":"52aac197e7","eu_countries":["GB"],"geoIP":"disabled","use_custom_geolocation_api":"","custom_geolocation_api":"https:\/\/geoip.cookieyes.com\/geoip\/checker\/result.php","consentVersion":"1","strictlyEnabled":["necessary","obligatoire"],"cookieDomain":"","privacy_length":"250","ccpaEnabled":"","ccpaRegionBased":"","ccpaBarEnabled":"","ccpaType":"gdpr","triggerDomRefresh":"","secure_cookies":""}; var log_object = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/evidence.nihr.ac.uk\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/public/js/cookie-law-info-public.js?ver=2.6.3" id="cookie-law-info-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="search-filter-plugin-build-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var SF_LDATA = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/evidence.nihr.ac.uk\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","home_url":"https:\/\/evidence.nihr.ac.uk\/","extensions":[]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/js/search-filter-build.min.js?ver=2.5.20" id="search-filter-plugin-build-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/js/chosen.jquery.min.js?ver=2.5.20" id="search-filter-plugin-chosen-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8" /><link rel='shortlink' href='https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fevidence.nihr.ac.uk%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fevidence.nihr.ac.uk%2F&format=xml" />  <style type="text/css"> /* Add your CSS code here. For example: .example { color: red; } For brushing up on your CSS knowledge, check out http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp End of comment */ @media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) { .block-featured .card-wrapper .card:first-child { width: 54% !important; } } @media print, screen and (min-width: 40em) { .block-featured .columns { padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; } }</style>   <style type="text/css"> ul { margin-left:2.5rem; }</style>   <style type="text/css"> img.alignleft { float:left; } img.alignright { float:left; }</style>   <style type="text/css"> img.alignleft { float:left; margin:5px 20px; 20px 0px; } img.alignright { float:right; margin:5px 0px; 20px 20px; } img.alignnone { clear:both; display:block; }</style>  <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .block-wysiwyg a.cta-view-all { background: #193e72; border-radius: 4px; padding: 10px 25px; color: #fefefe; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; font-size: 21px; display: block; max-width: -webkit-fit-content; max-width: -moz-fit-content; max-width: fit-content; margin: 0 auto 0 0; text-decoration:none; } #cookie-law-info-bar { padding:48px 36px !important; } #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-bar-message { font-size:16px !important; } #cookie-law-info-bar a#wt-cli-accept-btn, #cookie-law-info-bar a#wt-cli-reject-btn { padding:8px 16px !important; font-size:18px; border-radius:16px !important; font-weight:bold !important; } #cookie-law-info-again { box-shadow:0px 0px 5px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.15) !important; } body #cookie-law-info-bar a { color:inherit; } </style>  <script type="text/plain" data-cli-class="cli-blocker-script" data-cli-label="Google Tag Manager" data-cli-script-type="analytics" data-cli-block="true" data-cli-block-if-ccpa-optout="false" data-cli-element-position="head">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NDQ3KXB');</script>  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="I9ACbmdLHkUFGNwzo2fAYvm2ESZQcLXxqZLVtXSEdsQ" /> </head> <body class="home page-template-default page page-id-8">  <noscript><iframe data-cli-class="cli-blocker-script" data-cli-label="Google Tag Manager" data-cli-script-type="analytics" data-cli-block="true" data-cli-block-if-ccpa-optout="false" data-cli-element-position="body" data-cli-placeholder="Accept <a class="cli_manage_current_consent" tabindex="0">Analytics</a> cookies to view the content." data-cli-src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NDQ3KXB" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <a class="skip-to-content-link" href="#main" tabindex="2"> Skip to content </a> <div class="siteContainer"> <header id="headerMenuheader" class="header"> <div class="accessibility-bar row collapse"> <div class="columns small-12"> <ul class="menu align-right"> <li style="align-items:center;">Accessibility options: </li> <li><button id="contrastToggle" class="contrast" title="Add text contrast" aria-expanded="false" data-message="High contrast on"><img src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/themes/f1000-nihr/assets/images/icon-contrast.svg" width="17" height="17" alt="Toggle text contrast" /></button></li> <li><button id="easyreadingToggle" class="easyreading" title="Add easy reading" aria-expanded="false" data-message="Easy reading on"><img src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/themes/f1000-nihr/assets/images/icon-easyreading.svg" width="17" height="17" alt="Toggle easy reading" /></button></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="topbar row align-middle"> <div class="columns small-7 medium-6 large-5 text-left"> <a href="/" class="logo-link"><img src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/NIHR-Logo-Blue.svg" alt="NIHR Blue Logo" class="site-logo" width="355" height="35" /></a> </div> <div class="columns large-5 text-right search-column"> <div class="nhr-form"> <form type="get" action="/wordpress/browse-content/" class="nhr-search-form-form hhh"> <label class="visually-hidden" for="_sf_s">Search articles</label> <input type="text" aria-label="Search" class="searchInputModal nhr-search-form-field" placeholder="Search" name="_sf_s" id="keyword" autocomplete="off" value=""> <button role="button" aria-label="Submit search" tabindex="0" class="nhr-search-form-submit" aria-label="Submit search"> <i class="fa fa-search"></i> </button> </form> <div id="datafetch"></div> </div> </div> <div class="columns small-5 medium-6 large-2 text-right"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="lozenge"> Evidence </span> </div> </div> <div class="links row"> <div class="columns small-6 hide-for-medium text-left">   </div> <nav aria-label="Desktop Navigation" class="columns small-6 medium-12 text-right show-for-medium"> <ul id="menu-main-menu" class="menu align-left"><li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li class="menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/">Browse content</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/brain-and-nerves/">Brain and Nerves</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/birth-abnormalities/">Birth Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/blood/">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/cancer/">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/dementia/">Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/detection-screening-diagnosis/">Detection, Screening and Diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/metabolics-hormones-and-diabetes/">Diabetes, Metabolics and Hormones</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/diet-obesity-nutrition/">Diet, Obesity and Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/ear-nose-throat/">Ear, Nose and Throat</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/eyes-vision/">Eyes and Vision</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/global-health/">Global Health</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/health-social-care-services-research/">Health and Social Care Services Research</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/the-heart-and-circulation-research-from-nihr-evidence/">Heart and Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/infections/">Infections</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/inflammatory-immune-system/">Inflammatory and Immune System Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/injuries-accidents/">Injuries and Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/mental-health/">Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/muscle-and-bone/">Muscle and Bone</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/kidneys-and-the-urogenital-system/">Kidneys and the Urogenital System</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/lungs-and-airways/">Lungs and Airways</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/maximising-research-impact/">Maximising Research Impact</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/mouth-and-teeth/">Mouth and Teeth</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/physical-activity-exercise/">Physical Activity and Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/public-health/">Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/reproductive-health-and-childbirth/">Reproductive health and childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/skin-conditions/">Skin Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/smoking-addiction/">Smoking and addiction</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/social-care/">Social Care</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/stomach-and-digestion/">Stomach and Digestion</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/nihrcategory/stroke/">Stroke</a></li> <li class="view-all"><a href="/browse-content/">View all content</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/become-a-reviewer/">Become a reviewer</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/newsletter-sign-up/">Newsletter sign up</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="columns small-6 hide-for-medium text-right"> <button class="icon-accessibility" title="Show accessibility options"><img src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/themes/f1000-nihr/assets/images/icon-accessibility.svg" alt="Show accessibility options" class="icon-accessibility" /></button> <button class="icon-search searchInputModal"><img src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/themes/f1000-nihr/assets/images/icon-search.svg" alt="Search" class="icon-search" /></button> <div class="hamburger hamburger--elastic"> <button class="hamburger-box" data-toggle="offCanvas" aria-label="Toggle the mobile menu"> <div class="hamburger-inner"></div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="off-canvas position-right" id="offCanvas" data-off-canvas> <div class="row offcanvas-row"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="mobile-menu-container"> <div class="row collapse"> <div class="columns small-6 text-left"> <span class="mobile-title">Menu</span> </div> <div class="columns small-6 text-right"> <button class="close-button" aria-label="Close menu" type="button" data-close> <i class="fa fa-times" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Mobile Navigation"> <ul id="menu-mobile-menu" class="menu vertical mobile-menu"><li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/">Browse content</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/become-a-reviewer/">Become a reviewer</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/newsletter-sign-up/">Newsletter sign up</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="breadcrumbs"> <div class="row align-middle"> <nav aria-label="Breadcrumb navigation" class="columns small-12 large-6 show-for-large"> </nav> <div class="columns small-12 large-6 text-right">  </div> </div></div> <main class="guten-wrapper" id="main"> <section class="guten-block block-wysiwyg" > <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-8"> <p class="font-h4"><strong>NIHR Evidence</strong></p> <p>Every year, thousands of studies are published in academic journals. But they’re packed with scientific jargon and can be difficult to understand. We select the most important findings and make them easy to read. Our summaries of single studies, and collections of research on specific topics, can inform your decisions about health and care – whether you’re a member of the public, health or care professional, commissioner or policy maker.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="guten-block block-featured"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12"> <h4 id="featured-articles">Featured Articles</h4> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="card-wrapper featuredSlick"> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/prostate-cancer-research-whats-next/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Prostate cancer research: what's next?"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/iStock-14013421941-1024x335.jpg" alt="Prostate cancer research: what's next?" /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="prostate-cancer-research-whats-next"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/prostate-cancer-research-whats-next/">Prostate cancer research: what's next?</a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=cancer" title="Cancer" >Cancer</a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="31st March 2025" title="31st March 2025">31.03.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=collection"><span class="label type-collection">Collection</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">5 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/vaping-is-linked-with-breathing-issues-in-young-people/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Vaping is linked with breathing issues in young people"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Vaping-is-linked-with-breathing-issues-in-young-people-2406_1559.jpg.jpg" alt="Person vaping near brick wall." /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="vaping-is-linked-with-breathing-issues-in-young-people"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/vaping-is-linked-with-breathing-issues-in-young-people/">Vaping is linked with breathing issues in young people</a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=public-health" title="Public Health" >Public Health</a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="11th March 2025" title="11th March 2025">11.03.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=alert"><span class="label type-alert">Alert</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">5 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/hospital-at-home-and-virtual-wards-what-works/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Hospital at home and virtual wards: What works?"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/iStock-21555602332-1024x484.jpg" alt="Hospital at home and virtual wards: What works?" /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="hospital-at-home-and-virtual-wards-what-works"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/hospital-at-home-and-virtual-wards-what-works/">Hospital at home and virtual wards: What works?</a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=health-social-care-services-research" title="Health and Social Care Services Research" >Health and Social Ca<span aria-hidden="true">...</span><span class="truncated-hidden">re Services Research</span></a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="31st March 2025" title="31st March 2025">31.03.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=collection"><span class="label type-collection">Collection</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">5 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/adult-social-care-how-to-improve-support-for-people-at-risk-through-homelessness-learning-disabilities-or-dementia/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Adult social care: how to improve support for people at risk through homelessness, learning disabilities or dementia"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/iStock-17648563261.jpg" alt="Adult social care: how to improve support for people at risk through homelessness, learning disabilities or dementia" /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="adult-social-care-how-to-improve-support-for-people-at-risk-through-homelessnes-s-learning-disabilities-or-dementia"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/adult-social-care-how-to-improve-support-for-people-at-risk-through-homelessness-learning-disabilities-or-dementia/">Adult social care: how to improve support for people at risk through homelessnes<span aria-hidden="true">...</span><span class="truncated-hidden">s, learning disabilities or dementia</span></a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=dementia" title="Dementia" >Dementia</a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="6th March 2025" title="6th March 2025">06.03.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=collection"><span class="label type-collection">Collection</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">4 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="guten-block block-latest-grid "> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12"> <h3 id="recent-articles"><strong>Recent articles</strong></h3> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="card-container"> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/prostate-cancer-research-whats-next/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Prostate cancer research: what's next?"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/iStock-14013421941-1024x335.jpg" alt="Prostate cancer research: what's next?" /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="prostate-cancer-research-whats-next"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/prostate-cancer-research-whats-next/">Prostate cancer research: what's next?</a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="31st March 2025" title="31st March 2025">31.03.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=collection"><span class="label type-collection">Collection</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">5 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/population-level-policies-on-risk-factors-for-dementia-could-reduce-costs/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Population-level policies on risk factors for dementia could reduce costs"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Population-level-policies-on-risk-factors-for-dementia-could-reduce-costs-2407_1591.jpg.jpg" alt="Population-level policies on risk factors for dementia could reduce costs" /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="population-level-policies-on-risk-factors-for-dementia-could-reduce-costs"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/population-level-policies-on-risk-factors-for-dementia-could-reduce-costs/">Population-level policies on risk factors for dementia could reduce costs</a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=public-health" title="Public Health">Public Health</a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="31st March 2025" title="31st March 2025">31.03.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=alert"><span class="label type-alert">Alert</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">5 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/hospital-at-home-and-virtual-wards-what-works/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Hospital at home and virtual wards: What works?"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/iStock-21555602332-1024x484.jpg" alt="Hospital at home and virtual wards: What works?" /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="hospital-at-home-and-virtual-wards-what-works"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/hospital-at-home-and-virtual-wards-what-works/">Hospital at home and virtual wards: What works?</a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=health-social-care-services-research" title="Health and Social Care Services Research">Health and Social Ca<span aria-hidden="true">...</span><span class="truncated-hidden">re Services Research</span></a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="31st March 2025" title="31st March 2025">31.03.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=collection"><span class="label type-collection">Collection</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">5 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/culturally-adapted-therapy-improved-postnatal-depression-in-british-south-asian-women/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Culturally-adapted therapy improved postnatal depression in British South Asian women"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Culturally-adapted-therapy-improved-postnatal-depression-in-British-South-Asian-women-2403_1427.jpg.jpg" alt="Culturally-adapted therapy improved postnatal depression in British South Asian women" /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="culturally-adapted-therapy-improved-postnatal-depression-in-british-south-asian-women"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/culturally-adapted-therapy-improved-postnatal-depression-in-british-south-asian-women/">Culturally-adapted therapy improved postnatal depression in British South Asian <span aria-hidden="true">...</span><span class="truncated-hidden">women</span></a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=mental-health" title="Mental Health">Mental Health</a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="13th March 2025" title="13th March 2025">13.03.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=alert"><span class="label type-alert">Alert</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">6 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/vaping-is-linked-with-breathing-issues-in-young-people/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Vaping is linked with breathing issues in young people"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Vaping-is-linked-with-breathing-issues-in-young-people-2406_1559.jpg.jpg" alt="Person vaping near brick wall." /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="vaping-is-linked-with-breathing-issues-in-young-people"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/vaping-is-linked-with-breathing-issues-in-young-people/">Vaping is linked with breathing issues in young people</a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=smoking-addiction" title="Smoking and addiction">Smoking and addictio<span aria-hidden="true">...</span><span class="truncated-hidden">n</span></a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="11th March 2025" title="11th March 2025">11.03.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=alert"><span class="label type-alert">Alert</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">5 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/adult-social-care-how-to-improve-support-for-people-at-risk-through-homelessness-learning-disabilities-or-dementia/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Adult social care: how to improve support for people at risk through homelessness, learning disabilities or dementia"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/iStock-17648563261.jpg" alt="Adult social care: how to improve support for people at risk through homelessness, learning disabilities or dementia" /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="adult-social-care-how-to-improve-support-for-people-at-risk-through-homelessnes-s-learning-disabilities-or-dementia"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/adult-social-care-how-to-improve-support-for-people-at-risk-through-homelessness-learning-disabilities-or-dementia/">Adult social care: how to improve support for people at risk through homelessnes<span aria-hidden="true">...</span><span class="truncated-hidden">s, learning disabilities or dementia</span></a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=social-care" title="Social Care">Social Care</a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="6th March 2025" title="6th March 2025">06.03.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=collection"><span class="label type-collection">Collection</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">4 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/which-drugs-are-best-for-migraine-attacks/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Which drugs are best for migraine attacks?"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Which-drugs-are-best-for-migraine-attacks-2409_1659.jpg.jpg" alt="Which drugs are best for migraine attacks?" /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="which-drugs-are-best-for-migraine-attacks"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/which-drugs-are-best-for-migraine-attacks/">Which drugs are best for migraine attacks?</a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=brain-and-nerves" title="Brain and Nerves">Brain and Nerves</a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="4th March 2025" title="4th March 2025">04.03.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=alert"><span class="label type-alert">Alert</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">5 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/covid-19-vaccine-during-pregnancy-reduces-risks-to-mother-and-baby/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy reduces risks to mother and baby"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/COVID-19-vaccine-during-pregnancy-reduces-risks-to-mother-and-baby-2404_1516-6.jpg" alt="Mother and daughter relaxing together." /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="covid-19-vaccine-during-pregnancy-reduces-risks-to-mother-and-baby"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/covid-19-vaccine-during-pregnancy-reduces-risks-to-mother-and-baby/">COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy reduces risks to mother and baby</a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=reproductive-health-and-childbirth" title="Reproductive health and childbirth">Reproductive health <span aria-hidden="true">...</span><span class="truncated-hidden">and childbirth</span></a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="27th February 2025" title="27th February 2025">27.02.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=alert"><span class="label type-alert">Alert</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">4 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <figure> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/children-in-deprived-areas-are-most-at-risk-of-avoidable-poisoning-by-medicines/" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Children in deprived areas are most at risk of avoidable poisoning by medicines"> <img decoding="async" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Children-in-deprived-areas-are-most-at-risk-of-avoidable-poisoning-by-medicines-2404_1520.jpg.jpg" alt="Child examining blister pack near drawer." /> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 class="title" class="title" id="children-in-deprived-areas-are-most-at-risk-of-avoidable-poisoning-by-medicines"><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/children-in-deprived-areas-are-most-at-risk-of-avoidable-poisoning-by-medicines/">Children in deprived areas are most at risk of avoidable poisoning by medicines</a></h4> <div class="meta-info"> <p><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_nihrcategory=injuries-accidents" title="Injuries and Accidents">Injuries and Acciden<span aria-hidden="true">...</span><span class="truncated-hidden">ts</span></a> <span class="splitter">|</span> <span aria-label="25th February 2025" title="25th February 2025">25.02.25</span></p> <a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/?_sft_articletype=alert"><span class="label type-alert">Alert</span></a> <span class="reading-time" aria-label="Estimated reading time of this article">5 mins</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="guten-block block-wysiwyg has-background has-light-grey-background-color" > <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-8"> <p style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="cta-view-all" href="http://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/">View all our articles here</a></strong></p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="guten-block block-wysiwyg has-background has-white-background-color has-padding has-padding-none" > <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-8"> <p>Follow <strong>@<a href="https://x.com/NIHRresearch" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="NIHRresearch">NIHRresearch</a></strong> on X or the <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/nihr-research">NIHR on LinkedIn</a></strong> to get updates on our latest summaries and Collections, plus news from across the NIHR. Share links with friends and colleagues to help them learn about cutting edge research.</p> </div> </div> </section> </main> <footer class="footer"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 text-left border-bottom"> <a href="/"><img src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/NIHR-Logo-White.svg" alt="NIHR Logo" class="logo" width="400" height="40" /></a> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 show-for-large border-bottom"> </div> </div> <div class="row show-for-large"> <div class="columns large-4"> <p class="blurb">The mission of the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) is to improve the health and wealth of the nation through research. NIHR Evidence is managed by NIHR with a funding contribution from Health and Care Research Wales, Welsh Government.</p> </div> <div class="columns large-2 footer-links"> <ul id="menu-footer-1" class="menu vertical footer-links"><li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/categories/">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alerts/">Alerts</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collections/">Collections</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="columns large-2"> <ul id="menu-footer-2" class="menu vertical footer-links"><li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/browse-content/">Browse content</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/glossary/">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.healthandcareresearchwales.org/">About H&CRWales</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="columns large-3"> <ul id="menu-footer-3" class="menu vertical footer-links"><li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/site-map/">Site map</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/privacy-policy/">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility Statement</a></li> <li><a href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/cookies/">Cookies</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://fundingawards.nihr.ac.uk/search">NIHR Funding and Awards</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="columns large-1">   </div> </div> <div class="row social-links"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 border-top"> <a class="newsletter" href="/newsletter/" target="_blank"> Sign up for new NIHR Evidence content </a> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 text-right border-top"> <span class="copyright"> © 2016-2023 NIHR, all rights reserved. </span> </div> </div> <div class="row social-links"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4"> <ul class="menu align-left"> <li>Follow us</li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/OfficialNIHR/" target="_blank" title="facebook" aria-label="facebook"><img src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/icon-facebook.svg" alt="facebook" width="10" height="10" /></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/nihr-research" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn" aria-label="LinkedIn"><img src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/icon-linkedin.svg" alt="LinkedIn" width="10" height="10" /></a></li> <li><a href="https://x.com/NIHRresearch" target="_blank" title="Twitter" aria-label="Twitter"><img src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/logo-x-1.svg" alt="Twitter" width="10" height="10" /></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NIHRtv" target="_blank" title="YouTube" aria-label="YouTube"><img src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/icon-youtube.svg" alt="YouTube" width="10" height="10" /></a></li> <li><a href="/feed" target="_blank" title="RSS" aria-label="RSS"><img src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/icon-rss-footer.svg" alt="RSS" width="10" height="10" /></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 poweredby">  </div> </div> </footer> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> var relevanssi_rt_regex = /(&|\?)_(rt|rt_nonce)=(\w+)/g var newUrl = window.location.search.replace(relevanssi_rt_regex, '') history.replaceState(null, null, window.location.pathname + newUrl + window.location.hash) </script> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-bar-container" data-nosnippet="true" data-banner-version="2.0"><div id="cookie-law-info-bar" role="dialog" aria-live="polite" aria-label="cookieconsent" aria-describedby="wt-cli-cookie-banner" data-cli-geo-loc="0" style="box-sizing:border-box; padding:46px; background:#010101; font-size:16px; line-height:24px; text-align:left; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal;" class="wt-cli-cookie-bar"><div class="cli-wrapper"><span id="wt-cli-cookie-banner">By clicking Accept Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyse site usage and assist in our marketing efforts. NIHR Cookie Policy<br /> <a id="wt-cli-policy-link" tabindex="0" href="http://s47827.p622.sites.pressdns.com/cookies/" style="display:inline-block; text-decoration:underline; font-weight:600; border:solid 0px #fff; margin-right:15px; margin-top:15px;" target="_blank" class="wt-cli-element wt-cli-element cli-plugin-main-link" >Read More</a><a id="wt-cli-settings-btn" tabindex="0" role='button' style="display:inline-block; text-decoration:underline; font-weight:600; border:solid 0px #fff; margin-top:15px;" class="wt-cli-element cli_settings_button" >Cookie Settings</a><br /> <a id="wt-cli-reject-btn" tabindex="0" role='button' style="display:inline-block; box-sizing:border-box; width:48%; padding:8px 10px; background:#1e1e1e; text-align:center; border-radius:6px; font-size:18px; border:solid 0px #fff; line-height:28px; margin-top:20px; font-weight:600; margin-right:3%;" class="wt-cli-element medium cli-plugin-button cli-plugin-main-button cookie_action_close_header_reject cli_action_button" data-cli_action="reject">Deny</a><a id="wt-cli-accept-btn" tabindex="0" role='button' style="display:inline-block; box-sizing:border-box; width:48%; padding:8px 10px; background:#f3da00; text-align:center; border-radius:6px; font-size:18px; border:solid 0px #fff; line-height:28px; margin-top:20px; font-weight:600;" data-cli_action="accept" class="wt-cli-element medium cli-plugin-button cli-plugin-main-button cookie_action_close_header cli_action_button" >Accept</a></span></div></div><div tabindex="0" id="cookie-law-info-again" style="display:none;"><span id="cookie_hdr_showagain">Privacy & Cookies Policy</span></div><div class="cli-modal" id="cliSettingsPopup" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-privacy-title" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="cli-modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="cli-modal-content cli-bar-popup"> <button aria-label="Close" type="button" class="cli-modal-close" id="cliModalClose"> <svg class="" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41l-1.41-1.41-5.59 5.59-5.59-5.59-1.41 1.41 5.59 5.59-5.59 5.59 1.41 1.41 5.59-5.59 5.59 5.59 1.41-1.41-5.59-5.59z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24h-24z" fill="none"></path></svg> <span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Close</span> </button> <div class="cli-modal-body"> <div class="wt-cli-element cli-container-fluid cli-tab-container"> <div class="cli-row"> <div class="cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0"> <div class="cli-privacy-overview"> <h4 id='wt-cli-privacy-title'>Privacy Overview</h4> <div class="cli-privacy-content"> <div class="cli-privacy-content-text">This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience.</div> </div> <a id="wt-cli-privacy-readmore" tabindex="0" role="button" class="cli-privacy-readmore" data-readmore-text="Show more" data-readless-text="Show less"></a> </div> </div> <div class="cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0 cli-tab-section-container" role="tablist"> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a id="wt-cli-tab-link-necessary" tabindex="0" role="tab" aria-expanded="false" aria-describedby="wt-cli-tab-necessary" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-necessary" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="necessary" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Necessary </a> <div class="wt-cli-necessary-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-necessary" aria-label="Necessary" data-id="checkbox-necessary" checked="checked" /> <label class="form-check-label" for="wt-cli-checkbox-necessary"> Necessary </label> </div> <span class="cli-necessary-caption"> Always Enabled </span> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div id="wt-cli-tab-necessary" tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-necessary" class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="necessary"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description">Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a id="wt-cli-tab-link-functional" tabindex="0" role="tab" aria-expanded="false" aria-describedby="wt-cli-tab-functional" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-functional" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="functional" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Functional </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-functional" aria-label="functional" data-id="checkbox-functional" role="switch" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-link-functional" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-functional" /> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-functional" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">functional</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div id="wt-cli-tab-functional" tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-functional" class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="functional"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description">Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. <table class="wt-cli-element cookielawinfo-row-cat-table cookielawinfo-winter"><thead><tr><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-1">Cookie</th><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-3">Duration</th><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">yt-player-headers-readable</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">never</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The yt-player-headers-readable cookie is used by YouTube to store user preferences related to video playback and interface, enhancing the user's viewing experience.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">yt-remote-cast-available</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">session</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The yt-remote-cast-available cookie is used to store the user's preferences regarding whether casting is available on their YouTube video player.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">yt-remote-cast-installed</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">session</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The yt-remote-cast-installed cookie is used to store the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">yt-remote-connected-devices</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">never</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">YouTube sets this cookie to store the user's video preferences using embedded YouTube videos.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">yt-remote-device-id</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">never</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">YouTube sets this cookie to store the user's video preferences using embedded YouTube videos.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">yt-remote-fast-check-period</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">session</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The yt-remote-fast-check-period cookie is used by YouTube to store the user's video player preferences for embedded YouTube videos.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">yt-remote-session-app</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">session</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The yt-remote-session-app cookie is used by YouTube to store user preferences and information about the interface of the embedded YouTube video player.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">yt-remote-session-name</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">session</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The yt-remote-session-name cookie is used by YouTube to store the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">never</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY is used by YouTube to store the last search result entry that was clicked by the user. This information is used to improve the user experience by providing more relevant search results in the future.</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a id="wt-cli-tab-link-performance" tabindex="0" role="tab" aria-expanded="false" aria-describedby="wt-cli-tab-performance" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-performance" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="performance" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Performance </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-performance" aria-label="performance" data-id="checkbox-performance" role="switch" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-link-performance" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-performance" /> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-performance" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">performance</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div id="wt-cli-tab-performance" tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-performance" class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="performance"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description">Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a id="wt-cli-tab-link-analytics" tabindex="0" role="tab" aria-expanded="false" aria-describedby="wt-cli-tab-analytics" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-analytics" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="analytics" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Analytics </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-analytics" aria-label="analytics" data-id="checkbox-analytics" role="switch" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-link-analytics" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-analytics" /> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-analytics" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">analytics</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div id="wt-cli-tab-analytics" tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-analytics" class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="analytics"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description">Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. <table class="wt-cli-element cookielawinfo-row-cat-table cookielawinfo-winter"><thead><tr><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-1">Cookie</th><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-3">Duration</th><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_ga</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year 1 month 4 days</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Google Analytics sets this cookie to calculate visitor, session and campaign data and track site usage for the site's analytics report. The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognise unique visitors.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_ga_*</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year 1 month 4 days</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Google Analytics sets this cookie to store and count page views.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_gat_UA-*</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 minute</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Google Analytics sets this cookie for user behaviour tracking.n</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_gid</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 day</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Google Analytics sets this cookie to store information on how visitors use a website while also creating an analytics report of the website's performance. Some of the collected data includes the number of visitors, their source, and the pages they visit anonymously.</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a id="wt-cli-tab-link-advertisement" tabindex="0" role="tab" aria-expanded="false" aria-describedby="wt-cli-tab-advertisement" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-advertisement" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="advertisement" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Advertisement </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-advertisement" aria-label="advertisement" data-id="checkbox-advertisement" role="switch" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-link-advertisement" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-advertisement" /> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-advertisement" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">advertisement</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div id="wt-cli-tab-advertisement" tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-advertisement" class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="advertisement"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description">Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. <table class="wt-cli-element cookielawinfo-row-cat-table cookielawinfo-winter"><thead><tr><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-1">Cookie</th><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-3">Duration</th><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">PREF</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">8 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">PREF cookie is set by Youtube to store user preferences like language, format of search results and other customizations for YouTube Videos embedded in different sites.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">6 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">YouTube sets this cookie to measure bandwidth, determining whether the user gets the new or old player interface.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">VISITOR_PRIVACY_METADATA</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">6 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">YouTube sets this cookie to store the user's cookie consent state for the current domain.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">YSC</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">session</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Youtube sets this cookie to track the views of embedded videos on Youtube pages.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">yt.innertube::nextId</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">never</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">YouTube sets this cookie to register a unique ID to store data on what videos from YouTube the user has seen.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">yt.innertube::requests</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">never</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">YouTube sets this cookie to register a unique ID to store data on what videos from YouTube the user has seen.</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a id="wt-cli-tab-link-others" tabindex="0" role="tab" aria-expanded="false" aria-describedby="wt-cli-tab-others" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-others" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="others" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Others </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-others" aria-label="others" data-id="checkbox-others" role="switch" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-link-others" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-others" /> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-others" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">others</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div id="wt-cli-tab-others" tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-others" class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="others"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description">Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-modal-footer"> <div class="wt-cli-element cli-container-fluid cli-tab-container"> <div class="cli-row"> <div class="cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0"> <div class="cli-tab-footer wt-cli-privacy-overview-actions"> <a id="wt-cli-privacy-save-btn" role="button" tabindex="0" data-cli-action="accept" class="wt-cli-privacy-btn cli_setting_save_button wt-cli-privacy-accept-btn cli-btn">Save & Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-modal-backdrop cli-fade cli-settings-overlay"></div> <div class="cli-modal-backdrop cli-fade cli-popupbar-overlay"></div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ cli_cookiebar_settings='{"animate_speed_hide":"500","animate_speed_show":"500","background":"#ffffff","border":"#b1a6a6c2","border_on":false,"button_1_button_colour":"#193e72","button_1_button_hover":"#14325b","button_1_link_colour":"#ffffff","button_1_as_button":true,"button_1_new_win":false,"button_2_button_colour":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)","button_2_button_hover":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)","button_2_link_colour":"#193e72","button_2_as_button":false,"button_2_hidebar":false,"button_2_nofollow":false,"button_3_button_colour":"rgb(30, 30, 30)","button_3_button_hover":"rgb(30, 30, 30)","button_3_link_colour":"#ffffff","button_3_as_button":true,"button_3_new_win":false,"button_4_button_colour":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)","button_4_button_hover":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)","button_4_link_colour":"#193e72","button_4_as_button":false,"button_7_button_colour":"#193e72","button_7_button_hover":"#14325b","button_7_link_colour":"#ffffff","button_7_as_button":true,"button_7_new_win":false,"font_family":"inherit","header_fix":false,"notify_animate_hide":true,"notify_animate_show":false,"notify_div_id":"#cookie-law-info-bar","notify_position_horizontal":"right","notify_position_vertical":"bottom","scroll_close":false,"scroll_close_reload":false,"accept_close_reload":false,"reject_close_reload":false,"showagain_tab":true,"showagain_background":"#fff","showagain_border":"#000","showagain_div_id":"#cookie-law-info-again","showagain_x_position":"100px","text":"#0a0a0a","show_once_yn":false,"show_once":"10000","logging_on":false,"as_popup":false,"popup_overlay":true,"bar_heading_text":"","cookie_bar_as":"widget","cookie_setting_popup":true,"accept_all":true,"js_script_blocker":false,"popup_showagain_position":"bottom-right","widget_position":"right","button_1_style":{"0":["display","inline-block"],"1":["box-sizing","border-box"],"2":["width","48%"],"3":["padding","8px 10px"],"5":["background","#f3da00"],"6":["text-align","center"],"7":["border-radius","6px"],"8":["font-size","18px"],"9":["border","solid 0px #fff"],"10":["line-height","28px"],"12":["margin-top","20px"],"13":["font-weight","600"]},"button_2_style":{"0":["display","inline-block"],"2":["text-decoration","underline"],"3":["font-weight","600"],"4":["border","solid 0px #fff"],"5":["margin-right","15px"],"6":["margin-top","15px"]},"button_3_style":{"0":["display","inline-block"],"1":["box-sizing","border-box"],"2":["width","48%"],"3":["padding","8px 10px"],"5":["background","#1e1e1e"],"6":["text-align","center"],"7":["border-radius","6px"],"8":["font-size","18px"],"9":["border","solid 0px #fff"],"10":["line-height","28px"],"12":["margin-top","20px"],"13":["font-weight","600"],"14":["margin-right","3%"]},"button_4_style":{"0":["display","inline-block"],"2":["text-decoration","underline"],"3":["font-weight","600"],"4":["border","solid 0px #fff"],"5":["margin-top","15px"]},"button_5_style":{"0":["display","inline-block"],"1":["background","none"],"2":["border-radius","20px"],"3":["border","solid 1px #ccc"],"4":["color","#ccc"],"5":["text-align","center"],"6":["font-size","12px"],"7":["width","22px"],"8":["height","22px"],"9":["line-height","22px"],"10":["margin-right","-22px"],"11":["margin-top","-24px"],"12":["float","right"],"13":["position","relative"],"14":["cursor","pointer"],"16":["background-color","rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)"]},"button_7_style":{"0":["display","inline-block"],"1":["box-sizing","border-box"],"2":["width","48%"],"3":["padding","8px 10px"],"5":["background","#f3da00"],"6":["text-align","center"],"7":["border-radius","6px"],"8":["font-size","18px"],"9":["border","solid 0px #fff"],"10":["line-height","28px"],"12":["margin-top","20px"],"13":["font-weight","600"]},"accept_close_page_navigation":false,"button_8_button_colour":"#DEDFE0","button_8_button_hover":"#b2b2b3","button_8_link_colour":"#000000","button_8_as_button":"1","button_8_new_win":"","consent_mode":false,"google_consent_mode":false}'; /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cookie-law-info-table-css' href='https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/public/css/cookie-law-info-table.css?ver=2.6.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=6.0.5" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = { "api": { "root": "https:\/\/evidence.nihr.ac.uk\/wp-json\/", "namespace": "contact-form-7\/v1" }, "cached": 1 }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=6.0.5" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/datepicker.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ jQuery(function(jQuery){jQuery.datepicker.setDefaults({"closeText":"Close","currentText":"Today","monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Previous","dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"dateFormat":"dS MM yy","firstDay":1,"isRTL":false});}); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LeD6FwqAAAAAKYJNOlzcYD3nOnAiVHVREIVYJ9O&ver=3.0" id="google-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7_recaptcha = { "sitekey": "6LeD6FwqAAAAAKYJNOlzcYD3nOnAiVHVREIVYJ9O", "actions": { "homepage": "homepage", "contactform": "contactform" } }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/index.js?ver=6.0.5" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/slick-carousel@1.8.1/slick/slick.min.js?ver=1" id="slick-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery.matchHeight/0.7.2/jquery.matchHeight-min.js?ver=1" id="matchheight-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/jquery-keyboard-focus@0.0.4/jquery.keyboard-focus.min.js?ver=1" id="keyboardFocus-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-cookie/1.4.1/jquery.cookie.min.js?ver=1" id="jquery-cookie-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s47827.pcdn.co/wp-content/themes/f1000-nihr/assets/scripts/bundle.min.js?ver=1742284311" id="bundle-js-js"></script>  </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

NIHR Evidence | Informative and accessible health and care research