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id="toc-Finalizers_and_automatic_variables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operator_overloading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operator_overloading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operator overloading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operator_overloading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interoperability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interoperability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interoperability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interoperability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C++/CX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C++/CX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>C++/CX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C++/CX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%2B%2B/%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%8A" title="سي++/سي إل آي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سي++/سي إل آي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="C++/CLI" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="C++/CLI" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3/%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C" title="سی‌پلاس‌پلاس/سی‌ال‌آی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سی‌پلاس‌پلاس/سی‌ال‌آی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="C++/CLI" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="C++/CLI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="C++/CLI" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="C++/CLI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="C++/CLI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="C++/CLI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="C++/CLI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="C++/CLI" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1022268#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">C++/CLI</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-family_programming_languages" title="List of C-family programming languages">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">Microsoft</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">2005<span class="noprint">; 19 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2005</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/dotnet/dotnet-programming-with-cpp-cli-visual-cpp">docs<wbr />.microsoft<wbr />.com<wbr />/en-us<wbr />/cpp<wbr />/dotnet<wbr />/dotnet-programming-with-cpp-cli-visual-cpp</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Managed_Extensions_for_C%2B%2B" title="Managed Extensions for C++">Managed Extensions for C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>C++/CLI</b> is a variant of the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>, modified for <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a>. It has been part of <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> 2005 and later, and provides interoperability with other <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> languages such as <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>. Microsoft created C++/CLI to supersede <a href="/wiki/Managed_Extensions_for_C%2B%2B" title="Managed Extensions for C++">Managed Extensions for C++</a>. In December 2005, <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a> published C++/CLI specifications as the <b>ECMA-372</b> standard.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax_changes">Syntax changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CLI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C++/CLI should be thought of as a language of its own (with a new set of keywords, for example), instead of the C++ superset-oriented <a href="/wiki/Managed_Extensions_for_C%2B%2B" title="Managed Extensions for C++">Managed C++</a> (MC++) (whose non-standard keywords were styled like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">__gc</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">__value</span></code>). Because of this, there are some major syntactic changes, especially related to the elimination of ambiguous identifiers and the addition of .NET-specific features. </p><p>Many conflicting syntaxes, such as the multiple versions of operator <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">()</span></code> in MC++, have been split: in C++/CLI, .NET reference types are created with the new keyword <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">gcnew</span></code> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collected</a> new()). Also, C++/CLI has introduced the concept of generics from .NET (similar, for the most common purposes, to standard C++ templates, but quite different in their implementation). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handles">Handles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CLI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Handles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In MC++, there were two different types of <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointers</a>: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">__nogc</span></code> pointers were normal C++ pointers, while <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">__gc</span></code> pointers worked on .NET reference types. In C++/CLI, however, the only type of pointer is the normal C++ pointer, while the .NET reference types are accessed through a "handle", with the new syntax <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="o">^</span></code> (instead of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="o">*</span></code>). This new construct is especially helpful when managed and standard C++ code is mixed; it clarifies which objects are under .NET automatic garbage collection and which objects the programmer must remember to explicitly destroy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking_references">Tracking references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CLI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tracking references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>tracking reference</b> in C++/CLI is a handle of a passed-by-reference variable. It is similar in concept to using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="o">*&</span></code> (reference to a pointer) in standard C++, and (in function declarations) corresponds to the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">ref</span></code> keyword applied to types in C#, or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">ByRef</span></code> in <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic .NET</a>. C++/CLI uses a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="o">^%</span></code> syntax to indicate a tracking reference to a handle. </p><p>The following code shows an example of the use of tracking references. Replacing the tracking reference with a regular handle variable would leave the resulting string array with 10 uninitialized string handles, as only copies of the string handles in the array would be set, due to them being passed by value rather than by reference. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">^></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">^</span><span class="n">arr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">gcnew</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">^></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">each</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">^%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arr</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ToString</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finalizers_and_automatic_variables">Finalizers and automatic variables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CLI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Finalizers and automatic variables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another change in C++/CLI is the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Finalizer" title="Finalizer">finalizer</a> syntax <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="p">()</span></code>, a special type of nondeterministic destructor that is run as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection routine</a>. The C++ destructor syntax <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="o">~</span><span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="p">()</span></code> also exists for managed objects, and better reflects the "traditional" C++ semantics of deterministic destruction (that is, destructors that can be called by user code with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="k">delete</span></code>). </p><p>In the raw .NET paradigm, the nondeterministic destruction model overrides the protected <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">Finalize</span></code> method of the root <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">Object</span></code> class, while the deterministic model is implemented through the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">IDisposable</span></code> <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface (computer science)">interface</a> method <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">Dispose</span></code> (which the C++/CLI compiler turns the destructor into). Objects from C# or VB.NET code that override the Dispose method can be disposed of manually in C++/CLI with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="k">delete</span></code> just as .NET classes in C++/CLI can. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// C++/CLI</span> <span class="n">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">MyClass</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">public</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MyClass</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// constructor</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="o">~</span><span class="n">MyClass</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (deterministic) destructor (implemented as IDisposable.Dispose())</span> <span class="k">protected</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">MyClass</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// finalizer (non-deterministic destructor) (implemented as Finalize())</span> <span class="k">public</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Test</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MyClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">automatic</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Not a handle, no initialization: compiler calls constructor here</span> <span class="w"> </span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MyClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">^</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">gcnew</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MyClass</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">delete</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Compiler calls automatic's destructor when automatic goes out of scope</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">};</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operator_overloading">Operator overloading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CLI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Operator overloading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">Operator overloading</a> works analogously to standard C++. Every * becomes a ^, every & becomes an %, but the rest of the syntax is unchanged, except for an important addition: for .NET classes, operator overloading is possible not only for classes themselves, but also for references to those classes. This feature is necessary to give a ref class the semantics for operator overloading expected from .NET ref classes. (In reverse, this also means that for .NET framework ref classes, reference operator overloading often is implicitly implemented in C++/CLI.) </p><p>For example, comparing two distinct String references (String^) via the operator == will give true whenever the two strings are equal. The operator overloading is static, however. Thus, casting to Object^ will remove the overloading semantics. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">//effects of reference operator overloading</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">^</span><span class="n">s1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"abc"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">^</span><span class="n">s2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"ab"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"c"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">^</span><span class="n">o1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s1</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">^</span><span class="n">o2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s2</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">s1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s2</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// true</span> <span class="n">o1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">o2</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// false</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interoperability">Interoperability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CLI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interoperability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C++/CLI allows C++ programs to consume C# programs in C# DLLs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here the #using keyword shows the compiler where the DLL is located for its compilation metadata. This simple example requires no data <a href="/wiki/Marshalling_(computer_science)" title="Marshalling (computer science)">marshalling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">"stdafx.h"</span> <span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">#using "...MyCS.dll"</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">System</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">^></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">^</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MyCS</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Class1</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">40.1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1.9</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>The C# source code content of MyCS.dll. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">MyCS</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Class1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>This examples shows how strings are marshalled from C++ strings to strings callable from C# then back to C++ strings. String marshalling copies the string contents to forms usable in the different environments. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><string></span> <span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><iostream></span> <span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><msclr\marshal_cppstd.h></span> <span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">"stdafx.h"</span> <span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">#using "..MyCS.dll"</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"I am cat"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">clrString</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">msclr</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">interop</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">marshal_as</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">System</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">^></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// string usable from C#</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MyCS</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Class1</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">clrString</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// call C# function</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cppString</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">msclr</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">interop</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">marshal_as</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// string usable from C++</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Hello, C++/C# Interop!"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cppString</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>The C# code is not in any way C++-aware. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">MyCS</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Class1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"cat"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"dog"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">" with a tail"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>C++/C# interoperability allows C++ simplified access to the entire world of .NET features. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C++/CX"><span id="C.2B.2B.2FCX"></span>C++/CX</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CLI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: C++/CX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CX" title="C++/CX">C++/CX</a> targeting <a href="/wiki/WinRT" class="mw-redirect" title="WinRT">WinRT</a>, although it produces entirely unmanaged code, borrows the ref and ^ syntax for the reference-counted components of WinRT, which are similar to <a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a> "objects".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CLI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080810165757/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-372.htm">"ECMA-372"</a>. <i>ecma-international.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a>. December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-372/">the original</a> on 10 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecma-international.org&rft.atitle=ECMA-372&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fpublications-and-standards%2Fstandards%2Fecma-372%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B%2FCLI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/dotnet/using-cpp-interop-implicit-pinvoke?view=vs-2019">Using C++ Interop (Implicit PInvoke)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/inside-the-ccx-design/">Inside the C++/CX Design - Visual C++ Team Blog - Site Home - MSDN Blogs</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CLI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutter2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Sutter" title="Herb Sutter">Sutter, Herb</a> (23 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109130154/http://blogs.msdn.com/hsutter/archive/2003/11/23/53519.aspx">"C++/CLI keywords: Under the hood"</a>. <i>Herb Sutter's Blog</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/hsutter/ccli-keywords-under-the-hood">the original</a> on 9 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herb+Sutter%27s+Blog&rft.atitle=C%2B%2B%2FCLI+keywords%3A+Under+the+hood&rft.date=2003-11-23&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Farchive%2Fblogs%2Fhsutter%2Fccli-keywords-under-the-hood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B%2FCLI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutter2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Sutter" title="Herb Sutter">Sutter, Herb</a> (24 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gotw.ca/publications/C++CLIRationale.pdf">"A Design Rationale for C++/CLI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">Self-published</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Design+Rationale+for+C%2B%2B%2FCLI&rft.pub=Self-published&rft.date=2006-02-24&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gotw.ca%2Fpublications%2FC%2B%2BCLIRationale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B%2FCLI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Stroustrup, Bjarne</a> (23 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#CppCLI">"What do you think of C++/CLI?"</a>. <i>Bjarne Stroustrup's FAQ</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">Self-published</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bjarne+Stroustrup%27s+FAQ&rft.atitle=What+do+you+think+of+C%2B%2B%2FCLI%3F&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stroustrup.com%2Fbs_faq.html%23CppCLI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B%2FCLI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippman" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Lippman" title="Stanley B. Lippman">Lippman, Stanley</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205003004/http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/06/00/PureC/default.aspx">"Pure C++: Hello, C++/CLI"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MSDN_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN Magazine">MSDN Magazine</a></i>. <b>21</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/msdn-magazine/2006/vs-2005-guided-tour/pure-c-hello-c-cli">the original</a> on 5 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSDN+Magazine&rft.atitle=Pure+C%2B%2B%3A+Hello%2C+C%2B%2B%2FCLI&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Lippman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Farchive%2Fmsdn-magazine%2F2006%2Fvs-2005-guided-tour%2Fpure-c-hello-c-cli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B%2FCLI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippman2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Lippman" title="Stanley B. Lippman">Lippman, Stanley</a> (5 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007030053/http://blogs.msdn.com/slippman/archive/2004/08/05/209606.aspx">"Why C++/CLI Supports both Templates for CLI Types and the CLI Generic Mechanism"</a>. <i>Stan Lippman's BLog</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/slippman/why-c-supports-both-class-and-typename-for-type-parameters">the original</a> on 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stan+Lippman%27s+BLog&rft.atitle=Why+C%2B%2B%2FCLI+Supports+both+Templates+for+CLI+Types+and+the+CLI+Generic+Mechanism&rft.date=2004-08-05&rft.aulast=Lippman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Farchive%2Fblogs%2Fslippman%2Fwhy-c-supports-both-class-and-typename-for-type-parameters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B%2FCLI" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CLI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/dotnet/dotnet-programming-with-cpp-cli-visual-cpp">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US7496889B2/en">Patent regarding whitespace in keywords</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Intermediate Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CIL_instructions" title="List of CIL instructions">instructions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Type_System" title="Common Type System">Common Type System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Invocation_Services" title="Platform Invocation Services">Platform Invocation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Execution_System" title="Virtual Execution System">Virtual Execution System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_(CLI)" title="Assembly (CLI)">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegate_(CLI)" title="Delegate (CLI)">Delegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Assembly_Cache" title="Global Assembly Cache">Global Assembly Cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_(CLI)" title="Manifest (CLI)">Manifest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_(CLI)" title="Metadata (CLI)">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Libraries_(CLI)" title="Standard Libraries (CLI)">Standard Libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microsoft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Compact_Framework" title=".NET Compact Framework">.NET Compact Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DotGNU" title="DotGNU">DotGNU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axum_(programming_language)" title="Axum (programming language)">Axum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Sharp_(.NET)" title="A Sharp (.NET)">A#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronScheme" title="IronScheme">IronScheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript_.NET" title="JScript .NET">JScript .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_J_Sharp" title="Visual J Sharp">J#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemerle" title="Nemerle">Nemerle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanger_(compiler)" title="Phalanger (compiler)">Phalanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Java" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Java">C# and Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Visual Basic .NET">C# and Visual Basic .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Visual_Basic_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Standards_of_Ecma_International" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Template:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Template talk:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Standards_of_Ecma_International" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Standards of <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Application interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ANSI escape code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_Programming_Interface_for_Windows" title="Application Programming Interface for Windows">APIW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Office Open XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">OpenXPS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecma_International_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ecma_International_Logo.svg/100px-Ecma_International_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ecma_International_Logo.svg/150px-Ecma_International_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ecma_International_Logo.svg/200px-Ecma_International_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="54" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File systems (tape)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Intelligent_Tape" title="Advanced Intelligent Tape">Advanced Intelligent Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Data_Storage" title="Digital Data Storage">DDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">DLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">Super DLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open" title="Linear Tape-Open">Linear Tape-Open</a> (Ultrium-1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXA" title="VXA">VXA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File systems (disk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">CD File System</a> (CDFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT16B" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16B">FAT16B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">Ultra Density Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Graphics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_3D" title="Universal 3D">Universal 3D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> (<a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">E4X</a>, <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">Minimal BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">Full BASIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio link interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">NFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">UWB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ECMA-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards" title="List of Ecma standards">List of Ecma standards</a> (1961 – present)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="C++" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C%2B%2B_programming_language" title="Template:C++ programming language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C%2B%2B_programming_language" title="Template talk:C++ programming language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C%2B%2B_programming_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C++ programming language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_classes" title="C++ classes">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concepts_(C%2B%2B)" title="Concepts (C++)">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_constructor_(C%2B%2B)" title="Copy constructor (C++)">Copy constructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B#Exception_handling" title="C++">Exception handling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exception_safety" title="Exception safety">Exception safety</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_overloading" title="Function overloading">Function overloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11#Rvalue_references_and_move_constructors" title="C++11">Move semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_and_delete_(C%2B%2B)" title="New and delete (C++)">new and delete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">Operator overloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Operators in C and C++">Operators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(C%2B%2B)" title="Reference (C++)">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template_(C%2B%2B)" title="Template (C++)">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_function" title="Virtual function">Virtual functions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" title="C++ Standard Library">Standard Library</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Input/output_(C%2B%2B)" title="Input/output (C++)">I/O Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_pointer" title="Smart pointer">Smart pointers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_string_handling" title="C++ string handling">Strings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As-if_rule" title="As-if rule">As-if rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton%E2%80%93Nackman_trick" title="Barton–Nackman trick">Barton–Nackman trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiously_recurring_template_pattern" title="Curiously recurring template pattern">Curiously recurring template pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_vexing_parse" title="Most vexing parse">Most vexing parse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Definition_Rule" title="One Definition Rule">One Definition Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization" title="Resource acquisition is initialization">Resource acquisition is initialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_three_(C%2B%2B_programming)" title="Rule of three (C++ programming)">Rule of three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_slicing" title="Object slicing">Slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_member_functions" title="Special member functions">Special member functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitution_failure_is_not_an_error" title="Substitution failure is not an error">Substitution failure is not an error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">Template metaprogramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:C%2B%2B_compilers" title="Category:C++ compilers">Compilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compilers#C++_compilers" title="List of compilers">Comparison of C++ compilers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland_C%2B%2B" title="Borland C++">Borland C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland_C%2B%2B" title="Borland C++">Borland Turbo C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2BBuilder" title="C++Builder">C++Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B_Compiler" title="Intel C++ Compiler">Intel C++ Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Developer_Studio" title="Oracle Developer Studio">Oracle Solaris Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual C++">Visual C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcom_C/C%2B%2B" title="Watcom C/C++">Watcom C/C++</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Integrated_development_environments" title="Category:Integrated development environments">IDEs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#C/C++" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Comparison of C IDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjuta" title="Anjuta">Anjuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLion" class="mw-redirect" title="CLion">CLion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code::Blocks" title="Code::Blocks">Code::Blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CodeLite" title="CodeLite">CodeLite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-C%2B%2B" title="Dev-C++">Dev-C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geany" title="Geany">Geany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDevelop" title="KDevelop">KDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qt_Creator" title="Qt Creator">Qt Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superset languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective-C++">Objective-C++</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CX" title="C++/CX">C++/CX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(computer_programming)" title="Ch (computer programming)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYCL" title="SYCL">SYCL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_C%2B%2B" title="Embedded C++">Embedded C++</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relative to<br />other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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